44:
57:
376:
285:
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858:
460:). Between 25 and 49 cm, lanternfish, T. gaudichaudii, anchovies, and sardines. Subadults from 50 to 74 cm, anchovy, euphausids, and sardines. Adults larger than 75 cm, sardines and anchovies. Offshore, snoek eat almost exclusively teleosts of both pelagic and demerssal species, including sardines, roundherring and hake (
367:
has 19 to 21 dorsal spines and about 113 dorsal rays, 1 anal spine and 10 to 13 anal rays, 35 vertebrae. The body is elongate and compressed, with a single lateral line on the upper body then curving ventrally. Body colour is blue-black on top with a paler belly, first dorsal fin is black. Contains
497:
is widely distributed in the colder waters in the
Southern Hemisphere. In the southwest Atlantic, it is known from Uruguay, Argentina and Tierra del Fuego. In the eastern Atlantic, from Tristan da Cunha and South Africa. In the western Indian Ocean, from South Africa and the St. Paul and Amsterdam
540:
lives in coastal waters, and regional populations may consist of discrete stocks. Off New
Zealand, three stocks are recognised. Off Australia, the population may made up from three to five stocks, and it is thought that the southern African population may comprise a northern and a southern stock,
419:
eggs hatch about 50 hours after fertilization, and the larvae initially eat phytoplankton, first feeding at 3.5 mm, about 3 to 4 days after hatching. When they reach about 8 mm long, they start eating the larvae of other fishes, which are most abundant during spring and summer in this
414:
Spawning occurs during winter and spring, (May to
November with a peak from June to October) along the continental shelf break of the western Agulhas bank and the South African west coast, at a depth of between 150 and 400 m. The eggs and larvae are transported by currents to the primary
817:
In the subsistence fishing communities around the Cape's West coast, snoek together with other species of fish are cleaned, sliced and then packed flat and heavily salted with coarse salt. After a few days in this state, the fish are then hung up to air dry. The dried fish forms part of the
822:, in these communities the dried fish is soaked in changes of fresh water until the fish is soft. This fish is then added to soups, stews and casseroles using indigenous and locally grown vegetables and often eaten with a variety of staples â potatoes, yams or rice.
786:
Fresh snoek is typically barbecued over an open grill or wrapped up in aluminium foil with butter and herbs and served with boiled sweet potatoes and "tamatiesmoor" – a fried up hash of chopped tomatoes, onions, garlic and herbs. Another favourite is a
760:, snoek is caught and consumed along the west and southwestern coastal parts of the country. Commercially, snoek is sold as a prepared and processed food throughout South Africa, usually in the form of packaged smoked snoek, snoek pates and as a canned food.
753:. Snoek is oily, extremely bony (although the bones are large and easily removed from the cooked fish) and has very fine scales which are almost undetectable, making it unnecessary to scale the fish while cleaning. Snoek has a very distinctive taste.
498:
islands. In the eastern Indian Ocean, Tasmania and the southern coast of continental
Australia. In the southwest Pacific, from New Zealand and the southern coast of Australia. In the southeast Pacific, from southern Peru, Chile, and Tierra del Fuego.
837:
and government marketing of the product was not successful and may have had a negative effect. In the end, the vast majority of 10 million tins of snoek from South
African along with 9 million tins of Australian barracuda were sold off as cat food.
736:
It is sold fresh, smoked, canned and frozen. It can be cooked by frying, broiling, baking and it can also be microwaved. In South Africa, it is often braaied (a form of barbeque). It is also made and eaten as fishcakes in regions such as
711:
wood and hooks made from bird bones or dog teeth. This practice was adopted by early
European settlers, who fashioned "coota sticks" from pieces of wood with bent nails attached. The meat was traditionally slow-cooked in a
651:
is important as a food fish over a large part of its distribution. It supports moderate fisheries off southern
Australia, Chile, and Tristan da Cunha, and major fisheries off New Zealand and southern Africa.
1201:
636:
This species will form schools near the bottom or midwater; sometimes even near the surface at night. It prefers sea water temperature between 13 and 18 °C (55 and 64 °F).
655:
The South
African snoek fisheries have been of commercial importance since the early 1800s. Originally purely a line-fish, they are also caught by pelagic and demersal trawling.
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1187:
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349:
though most do not exceed 75 centimetres (30 in) SL. The maximum recorded weight for this species is 6 kilograms (13 lb). It is very important to
439:, on which it is a major predator in the southern Benguela ecosystem. It consequently affects the zooplankton populations further down the food chain.
472:). A large number of other species, including a range of invertebrates, have been identified as less frequent prey from analysis of stomach contents.
2013:
2039:
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In
Australia it lives in western and southern Australian waters especially Western Australia, Victoria and Tasmania, where it is called the
415:
nursery area north of Cape
Columbine and the secondary nursery area east of Danger Point, where the juveniles remain until maturity.
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community's staple diet as well as useful trading commodity. Much in the same way as the Portuguese use dried cod to make
963:"Life history of South African snoek, Thyrsites atun (Pisces: Gempylidae): a pelagic predator of the Benguela ecosystem"
254:
1987:
1974:
135:
43:
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985:"Diet of the South African fur seal (1974â1985) and an assessment of competition with fisheries in southern Africa"
333:, particularly along the west and southwest coast. Despite its Australasian name, it is not closely related to the
56:
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In the South African population 50% sexual maturity occurs at 3 years at a fork length of about 73 cm.
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due to it being considered a food item of deprivation. Canned Snoek was imported in large quantities into
724:
caught by MÄori as a food, and the fish was one of the most common foods eaten by gold diggers during the
587:" (Sea Snoek) by Dutch colonists who arrived in the Cape in 1652. It is said to have reminded them of the
444:
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1691:
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Collingham, Lizzie, The Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food (2012) Penguin Press, p. 473
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Though very popular in regions like South Africa, it was not so popular to certain generations of
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1176:â a black-and-white image gallery featuring commercial fishermen using hand lines to catch snoek.
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is found near continental shelves or around oceanic islands, and feeds on small fish like
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The snoek is a near apex predator. They are known to be taken by South African fur seals
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region. After the first year of growth they reach between 33 and 44 cm length.
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Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures
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sealed with fat. Early European settlers to the South Island relied on
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Davidson, Alan. Oxford Companion to Food (1999). "Snoek". p. 731
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are reputed to attack anything that moves near them in the water.
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In New Zealand, it is more common in the colder waters around the
358:
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community snoek is a foundation for many dishes. Dishes include
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over several days, and could be preserved for years in bags of
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spp). Larger adults eat more hake, sardine and horse-mackerel (
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Snoek is usually bought fresh at the quay side. In and around
442:
Juveniles smaller than 24 cm mostly feed on lanternfish (
423:
The main prey species of the South African population are the
370:
658:
The fish was one of the most important traditional foods of
345:
The fish can reach a length of 200 centimetres (79 in)
861:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
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residents duringâand particularly immediately afterâthe
288:
The certain global range and distribution of Cape Snoek.
387:
1934:
1215:
1174:
Snoek fishing in False Bay, South Africa circa 1976
1081:. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 182â187.
1019:Griffiths, M.H. (2003). "Stock structure of snoek
690:in southern dialects. The name mangÄ is common in
927:. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication
1014:
1012:
779:. Up the West coast and down the coast towards
357:. It is currently the only known member of its
579:In South Africa it was originally called the "
541:with some mixing, mostly from north to south.
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8:
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536:Although it is distributed circumglobally,
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31:
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620:Off Chile and Argentina it is called the
521:provinces of South Africa as far east as
1124:"Wartime Recipes – Snoek"
1157:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1108:
1106:
989:South African Journal of Marine Science
847:
501:On the African coast it is found from
7:
2068:1fdf11d2-d00e-498e-9f7a-6487eef53644
1023:in the Benguela: A new hypothesis".
698:, and fish of a similar appearance.
1077:Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022).
25:
1910:
374:
55:
1210:Non-endemic fish of New Zealand
915:Froese, R.; Pauly., D. (eds.).
741:. It is prepared most often by
483:Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus
368:an anticoagulant in its bite.
1:
329:, and a popular food fish in
1128:recipespastandpresent.org.uk
1122:Ann, Antonia (7 July 2011).
701:MÄori would typically catch
599:) found in the Netherlands.
961:Griffiths, Marc H. (2002).
2156:
1002:10.2989/025776187784522568
1908:
1761:Congiopodus leucopaecilus
1281:Macruronus novaezelandiae
1045:10.2989/18142320309504025
571:and other invertebrates.
525:, but mostly between the
486:in South African waters.
325:found in the seas of the
190:
183:
164:
157:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
1839:Paratrachichthys trailli
1696:Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
1609:Nemadactylus macropterus
1444:Myliobatis tenuicaudatus
983:David, J. H. M. (1987).
921:(Euphrasen, 1791) Snoek"
883:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
859:"Snoek distribution map"
732:Modern-day use as a food
1875:Pseudocaranx georgianus
1366:Carcharhinus brachyurus
1340:Hyperoglyphe antarctica
674:. The fish is known in
2140:Fish described in 1791
1800:Nemadactylus douglasii
1748:Aplodactylus arctidens
1709:Anguilla dieffenbachii
686:
680:
623:
594:
582:
445:Lampanyctodes hectoris
407:Life cycle and feeding
353:and is also a popular
301:, 1791), known as the
289:
224:Leionura atun dentatus
2135:Monotypic fish genera
2089:Paleobiology Database
1852:Helicolenus percoides
1692:New Zealand eagle ray
1647:Chironemus marmoratus
970:Fish. Bull. Issue=100
897:. April 2013 version.
513:and the coast of the
509:, along the coast of
457:Themisto gaudichaudii
287:
227:(J. R. Forster, 1801)
1901:Colistium nudipinnis
1862:Epinephelus daemelii
1858:Spotted black groper
1826:Chelidonichthys kumu
1735:Girella tricuspidata
1561:Polyprion oxygeneios
1522:Rhombosolea tapirina
1418:Colistium nudipinnis
1304:Latridopsis ciliaris
1271:Rhombosolea retiaria
791:using smoked snoek.
692:Polynesian languages
613:. It is also called
351:commercial fisheries
1813:Pseudophycis bachus
1787:Caprodon longimanus
1686:Genypterus blacodes
1541:Grey spiny dogfish/
1515:Greenback flounder/
1502:Gilthead sea bream/
1457:Callorhinchus milii
1431:Coryphaena hippurus
1379:Epigonus telescopus
1359:Bronzewhaler shark/
1232:Engraulis australis
1037:2003AfJMS..25..383G
814:, and snoek pùtés.
705:with lures made of
469:Trachurus trachurus
436:Engraulis japonicus
327:Southern Hemisphere
274:J. Richardson, 1843
267:(ambiguous homonym)
265:J. R. Forster, 1843
251:Thyrsites altivelis
243:Scomber lanceolatus
232:Thyrsites chilensis
1548:Squalus mitsukurii
1470:Lepidopus caudatus
1392:Galaxias maculatus
1353:Colistium guntheri
454:), and amphipods (
386:. You can help by
317:, is a long, thin
290:
2117:
2116:
2076:Open Tree of Life
1928:Taxon identifiers
1919:
1918:
1722:Isurus oxyrinchus
1673:Meuschenia scaber
1660:Geotria australis
1576:Hammerhead shark/
1218:marine fish in NZ
1088:978-1-77554-179-0
767:, this may be at
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271:Scomber splendens
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1258:Polyprion moeone
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433:and anchovies,
430:Sardinops sagax
425:Clupeoid fishes
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1031:(1): 383â386.
1021:Thyrsites atun
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881:Froese, Rainer
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703:Thyrsites atun
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1471:
1467:
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1458:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1445:
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1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:Dolphin fish/
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
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1389:
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1383:
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1363:
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1321:
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1314:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:Black marlin/
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1266:patiki-mohoao
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
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1223:
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835:Great Britain
832:
828:
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744:
740:
731:
729:
727:
723:
719:
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709:
704:
699:
697:
696:Scombriformes
693:
688:
682:
677:
673:
669:
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639:
631:
629:
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520:
516:
515:Northern Cape
512:
508:
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484:
475:
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382:This section
380:
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296:
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286:
272:
269:
263:
260:
256:
255:J. Richardson
252:
249:
244:
241:
237:
233:
230:
225:
222:
218:
217:J. R. Forster
214:
211:
206:
205:Leionura atun
203:
199:
195:
192:
191:
189:
186:
182:
177:
171:
169:
163:
160:
159:Binomial name
156:
152:
151:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
131:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:Scombriformes
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
27:Genus of fish
19:
1935:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1851:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1820:
1819:Red gurnard/
1812:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1780:Pink maomao/
1773:
1768:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1702:Longfin eel/
1695:
1685:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1528:Grey mullet/
1521:
1516:
1508:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1411:Deepsea cod/
1404:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1323:Blue warehou
1316:
1311:
1303:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1251:Bass groper/
1244:
1239:
1231:
1227:kokowhaawhaa
1226:
1216:Non-endemic
1160:. Retrieved
1131:. Retrieved
1127:
1117:
1078:
1028:
1024:
1020:
992:
988:
978:
969:
929:. Retrieved
924:
918:
892:
886:
875:
863:. Retrieved
824:
816:
803:
799:
793:
785:
777:Gordon's Bay
762:
758:South Africa
755:
735:
721:
706:
702:
700:
694:to describe
668:South Island
664:MÄori people
657:
654:
648:
647:
637:
635:
621:
619:
614:
611:South Island
608:
603:
601:
592:
580:
578:
552:
551:
543:
537:
535:
531:Cape Agulhas
527:Kunene River
519:Western Cape
505:in northern
500:
494:
493:
490:Distribution
481:
479:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
441:
434:
428:
422:
416:
413:
410:
392:
388:adding to it
383:
364:
363:
344:
331:South Africa
310:
307:South Africa
302:
293:
292:
291:
270:
261:
250:
242:
231:
223:
212:
204:
194:Scomber atun
193:
167:
165:
150:T. atun
149:
148:
129:
128:
35:
29:
2027:iNaturalist
1960:Wikispecies
1847:pohuiakaroa
1741:Marblefish/
1655:pihapiharau
1398:Conger eel/
1310:Blue shark/
1238:Barracouta/
1133:25 November
804:snoekbredie
672:New Zealand
569:cephalopods
565:crustaceans
395:August 2023
341:Description
315:Australasia
309:and as the
2130:Gempylidae
2124:Categories
1881:Trumpeter/
1622:Zeus faber
1615:John Dory/
1578:mangoopare
1463:Frostfish/
1437:Eagle ray/
1097:Q114871191
972:: 690â710.
842:References
800:smoorsnoek
796:Cape Malay
781:Mossel Bay
708:Nothofagus
615:barracouta
604:barracouta
463:Merluccius
427:sardines,
311:barracouta
119:Gempylidae
18:Barracouta
1980:Thyrsites
1966:Thyrsites
1951:Q17166003
1936:Thyrsites
1868:Trevally/
1767:Pilchard/
1756:purumorua
1640:Kelpfish/
1465:taharangi
1439:whai repo
1348:patikinui
1333:Bluenose/
1300:Blue moki
1289:taketonga
931:24 August
765:Cape Town
718:bull kelp
660:NgÄi Tahu
644:Fisheries
632:Behaviour
523:Algoa Bay
503:Moçùmedes
476:Predation
355:game fish
335:barracuda
299:Euphrasén
236:G. Cuvier
198:Euphrasén
176:Euphrasén
144:Species:
130:Thyrsites
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
36:Thyrsites
1945:Wikidata
1883:kohikohi
1845:Scarpee/
1821:kumukumu
1806:Red cod/
1769:mohimohi
1754:Pigfish/
1681:hokarari
1653:Lamprey/
1642:hiwihiwi
1604:tarakihi
1530:hopuhopu
1489:Gemfish/
1476:Garfish/
1452:reperepe
1426:mahimahi
1225:Anchovy/
1162:18 April
1093:Wikidata
1053:84328857
894:FishBase
820:bacalhau
810:), fish
789:kedgeree
773:Kalk Bay
769:Hout Bay
743:grilling
583:zeesnoek
561:pilchard
185:Synonyms
115:Family:
89:Chordata
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
2019:2397804
1894:Turbot/
1832:Roughy/
1629:Kahawai
1591:hauture
1554:Groper/
1517:paatiki
1312:poutini
1033:Bibcode
827:British
812:bobotie
794:In the
751:smoking
666:of the
649:T. atun
557:anchovy
553:T. atun
548:Habitat
511:Namibia
417:T. atun
365:T. atun
319:species
178:, 1791)
125:Genus:
105:Order:
95:Class:
2107:204166
2094:352752
2081:428998
2065:NZOR:
2058:499857
2045:650250
1896:patiki
1870:araara
1834:patohe
1730:parore
1668:hiriri
1617:kuparu
1556:hapuku
1543:koinga
1504:tamure
1491:tikati
1478:takeke
1413:patiki
1387:Ä«nanga
1346:Brill/
1335:matiri
1253:moeone
1240:mangaa
1095:
1085:
1051:
865:May 6,
747:frying
662:, the
624:sierra
507:Angola
257:, 1839
238:, 1832
219:, 1801
200:, 1791
138:, 1831
136:Lesson
2102:WoRMS
2032:47267
1795:porae
1679:Ling/
1567:Hake/
1400:koiro
1374:akiwa
1361:toiki
1049:S2CID
966:(PDF)
739:Japan
714:hÄngÄ«
684:, or
681:mangÄ
676:MÄori
595:snoek
575:Names
359:genus
303:snoek
2053:NCBI
2040:ITIS
2014:GBIF
2006:7WN3
1993:3820
1988:BOLD
1808:hoka
1782:mata
1743:keke
1717:mako
1569:kehe
1164:2006
1135:2017
1083:ISBN
933:2023
867:2011
808:stew
687:makÄ
591:(or
559:and
529:and
517:and
2001:CoL
1975:AFD
1041:doi
997:doi
806:(a
756:In
749:or
678:as
670:of
563:,
390:.
321:of
313:in
305:in
2126::
2104::
2091::
2078::
2055::
2042::
2029::
2016::
2003::
1990::
1977::
1962::
1947::
1155:.
1126:.
1105:^
1091:.
1061:^
1047:.
1039:.
1029:25
1027:.
1011:^
991:.
987:.
968:.
941:^
923:.
903:^
891:.
850:^
802:,
771:,
745:,
628:.
606:.
567:,
533:.
361:.
347:SL
337:.
1903:)
1899:(
1890:)
1886:(
1877:)
1873:(
1864:)
1860:(
1854:)
1850:(
1841:)
1837:(
1828:)
1824:(
1815:)
1811:(
1802:)
1798:(
1789:)
1785:(
1776:)
1772:(
1763:)
1759:(
1750:)
1746:(
1737:)
1733:(
1724:)
1720:(
1711:)
1707:(
1698:)
1694:(
1688:)
1684:(
1675:)
1671:(
1662:)
1658:(
1649:)
1645:(
1636:)
1632:(
1624:)
1620:(
1611:)
1607:(
1598:)
1594:(
1585:)
1581:(
1563:)
1559:(
1550:)
1546:(
1537:)
1533:(
1524:)
1520:(
1511:)
1507:(
1498:)
1494:(
1485:)
1481:(
1472:)
1468:(
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1455:(
1446:)
1442:(
1433:)
1429:(
1420:)
1416:(
1407:)
1403:(
1394:)
1390:(
1381:)
1377:(
1368:)
1364:(
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1351:(
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1338:(
1329:)
1325:(
1319:)
1315:(
1306:)
1302:(
1296:)
1292:(
1283:)
1279:(
1273:)
1269:(
1260:)
1256:(
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1243:(
1234:)
1230:(
1203:e
1196:t
1189:v
1166:.
1137:.
1099:.
1055:.
1043::
1035::
1005:.
999::
993:5
935:.
917:"
889:"
885:"
869:.
397:)
393:(
297:(
174:(
20:)
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