123:
141:
159:
559:, are common pests of stored products. Psocids, among other arthropods, have been studied to develop new pest control techniques in food manufacturing. One study found that modified atmospheres during packing (MAP) helped to control the reoccurrence of pests during the manufacturing process and prevented further infestation in the final products that go to consumers.
534:
nymphs and vice versa. Booklouse eggs take two to four weeks to hatch and can reach adulthood approximately two months later. Adult booklice can live for six months. Besides damaging books, they also sometimes infest food storage areas, where they feed on dry, starchy materials. Although some psocids
444:
Psocids are small, scavenging insects with a relatively generalized body plan. They feed primarily on fungi, algae, lichen, and organic detritus in nature but are also known to feed on starch-based household items like grains, wallpaper glue and book bindings. They have chewing
479:
There is often considerable variation in the appearance of individuals within the same species. Many have no wings or ovipositors, and may have a different shape to the thorax. Other, more subtle, variations are also known, such as changes to the development of the
538:
Psocids can affect the ecosystems in which they reside. Many psocids can affect decomposition by feeding on detritus, especially in environments with lower densities of predacious micro arthropods that may eat psocids. The nymph of a psocid species,
1297:
Riudavets, Jordi; Castañé, Cristina; Alomar, Oscar; Pons, María José; Gabarra, Rosa (April 2009). "Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) as an alternative measure for controlling ten pests that attack processed food products".
545:, is the first known wood-boring psocopteran. These nymphs make their own burrows in woody material, rather than inhabiting vacated, existing burrows. This boring activity can create habitats that other organisms may use.
535:
feed on starchy household products, the majority of psocids are woodland insects with little to no contact with humans, therefore they are of little economic importance. They are scavengers and do not bite humans.
397:". There are more than 5,500 species in 41 families in three suborders. Many of these species have only been described in the early twenty-first century. They range in size from 1–10 millimetres (
1416:
Bess, Emilie, Vince Smith, Charles
Lienhard, and Kevin P. Johnson (2006) Psocodea. Parasitic Lice (=Phthiraptera), Book Lice, and Bark Lice. Version 8 October 2006 (under construction).
461:. Their bodies are soft with a segmented abdomen. Some species can spin silk from glands in their mouth. They may festoon large sections of trunk and branches in dense swathes of silk.
1270:
Stejskal, V.; Hubert, J.; Aulicky, R.; Kucerova, Z. (October 2015). "Overview of present and past and pest-associated risks in stored food and feed products: European perspective".
468:
pattern, with few cross-veins. The wings, if present, are held tent-like over the body. The legs are slender and adapted for jumping, rather than gripping, as in the true
1168:
875:"Phylogenomics of Parasitic and Nonparasitic Lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining Sequence Data and Exploring Compositional Bias Solutions in Next Generation Data Sets"
2454:
2493:
453:
is modified into a slender rod. This rod is used to brace the insect while it scrapes up detritus with its mandibles. They also have a swollen forehead, large
1462:
1372:
2441:
1071:
Green, P.W.C.; Turner, B.D. (January 15, 2004). "Food-selection by the booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila
Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae)".
2467:
1152:
1013:
996:
1490:
484:. The significance of such changes is uncertain, but their function appears to be different from similar variations in, for example,
1221:
1199:
464:
Some psocids have small ovipositors that are up to 1.5 times as long as the hindwings, and all four wings have a relatively simple
2539:
1017:
587:
with respect to
Phthiraptera. In modern systematics, Psocoptera and Phthiraptera are therefore treated together in the order
2472:
959:
2480:
503:
typically molt six times before reaching full adulthood. The total lifespan of a psocid is rarely more than a few months.
2577:
2389:
158:
2420:
2498:
1037:"New genera of Psocoptera (Insecta), from Mexico, Belize and Ecuador (Psoquillidae, Ptiloneuridae, Lachesillidae)"
2433:
555:
2531:
2572:
2329:
1483:
122:
2003:
2582:
1980:
1458:
1806:
873:
De Moya, Robert S.; Yoshizawa, Kazunori; Walden, Kimberly K. O.; Sweet, Andrew D.; et al. (2021).
2521:
1902:
1897:
2544:
2508:
2376:
1871:
1778:
1338:
1110:
446:
424:
The species known as booklice received their common name because they are commonly found amongst old
2567:
1816:
1768:
1239:"Psilopsocus mimulus Smithers (Psocoptera: Psilopsocidae), The first known wood boring psocopteran"
541:
1970:
1907:
1884:
1826:
1783:
1021:
1965:
1214:
Invertebrates as webmasters in ecosystems: Keystone arthropods as webmasters in desert ecosystems
1162:
255:
153:
131:
2213:
1985:
1975:
1941:
495:
Psocids lay their eggs in minute crevices or on foliage, although a few species are known to be
1451:
2251:
2165:
1850:
1773:
1694:
1476:
1399:
1217:
1148:
992:
896:
450:
369:
period, 295–248 million years ago. They are often regarded as the most primitive of the
2459:
2180:
1858:
1607:
1599:
1389:
1381:
1346:
1307:
1279:
1250:
1118:
1080:
1053:
985:
886:
290:
2367:
874:
2137:
1793:
1731:
720:
500:
1342:
1327:"Morphology of male genitalia in lice and their relatives and phylogenetic implications"
1114:
852:
140:
2428:
2415:
2256:
2228:
2190:
2160:
2132:
1998:
1876:
1821:
1726:
1721:
1699:
1684:
1674:
1666:
1630:
1622:
1579:
1394:
1367:
1255:
1238:
1182:
1036:
754:
705:
674:
492:, and the presence of males may even vary between different races of the same species.
374:
2561:
2284:
2246:
2238:
2208:
2175:
2142:
2127:
2117:
2109:
2099:
2091:
1990:
1889:
1836:
1351:
1326:
1122:
489:
454:
110:
73:
1436:
2381:
2274:
2223:
2218:
2198:
2122:
2048:
2021:
2013:
1925:
1863:
1709:
1689:
1654:
1584:
1559:
1543:
1101:
Gullan & Granston (2005). "The
Insects: An Outline of Entomology 3rd Edition".
805:
658:
629:
584:
580:
576:
568:
370:
359:
352:
326:
274:
246:
240:
210:
2394:
2485:
2361:
2279:
2203:
2170:
2152:
2079:
1798:
1679:
779:
465:
429:
394:
234:
48:
1311:
1283:
1084:
2056:
2044:
1951:
1057:
496:
386:
382:
264:
93:
58:
2352:
1417:
891:
2402:
2052:
1917:
1912:
1811:
1788:
1760:
1589:
1571:
1531:
1519:
595:
190:
170:
98:
42:
1468:
1403:
1385:
900:
2346:
2289:
2266:
1537:
1500:
610:
599:
588:
499:. The young are born as miniature, wingless versions of the adult. These
356:
347:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
17:
1933:
1044:
935:
366:
103:
78:
530: in). Some species are wingless and they are easily mistaken for
1525:
1513:
531:
473:
458:
433:
330:
200:
180:
2446:
2323:
2407:
915:
2516:
2313:
1745:
1446:
485:
572:
481:
469:
425:
2327:
2076:
1651:
1556:
1472:
314:
351:
in recent literature, with the inclusion of the former order
1441:
317:
296:
1183:"Psocoptera – Barklice, Booklice, Psocids – Discover Life"
305:
853:"National Barkfly (Outdoor Psocoptera) Recording Scheme"
432:. The barklice are found on trees, feeding on algae and
1421:
1143:
Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. (1998).
302:
293:
1366:
Johnson, K. P.; Yoshizawa, K.; Smith, V. S. (2004).
1145:
Introduction to Insect
Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed
311:
308:
252:
2336:
2265:
2237:
2189:
2151:
2108:
2090:
2012:
1950:
1835:
1759:
1744:
1708:
1665:
1621:
1598:
1570:
602:, with the former grouping Psocoptera highlighted:
506:
Booklice range from approximately 1–2 millimetres (
299:
263:
226:
152:
34:
984:
579:) evolved from within the psocopteran suborder
1200:"Stored Product Pests: Booklice (Psocids) FAC"
1484:
1147:. Oxford University Press. pp. 404–406.
914:Johnson, Kevin P.; Smith, Vincent S. (2021).
345:. The name Psocoptera has been replaced with
8:
2308:Order Psocodea is comprised of paraphyletic
1167:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
868:
866:
1202:. US Army Public Health Command fact sheet.
987:Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders
916:"Psocodea species file online, Version 5.0"
2324:
2087:
2073:
1756:
1741:
1714:
1662:
1648:
1567:
1553:
1491:
1477:
1469:
1418:http://tolweb.org/Psocodea/8235/2006.10.08
1373:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
567:In the 2000s, morphological and molecular
139:
121:
31:
1393:
1350:
1254:
1216:. UK: CAB International. pp. 25–43.
890:
488:. Like aphids, however, many psocids are
267:included but traditionally excluded taxa
1368:"Multiple origins of parasitism in lice"
472:. The abdomen has nine segments, and no
2316:, both previously classified as orders.
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
844:
1325:Yoshizawa, K.; Johnson, K. P. (2006).
1160:
571:evidence has shown that the parasitic
1096:
1094:
7:
2522:F34387BF-FFE7-6757-B3E5-F8D3FD8749E9
2509:8d1ccd3b-d4c6-41fd-92cb-6fdc230734de
2434:77ff2fd2-2000-4056-8d8c-68e17cf7af18
365:These insects first appeared in the
2310:Psocoptera (book lice or bark lice)
1300:Journal of Stored Products Research
1272:Journal of Stored Products Research
1073:Journal of Stored Products Research
698:
650:
643:
636:
624:
617:
605:
1256:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1995.tb01299.x
1035:Alfonso N. García Aldrete (2006).
428:—they feed upon the paste used in
25:
1437:National Barkfly Recording Scheme
1420:in The Tree of Life Web Project,
598:showing the relationships within
553:Some species of psocids, such as
373:. Their name originates from the
1352:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2005.00323.x
1243:Australian Journal of Entomology
1123:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01454.x
289:
157:
2055:comprise paraphyletic suborder
1018:North Carolina State University
1012:John R. Meyer (5 March 2005).
449:, and the central lobe of the
355:into Psocodea (as part of the
1:
2529:Psocodea Species File (old):
983:Christopher O'Toole (2002).
1465:Featured Creatures Web site
333:that are commonly known as
2599:
1312:10.1016/j.jspr.2008.10.001
1284:10.1016/j.jspr.2014.12.006
1085:10.1016/j.jspr.2004.01.002
991:. Toronto: Firefly Books.
2306:
2086:
2072:
2057:Mallophaga (chewing lice)
2042:
1937:(crab lice or pubic lice)
1740:
1717:
1661:
1647:
1566:
1552:
1508:
1058:10.11646/zootaxa.1319.1.1
820:
802:
776:
752:
718:
703:
696:
672:
655:
648:
641:
634:
622:
615:
583:, thus making Psocoptera
556:Liposcelis bostrychophila
271:
231:
154:Scientific classification
147:
138:
129:
120:
1237:Smithers, C.N. (1995).
1212:Whitford, W.G. (2000).
549:Interaction with humans
148:Unidentified barklouse
1921:(body lice, head lice)
1447:Tree of Life: Psocodea
1386:10.1098/rspb.2004.2798
892:10.1093/sysbio/syaa075
1455:, a webbing barklouse
1331:Systematic Entomology
421: in) in length.
2429:Fauna Europaea (new)
1187:www.discoverlife.org
2578:Paraphyletic groups
2314:Phthiraptera (lice)
2004:Trichophilopteridae
1802:(chicken body lice)
1380:(1550): 1771–1776.
1343:2006SysEn..31..350Y
1115:2005AusEc..30..612A
1024:on 5 February 2007.
542:Psilopsocus mimulus
440:Anatomy and biology
1981:Heptapsogasteridae
1422:http://tolweb.org/
879:Systematic Biology
132:Echmepteryx hageni
2555:
2554:
2330:Taxon identifiers
2321:
2320:
2312:and monophyletic
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2252:Pseudocaeciliidae
2166:Dolabellopsocidae
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
1851:Echinophthiriidae
1807:Pseudomenoponidae
1695:Protroctopsocidae
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1453:Archipsocus nomas
1154:978-0-19-510033-4
998:978-1-55297-612-8
835:
834:
817:
816:
791:
790:
765:
764:
741:
740:
732:
731:
685:
684:
282:
281:
115:
114:
16:(Redirected from
2590:
2548:
2547:
2535:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2512:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2488:
2486:NBNSYS0000160825
2476:
2475:
2463:
2462:
2450:
2449:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2423:
2411:
2410:
2398:
2397:
2385:
2384:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2325:
2181:Spurostigmatidae
2088:
2074:
1995:
1959:
1958:
1938:
1930:
1929:(spiny rat lice)
1922:
1903:Neolinognathidae
1898:Microthoraciidae
1894:
1881:
1868:
1859:Enderleinellidae
1855:
1844:
1843:
1803:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1715:
1663:
1649:
1614:
1613:
1608:Prionoglarididae
1600:Prionoglaridetae
1568:
1554:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1470:
1424:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1020:. Archived from
1009:
1003:
1002:
990:
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
956:
950:
949:
947:
946:
932:
926:
925:
923:
922:
911:
905:
904:
894:
870:
861:
860:
849:
699:
651:
644:
637:
625:
618:
606:
529:
528:
525:
522:
517:
516:
513:
510:
420:
419:
416:
413:
408:
407:
404:
401:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
254:
227:Groups included
162:
161:
143:
125:
109:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
37:
32:
27:Order of insects
21:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2515:
2507:
2505:
2497:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2380:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2332:
2322:
2317:
2294:
2261:
2233:
2185:
2147:
2138:Paracaeciliidae
2104:
2082:
2060:
2049:Rhyncophthirina
2026:
2014:Rhyncophthirina
2008:
1993:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1892:
1880:(armoured lice)
1879:
1872:Hamophthiriidae
1867:(ungulate lice)
1866:
1853:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1801:
1794:Laemobothriidae
1779:Colpocephalidae
1750:
1749:
1748:
1736:
1732:Sphaeropsocidae
1704:
1657:
1635:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1594:
1562:
1548:
1504:
1497:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1415:
1411:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1159:
1155:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1103:Austral Ecology
1100:
1099:
1092:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1011:
1010:
1006:
999:
982:
981:
977:
968:
966:
958:
957:
953:
944:
942:
934:
933:
929:
920:
918:
913:
912:
908:
872:
871:
864:
851:
850:
846:
841:
836:
827:
826:
818:
792:
766:
742:
733:
721:Sphaeropsocidae
686:
565:
551:
526:
523:
520:
519:
514:
511:
508:
507:
442:
417:
414:
411:
410:
405:
402:
399:
398:
292:
288:
156:
116:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2536:
2526:
2513:
2503:
2490:
2477:
2464:
2451:
2438:
2425:
2416:Fauna Europaea
2412:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2358:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2257:Trichopsocidae
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2229:Sabulopsocidae
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2191:Homilopsocidea
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2161:Cladiopsocidae
2157:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:Dasydemellidae
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2022:Haematomyzidae
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1999:Trichodectidae
1996:
1994:(paraphyletic)
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1957:(paraphyletic)
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1877:Hoplopleuridae
1874:
1869:
1864:Haematopinidae
1861:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1842:(sucking lice)
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1822:Trimenoponidae
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1727:Pachytroctidae
1724:
1722:Liposcelididae
1718:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1700:Troctopsocidae
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:Manicapsocidae
1682:
1677:
1675:Amphientomidae
1671:
1669:
1667:Amphientometae
1659:
1658:
1652:
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2275:Hemipsocidae
2224:Peripsocidae
2219:Mesopsocidae
2199:Ectopsocidae
2123:Asiopsocidae
1971:Dasyonygidae
1926:Polyplacidae
1908:Pecaroecidae
1885:Hybothiridae
1827:Trinotonidae
1784:Gliricolidae
1746:Phthiraptera
1710:Nanopsocetae
1690:Musapsocidae
1655:Troctomorpha
1585:Psoquillidae
1560:Trogiomorpha
1544:Paraneoptera
1542:Superorder:
1536:Infraclass:
1452:
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1306:(2): 91–96.
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1022:the original
1014:"Psocoptera"
1007:
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978:
967:. Retrieved
963:
954:
943:. Retrieved
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919:. Retrieved
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577:Phthiraptera
569:phylogenetic
566:
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494:
478:
463:
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390:
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378:
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360:Troctomorpha
353:Phthiraptera
346:
342:
338:
334:
327:paraphyletic
284:
283:
275:Phthiraptera
249:(7 families)
247:Trogiomorpha
241:Troctomorpha
220:
217:(unranked):
211:Paraneoptera
207:(unranked):
130:
29:
2362:Wikispecies
2280:Myopsocidae
2204:Elipsocidae
2171:Epipsocidae
2153:Epipsocetae
2080:Psocomorpha
1966:Bovicolidae
1918:Pediculidae
1913:Pedicinidae
1893:(pale lice)
1854:(seal lice)
1799:Menoponidae
1680:Compsocidae
1278:: 122–132.
780:Psocomorpha
256:Parapsocida
235:Psocomorpha
41:163–0
2568:Psocoptera
2562:Categories
2395:Psocoptera
2382:Psocoptera
2368:Psocoptera
2338:Psocoptera
2214:Lesneiidae
2045:Ischnocera
1986:Lipeuridae
1976:Goniodidae
1952:Ischnocera
1942:Ratemiidae
1530:Subclass:
1520:Arthropoda
969:2021-11-01
960:"Psocodea"
945:2021-11-01
936:"Psocodea"
921:2021-11-01
839:References
824:Psocoptera
594:Here is a
497:viviparous
285:Psocoptera
221:Psocoptera
191:Arthropoda
35:Psocoptera
2078:Suborder
2053:Amblycera
1934:Pthiridae
1812:Ricinidae
1789:Gyropidae
1761:Amblycera
1653:Suborder
1590:Trogiidae
1572:Atropetae
1558:Suborder
1532:Pterygota
1512:Kingdom:
1442:Psoco Net
1163:cite book
596:cladogram
447:mandibles
343:barkflies
329:group of
177:Kingdom:
171:Eukaryota
18:Barklouse
2347:Wikidata
2290:Psocidae
2267:Psocetae
1837:Anoplura
1774:Boopidae
1538:Neoptera
1518:Phylum:
1514:Animalia
1503:families
1501:Psocodea
1404:15315891
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901:32979270
611:Psocodea
600:Psocodea
589:Psocodea
466:venation
357:suborder
348:Psocodea
339:barklice
335:booklice
325:) are a
187:Phylum:
181:Animalia
167:Domain:
113:– Recent
2532:1199166
2353:Q271623
1526:Insecta
1524:Class:
1499:Extant
1457:on the
1395:1691793
1339:Bibcode
1111:Bibcode
1045:Zootaxa
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451:maxilla
430:binding
379:psokhos
367:Permian
331:insects
201:Insecta
197:Class:
2545:989492
2506:NZOR:
2473:103320
2408:1PSOCO
1751:(lice)
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532:bedbug
501:nymphs
486:aphids
459:ocelli
434:lichen
387:rubbed
385:" or "
383:gnawed
2540:WoRMS
2517:Plazi
2499:30259
2460:11351
2455:IRMNG
2421:12128
1040:(PDF)
482:setae
474:cerci
426:books
395:wings
391:ptera
375:Greek
2494:NCBI
2468:ITIS
2447:1002
2442:GBIF
2403:EPPO
2051:and
1463:IFAS
1400:PMID
1218:ISBN
1169:link
1149:ISBN
1050:1319
993:ISBN
964:ITIS
940:GBIF
897:PMID
573:lice
470:lice
49:PreꞒ
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