2104:
1231:), the pipeline supply of natural gas and tanker supply of oil are unreliable without modernization of energy infrastructure. Secondly, the dependence on single supplier – Russia – is not healthy both for economics and politics. As it was in 2009 during the Russian-Ukrainian gas dispute, when states of Eastern Europe were deprived from access to the natural gas deliveries, the reoccurrence of the situation may again lead to economic, political and social crisis. Therefore, the diversification of suppliers is needed. Finally, the low technological enhancement results in slow adaptation of new technologies, such as construction and use of renewable sources of energy. This also poses a threat to energy security of the Baltic states, because slows down the renewable energy consumption and lead to low rates of energy efficiency.
2042:
1118:
1979:
1542:
920:
689:
1991:
2022:
1945:
2210:
2084:
1138:
595:
63:
1272:
1108:
1929:
1192:
delivery also have been sustained from Soviet times: These are ports in
Ventspils, Butinge and Tallinn. Therefore, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania play a significant role not only in consuming, but also in distribution of Russian energy fuels extracting transaction fees. So, the overall EU dependence on the Russia's energy supplies from the one hand and the need of Baltic states to import energy fuels from their closer hydrocarbon-rich neighbor creates a tension that could jeopardize the energy security of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
2714:
2124:
1128:
2203:
1084:
1960:
1917:
1591:
languages, so knowledge of some
Russian became a practical necessity in daily life in Russian-dominated urban areas. As a result, even to this day most of the three countries' middle age and senior population can understand and speak some Russian, especially people aged over 50 years who went to school during the Soviet rule. The question of assimilation, or integration, of the Russian-speaking immigrants is a major factor in current social and diplomatic affairs.
2217:
1292:
2062:
1626:
1476:) ideology and under tight control of the Communist Party (those of the Baltic nationals who crossed the line were called "bourgeois nationalists" and repressed). This let Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians preserve a high degree of Europe-oriented national identity. In Soviet times this made them appear as the "West" of the Soviet Union in the cultural and political sense, thus as close to emigration a Russian could get without leaving the USSR.
5282:
2251:
1396:
5456:
3085:
2762:
5154:
104:
552:
326:
2233:
2738:
2242:
5128:
78:
2750:
2726:
657:" (1934–1938) in Estonia, respectively. Some emphasise that the events in Lithuania differed from the other two countries, with Smetona having different motivations as well as securing power eight years before any such events in Latvia or Estonia took place. Despite considerable political turmoil in Finland, no such authoritarian figure took power there. It had, however, been embroiled in a
5141:
91:
4047:
5466:
1216:
achieved the best results on carbon intensity of economy but its energy dependence level is still very high. Latvia performed the best according to all indicators. Especially, the high share of renewables were introduced to the energy production of Latvia, that can be explained by the state's geographical location and favorable natural conditions.
1472:) and popular resentment towards the imposed Soviet rule in the three countries, in combination with Soviet cultural policy, which employed superficial multiculturalism (in order for the Soviet Union to appear as a multinational union based on the free will of its peoples) in limits allowed by the communist "internationalist" (but in effect pro-
2702:
4055:
747:. In all three countries simultaneously, rigged elections (in which only pro-Stalinist candidates were allowed to run) were staged in July 1940, the newly assembled "parliaments" in each of the three countries then unanimously applied to join the Soviet Union, and in August 1940 were incorporated into the USSR as the
907:, setting a precedent for the other Soviet republics to secede from the USSR. The Soviet Union recognized the independence of three Baltic states on 6 September 1991. Troops were withdrawn from the region (starting from Lithuania) from August 1993. The last Russian troops were withdrawn from there in August 1994.
1092:
currency and central bank. Generally, they shortly encountered the following problems: high inflation, high unemployment, low economic growth and high government debt. The inflation rate, in the examined area, relatively quickly dropped to below 5% by 2000. Meanwhile, these economies were stabilised, and in 2004
1212:, etc. It was stated that from 2008, Baltic states experiences a positive change in their energy security score. They diversified their oil import suppliers due to shutdown of Druzhba gas pipeline in 2006 and increased the share of renewable sources in total energy production with the help of the EU policies.
1594:
Since the decline of
Russian influence and integration into the European Union economy, English has become the most popular second language in the Baltic states. Although Russian is more widely spoken among older people the vast majority of young people are learning English instead with as many as 80
1187:
is related to the uninterruptible supply, sufficient energy storage, advanced technological development of energy sector and environmental regulations. Other studies add other indicators to this list: diversification of energy suppliers, energy import dependence and vulnerability of political system.
1091:
Economically, parallel with political changes and a transition to democracy – as a rule of law states – the nations' previous command economies were transformed via the legislation into market economies, and set up or renewed the major macroeconomic factors: budgetary rules, national audit, national
3258:
as is a distinct case from the other two Baltic countries. Not only was an authoritarian regime set up in 1926, eight years before those of
Estonia and Latvia, but it was also formed not to counter a threat from the right, but through a military coup d'etat against a leftist government. (...) The
528:
began. Although the historical, economic and cultural development of the nations of the Baltic countries were different, the
Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian nations were formed by the end of the 19th century. The ideas of unity between Latvians and Lithuanians have been spreading since the end of
1590:
Russian was the most commonly studied foreign language at all levels of schooling during the period of Soviet rule in 1944–1991. Despite schooling available and administration conducted in local languages, Russian-speaking settlers were neither encouraged nor motivated to learn the official local
1191:
Even now being a part of the
European Union, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are still considered as the most vulnerable EU member states in the energy sphere. Due to their Soviet past, Baltic states have several gas pipelines on their territories coming from Russia. Moreover, several routes of oil
798:
invasion of the region in 1941. Initially, many
Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians considered the German army as liberators, while having hoped for the restoration of each of the three countries' independence, but instead the Nazi German invaders established a civil administration, known as the
661:
back in 1918, something that had not happened in the Baltic states. Some controversy surrounds the Baltic authoritarian régimes – due to the general stability and rapid economic growth of the period (even if brief), some commenters avoid the label "authoritarian"; others, however, condemn such an
1238:
in 2022 and Russia's weaponization of energy supplies, the Baltic states were among the best-equipped countries in
Central and Eastern Europe to deal with the energy crisis. This was because ever since the early 1990s, the Baltic states were investing in alternative and non-Russian energy supply
1215:
Estonia usually was the best performing country in terms of energy security, but new assessment shows that even though
Estonia has the highest share of renewables in the energy production, its energy economy has been still characterized by high rates of carbon intensity. Lithuania, in contrast,
980:
The same legal interpretation is shared by the United States, the United
Kingdom, and most other Western democracies, who held the forcible incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union to be illegal. At least formally, most Western democracies never considered the three
1371:
for millennia, although not always peacefully in ancient times, over which period their populations, Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian, have remained remarkably stable within the approximate territorial boundaries of the current Baltic states. While separate peoples with their own customs and
507:
Estonians and Latvians, ruled by the German orders, Poland–Lithuania, Sweden, and Russia for numerous centuries, managed to preserve their language and culture. The formation of the Lithuanian nation was made difficult due to repression of the Russian imperial authorities after the suppressed
860:, waged unsuccessful guerrilla warfare against the Soviet occupation for the next eight years in a bid to regain their nations' independence. The armed resistance of the anti-Soviet partisans lasted up to 1953. Although the armed resistance was defeated, the population remained anti-Soviet.
3043:
871:, and many other countries and international organizations. During the Cold War, Lithuania and Latvia maintained legations in Washington DC, while Estonia had a mission in New York City. Each was staffed initially by diplomats from the last governments before USSR occupation.
1035:
free trade agreement was established to help prepare the countries for their accession to the EU, rather than out of the Baltic states' desire to trade among themselves. The Baltic countries were more interested in gaining access to the rest of the European market.
4999:
1019:
During the Baltic struggle for independence 1989–1992, a personal friendship developed between the (at that time unrecognized) Baltic ministers of foreign affairs and the Nordic ministers of foreign affairs. This friendship led to the creation of the
1195:
As a part of the EU from 2004, Baltic states must comply with the EU's regulations in energy, environmental and security spheres. One of the most important documents that the EU applied to improve the energy security stance of the Baltic states are
770:
its occupied territories, by means such as deportations and instituting the Russian language as the only working language. Between 1940 and 1953, the Soviet government deported more than 200,000 people from the Baltics to remote locations in the
1375:
The populations of each Baltic country belong to several Christian denominations, a reflection of historical circumstances. Both Western and Eastern Christianity had been introduced by the end of the first millennium. The current divide between
1460:
from the former Soviet Union and their descendants make up a sizable group particularly in Latvia (about one-quarter of the total population and close to one-half in the capital Riga) and Estonia (nearly one-quarter of the total population).
996:, integration with Western Europe became a major strategic goal. In 2002, the Baltic governments applied to join the European Union and become members of NATO. All three became NATO members on 29 March 2004, and joined the EU on 1 May 2004.
1207:
The calculations take into account not only economic, but also technological and energy-related factors: Energy and carbon intensity of transport and households, trade balance of total energy, energy import dependency, diversification of
2103:
3433:
1990:
1565:
loanwords have made it into the Estonian language; it was under the Swedish rule that schools were established and education propagated in the 17th century. Swedish remains spoken in Estonia, particularly the
3126:
Soon Gripenberg called in again, asking why the British had brought in the Baltic States (meaning here, Finland, too) when the simple option of a tripartite agreement between the three Powers would have been
1039:
Currently, the governments of the Baltic states cooperate in multiple ways, including cooperation among presidents, parliament speakers, heads of government, and foreign ministers. On 8 November 1991, the
5388:
1586:
Estonia in 1944). There is also significant proficiency in Finnish in Estonia owing to its linguistic relationship with Estonian and also widespread exposure to Finnish broadcasts during the Soviet era.
4837:
1219:
Possible threats to energy security include, firstly, a major risk of energy supply disruption. Even if there are several electricity interconnectors that connect the area with electricity-rich states (
1978:
989:. Other exceptions included Sweden, which was the first Western country, and one of the very few to ever do so, to recognize the incorporation of the Baltic states into the Soviet Union as lawful.
4254:
5657:
5502:
1928:
739:
Soviet government coerced Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into "mutual assistance treaties" which granted USSR the right to establish military bases in these countries. In June 1940, the Red Army
4534:
958:
in Lithuania. In Latvia and Estonia, the president is elected by parliament, while Lithuania has a semi-presidential system whereby the president is elected by popular vote. All are part of the
5393:
2041:
5210:
1583:
1557:
Apart from the indigenous languages, Low Saxon was the dominant language in Estonia and Latvia in academics, professional life, and upper society from the 13th century until World War I.
214:. The three governments engage in intergovernmental and parliamentary cooperation. There is also frequent cooperation in foreign and security policy, defence, energy, and transportation.
3425:
4011:
1168:
1687:
in Latvian mean 'white'. However, the modern names of the region and the sea that originate from this root, were not used in either of the two languages prior to the 19th century.
4671:
Travel to the Baltic Hansa – The European Union and its enlargement to the East (Book in Italian: Viaggio nell'Hansa baltica – L'Unione europea e l'allargamento ad Est)
1456:
The Soviet Union conducted a policy of Russification by encouraging Russians and other Russian-speaking ethnic groups of the Soviet Union to settle in the Baltics. Today, ethnic
501:
1944:
2921:
675:
4966:
5375:
5296:
5200:
2820:
5495:
5215:
3668:
2911:
683:
5249:
1104:
set stricter rules through national legislation by implementing the regulations and directives of the Sixpack, because the financial crisis was a shocking milestone.
3586:
5195:
2916:
969:
Each of the three countries has declared itself to be the restoration of the sovereign nation that had existed from 1918 to 1940, emphasizing their contention that
679:
4579:
5301:
5205:
970:
195:
are sometimes referred to as the "Baltic nations", less often and in historical circumstances also as the "Baltic republics", the "Baltic lands", or simply the
630:, the entire territory from Finland in the north to Romania in the south, between Western and Central Europe and potential Bolshevik territorial ambitions.
5488:
4148:
1959:
4262:
626:
1117:
4538:
1197:
1005:
313:
until 1991: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. At the same time Finland, instead, has been referred to as a member of another geopolitical grouping: the
3946:"The Baltic states should adopt the self-defence pinpricks doctrine: the "accumulation of events" threshold as a deterrent to Russian hybrid warfare"
3757:
Zeng, Shouzhen; Streimikiene, Dalia; Baležentis, Tomas (September 2017). "Review of and comparative assessment of energy security in Baltic States".
2083:
1260:
5175:
4427:"Population by gender in regions, cities, counties and parishes at the beginning of the year - Gender, Territorial unit, Indicators and Time period"
2123:
2021:
1184:
620:(from French language), as they together formed a "rim" along the western border of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union. They were also part of what
4965:
Vilkauskaite, Dovile O. "From Empire to Independence: The Curious Case of the Baltic States 1917-1922." (thesis, University of Connecticut, 2013).
3500:
5105:
1078:
430:
1916:
1541:
981:
Baltic states to be constituent parts of the Soviet Union. Australia was a brief exception to this support of Baltic independence: in 1974, the
4346:
3709:
3194:
1093:
1048:
was established on 13 June 1994 to facilitate intergovernmental cooperation. Since 2003, there is coordination between the two organizations.
919:
821:, until early 1945), when the countries were reoccupied by the Red Army and Soviet rule was re-established, with the passive agreement of the
5308:
5237:
4982:
4956:
4926:
4903:
4884:
4865:
4825:
4803:
4774:
4755:
4736:
4717:
4698:
4679:
4655:
4637:
4618:
4573:
4293:
4022:
3644:
3520:
3287:
3119:
3079:
3069:
240:
5047:, an independent weekly newspaper that covers the latest political, economic, business, and cultural events in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
2315:
2298:
5421:
2290:
1895:
756:
4489:
4394:
5434:
3227:
1469:
3682:
3405:
1411:
1385:
903:
government had privately concluded that the departure of the Baltic republics had become "inevitable". This process contributed to the
633:
All three Baltic countries experienced a period of authoritarian rule by a head of state who had come to power after a bloodless coup:
5439:
5259:
5254:
4846:
2901:
1903:
788:
748:
4131:
3363:
3237:
3173:
1899:
752:
568:
5592:
5242:
2061:
638:
290:(1914–1918) the term "Baltic states" came to refer to the countries by the Baltic Sea that had gained independence from the former
4507:
4172:
2891:
2333:
1021:
784:
560:
5342:
5190:
3834:
Molis, Arūnas (September 2011). "Building methodology, assessing the risks: the case of energy security in the Baltic States".
3544:
2896:
2840:
1465:
1263:. All of these and other infrastructure projects allowed the Baltic States to quickly shift away from Russian energy supplies.
1012:
993:
904:
864:
740:
588:
546:
3330:
564:
488:. In the middle of 17th century, Sweden conquered and founded the governorates of Estonia and Livonia (with the exception of
465:
370:
203:
4783:
Malowist, M. “The Economic and Social Development of the Baltic Countries from the Fifteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries.”
3304:
3253:
1359:
people. In Latvia exists a small community of Finnic people related to the Estonians, composed of only 250 people, known as
646:
3792:
Kisel, Einari; Hamburg, Arvi; Härm, Mihkel; Leppiman, Ando; Ots, Märt (August 2016). "Concept for Energy Security Matrix".
3566:
3254:"Why did Finland remain a democracy between the two World Wars, whereas the Baltic States developed authoritarian regimes?"
2660:
2635:
1275:
840:
The forced collectivisation of agriculture began in 1947, and was completed after the mass deportation in March 1949 (see
4669:
4560:
2692:
5647:
5380:
3379:
3305:"The Annexation of the Baltic States and Its Effect on the Development of Law Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory"
2163:
1664:
1546:
576:
538:
136:
1633:
was a mass anti-Soviet demonstration in 1989 where ca 25% of the total population of the Baltic countries participated.
1204:
to 20%, increase the energy production from renewables for 20% in overall share and 20% energy efficiency development.
1044:, which includes 15 to 20 MPs from each parliament, was established to facilitate inter-parliamentary cooperation. The
721:
599:
5582:
5329:
5098:
2307:
2130:
1235:
1045:
844:). Private farms were confiscated, and farmers were made to join the collective farms. In all three countries, Baltic
584:
542:
525:
517:
1663:
text) and possibly earlier. There are several theories about its origin, most of which trace it to the reconstructed
1399:
3011:
5652:
2835:
2785:
1966:
1468:
by the Soviet Union, there was a strong feeling of national identity (often labeled "bourgeois nationalism" by the
1240:
1032:
853:
801:
594:
521:
62:
1107:
5006:
2328:
2090:
1101:
732:
357:" until the 13th century. Kievan Rus sought to conquer them, and in the 11th century took control of some lands;
4648:
Histories of Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding in the Nordic and Baltic Countries: Representing the Periphery
4457:
4155:
5469:
5416:
2364:
2324:
2110:
1305:
1201:
422:
70:
4562:
Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World
4440:
1410:
The Baltic states have historically been in many different spheres of influence, from Danish over Swedish and
1256:
1137:
5016:, a journal dedicated to Lithuanian and Baltic art, history, language, literature and related cultural topics
2602:
1595:
percent of young Lithuanians professing English proficiency, and similar trends in the other Baltic states.
1493:
1389:
1271:
1164:
986:
358:
211:
38:
3986:
5642:
5637:
5587:
5560:
5459:
5347:
5091:
3609:
3504:
2359:
2354:
2068:
1881:
1127:
1121:
1008:
982:
4426:
2433:
2405:
2135:
2053:
5411:
5352:
3882:
Mauring, Liina (2006). "The Effects of the Russian Energy Sector on the Security of the Baltic States".
2855:
2730:
2159:
1450:
437:
was created. In its northern part – in the lands of the Lithuanians – the Lithuanian historical area of
126:
5050:
5028:
4048:"POPULATION BY SEX, ETHNIC NATIONALITY AND COUNTY, 1 JANUARY. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION AS AT 01.01.2018"
3481:
4412:
4210:
3918:
3801:
3352:
Kangilaski, Jaak; Salo, Vello; Komisjon, Okupatsioonide Repressiivpoliitika Uurimise Riiklik (2005).
2870:
2339:
2028:
1889:
1372:
traditions, historical factors have introduced cultural similarities in and differences within them.
1356:
1060:
857:
725:
449:
236:
4338:
3513:
Civil resistance and power politics: the experience of non-violent action from Gandhi to the present
1083:
333:
in 1200s under which many Balts and Baltic Finns became the victims of German and Danish expansion.
5337:
5185:
4665:
3259:
hostility between socialists and non-socialists in Finland had been amplified by a bloody civil war
2988:
2942:
2845:
2825:
2795:
2048:
2005:
1935:
1885:
1759:
1747:
1489:
1442:
1156:
1097:
845:
257:) was, until the early 20th century, used in the context of countries neighbouring the Baltic Sea:
985:
government of Australia did recognize Soviet dominion, but this decision was reversed by the next
911:, the last Russian military radar in the Baltics, officially suspended operations in August 1998.
5604:
5555:
5264:
4228:
3859:
3732:
3662:
3508:
2860:
2850:
2295:
1699:
1508:
1504:
1446:
1426:
884:
621:
497:
382:
228:
2410:
2073:
1425:
The Baltic states are inhabited by several ethnic minorities: in Latvia: 33.0% (including 25.4%
1131:
1111:
1004:
688:
650:
1291:
5543:
5426:
4978:
4952:
4922:
4899:
4880:
4861:
4842:
4821:
4799:
4770:
4751:
4732:
4713:
4694:
4675:
4651:
4633:
4614:
4569:
4319:
4289:
4236:
4127:
4121:
3967:
3891:
3851:
3774:
3650:
3640:
3617:
3578:
3516:
3485:
3359:
3283:
3233:
3210:
3169:
3115:
3075:
2958:
2865:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2312:
1841:
1625:
1535:
1515:
1511:
are considered either separate languages or dialects of Latvian and Lithuanian, respectively.
1419:
1141:
1056:
939:
900:
834:
744:
663:
658:
642:
616:
509:
489:
457:
346:
330:
275:
232:
180:
3037:
614:
the three countries as well as Finland and Poland sometimes were collectively referred to as
5609:
5230:
5225:
4218:
3957:
3926:
3843:
3809:
3766:
3724:
3686:
2950:
2886:
2881:
2830:
2766:
2706:
2582:
1751:
1723:
1672:
1579:
1567:
1562:
1531:
1519:
1500:
1485:
1415:
1325:
1315:
880:
841:
830:
780:
763:
513:
434:
433:
the advance of the orders to the east. During the secularization of the Teutonic Order, the
361:
began to spread. In the 13th century the military orders of monks based in the lands of the
314:
299:
583:
in 1918–1920. Latvia and Lithuania followed a similar process, until the completion of the
5324:
5032:
2562:
2001:
1707:
1571:
1558:
1527:
1496:
1457:
1438:
1296:
1041:
923:
849:
810:
634:
611:
571:
in 1917, and declared independence in February 1918, but was subsequently occupied by the
461:
438:
309:(1939–1945) the term has been used to group the three countries that were occupied by the
188:
2428:
2115:
1950:
5022:, International Internet Magazine. Analysis and background information on Baltic markets
4214:
3922:
3805:
3610:"Swedish political attitudes towards Baltic independence in the short twentieth century"
3355:
The white book: losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes, 1940–1991
1840:: Sweden and Denmark, sometimes also Germany and the Russian Empire. With the advent of
1484:
The languages of the three Baltic peoples belong to two distinct language families. The
5281:
5180:
4513:
3322:
2790:
2780:
2742:
2155:
2095:
1836:) was, until the early 20th century, used in the context of countries neighbouring the
1783:
appear in ancient texts, but had fallen into disuse until reappearing as the adjective
1763:
1715:
1381:
1364:
1148:
1063:, an informal group of northern EU states formed to advocate a common fiscal position.
1052:
959:
826:
715: Neutral countries with military bases established by Soviet Union in October 1939
654:
477:
473:
426:
378:
374:
291:
270:
172:
5000:
On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics
4691:
The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century
3501:"The intersection of Ethnic Nationalism and People Power Tactics in the Baltic States"
1395:
1087:
Baltic regions by GDP per capita. 2022 data for Lithuania and Estonia, 2020 for Latvia
779:. About 10% of the adult Baltic population were deported or sent to labor camps. (See
5631:
5480:
4813:
4198:
3863:
3736:
3455:
2800:
2754:
2718:
2148:
1997:
1844:(the Nordic Associations), the term was no longer used for Sweden and Denmark. After
1812:
1660:
1602:
1598:
1473:
1172:
927:
822:
767:
580:
572:
485:
366:
266:
31:
4917:
The Baltic States: The National Self-determination of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
4659:
3536:
1872:
the term has been used to group the three countries Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
1367:. The peoples in the Baltic states have together inhabited the eastern coast of the
1059:, Baltic cooperation is rather limited. All three countries are also members of the
5370:
4368:
3847:
2815:
2805:
1869:
1650:
1523:
1337:
1072:
814:
806:
795:
772:
551:
481:
342:
325:
310:
306:
1789:
in German, from which it was adopted in other languages. During the 19th century,
809:
and mass killings of the Jewish populations in Lithuania and Latvia. Over 190,000
4915:
4223:
3930:
3353:
3212:
Civil war in Siberia: the anti-Bolshevik government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918–1920
3163:
1175:
currency in January 2011, Latvia in January 2014, and Lithuania in January 2015.
385:
conquered most of the territory of modern-day Baltic countries and prevented the
3909:
da Graça Carvalho, Maria (April 2012). "EU energy and climate change strategy".
3813:
3189:
2423:
1845:
1691:
1430:
1392:
remaining the dominant religion among Russian and other East Slavic minorities.
1377:
1349:
1224:
1025:
453:
452:; Estonians and most Latvians in the 16th century converted from Catholicism to
445:
418:
414:
334:
287:
30:
This article is about the geopolitical grouping. For the geographic region, see
4818:
The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Path to Independence
3770:
5512:
5269:
3410:
3271:
2810:
2400:
2033:
1848:, the new sovereign states that emerged on the east coast of the Baltic Sea –
1837:
1695:
1642:
1630:
1434:
1368:
1209:
1160:
943:
888:
421:
living farthest from the centers of German colonization succeeded in creating
402:
398:
350:
207:
192:
132:
122:
4240:
4232:
3971:
3895:
3855:
3778:
3728:
3683:"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia: Co-operation among the Baltic States"
3654:
3637:
Born into a Dream : Eurofaculty and the Council of the Baltic Sea States
3621:
3582:
3383:
1096:
the European Union. New macroeconomic requirements have arisen for them; the
468:. From 16th to 18th centuries the united Polish–Lithuanian state fought with
5572:
5159:
4568:. United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. pp. 272–276.
4323:
2377:
2250:
2216:
2188:
1857:
1360:
1333:
947:
908:
736:
410:
406:
390:
386:
362:
164:
109:
3962:
3945:
3229:
Dictionnaire Manuel de Diplomatie et de Droit International Public et Privé
606:" were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (German copy).
1200:, including the Climate and Energy Strategy 2020, that aims to reduce the
5538:
5035:, English-language daily news website that covers all three Baltic states
5010:, journal of the Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies (AABS)
2151:
1646:
1575:
1345:
1228:
1152:
974:
818:
729:
394:
354:
176:
4288:(in Latvian). Translated from Italian by Dace Meiere. Riga: Jānis Roze.
4095:
1464:
Because the three countries had been independent nations prior to their
17:
5550:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5133:
4788:
3323:"These Names Accuse—Nominal List of Latvians Deported to Soviet Russia"
2275:
2265:
2232:
2202:
2178:
1861:
1849:
1735:
1731:
1550:
1341:
1279:
1248:
1220:
931:
896:
892:
493:
469:
295:
262:
156:
83:
45:
4796:
Post-Cold War Identity Politics – Northern and Baltic Experiences
4729:
The European Union and the Baltic States: Changing forms of governance
3003:
1011:
serves as a centre of strategic and operational research and provides
5616:
5599:
5577:
5567:
5146:
2775:
2387:
2382:
2241:
2209:
2183:
1970:
1853:
1743:
1739:
1620:
1252:
1244:
955:
951:
258:
160:
96:
4939:(New York: Overlook Press, 2006; published in London with the title
3515:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 231–246.
3430:
Foreign & Commonwealth Office – Government of the United Kingdom
1015:
to intermediate- and senior-level officers and government officials.
4471:
3482:
Annexed Baltic States : Envoys Hold On to Lonely U.S. Postings
2675:
2670:
2665:
891:, a two-million-strong human chain, stretched for 600 km from
4611:
Forward to the Past – A Cultural History of the Baltic People
4173:"Employees fluent in three languages – it's the norm in Lithuania"
1671:
meaning 'white, fair'. This meaning is retained in the two modern
1624:
1540:
1394:
1353:
1290:
1270:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1082:
1003:
918:
776:
766:
followed after that in the Baltics. The Soviet Union attempted to
687:
593:
500:, both governorates became part of the Russian Empire, during the
324:
5078:
813:, nearly 95% of Lithuania's pre-war Jewish community, and 66,000
794:
The Soviet occupation of the Baltic countries was interrupted by
5083:
5038:
5025:
5019:
4765:
Lane, Thomas; Artis Pabriks; Aldis Purs; David J. Smith (2013).
2270:
2167:
1403:
963:
868:
817:
were murdered. The German occupation lasted until late 1944 (in
460:, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland formed the
184:
168:
5484:
5087:
4838:
The Shadow in the East: Vladimir Putin and the New Baltic Front
1799:
as the name for the region. Officially, its Russian equivalent
1422:), and before independence in the Russian sphere of influence.
741:
occupied all of the territory of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
504:, Russia also annexed Courland, Latgale, and all of Lithuania.
341:
In ninth and 10th centuries after the formation of neighboring
5044:
2650:
2645:
2640:
1051:
Compared with other regional groupings in Europe, such as the
4369:"Nida and The Curonian Spit, The Insider's Guide to Visiting"
4077:
3165:
Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People
1538:
spoken as a second language by a few dozen people in Latvia.
4941:
Northern shores: a history of the Baltic Sea and its peoples
3380:"Communism and Crimes against Humanity in the Baltic states"
1380:
to the north and Catholicism to the south is the remnant of
5073:
5013:
3456:"U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship"
3137:
3135:
1503:(or more specifically, Eastern Baltic subgroup of Baltic).
1499:
and are the only extant (widely recognized) members of the
1352:, linguistically and culturally related to each other, are
294:. The term included Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, as well as
4458:"Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table"
4318:(in Latvian). Vol. I. Rīga: Avots. pp. 103–104.
1811:) was first used in 1859. This change was a result of the
1445:
and 10.2% others) and in Lithuania: 12.2% (including 5.6%
863:
Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia were considered to be under
3717:
Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review
1730:, etc. Indeed, the Baltic Sea lies mostly to the east of
1167:. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are also members of the
946:
parliaments elected by popular vote for four-year terms:
805:. During the occupation the Nazi authorities carried out
692:
Geopolitical status in Northern Europe in November 1939.
5068:
353:
the lands of the present-day Baltic countries remained "
4973:
Williams, Nicola; Debra Herrmann; Cathryn Kemp (2003).
4123:
Russian Foreign Policy: Interests, Vectors, and Sectors
2004:, which are the highest drifting sand dunes in Europe (
604:
the Baltic States (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania)
4937:
The Baltic: A new history of the region and its people
977:
period had been an illegal occupation and annexation.
4012:"Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde – Kļūda 404"
2690:
1774:
337:
were the only Baltic people who remained independent.
3145:, p. 8, 154. Springer, 2023. ISBN 978-3-031-39496-6.
5658:
Bottom-up regional groups within the European Union
5404:
5363:
5317:
5289:
5168:
3614:
Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal
724:of 1939 that divided Europe into German and Soviet
116:
69:
55:
4914:
4898:. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
4646:Clerc, Louis; Glover, Nikolas; Jordan, Paul, eds.
3987:"The Baltics — a Ship to Weather the Energy Storm"
3710:"Macroeconomic Legal Trends in the EU11 Countries"
3215:. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 305.
3143:Post-Communist Transformations in Baltic Countries
2922:German occupation of Lithuania during World War II
1746:. The term was also used historically to refer to
867:by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada,
676:German occupation of Lithuania during World War II
2821:List of cities in the Baltic states by population
1561:served a similar function in Lithuania. Numerous
575:until November 1918. Estonia fought a successful
4767:The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
4708:Hiden, John; Vahur Made; David J. Smith (2008).
3105:
3103:
2983:
2981:
2912:German occupation of Estonia during World War II
1922:Forests cover over half the landmass of Estonia.
1676:
720:In accordance with a secret protocol within the
684:German occupation of Estonia during World War II
502:partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
4613:. Budapest: Central European University Press.
4452:
4450:
2917:German occupation of Latvia during World War II
1649:dating back to at least 3rd century B.C. (when
680:German occupation of Latvia during World War II
516:. In the 19th century the national movement of
4949:Russia's European Agenda and the Baltic States
4120:Nikolas K. Gvosdev; Christopher Marsh (2013).
3426:"Country Profiles: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania"
3282:] (in Finnish). Karttakeskus. p. 10.
1239:routes. These included the development of the
37:"Baltics" redirects here. For other uses, see
5496:
5099:
4197:Lukoševičius, Viktoras; Duksa, Tomas (2012).
3639:. Berlin: BWV Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag.
1984:View from the Bilioniai forthill in Lithuania
1806:
1800:
1682:
1534:. It is also related to the now near-extinct
1147:All three countries are member states of the
425:. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania concluded the
202:All three Baltic countries are classified as
8:
5041:, the independent newspaper from the Baltics
4490:"Latvian defense spending hits 2.25% of GDP"
3667:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3063:
3061:
3031:
3029:
1953:is the highest natural waterfall in Estonia.
1816:
1794:
1784:
775:. In addition, at least 75,000 were sent to
4794:Lehti, Marko; David J. Smith, eds. (2003).
4309:
4307:
4305:
4078:"Home – Oficialiosios statistikos portalas"
2887:Soviet deportation from the Baltics in 1949
2882:Soviet deportation from the Baltics in 1941
1938:, Latvia's largest and oldest national park
1654:
533:Interwar period and independence, 1918–1940
283:was no longer used for Sweden and Denmark.
5503:
5489:
5481:
5106:
5092:
5084:
4798:. London/Portland: Frank Cass Publishers.
3489:, 31 October 1988. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
3232:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 246.
52:
4535:"GINI index (World Bank estimate) | Data"
4222:
3961:
3406:"Murder of the Jews of the Baltic States"
3303:Hough, William J.H. (10 September 2019).
1702:as the equivalent of 'East Sea': German:
1198:European Union climate and energy package
879:In the late 1980s, a massive campaign of
417:from creating their own states. Only the
5063:Official statistics of the Baltic states
4858:Culture and Customs of the Baltic States
3759:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
2172:
1578:(though many fled to Sweden as the USSR
1308:(Faroe Islands, Iceland and Scandinavia)
971:Soviet domination over the Baltic states
709: Soviet Union and annexed countries
670:Soviet and German occupations, 1940–1991
550:
4977:(3rd ed.). London: Lonely Planet.
4710:The Baltic Question during the Cold War
4650:(Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2015). 348 pp.
4255:"Indo-European Etymology: Query result"
4096:"Baltic states – Soviet Republics"
3039:a compendious view of universal history
2977:
2935:
2697:
2079:
2017:
1912:
1079:List of regions of Baltic States by GDP
429:with the Kingdom of Poland in 1385 and
4896:A Concise History of the Baltic States
3660:
2989:"Colombia and Lithuania join the OECD"
1748:Baltic Dominions of the Swedish Empire
1530:, together with neighboring Finland's
1441:), in Estonia: 27.6% (including 22.0%
662:"apologetic" attitude, for example in
565:Latvia formed a provisional government
480:for Estonian and Latvian lands in the
298:(which later became grouped among the
27:Three countries east of the Baltic Sea
4585:from the original on 8 September 2022
3877:
3875:
3873:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3358:. Estonian Encyclopaedia Publishers.
3168:. Central European University Press.
3112:Aspects of the Governing of the Finns
569:obtained autonomy from tsarist Russia
241:State continuity of the Baltic states
167:. All three countries are members of
7:
5465:
4820:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4689:Hiden, John; Patrick Salmon (1991).
3884:Baltic Security & Defence Review
3589:from the original on 19 October 2017
3333:from the original on 8 February 2012
1896:List of protected areas of Lithuania
1261:Gas Interconnection Poland–Lithuania
1243:, electricity interconnections with
279:(the Nordic Associations), the term
155:is a geopolitical term encompassing
4674:. Milano: Greco&Greco editori.
4472:"Messages of the 2023 state budget"
4199:"Eratosthenes' map of the oecumene"
3991:Center for European Policy Analysis
3944:Nader, Philippe Bou (1 June 2017).
703: Germany and annexed countries
664:later assessments of Kārlis Ulmanis
4413:"Population | Statistikaamet"
2902:Soviet deportations from Lithuania
2154:, which simultaneously joined the
1904:List of protected areas of Estonia
1815:elite adopting terms derived from
964:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
883:against Soviet rule, known as the
789:Sovietization of the Baltic states
25:
4994:International peer-reviewed media
4154:. British Council. Archived from
3685:. 4 December 2008. Archived from
3537:"SKRUNDA SHUTS DOWN. – Jamestown"
3436:from the original on 31 July 2003
1900:List of protected areas of Latvia
1363:, and they live in the so-called
5464:
5455:
5454:
5280:
5152:
5139:
5126:
4921:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
4877:The History of the Baltic States
4658:. for an online book review see
4349:from the original on 22 May 2018
3547:from the original on 28 May 2018
3195:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
3088:from the original on 13 May 2018
3046:from the original on 13 May 2018
2908:Ethnic cleansing in the Baltics
2892:Soviet deportations from Estonia
2760:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2545:GDP (nominal) per capita (2023)
2249:
2240:
2231:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2122:
2102:
2082:
2060:
2040:
2020:
1989:
1977:
1958:
1943:
1927:
1915:
1779:). Terms related to modern name
1576:northern Estonia and the islands
1100:became obligatory and later the
1022:Council of the Baltic Sea States
899:. In the wake of this campaign,
887:, began. On 23 August 1989, the
785:Soviet deportations from Estonia
743:, and installed new, pro-Soviet
559:As World War I came to a close,
102:
89:
76:
61:
4209:(2). Taylor & Francis: 84.
3635:N., Kristensen, Gustav (2010).
3382:. 13 April 1999. Archived from
3014:from the original on 6 May 2017
2897:Soviet deportations from Latvia
2841:Occupation of the Baltic states
2489:175,228 km = 67,656 sq mi
1229:Lithuania-Sweden interconnector
1225:Lithuania-Poland interconnector
1013:professional military education
905:dissolution of the Soviet Union
589:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
561:Lithuania declared independence
547:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
4975:Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
4879:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
4860:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
4750:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
4748:A History of the Baltic States
4316:Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca
4314:Krauklis, Konstantīns (1992).
4284:Dini, Pierto Umberto (2000) .
3848:10.1080/1406099x.2011.10840501
2486:65,300 km = 25,212 sq mi
2483:64,589 km = 24,938 sq mi
2480:45,339 km = 17,505 sq mi
1221:Estonia-Finland interconnector
466:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
371:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1:
4787:12#2 1959, pp. 177–189.
3068:Mahan, Alfred Thayer (2006).
2460:Population (2023 12/2024 01)
1934:Devonian sandstone cliffs in
1388:hegemony, respectively, with
5593:Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship
4628:Bousfield, Jonathan (2004).
4537:. World Bank. Archived from
4441:"Main Lithuanian indicators"
4224:10.3846/20296991.2012.695332
3931:10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.012
3499:Beissinger, Mark R. (2009).
3036:l.l.b, charles mayo (1804).
2166:time zone schedules and the
992:After the Baltic states had
848:, known colloquially as the
762:Repressions, executions and
539:Estonian War of Independence
191:on the eastern coast of the
5583:West Pomeranian Voivodeship
5330:Baltic Council of Ministers
5250:Under Soviet rule (1944-91)
4339:"Latvija – jēdziena ģenēze"
3836:Baltic Journal of Economics
3814:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.04.034
3114:. Peter Lang. p. 115.
3008:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2528:GDP (nominal) total (2023)
2131:Prime Minister of Lithuania
1807:
1775:
1641:stems from the name of the
1400:St. Peter's Lutheran Church
1340:, together with the nearby
1236:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1046:Baltic Council of Ministers
1031:Between 1994 and 2004, the
994:restored their independence
875:Restoration of independence
735:in September 1939, and the
585:Latvian War of Independence
543:Latvian War of Independence
345:states of Sweden, Denmark,
5674:
5216:by the Soviet Union (1944)
5206:by the Soviet Union (1940)
4969:; Bibliography pp 70 – 75.
3950:Journal on Baltic Security
3771:10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.037
2365:Semi-presidential republic
2006:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1967:Kauno Marios Regional Park
1893:
1879:
1618:
1076:
1070:
854:Latvian national partisans
802:Reichskommissariat Ostland
673:
536:
226:
43:
36:
29:
5519:
5450:
5278:
5121:
5007:Journal of Baltic Studies
4947:Šleivyte, Janina (2010).
4894:Plakans, Andrejs (2011).
4746:Kasekamp, Andres (2010).
4727:Jacobsson, Bengt (2009).
4126:. CQ Press. p. 217.
2991:. France 24. 30 May 2018.
2091:Prime Minister of Estonia
1801:
1767:
1758:) and, subsequently, the
1518:(including its divergent
1155:. They are classified as
1102:Stability and Growth Pact
401:), Livonians, Prussians,
321:Prior to the 20th century
210:and maintain a very high
60:
5511:Countries bordering the
5417:Baltic Basketball League
5343:Air Surveillance Network
5053:, news about The Baltics
4875:O'Connor, Kevin (2003).
4856:O'Connor, Kevin (2006).
3729:10.53116/pgaflr.2018.1.9
3708:Vértesy, László (2018).
3567:"The Latvians in Sydney"
3460:U.S. Department of State
2325:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2111:Prime Minister of Latvia
1821:to refer to themselves.
1698:has appeared on maps in
1492:languages belong to the
962:(EU) and members of the
44:Not to be confused with
5394:Human Development Index
5231:Operation Priboi (1949)
5226:June deportation (1941)
4841:. London: I.B. Tauris.
4835:Naylor, Aliide (2020).
4785:Economic History Review
4203:Geodesy and Cartography
4100:Encyclopædia Britannica
3074:. Bexley Publications.
2420:Current Prime Minister
1183:Usually the concept of
1165:Human Development Index
722:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
697: Neutral countries
624:considered a strategic
600:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
456:. Due to the threat of
212:Human Development Index
39:Baltic (disambiguation)
5588:Pomeranian Voivodeship
5561:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
5422:Swimming Championships
5389:Gross regional product
5031:5 October 2011 at the
4913:Smith, Graham (1994).
4609:Bojtár, Endre (1999).
4512:, 2023, archived from
3985:Trakimavicius, Lukas.
3963:10.1515/jobs-2017-0003
3274:; Raunio, Ari (2007).
3226:Calvo, Carlos (2009).
3162:Bojtar, Endre (1999).
3110:Maude, George (2010).
2962:
2954:
2946:
2878:Baltics deportations:
2786:Baltic Free Trade Area
2540:€150.040 billion
2360:Parliamentary republic
2355:Parliamentary republic
2069:President of Lithuania
1965:Gastilionys cliffs in
1882:Geography of Lithuania
1864:– became known as the
1817:
1795:
1785:
1755:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1683:
1677:
1655:
1634:
1612:Etymology of the word
1554:
1407:
1330:
1283:
1171:. Estonia adopted the
1144:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1088:
1016:
1009:Baltic Defence College
935:
733:invaded eastern Poland
717:
607:
598:According to the 1939
567:. Estonia had already
556:
338:
4951:. London: Routledge.
4731:. London: Routledge.
4712:. London: Routledge.
4399:eurostat.ec.europa.eu
3276:Talvisodan taisteluja
3002:Republic of Estonia.
2856:Russians in Lithuania
2158:on 1 May 2004, share
1880:Further information:
1793:started to supersede
1628:
1619:Further information:
1544:
1501:Baltic language group
1398:
1390:Orthodox Christianity
1295:Language branches in
1294:
1274:
1257:Klaipėda LNG terminal
1157:high-income economies
1140:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1086:
1007:
987:Australian Parliament
922:
691:
597:
555:Baltic states in 1935
554:
514:uprising of 1863–1864
510:uprising of 1830–1831
328:
273:. With the advent of
265:, sometimes also the
204:high-income economies
5079:Statistics Lithuania
4943:(John Murray, 2006))
4478:. 23 September 2021.
4161:on 12 February 2015.
4028:on 24 September 2020
3543:. 1 September 1993.
3209:Smele, John (1996).
3004:"Baltic Cooperation"
2871:Tourism in Lithuania
2029:President of Estonia
1890:Geography of Estonia
1241:Būtingė oil terminal
1202:greenhouse emissions
1061:New Hanseatic League
1000:Regional cooperation
938:All three are today
858:Lithuanian partisans
726:spheres of influence
237:History of Lithuania
5648:Geography of Europe
5243:Diplomatic services
5186:United Baltic Duchy
5176:Territorial changes
4693:. London: Longman.
4375:. 23 September 2016
4265:on 25 February 2007
4215:2012GeCar..38...81L
3923:2012Ene....40...19D
3806:2016EnPol..95....1K
3309:DigitalCommons@NYLS
2846:Russians in Estonia
2826:Nordic-Baltic Eight
2796:Baltic governorates
2443:Largest urban area
2049:President of Latvia
1936:Gauja National Park
1886:Geography of Latvia
1776:Ostzejskie gubernii
1768:Остзейские губернии
1760:Baltic governorates
1756:Östersjöprovinserna
1665:Proto-Indo-European
1547:Church of St. Johns
1328:(Latvia, Lithuania)
1098:Maastricht criteria
940:liberal democracies
577:war of independence
448:began to spread in
5605:Kaliningrad Oblast
5556:Schleswig-Holstein
5265:Singing Revolution
5069:Statistics Estonia
4443:. 23 January 2024.
3689:on 4 December 2008
3509:Timothy Garton Ash
3280:Winter War Battles
3071:The Life of Nelson
2947:Baltijos valstybės
2861:Tourism in Estonia
2851:Russians in Latvia
2577:€4.0 billion
2574:€2.0 billion
2571:€1.0 billion
2568:€1.0 billion
2511:Water area %
2503:44/km = 110/sq mi
2452:Vilnius (716,856)
2446:Tallinn (614,561)
2397:Current President
2143:General statistics
1996:Sand dunes of the
1700:Germanic languages
1681:in Lithuanian and
1635:
1555:
1458:Russian immigrants
1408:
1331:
1318:(Finland, Estonia)
1284:
1163:and maintain high
1145:
1135:
1125:
1115:
1094:all of them joined
1089:
1017:
936:
885:Singing revolution
745:puppet governments
718:
622:Georges Clemenceau
608:
557:
529:the 19th century.
498:Great Northern War
383:Kingdom of Denmark
339:
329:Map depicting the
229:History of Estonia
5653:Regions of Europe
5625:
5624:
5478:
5477:
5427:Baltic Chain Tour
5302:tallest buildings
5074:Statistics Latvia
5051:The Baltics Today
5039:The Baltic Review
5020:The Baltic Course
4984:978-1-74059-132-4
4958:978-0-415-55400-8
4928:978-0-312-12060-3
4905:978-0-521-54155-8
4886:978-0-313-32355-3
4867:978-0-313-33125-1
4827:978-0-300-05552-8
4805:978-0-7146-8351-5
4776:978-1-136-48304-2
4757:978-0-230-01940-9
4738:978-0-415-48276-9
4719:978-0-415-56934-7
4700:978-0-582-08246-5
4681:978-88-7980-355-7
4666:D'Amato, Giuseppe
4656:978-90-04-30548-9
4639:978-1-85828-840-6
4620:978-963-9116-42-9
4575:978-9-211-26451-7
4509:Gynybos biudžetas
4295:978-9984-623-96-2
4259:starling.rinet.ru
3646:978-3-8305-2548-6
3522:978-0-19-955201-6
3486:Los Angeles Times
3480:Norman Kempster,
3289:978-951-593-068-2
3141:Norkus, Zenonas:
3121:978-1-4331-0713-9
3081:978-1-4116-7198-0
2866:Tourism in Latvia
2684:
2683:
2506:35/km = 88/sq mi
2500:29/km = 76/sq mi
2497:30/km = 80/sq mi
2351:Political system
1842:Foreningen Norden
1773:
1601:is spoken by the
1536:Livonian language
1516:Estonian language
1420:Holy Roman Empire
1412:Polish–Lithuanian
1276:St. Olaf's church
1024:in 1992, and the
865:Soviet occupation
835:Potsdam Agreement
764:mass deportations
617:limitrophe states
431:together resisted
331:Northern Crusades
276:Foreningen Norden
233:History of Latvia
181:Council of Europe
145:
144:
16:(Redirected from
5665:
5610:Leningrad Oblast
5505:
5498:
5491:
5482:
5468:
5467:
5458:
5457:
5376:Busiest airports
5284:
5238:State continuity
5158:
5156:
5155:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5085:
5045:The Baltic Times
4988:
4962:
4932:
4920:
4909:
4890:
4871:
4852:
4831:
4809:
4780:
4761:
4742:
4723:
4704:
4685:
4643:
4632:. Rough Guides.
4624:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4584:
4567:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4541:on 22 April 2018
4531:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4337:Skutāns, Gints.
4334:
4328:
4327:
4311:
4300:
4299:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4261:. Archived from
4251:
4245:
4244:
4226:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4177:Invest Lithuania
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4153:
4147:Graddol, David.
4144:
4138:
4137:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4054:. Archived from
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4021:. Archived from
4016:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3879:
3868:
3867:
3831:
3818:
3817:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3754:
3741:
3740:
3714:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3658:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3608:Kuldkepp, Mart.
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3496:
3490:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3256:. January 2004.
3250:
3244:
3243:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3198:(in Lithuanian).
3190:"Baltijos šalys"
3186:
3180:
3179:
3159:
3146:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2965:
2955:Baltijas valstis
2940:
2831:Nordic countries
2765:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2537:€72.048 billion
2534:€40.310 billion
2531:€37.682 billion
2434:Ingrida Šimonytė
2406:Edgars Rinkēvičs
2334:16 February 1918
2308:18 November 1918
2291:24 February 1918
2254:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2173:
2136:Ingrida Šimonytė
2126:
2106:
2086:
2064:
2054:Edgars Rinkēvičs
2044:
2024:
1993:
1981:
1962:
1947:
1931:
1919:
1826:Baltic countries
1820:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1788:
1778:
1772:romanized:
1771:
1769:
1686:
1680:
1673:Baltic languages
1658:
1568:Estonian Swedish
1532:Finnish language
1323:
1313:
1303:
1234:In light of the
1142:Downtown Tallinn
1132:Downtown Vilnius
1112:Downtown Vilnius
881:civil resistance
842:Operation Priboi
831:Yalta Conference
781:June deportation
714:
708:
702:
696:
659:bloody civil war
627:cordon sanitaire
450:Lithuanian lands
444:In 13th century
435:Duchy of Prussia
315:Nordic countries
300:Nordic countries
281:Baltic countries
247:Baltic countries
189:sovereign states
153:Baltic countries
108:
106:
105:
95:
93:
92:
82:
80:
79:
65:
53:
21:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5515:
5509:
5479:
5474:
5446:
5400:
5359:
5348:Defence College
5325:Baltic Assembly
5313:
5285:
5276:
5211:by Nazi Germany
5164:
5153:
5151:
5140:
5138:
5127:
5125:
5117:
5112:
5065:
5060:
5033:Wayback Machine
4996:
4991:
4985:
4972:
4959:
4946:
4929:
4912:
4906:
4893:
4887:
4874:
4868:
4855:
4849:
4834:
4828:
4812:
4806:
4793:
4777:
4764:
4758:
4745:
4739:
4726:
4720:
4707:
4701:
4688:
4682:
4664:
4640:
4627:
4621:
4608:
4604:
4602:Further reading
4599:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4519:
4517:
4516:on 28 June 2022
4506:
4505:
4501:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4456:
4455:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4343:old.historia.lv
4336:
4335:
4331:
4313:
4312:
4303:
4296:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4082:osp.stat.gov.lt
4076:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4058:on 11 June 2019
4046:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3881:
3880:
3871:
3833:
3832:
3821:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3756:
3755:
3744:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3659:
3647:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3386:on 20 July 2011
3378:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3161:
3160:
3149:
3140:
3133:
3122:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3082:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2875:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2563:Military budget
2449:Riga (917,351)
2411:Gitanas Nausėda
2248:
2239:
2230:
2145:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2076:
2074:Gitanas Nausėda
2072:
2065:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2016:
2014:Current leaders
2009:
1994:
1985:
1982:
1973:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1920:
1911:
1906:
1892:
1878:
1623:
1617:
1608:
1572:Estonian Swedes
1570:dialect of the
1528:Finnic language
1526:dialects) is a
1497:language family
1482:
1470:Communist Party
1329:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1297:Northern Europe
1289:
1269:
1185:energy security
1181:
1179:Energy security
1081:
1075:
1069:
1042:Baltic Assembly
1002:
924:Baltic Assembly
917:
877:
850:Forest Brothers
811:Lithuanian Jews
716:
712:
710:
706:
704:
700:
698:
694:
686:
672:
651:Konstantin Päts
635:Antanas Smetona
612:interwar period
549:
535:
464:in 1569 as the
462:Union of Lublin
439:Lithuania Minor
423:their own state
323:
288:First World War
243:
225:
220:
103:
101:
100:
90:
88:
87:
77:
75:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5671:
5669:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5630:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5462:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5383:
5381:Housing bubble
5378:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5353:Naval Squadron
5350:
5345:
5340:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5309:National parks
5306:
5305:
5304:
5297:Largest cities
5293:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5188:
5183:
5181:Baltic Entente
5178:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5149:
5136:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5058:External links
5056:
5055:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5026:Baltic Reports
5023:
5017:
5011:
5003:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4983:
4970:
4963:
4957:
4944:
4935:Palmer, Alan.
4933:
4927:
4910:
4904:
4891:
4885:
4872:
4866:
4853:
4848:978-1788312523
4847:
4832:
4826:
4814:Lieven, Anatol
4810:
4804:
4791:
4781:
4775:
4762:
4756:
4743:
4737:
4724:
4718:
4705:
4699:
4686:
4680:
4662:
4644:
4638:
4625:
4619:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4574:
4552:
4526:
4499:
4481:
4463:
4446:
4432:
4418:
4404:
4386:
4360:
4329:
4301:
4294:
4276:
4246:
4189:
4164:
4149:"English Next"
4139:
4132:
4112:
4087:
4069:
4039:
4003:
3977:
3936:
3901:
3869:
3819:
3784:
3742:
3700:
3674:
3645:
3627:
3600:
3577:. March 2008.
3571:Sydney Journal
3558:
3528:
3521:
3491:
3473:
3462:. 14 June 2007
3447:
3417:
3397:
3371:
3364:
3344:
3314:
3295:
3288:
3263:
3245:
3238:
3218:
3201:
3181:
3174:
3147:
3131:
3120:
3099:
3080:
3057:
3025:
2994:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:Nordic Estonia
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:Baltic Germans
2788:
2783:
2781:Baltic Entente
2778:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2731:European Union
2721:
2709:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2331:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2316:21 August 1991
2310:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2299:20 August 1991
2293:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2156:European Union
2147:All three are
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2096:Kristen Michal
2088:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1877:
1874:
1764:Russian Empire
1616:
1610:
1481:
1478:
1365:Livonian Coast
1320:
1310:
1306:North Germanic
1300:
1288:
1285:
1268:
1265:
1180:
1177:
1149:European Union
1071:Main article:
1068:
1065:
1057:Visegrád Group
1053:Nordic Council
1001:
998:
960:European Union
954:in Latvia and
916:
913:
876:
873:
807:ghettoisations
757:Lithuanian SSR
711:
705:
699:
693:
671:
668:
655:Era of Silence
643:Kārlis Ulmanis
637:in Lithuania (
534:
531:
427:Union of Krevo
379:Livonian Order
375:Teutonic Order
322:
319:
292:Russian Empire
271:Russian Empire
224:
221:
219:
216:
173:European Union
143:
142:
141:
140:
130:
118:
114:
113:
73:
67:
66:
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5670:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5643:Baltic region
5641:
5639:
5638:Baltic states
5636:
5635:
5633:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5506:
5501:
5499:
5494:
5492:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5471:
5463:
5461:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:Sovietization
5258:
5256:
5255:Guerrilla war
5253:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5222:Deportations
5221:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5150:
5148:
5137:
5135:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5115:Baltic states
5109:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5095:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5002:(book series)
5001:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:. Routledge.
4768:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4660:online review
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4631:
4630:Baltic States
4626:
4622:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4553:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4503:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4287:
4286:Baltu valodas
4280:
4277:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4190:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4133:9781483322087
4129:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4113:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4007:
4004:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3794:Energy Policy
3788:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3723:(1): 94–108.
3722:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3701:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3365:9789985701959
3361:
3357:
3356:
3348:
3345:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3239:9781584779490
3235:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3175:9789639116429
3171:
3167:
3166:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Baltic region
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:11 March 1990
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2285:Independence
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2198:Coat of arms
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:Curonian Spit
1992:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:Baltic states
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1813:Baltic German
1809:
1808:Pribaltiyskiy
1802:Прибалтийский
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:Ancient Greek
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:Baltic Romani
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:Indo-European
1491:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1474:Russification
1471:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1414:, to German (
1413:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:Indo-European
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:Finnic people
1335:
1327:
1317:
1307:
1298:
1293:
1287:Ethnic groups
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1122:Downtown Riga
1119:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
995:
990:
988:
984:
978:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
933:
929:
928:Seimas Palace
925:
921:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
874:
872:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:United States
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
727:
723:
690:
685:
681:
677:
669:
667:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
628:
623:
619:
618:
613:
605:
601:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
581:Soviet Russia
578:
574:
573:German Empire
570:
566:
562:
553:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
505:
503:
499:
496:). After the
495:
491:
487:
486:Northern wars
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
336:
332:
327:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
277:
272:
268:
267:German Empire
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
242:
238:
234:
230:
222:
217:
215:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:Baltic states
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
121:
120:
119:
115:
111:
98:
85:
74:
72:
68:
64:
59:
56:Baltic states
54:
51:
47:
40:
33:
32:Baltic region
19:
5435:in athletics
5371:Baltic Tiger
5338:Air Policing
5114:
5005:
4974:
4948:
4940:
4936:
4916:
4895:
4876:
4857:
4836:
4817:
4795:
4784:
4766:
4747:
4728:
4709:
4690:
4670:
4647:
4629:
4610:
4587:. Retrieved
4561:
4555:
4543:. Retrieved
4539:the original
4529:
4518:, retrieved
4514:the original
4508:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4466:
4435:
4421:
4407:
4398:
4389:
4377:. Retrieved
4372:
4363:
4351:. Retrieved
4342:
4332:
4315:
4285:
4279:
4267:. Retrieved
4263:the original
4258:
4249:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4180:. Retrieved
4176:
4167:
4156:the original
4142:
4122:
4115:
4103:. Retrieved
4099:
4090:
4081:
4072:
4060:. Retrieved
4056:the original
4051:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4023:the original
4018:
4006:
3994:. Retrieved
3990:
3980:
3956:(1): 11–24.
3953:
3949:
3939:
3917:(1): 19–22.
3914:
3910:
3904:
3887:
3883:
3842:(2): 59–80.
3839:
3835:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3762:
3758:
3720:
3716:
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3687:the original
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3007:
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2963:Balti riigid
2938:
2816:Baltoscandia
2806:Baltic Tiger
2661:Calling code
2429:Evika Siliņa
2146:
2129:
2116:Evika Siliņa
2109:
2089:
2067:
2047:
2027:
1951:Jägala Falls
1870:World War II
1865:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1823:
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1780:
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4019:pmlp.gov.lv
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2424:Kaja Kallas
2374:Parliament
1846:World War I
1692:Middle Ages
1584:re-occupied
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1437:, and 2.1%
1378:Lutheranism
1350:Lithuanians
1026:EuroFaculty
973:during the
934:, Lithuania
926:session in
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796:Nazi German
753:Latvian SSR
730:Soviet Army
645:in Latvia (
610:During the
526:Lithuanians
454:Lutheranism
446:Catholicism
419:Lithuanians
415:Semigalians
335:Lithuanians
5632:Categories
5513:Baltic Sea
5412:Baltic Cup
5270:Baltic Way
5201:Background
5191:Occupation
4494:eng.lsm.lv
4395:"Eurostat"
3411:Yad Vashem
2972:References
2943:Lithuanian
2811:Baltic Way
2583:Gini Index
2472:6,093,214
2469:2,886,515
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2401:Alar Karis
2170:currency.
2034:Alar Karis
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1838:Baltic Sea
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1696:Baltic Sea
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1653:mentioned
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1631:Baltic Way
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1490:Lithuanian
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1369:Baltic Sea
1210:energy mix
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399:Latgalians
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286:After the
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208:World Bank
193:Baltic Sea
183:, and the
117:Time zones
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5290:Geography
5160:Lithuania
4379:3 January
4241:2029-6991
4233:2029-7009
3972:2382-9230
3896:2382-9230
3890:: 66–80.
3864:155080046
3856:1406-099X
3779:1364-0321
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2767:Lithuania
2707:Geography
2634:Internet
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2617:Very High
2610:Very High
2378:Riigikogu
2338:Restored
2189:Lithuania
2152:republics
1876:Geography
1858:Lithuania
1824:The term
1728:Östersjön
1712:Østersøen
1637:The term
1545:Catholic
1505:Latgalian
1480:Languages
1449:and 4.5%
1435:Ukrainian
1361:Livonians
1334:Estonians
1282:, Estonia
1067:Economies
1028:in 1993.
948:Riigikogu
909:Skrunda-1
846:partisans
768:Sovietize
737:Stalinist
591:in 1920.
518:Estonians
411:Skalvians
407:Selonians
391:Curonians
387:Estonians
367:Prussians
363:Livonians
359:Orthodoxy
343:Christian
245:The term
165:Lithuania
133:UTC+03:00
123:UTC+02:00
110:Lithuania
71:Countries
5460:Category
5431:Records
5385:Regions
5318:Politics
5196:Timeline
5029:Archived
5014:Lituanus
4816:(1993).
4668:(2004).
4580:Archived
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4324:28891146
4032:9 August
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3086:Archived
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3012:Archived
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2554:€25,070
2551:€21,440
2548:€27,590
2494:Density
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1786:Baltisch
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1346:Latvians
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966:(NATO).
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641:–1940),
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512:and the
490:Courland
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5534:Finland
5529:Estonia
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5470:Commons
5364:Economy
5169:History
5134:Estonia
4520:8 March
4211:Bibcode
4105:5 March
4062:26 June
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3919:Bibcode
3802:Bibcode
3800:: 1–9.
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3551:19 June
2951:Latvian
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2585:(2020)
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2149:unitary
2000:, near
1969:, near
1862:Finland
1850:Estonia
1762:of the
1752:Swedish
1736:Denmark
1732:Germany
1724:Swedish
1720:Oostzee
1580:invaded
1563:Swedish
1551:Vilnius
1486:Latvian
1451:Russian
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1433:, 2.2%
1429:, 3.3%
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197:Baltics
157:Estonia
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3278:[
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4128:ISBN
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