497:, was probably partly true). A battle took place between the two factions in January 1093, resulting in the defeat of Mahmud's supporters and the capture of Taj al-Mulk. Berkyaruq, aware of Taj al-Mulk's bureaucratic prowess, was willing to make him his vizier. Taj al-Mulk had even managed to appease a section of the Nizamiyya through bribery. Still, this was not enough: the Nizamiyya, thirsty for revenge, secured his execution on 12 February. Terken Khatun soon summoned the Seljuk prince Ismail ibn Yaquti to attack Berkyaruq. Although the former had raised an army of Turkoman from
636:, who had formerly served Berkyaruq and played a key-role in the defeat of Tutush. After his dismissal by Berkyaruq, he entered into the service of Muhammad, who appointed him as his vizier. Mu'ayyid al-Mulk made use of his newfound position to exact vengeance on his rivals, which was made easier because Muhammad had yet to reach adulthood (approximately 17 years old at the time). The Nizamiyya and the prominent families of Isfahan also joined Muhammad, stopping Berkyaruq from entering the city. The rebellion was launched from Muhammad's base at the city of
509:
655:(military administrator) of Baghdad, soon joined Muhammad, which implies that the city was also added to his domain. Nevertheless, the five-year war continued to be indecisive, with Baghdad repeatedly changing hands. Even with the support of Sanjar (who despised Berkyaruq), Muhammad was unable to defeat his rival. Berkyaruq's authority continued to weaken, and by 1104, with his treasury exhausted, he was forced to sue for peace. A treaty was subsequently made, which acknowledged Muhammad as the ruler of southern Iraq, northern Iran, the
473:
583:, and then returned to the west. However, after leaving his eastern possessions, the area was plunged into a series of revolts, including one by the Seljuk prince Dawlatshah. The name of Berkyaruq started to get excluded from the coins struck at Nishapur, which testifies to the slow disintegration of his rule in Khurasan. Preoccupied by continuous internal issues, Berkyaruq was unavailable to respond to the advent of the
70:
616:
492:
states that "this does not necessarily imply that the
Nizamiyya had a collective policy, for none of the sons of Nizam al-Mulk was his father's equal in ability, and opportunism and personal factors seem often to have swayed them". The Nizamiyya were most importantly looking to seek vengeance against
663:
and Syria, while
Berkyaruq was acknowledged as the ruler of the rest of Iran (including Isfahan) and Baghdad. The treaty, however, did most likely not display the true circumstances of the situation. The following year (1105), there were no coin mints citing the name of Berkyaruq in the central
527:
and western Iran, seizing the city of Ray. He was, however, killed by
Berkyaruq's forces near the same city on 25 February 1095. Berkyaruq thus managed to consolidate his authority in western Iran and Iraq, and was also acknowledged as the sultan by al-Mustazhir. During the chaos that ensued,
536:), attempting to establish his own principality in the province. Berkyaruq first sent an army under his uncle Bori-Bars ibn Alp-Arslan in 1095 to conquer Khurasan, but the latter was captured and killed. He sent a second army under his half-brother
379:
on his brother's behalf, claimed the throne as the only adult, but gained little support from the Turkic elite. Malik-Shah's death thus marks the start of the decline and fragmentation of the empire, with
335:
predecessors—who had largely abandoned their Turkic heritage in favour of
Persian—the Seljuks maintained and took pride in their origins, carrying Turkic names such as Berkyaruq, Arslan Arghu or Sanjar.
505:, he was defeated and executed by Berkyaruq's atabeg Gumush-Tegin. Terken Khatun then tried to reach out to Tutush, but suddenly died in 1094, with her sickly son Mahmud dying a month later.
363:. Berkyaruq was only thirteen at the time of his father's death in November 1092, meaning that there were no princes of age to inherit the vast Seljuk empire. Berkyaruq's half-brother
632:
The most difficult challenge that
Berkyaruq faced was the rebellion of his half-brother Muhammad in 1098 or 1099. The rebellion had been encouraged by Nizam al-Mulk's son
2152:
2137:
595:. Furthermore, Berkyaruq had little reason to help the Seljuks of Syria, who fought amongst themselves, dividing the country. The northern part was ruled by
1465:
Tor, Deborah (2012). "The Long Shadow of Pre-Islamic
Iranian Rulership: Antagonism or Assimilation?". In Bernheimer, Teresa; Silverstein, Adam J. (eds.).
301:. His reign was marked by internal strife, mainly against other Seljuk princes. By his death in 1105, his authority had largely vanished. His infant son
1636:
2132:
2127:
1526:
1571:
1539:
1504:
1478:
1455:
1434:
1415:
1391:
1278:
1248:
1145:
1121:
2147:
403:
85:
1445:
384:
and palace elites trying each to gain power by supporting one of his young sons as sultan. This would ultimately mark the start of
1168:
1383:
1335:
1816:
1322:
447:) Er-Ghush, supported Berkyaruq. They had Berkyaruq smuggled out of Isfahan and sent to his atabeg (guardian) Gumushtigin in
493:
Taj al-Mulk, who was believed to have been behind the death of his rival Nizam al-Mulk (which according to modern historian
2142:
1629:
1871:
1776:
1811:
1916:
1352:
1190:
1856:
1737:
1488:
1173:
282:), he reigned during the opening stages of the decline and fragmentation of the empire, which marked the rise of
1959:
1717:
1405:
1331:
1288:
1258:
1232:
1228:
1212:
1135:
489:
368:
107:
1756:
592:
1837:
1622:
240:
2117:
2016:
1992:
1891:
1861:
1766:
1669:
1134:(1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Frye, R. N. (ed.).
564:
437:
to take
Isfahan and capture Berkyaruq. Meanwhile, the family and supporters of the deceased Seljuk vizier
1746:
649:
Muhammad's capture of Ray exposed the vulnerability of
Berkyaruq's realm. Sa'd al-Dawla Gawhara'in, the
1216:
2122:
2046:
1987:
1982:
1939:
1881:
625:
600:
596:
76:
1896:
2026:
1901:
633:
385:
283:
1886:
1866:
1821:
1972:
1851:
1308:
576:
1262:
544:, due to his brutal treatment of his subjects. Berkyaruq appointed Sanjar as the vassal ruler (
1674:
1567:
1561:
1535:
1500:
1474:
1451:
1430:
1411:
1387:
1362:
1274:
1244:
1200:
1141:
1117:
637:
604:
524:
498:
411:
152:
2051:
2002:
1906:
1792:
1732:
1664:
1549:
1401:
1300:
620:
588:
502:
494:
364:
328:
306:
231:
472:
2076:
2036:
1266:
1236:
392:
290:
603:. When the Crusaders entered Syria, Ridwan shifted his allegiance from Berkyaruq to the
508:
2086:
2021:
1929:
1761:
1645:
1553:
1493:
1347:
1339:
1185:
1181:
1131:
376:
360:
298:
209:
189:
2111:
2066:
1876:
1771:
1727:
1693:
1606:
1557:
1521:
1427:
The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh of Ibn al-Athir
1343:
1327:
1177:
697:
673:
584:
477:
438:
410:, installed her four-year-old son Mahmud on the throne at Baghdad. She convinced the
302:
265:
157:
117:
89:
2096:
2041:
1826:
1741:
1712:
1596:
1589:
665:
568:
537:
481:
417:
349:
272:
199:
488:
Although
Berkyaruq was generally supported by the Nizamiyya, the modern historian
69:
1291:(2001). "Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu 'l-Faḍl Bayhaqī's Tārīkh-i Masʿūdī".
1111:
540:
in 1097, but before anything occurred Arghun Arslan was killed by one of his own
305:
briefly succeeded him, until he was killed by
Berkyaruq's half-brother and rival
2081:
1801:
1781:
1679:
1531:
560:
556:
517:
407:
219:
676:. Baghdad was subsequently captured by Muhammad, who had Malik-Shah II killed.
615:
548:) of Khurasan, giving him his own atabeg (Amir Qumaj) and vizier (al-Tughrai).
2071:
2061:
1806:
1751:
1707:
1375:
656:
1366:
1204:
2056:
2011:
1944:
1702:
456:
332:
17:
2091:
1977:
1934:
1920:
1563:
Culture and Memory in Medieval Islam: Essays in Honor of Wilferd Madelung
669:
642:
572:
533:
529:
513:
434:
396:
372:
294:
145:
2031:
1312:
552:
443:
433:(friday sermon) read in Mahmud's name, and sent an army under the amir
345:
184:
133:
1447:
The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History
1137:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods
1963:
1949:
1846:
1689:
1243:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 800–801.
651:
429:
414:
388:
286:
261:
56:
1304:
1241:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/8: Bardesanes–Bayhaqī, Ẓahīr-al-Dīn
1151:
1467:
1273:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 12–13.
1659:
1614:
660:
580:
523:
Berkyaruq also had to deal with his uncle Tutush, who invaded the
507:
471:
448:
702:
452:
381:
60:
1618:
827:
825:
823:
821:
1078:
1076:
441:(known as the "Nizamiyya"), led by the Turkic slave-soldier (
923:
921:
919:
1113:
Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639–1739
74:
Investiture scene of Berkyaruq, from the 14th-century book
940:
938:
936:
906:
904:
879:
877:
1271:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/1: Ebn ʿAyyāš–Economy V
1140:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202.
331:
word meaning "firm, unwavering light". Contrary to their
1380:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5 (Balaban – Beşi̇r Ağa)
991:
989:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
559:
Sulayman-tegin and Mahmud-tegin as the vassal rulers of
289:
and principalities, which would eventually stretch from
808:
806:
528:
Malik-Shah's brother Arghun Arslan conquered most of
245:
2001:
1958:
1915:
1835:
1790:
1688:
1652:
391:and principalities, which would later stretch from
215:
205:
195:
183:
169:
151:
139:
127:
123:
113:
103:
95:
84:
34:
1492:
1466:
1321:
1167:
247:Rukn al-Dīn Abuʿl-Moẓaffar Berkyāruq ibn Malik-Šāh
228:Rukn al-Din Abu'l-Muzaffar Berkyaruq ibn Malikshah
175:Rukn al-Din Abu'l-Muzaffar Berkyaruq ibn Malikshah
551:Berkyaruq then led an expedition as far east as
1263:"Ebn Dārost, Tāj al-Molk Abu'l-Ḡanā'em Marzbān"
664:Islamic lands. En route to Isfahan, he died of
359:) and the latter's cousin, the Seljuk princess
1410:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–378.
344:Born in 1079 or 1080 in the Seljuk capital of
1630:
468:Initial challenges and consolidation of power
367:was eleven, while another half-brother named
255:
42:
29:Sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1094 to 1105
8:
640:in Arran, which had been given to him as an
1637:
1623:
1615:
1583:
1361:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 1051-1053.
1353:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1191:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
785:
31:
371:was four. A brother of Malik-Shah titled
1031:
1019:
1007:
968:
944:
927:
910:
883:
831:
797:
761:
737:
646:(land grant) by Berkyaruq back in 1093.
614:
406:, in cooperation with the Seljuk vizier
1221:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2
1094:
1082:
1067:
1043:
995:
956:
868:
773:
718:
685:
579:. He spent seven months in the city of
1527:The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam
1055:
980:
895:
812:
749:
672:, and was succeeded by his infant son
236:ابو المظفر رکن الدین برکیارق بن ملکشاه
166:
2153:12th-century deaths from tuberculosis
843:
7:
1469:Late Antiquity: Eastern Perspectives
1473:. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 145–163.
725:
256:
250:; 1079/80 – 1105), better known as
235:
43:
1166:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1978).
668:at the age of 25 near the town of
348:, Berkyaruq was the oldest son of
25:
728:, p. 150 (see also note 24).
2138:People of the Nizari–Seljuk wars
587:in Syria in 1097. The crusaders
575:, thus marking the start of the
68:
706:) was also used by the Seljuks.
696:, the ancient Persian title of
422:
354:
311:
277:
1386:, Centre for Islamic Studies.
1116:. Cambridge University Press.
611:Conflict with Muhammad I Tapar
1:
2133:12th-century monarchs in Asia
2128:11th-century monarchs in Asia
623:, from the 14th-century book
1374:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (1992).
2148:Tuberculosis deaths in Iran
599:, and the southern part by
567:as the new governor of the
402:One of Malik-Shah's wives,
246:
2169:
1489:Van Donzel, Emeri Johannes
1384:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
1110:Blake, Stephen P. (2002).
1603:
1594:
1586:
555:, where he confirmed the
455:, who had him crowned at
271:The son and successor of
174:
165:
67:
54:
1444:Tetley, Gillies (2008).
1382:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
490:Clifford Edmund Bosworth
1597:Sultan of Seljuk Empire
1499:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1425:Richards, D.S. (2014).
1407:The Great Seljuk Empire
1199:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1495:Islamic Desk Reference
629:
520:
485:
435:Qiwam al-Dawla Kirbuqa
619:Investiture scene of
618:
511:
475:
1169:"K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āhs"
601:Shams al-Muluk Duqaq
597:Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan
565:Qutb al-Din Muhammad
563:. He also appointed
532:(except the city of
2143:People from Isfahan
1217:"Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī"
1085:, pp. 80, 133.
971:, pp. 105–106.
834:, pp. 800–801.
764:, pp. 220–221.
577:Khwarazmian dynasty
268:from 1094 to 1105.
1336:Lévi-Provençal, E.
1320:Cahen, Cl (1960).
1299:. Brill: 299–313.
630:
593:Ma'arrat al-Nu'man
521:
486:
2105:
2104:
1613:
1612:
1604:Succeeded by
1573:978-1-86064-859-5
1550:Madelung, Wilferd
1541:978-0-465-00498-0
1506:978-90-04-09738-4
1480:978-0-906094-53-2
1457:978-1-134-08438-8
1436:978-1-317-83254-6
1417:978-0-7486-3826-0
1402:Peacock, A. C. S.
1393:978-975-389-432-6
1280:978-1-56859-050-9
1250:978-0-71009-120-8
1147:978-0-521-06936-6
1123:978-0-521-52299-1
1070:, pp. 78–79.
959:, pp. 76–77.
930:, pp. 12–13.
626:Jami' al-tawarikh
605:Fatimid Caliphate
260:), was the fifth
244:
225:
224:
179:
178:
77:Jami' al-tawarikh
16:(Redirected from
2160:
2052:Kilij Arslan III
1907:Muhammad-Shah II
1639:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1587:Preceded by
1584:
1577:
1545:
1510:
1498:
1484:
1472:
1461:
1440:
1421:
1397:
1370:
1325:
1316:
1284:
1267:Yarshater, Ehsan
1254:
1237:Yarshater, Ehsan
1224:
1208:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1150:. Archived from
1127:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
931:
925:
914:
908:
899:
893:
887:
881:
872:
866:
847:
841:
835:
829:
816:
810:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
707:
690:
634:Mu'ayyid al-Mulk
621:Muhammad I Tapar
589:besieged Antioch
480:at the death of
426:
425: 1094–1118
424:
358:
357: 1072–1092
356:
315:
314: 1105–1118
313:
307:Muhammad I Tapar
281:
280: 1072–1092
279:
259:
258:
249:
239:
237:
167:
72:
47:
46:
45:
32:
21:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2077:Kilij Arslan IV
2037:Kilij Arslan II
1997:
1954:
1911:
1882:Muhammad-Shah I
1831:
1786:
1684:
1653:Early Seljukids
1648:
1646:House of Seljuk
1643:
1609:
1600:
1592:
1581:
1574:
1566:. I.B. Tauris.
1554:Daftary, Farhad
1548:
1542:
1520:
1517:
1515:Further reading
1507:
1487:
1481:
1464:
1458:
1443:
1437:
1424:
1418:
1400:
1394:
1373:
1319:
1305:10.2307/1580488
1287:
1281:
1259:Bosworth, C. E.
1257:
1251:
1229:Bosworth, C. E.
1227:
1213:Bosworth, C. E.
1211:
1186:Bosworth, C. E.
1165:
1157:
1155:
1148:
1132:Bosworth, C. E.
1130:
1124:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1022:, p. 1067.
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
955:
951:
943:
934:
926:
917:
909:
902:
894:
890:
882:
875:
867:
850:
846:, p. 1051.
842:
838:
830:
819:
811:
804:
796:
792:
786:Van Donzel 1994
784:
780:
772:
768:
760:
756:
748:
744:
736:
732:
724:
720:
716:
711:
710:
692:In addition to
691:
687:
682:
613:
470:
465:
421:
353:
342:
322:
310:
276:
190:House of Seljuk
160:
144:
132:
80:
59:
50:
41:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2087:Kaykhusraw III
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2022:Kilij Arslan I
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2003:Sultans of Rum
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1897:Arslan-Shah II
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1762:Malik-Shah III
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1675:Arslan Isra'il
1672:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1593:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1558:Meri, Josef W.
1546:
1540:
1530:(3 ed.).
1522:Lewis, Bernard
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1485:
1479:
1462:
1456:
1441:
1435:
1422:
1416:
1398:
1392:
1371:
1332:Kramers, J. H.
1328:Gibb, H. A. R.
1317:
1289:Bosworth, C.E.
1285:
1279:
1255:
1249:
1225:
1223:. p. 140.
1209:
1174:van Donzel, E.
1163:
1146:
1128:
1122:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1097:, p. 516.
1087:
1072:
1060:
1058:, p. 148.
1048:
1036:
1034:, p. 291.
1024:
1012:
1010:, p. 140.
1000:
985:
983:, p. 131.
973:
961:
949:
947:, p. 105.
932:
915:
913:, p. 104.
900:
898:, p. 105.
888:
886:, p. 103.
873:
848:
836:
817:
815:, p. 128.
802:
790:
788:, p. 464.
778:
776:, p. 514.
766:
754:
742:
740:, p. 305.
730:
717:
715:
712:
709:
708:
684:
683:
681:
678:
612:
609:
495:Andrew Peacock
469:
466:
464:
461:
427:) to have the
365:Muhammad Tapar
361:Zubayda Khatun
341:
338:
321:
318:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
210:Zubayda Khatun
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
171:
163:
162:
161:Zubayda Khatun
155:
149:
148:
143:1105 (aged 25)
141:
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
82:
81:
73:
65:
64:
52:
51:
49:
48:
39:
35:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2165:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Seljuk rulers
2116:
2115:
2113:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:Kaykhusraw II
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Turan-Shah II
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Arslan-Shah I
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1836:Governors of
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1791:Governors of
1789:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Suleiman-Shah
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:Malik-Shah II
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:Seljuk Empire
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1608:
1607:Malik Shah II
1599:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:. Routledge.
1449:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:. Routledge.
1428:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1154:on 2022-01-23
1153:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1046:, p. 78.
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:Richards 2014
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:Bosworth 1978
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:Bosworth 1986
1004:
1001:
998:, p. 77.
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
977:
974:
970:
969:Bosworth 1968
965:
962:
958:
953:
950:
946:
945:Bosworth 1968
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
928:Bosworth 1997
924:
922:
920:
916:
912:
911:Bosworth 1968
907:
905:
901:
897:
892:
889:
885:
884:Bosworth 1968
880:
878:
874:
871:, p. 76.
870:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
849:
845:
840:
837:
833:
832:Bosworth 1988
828:
826:
824:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
800:, p. 77.
799:
798:Bosworth 1968
794:
791:
787:
782:
779:
775:
770:
767:
763:
762:Bosworth 1968
758:
755:
752:, p. 27.
751:
746:
743:
739:
738:Bosworth 2001
734:
731:
727:
722:
719:
713:
705:
704:
699:
698:King of Kings
695:
689:
686:
679:
677:
675:
674:Malik-Shah II
671:
667:
662:
658:
654:
653:
647:
645:
644:
639:
635:
628:
627:
622:
617:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:First Crusade
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:Central Asian
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
519:
515:
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
491:
483:
479:
478:Seljuk Empire
474:
467:
462:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:
440:
439:Nizam al-Mulk
436:
432:
431:
419:
416:
413:
409:
405:
404:Terken Khatun
400:
398:
394:
390:
387:
383:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
351:
347:
339:
337:
334:
330:
326:
319:
317:
308:
304:
303:Malik-Shah II
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:
274:
269:
267:
266:Seljuk Empire
263:
253:
248:
242:
233:
229:
221:
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
201:
198:
194:
191:
188:
186:
182:
173:
168:
164:
159:
158:Malik-Shah II
156:
154:
150:
147:
142:
138:
135:
130:
126:
122:
119:
118:Malik-Shah II
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
90:Seljuk Empire
87:
83:
79:
78:
71:
66:
63:
62:
58:
53:
40:
37:
36:
33:
27:
19:
2097:Kayqubad III
2042:Kaykhusraw I
1887:Toghrul-Shah
1867:Turan-Shah I
1827:Ahmad Sanjar
1822:Arslan-Argun
1742:Ahmad Sanjar
1722:
1713:Malik-Shah I
1595:
1590:Malik-Shah I
1580:
1562:
1525:
1494:
1468:
1446:
1426:
1406:
1379:
1358:
1351:
1296:
1292:
1270:
1240:
1220:
1196:
1189:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1136:
1112:
1095:Özaydın 1992
1090:
1083:Peacock 2015
1068:Peacock 2015
1063:
1051:
1044:Peacock 2015
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
996:Peacock 2015
976:
964:
957:Peacock 2015
952:
891:
869:Peacock 2015
839:
793:
781:
774:Özaydın 1992
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
701:
693:
688:
666:tuberculosis
650:
648:
641:
631:
624:
550:
545:
541:
538:Ahmad Sanjar
522:
487:
482:Malik-Shah I
442:
428:
418:al-Mustazhir
401:
375:, who ruled
350:Malik-Shah I
343:
324:
323:
273:Malik-Shah I
270:
251:
227:
226:
200:Malik-Shah I
75:
55:
26:
2123:1105 deaths
2082:Kayqubad II
2047:Suleiman II
2005:(1092–1307)
1993:Sultan-Shah
1966:(1086–1117)
1923:(1076–1105)
1892:Bahram-Shah
1862:Sultan-Shah
1852:Kerman-Shah
1840:(1048–1188)
1817:Toghan-Shah
1812:Arslan-Shah
1795:(1040–1118)
1782:Toghrul III
1777:Arslan-Shah
1767:Muhammad II
1696:(1037–1194)
1680:Musa Yabghu
1532:Basic Books
1376:"Berkyaruk"
1348:Pellat, Ch.
1340:Schacht, J.
1323:"Barkyārūḳ"
1233:"Barkīāroq"
1182:Pellat, Ch.
1056:Tetley 2008
981:Tetley 2008
896:Tetley 2008
813:Tetley 2008
750:Tetley 2008
591:and sacked
561:Transoxiana
557:Qarakhanids
518:Transoxiana
476:Map of the
408:Taj al-Mulk
399:and Syria.
220:Sunni Islam
104:Predecessor
2112:Categories
2072:Kaykaus II
2062:Kayqubad I
2027:Malik-Shah
2017:Suleiman I
1988:Alp Arslan
1807:Alp Arslan
1752:Tughril II
1733:Muhammad I
1708:Alp Arslan
1601:1094–1105
1195:Volume IV:
1158:2021-03-16
844:Cahen 1960
714:References
703:shahanshah
657:Diyar Bakr
571:region of
499:Azerbaijan
389:atabegates
340:Background
287:atabegates
61:Shahanshah
18:Barkiyaruq
2057:Kaykaus I
2012:Qutalmish
1973:Aq Sunqur
1960:Governors
1945:Tutush II
1917:Governors
1872:Iran-Shah
1738:Mahmud II
1723:Berkyaruq
1703:Tughril I
1367:495469456
1357:Volume I:
1344:Lewis, B.
1205:758278456
1178:Lewis, B.
333:Ghaznavid
325:Berkyaruq
252:Berkyaruq
241:romanized
114:Successor
99:1094–1105
38:Berkyaruq
2092:Mesud II
1978:Tutush I
1935:Tutush I
1921:Damascus
1793:Khorasan
1718:Mahmud I
1560:(2003).
1524:(2003).
1491:(1994).
1404:(2015).
1350:(eds.).
1261:(1997).
1231:(1988).
1215:(1986).
1197:Iran–Kha
1188:(eds.).
726:Tor 2012
670:Borujerd
573:Khwarazm
534:Nishapur
530:Khurasan
514:Khurasan
397:Anatolia
386:Turkoman
373:Tutush I
295:Anatolia
284:Turkoman
216:Religion
146:Borujerd
108:Mahmud I
2032:Mesud I
1802:Chaghri
1692:of the
1690:Sultans
1313:1580488
1269:(ed.).
1239:(ed.).
1104:Sources
553:Tirmidh
542:ghulams
512:Map of
484:in 1092
412:Abbasid
346:Isfahan
264:of the
257:برکیارق
243::
232:Persian
134:Isfahan
131:1079/80
88:of the
44:برکیارق
1983:Ridwan
1964:Aleppo
1950:Irtash
1857:Husein
1847:Qawurd
1838:Kerman
1670:Mikail
1665:Seljuk
1570:
1538:
1503:
1477:
1454:
1433:
1414:
1390:
1365:
1346:&
1311:
1293:Oriens
1277:
1247:
1203:
1184:&
1144:
1120:
694:sultan
652:shihna
525:Jazira
444:ghulam
430:khutba
415:caliph
393:Kirman
369:Mahmud
329:Turkic
291:Kirman
262:sultan
206:Mother
196:Father
86:Sultan
57:Sultan
1940:Duqaq
1930:Atsiz
1757:Masud
1747:Dawud
1660:Tuqaq
1326:. In
1309:JSTOR
1265:. In
1235:. In
1172:. In
680:Notes
661:Mosul
643:iqta'
638:Ganja
581:Balkh
546:malik
503:Arran
463:Reign
449:Saveh
382:amirs
377:Syria
327:is a
299:Syria
185:House
170:Names
153:Issue
96:Reign
1740:and
1568:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1363:OCLC
1275:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1201:OCLC
1142:ISBN
1118:ISBN
516:and
501:and
453:Aveh
451:and
320:Name
297:and
140:Died
128:Born
1962:of
1919:of
1359:A–B
1301:doi
457:Ray
395:to
316:).
293:to
2114::
1556:;
1552:;
1534:.
1378:.
1355:.
1342:;
1338:;
1334:;
1330:;
1307:.
1297:36
1295:.
1219:.
1193:.
1180:;
1176:;
1075:^
988:^
935:^
918:^
903:^
876:^
851:^
820:^
805:^
659:,
607:.
459:.
423:r.
355:r.
312:r.
278:r.
238:,
234::
1638:e
1631:t
1624:v
1576:.
1544:.
1509:.
1483:.
1460:.
1439:.
1420:.
1396:.
1369:.
1315:.
1303::
1283:.
1253:.
1207:.
1161:.
1126:.
700:(
420:(
352:(
309:(
275:(
254:(
230:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
