Decapitation - Knowledge (XXG)

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closely with results found in other studies on rodents (2.7 seconds, and 3–6 seconds). The same study also suggested that the massive wave which can be recorded by EEG monitoring approximately one minute after decapitation ultimately reflects brain death. Other studies indicate that electrical activity in the brain has been demonstrated to persist for 13 to 14 seconds following decapitation (although it is disputed as to whether such activity implies that pain is perceived), and a 2010 study reported that decapitation of rats generated responses in EEG indices over a period of 10 seconds that have been linked to

388: 1448: 63: 1253: 151: 2291: 1016: 2098:, as a terror tactic, "some American troops hacked the heads off... dead and mounted them on pikes or poles". Correspondent Michael Herr noted "thousands" of photo-albums made by US soldiers "all seemed to contain the same pictures": "the severed head shot, the head often resting on the chest of the dead man or being held up by a smiling Marine, or a lot of the heads, arranged in a row, with a burning cigarette in each of the mouths, the eyes open". Some of the victims were "very young". 128: 172: 936: 895:. The UN was reportedly horrified when video footage of the executions surfaced in April that same year, where some grisly details led to assume ritual components of the beheading: the perpetrators first cut the hair of both victims, and then one of them beheaded Catalán only, because it would "increase his power", which may be linked to the fact that Congolese militias are particularly brutal in their acts of violence toward women and children. 846: 2015: 404: 1193: 2091:, who led a rebellion against slavery. When caught, he was publicly hanged, flayed, and beheaded. This was a technique used by many enslavers to discourage the "frequent bloody uprisings" that were carried out by "kidnapped Africans". While bodily dismemberment of various kinds was employed to instill terror, Dr. Erasmus D. Fenner noted postmortem decapitation was particularly effective. 511: 564:. Some anecdotes suggest more extended persistence of human consciousness after decapitation, but most doctors consider this unlikely and consider such accounts to be misapprehensions of reflexive twitching rather than deliberate movement, since deprivation of oxygen must cause nearly immediate coma and death (" probably lost within 2–3 seconds, due to a rapid fall of intracranial 899:

efforts of the investigation, the head was never found. According to a report published on 29 May 2019, the Monusco peacekeeping military mission led by Colonel Luis Mangini, in the search for the missing remains, arrived to a ritual place in Moyo Musila where "parts of bodies, hands and heads" were cut and used for rituals, where they lost track of the victim's head.

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considered inelegant and in bad taste. The sword was expected to be used upon the slightest sign that the practitioner might yield to pain and cry out—avoiding dishonor to him and to all partaking in the privilege of observing an honorable demise. As skill was involved, only the most trusted warrior was honored by taking part. In the late

628: 676:, was imprisoned for three months and dismissed for slapping the face of the victim after the blade had fallen in order to see whether any flicker of life remained. The guillotine was used in France during the French Revolution and remained the normal judicial method in both peacetime and wartime into the 1970s, although the 571:

A laboratory study testing for humane methods of euthanasia in awake animals used EEG monitoring to measure the time duration following decapitation for rats to become fully unconscious, unable to perceive distress and pain. It was estimated that this point was reached within 3–4 seconds, correlating

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was venerated above all else, since the head was to the Celt the soul, centre of the emotions as well as of life itself, a symbol of divinity and of the powers of the other-world." Arguments for a Celtic cult of the severed head include the many sculptured representations of severed heads in La Tène

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They cut off the heads of enemies slain in battle and attach them to the necks of their horses. The blood-stained spoils they hand over to their attendants and striking up a paean and singing a song of victory; and they nail up these first fruits upon their houses, just as do those who lay low wild

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She refused to lay her head on the block, or submit to a sentence where she had received no trial. She told the executioner, that if he would have her head, he must win it the best way he could: and thus, shaking her venerable grey locks, she ran about the scaffold; and the executioner followed her

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tactic especially in Iraq since 2003. Civilians have borne the brunt of the beheadings, although U.S. and Iraqi military personnel have also been targeted. After kidnapping the victim, the kidnappers typically make some sort of demand of the government of the hostage's nation and give a time limit

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A group of three Catholic clergymen, Johannes Prassek, Eduard Müller and Hermann Lange, and an Evangelical Lutheran pastor, Karl Friedrich Stellbrink, were arrested following the bombing of Lübeck, tried by the People's Court in 1943 and sentenced to death by decapitation; all were beheaded on 10

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the heads of the most distinguished enemies, and preserve them carefully in a chest, and display them with pride to strangers, saying that for this head one of their ancestors, or his father, or the man himself, refused the offer of a large sum of money. They say that some of them boast that they

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to hasten death and to reduce the suffering. The blow was expected to be precise enough to leave intact a small strip of skin at the front of the neck—to spare invited and honored guests the indelicacy of witnessing a severed head rolling about, or towards them; such an occurrence would have been

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The ancient Greeks and Romans regarded decapitation as a comparatively honorable form of execution for criminals. The traditional procedure, however, included first being tied to a stake and whipped with rods. Axes were used by the Romans, and later swords, which were considered a more honorable

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A public beheading will typically take place around 9am. The convicted person is walked into the square and kneels in front of the executioner. The executioner uses a sword to remove the condemned person's head from his or her body at the neck with a single strike. After the convicted person is

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In the trial that followed investigations after the bodies were discovered, and according to a testimony of a primary school teacher from Bunkonde, near the village of Moyo Musuila where the executions took place, he witnessed a teenage militant carrying the young woman's head, but despite the

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November 1943, in the Hamburg prison at Holstenglacis. Stellbrink had explained the raid next morning in his Palm Sunday sermon as a "trial by ordeal", which the Nazi authorities interpreted to be an attack on their system of government and as such undermined morale and aided the enemy.

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tradition, a person's body was a gift from their parents, and so it was therefore disrespectful to their ancestors to return their bodies to the grave dismembered. The Chinese, however, had other punishments, such as dismembering the body into multiple pieces (similar to the English

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rebels has caused several deaths and atrocities such as rape and mutilation. One of them is decapitation, both a fearsome way to intimidate victims as well as an act that may include ritualistic elements. According to a UN report from Congolese refugees, they believed the

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pronounced dead, a police official announces the crimes committed by the beheaded alleged criminal and the process is complete. The official might announce the same before the actual execution. This is the most common method of execution in Saudi Arabia.

336: 5263: 2880: 2779: 4333: 1698:. Axe beheading was the only method of execution in Berlin until 1938, when it was decreed that all civil executions would henceforth be carried out by guillotine. However, the practice was continued in rare cases such as that of 454:

Some cultures, such as ancient Rome and Greece, regarded decapitation as the most honorable form of death. In the Middle Ages, many European nations continued to reserve the method only for nobles and royalty. In France, the

1906: 2109:, was known for keeping "macabre souvenirs", such as "a Vietnamese skull that sat on his desk." Other Americans "hacked the heads off Vietnamese to keep, trade, or exchange for prizes offered by commanders." 2060:, some Mexican drug cartels turned to decapitation and beheading of rival cartel members as a method of intimidation. This trend of beheading and publicly displaying the decapitated bodies was started by the 3497: 1627:

who was sentenced to death for killing 27 young men, was decapitated in April 1925. He was nicknamed "The Butcher from Hannover" and was rumored to have sold his victims' flesh to his neighbor's restaurant.

1271:, beheading was typically used for noblemen, while commoners would be hanged; eventually, hanging was adopted as the standard means of non-military executions. The last actual execution by beheading was of 3266: 2001:, which controlled territory in much of eastern Syria, had regularly carried out beheadings of people. Syrian rebels attempting to overthrow the Syrian government have been implicated in beheadings too. 1878:. They were tied to a chair on a scaffold. The executioner used a knife to cut the head from the body. It was considered to be a more honourable death if the executioner started with cutting the throat. 2435:

Dinkel, Andreas; Baumert, Jens; Erazo, Natalia; Ladwig, Karl-Heinz (January 2011). "Jumping, lying, wandering: Analysis of suicidal behaviour patterns in 1,004 suicidal acts on the German railway net".

2343: 1092:, in 1570. After being caught, Zenjubō was buried alive in the ground with only his head out, and the head was slowly sawn off with a bamboo saw by passers-by for several days (punishment by sawing; 353: 222:

who carries out executions by beheading is sometimes called a headsman. Accidental decapitation can be the result of an explosion, a car or industrial accident, improperly administered execution by

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The United States government has never employed beheading as a legal method of execution. However, beheading has sometimes been used in mutilations of the dead, particularly of black people like

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Others have regarded beheading as dishonorable and contemptuous, such as the Japanese troops who beheaded prisoners during World War II. In recent times, it has become associated with terrorism.

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with the aim of creating a quick and painless method of execution requiring little skill on the part of the operator. Decapitation by guillotine became a common mechanically assisted form of

497:, is said to have required up to 10 strokes before decapitation was achieved. This particular story may, however, be apocryphal, as highly divergent accounts exist. Historian and philosopher 5684: 4472: 1344:, as evidenced by both Classical literary descriptions and archaeological contexts. This cult played a central role in their temples and religious practices and earned them a reputation as 3583: 1237: 1850: 3475: 4528:

Execution of the Marquess of Ayamonte on the 11th. of December 1645 Described in "Varios relatos diversos de Cartas de Jesuitas" (1634–1648) Coll. Austral Buones Aires 1953 en

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law reflecting a particular state-sanctioned interpretation of Islam. Crimes such as rape, murder, apostasy, and sorcery are punishable by beheading. It is usually carried out

246:. In practice, Saudi Arabia is the only country that continues to behead its offenders regularly as a punishment for capital crimes. Cases of decapitation by suicidal hanging, 1279:, a method which had already been discontinued.) Beheading was degraded to a secondary means of execution, including for treason, with the abolition of drawing and quartering 4871: 3322: 3299: 1004: 4849: 4714: 4752: 1375: 4439: 4083: 1717:

was executed by manual beheading, the last legal use of the method (other than by guillotine) in both Europe and the rest of the Western world. Earlier the same year,

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can continue to function at some capacity for a limited time even after connection to the brain is lost, responding to any nearby stimulus. In addition, the bodies of

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by the reattachment of blood vessels has seen some very limited success in animals, a fully functional reattachment of a severed human head (including repair of the

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for the demand to be carried out, often 72 hours. Beheading is often threatened if the government fails to heed the wishes of the hostage takers. Sometimes, the

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were often allowed to decapitate soldiers who had fled from battle, as it was considered cowardly. Decapitation was historically performed as the second step in

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Besides the massive decapitations (like the beheading of 40 members of the State Police), a globally notorious case happened in March 2017 to Swedish politician

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Holson, R. Robert (6 January 1992). "Euthanasia by decapitation: Evidence that this technique produces prompt, painless unconsciousness in laboratory rodents".

1177: 445:(c. 3000 BCE) shows the first known depiction of decapitated corpses. The terms "capital offence", "capital crime", "capital punishment", derive from the Latin 5341: 4784: 1372:

Both the Greeks and Romans found the Celtic decapitation practices shocking and the latter put an end to them when Celtic regions came under their control.

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has since abolished capital punishment within its own jurisdiction, and recent popes have condemned capital punishment wherever it is still practised.

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The French observed a strict code of etiquette surrounding such executions. For example, a man named Legros, one of the assistants at the execution of

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is the total separation of the head from the body. Such an injury is invariably fatal to humans and most other animals, since it deprives the brain of

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Execution by beheading was one of the most common forms of execution in Vietnam under the feudal system. This form of execution still existed in the

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Decapitation (without seppuku) was also considered a very severe and degrading form of punishment. One of the most brutal decapitations was that of

494: 733: 5689: 4462: 4407: 3579: 1981:(born 1980), a Saudi Arabian poet, was sentenced to be beheaded, but his sentence was later reduced to eight years in prison and 800 lashes, for 253:

Less commonly, decapitation can also refer to the removal of the head from a body that is already dead. This might be done to take the head as a

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Wilhelm, James J. "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." The Romance of Arthur. Ed. Wilhelm, James J. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994. 399–465.

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on 9 April 1747, while a number of convicts were beheaded posthumously up to the early 19th century. (Typically traitors were sentenced to be

913: 5664: 5418: 5358: 4151: 3957: 3920: 3877: 3430: 2212: 165: 3749: 5694: 3464: 1974:, at least 79 people were executed in Saudi Arabia in 2013. Foreigners are not exempt, accounting for "almost half" of executions in 2013. 1875: 1867: 923:

Several reports of decapitation, along with other types of mutilation of Armenian POWs by Azerbaijani soldiers, emerged in 2020 during the

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permitted a person sentenced to death to choose beheading as a means of execution, no person chose that option, and it was dropped when

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Gheeraert-Graffeuille, Claire (2011), "The Tragedy of Regicide in Interregnum and Restoration Histories of the English Civil Wars",

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and Kamuina Nsapu militias have "magical powers" as a result of drinking the blood of decapitated victims, making them invincible.

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was insistent on maintaining "professional" protocol throughout the era, having administered the death penalty during the earlier

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of the early 1st century BC, it became the tradition for the severed heads of public enemies—such as the political opponents of

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Assyrian military campaign in southern Mesopotamia, beheaded enemies, 7th century BC, from Nineveh, Iraq. The British Museum.

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usually were blade-heavy two-handed swords. Likewise, if an axe was used, it almost invariably was wielded with both hands.

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made it the only legal method of execution for all criminals regardless of class, one of the period's many symbolic changes.

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by guillotine, the last executed by this method outside France. Beheading was subsequently replaced by shooting in the neck.

1068:, decapitation was performed as soon as the person chosen to carry out seppuku had made the slightest wound to his abdomen. 150: 5612: 2750: 2140: 1577: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1272: 1268: 1225: 451:, "head", referring to the punishment for serious offences involving the forfeiture of the head; i.e. death by beheading. 247: 4384: 3691: 1396:

carvings, and the surviving Celtic mythology, which is full of stories of the severed heads of heroes and the saints who

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instrument of death. Those who could verify that they were Roman citizens were to be beheaded, rather than undergoing

965: 940: 924: 754:("falling axe") since the 17th and 18th centuries, and decapitation by guillotine was the usual means of execution in 4495: 1753: 891:

and American UN expert Michael Sharp, who were kidnapped and executed during a mission near the village of Ngombe in

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Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present

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Though not officially sanctioned, legal beheadings were carried out against at least 50 prostitutes and pimps under

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and beheaded during the Mexican independence in 1811. Their heads were on display on the four corners of the

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The Executioner's Men: Los Zetas, Rogue Soldiers, Criminal Entrepreneurs, and the Shadow State They Created

2584: 2369: 2290: 1866:. In the 16th and 17th centuries, noblemen were sometimes executed by means of beheading. Examples include 1131:

Historically, decapitation had been the most common method of execution in Korea, until it was replaced by

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Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, edited by Noah Porter, published by G & C. Merriam Co., 1913

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abolished capital punishment and issued commutations for those whose sentences had not been carried out.

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due to the lingering death it caused. In some tales, people did not die immediately after decapitation.

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is sharp and his aim is precise, decapitation is quick and thought to be a relatively painless form of

5637: 5477: 4578: 4567: 4347: 3550:"In English Aftonbladet reveals new information about the murders of Zaida Catalán and Michael Sharp" 3144: 3054: 2854: 1821: 1788:, decapitation was the usual means of carrying out capital punishment. Noblemen were beheaded with a 1654: 1428: 1413: 1288: 1261: 482: 409: 372: 2263: 1706:

in 1944. Beheading by guillotine survived in West Germany until 1949 and in East Germany until 1966.

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required three strikes at their respective executions. The same could be said for the execution of

127: 81: 31: 5132:"U.S.-trained ex-soldiers form core of "Zetas" | SOA Watch: Close the School of the Americas" 2904:"The Most Gentle of Lethal Methods: The Question of Retained Consciousness Following Decapitation" 1824:—by axe in 1900. It was replaced by the guillotine, which was used for the first and only time on 1576:), the guillotine was the only legal method of execution from 1791, when it was introduced by the 1572:. Other than a small number of military cases in which a firing squad was used (including that of 1182: 1095: 506:

with his axe, aiming many fruitless blows at her neck before he was able to give the fatal stroke.

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Paterson, Thomas; Clifford, J. Garry; Brigham, Robert; Donoghue, Michael; Hagan, Kenneth (2014).

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Contrary to popular myth, executions were generally not conducted face-up, and chief executioner

666: 647: 438: 199: 42: 3445: 2064:, a criminal group composed by former Mexican special forces operators, trained in the infamous 1757: 171: 5210: 3973: 2472: 935: 5226: 5216: 5016: 5006: 4989: 4959: 4654: 4276: 4147: 4053: 3953: 3916: 3873: 3834: 3426: 3250: 3211: 3160: 3117: 3082: 2959: 2935: 2808: 2802: 2699: 2619: 2500: 2492: 2453: 2397: 2389: 1930:

and made available on the Internet. One of the most publicized of such executions was that of

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continued the practice for a few decades, executing its second to last criminal—mass murderer

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and on dipping it into the well placed it back upon his neck and was restored to full health.

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refers to the act of deliberately decapitating a person, either as a means of murder or as an

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from the beginning of the 15th century – the execution of Guillaume Sans and his secretary in

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Tracqui, A.; Fonmartin, K.; Géraut, A.; Pennera, D.; Doray, S.; Ludes, B. (1 December 1998).

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was used for beheading, with the blade's edge extending downwards from the tip of the shaft.

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to Germany for execution. Decapitation was considered a "dishonorable" death, in contrast to

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De Giorgio, Fabio; Polacco, Matteo; Pascali, Vincenzo L.; Oliva, Antonio (October 2006).

2305:"Republican Decree – By Law No. [13] For 1994 Concerning the Criminal Procedures" 1631: 4590: 3662:"Illinois voters support Senator Kirk's call for pro-peace measures in Nagorno-Karabakh" 3605: 3385: 3148: 3058: 2642: 845: 814:. Nonetheless, it is estimated that some 16,500 persons were guillotined in Germany and 510: 5591: 5487: 5457: 5393: 5135: 4498:[The fates of those sentenced to death for homicides in 1824–1825 in Finland]. 4228: 4011: 4004:"UN – TRIBUNAL CONVICTS ENVER HADZIHASANOVIC AND AMIR KUBURA Press Release, March 2006" 3206: 3179: 3077: 3042: 2930: 2903: 2283: 2113: 2014: 1915: 1862:

In Spain executions were carried out by various methods including strangulation by the

1839: 1676: 1662: 1620: 1523: 1409: 1100: 1065: 1052: 989: 639: 596: 561: 553: 442: 132: 3180:"A Good Death? Report of the Second Newcastle Meeting on Laboratory Animal Euthanasia" 2538: 5709: 5642: 5492: 4215: 4003: 3230: 3156: 3113: 2449: 2237: 2197: 2191: 1998: 1978: 1805: 1768: 1733: 1539: 1484: 1208: 1201: 1028: 956: 917: 876: 796: 392: 239: 3262: 2512: 2184:, a Hindu goddess who supposedly decapitates herself and holds her head in her hand. 5109: 4906: 2409: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2042: 1745: 1650: 1527: 1405: 1397: 1380: 1114: 1083: 985: 973: 827: 770: 763: 759: 705: 677: 557: 521: 227: 5153:. New York. London. Toronto. Sydney. Austin.: Doubleday. p. 126, paragraph 3. 4275:. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate – Quality Catholic Publications. pp. 238–239. 1192: 996:

would behead enemy soldiers who were captured, such as British and Sikh soldiers.

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march on 17 July 1932 that turned violent and led to 18 people being shot dead.

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against Antony) and his head cut off and nailed up for display in this manner.

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Derr, Robert F. (29 August 1991). "Pain perception in decapitated rat brain".

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in 1981, the main method of execution had been by beheading by means of the

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A further example of this regeneration after beheading lies in the tales of

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era. A similar scene is described in the last page of James Clavell's book

1088: 5297: 3164: 3121: 3043:"Decapitation in Rats: Latency to Unconsciousness and the 'Wave of Death'" 2401: 2385: 1634:, known as "The Vampire of Düsseldorf", was executed on the guillotine in 1027:

captured in New Guinea, about to be beheaded by a Japanese soldier with a

5659: 5571: 4686: 4593:[Saddam beheaded 50 prostitutes] (in Swedish). 11 December 2000. 4178: 2920: 2543: 1982: 1937:

Judicial execution is practiced in Iraq, but is generally carried out by

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was used in certain cases. France abolished the death penalty in 1981.

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The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia

4933: 1838:. It is a broad-bladed two-handed axe. It was last used when murderer 1039:, decapitation was a common punishment, sometimes for minor offences. 5319: 5267: 3549: 1898:, has alleged it uses beheading as one of the methods of punishment. 1835: 1817: 1801: 1695: 1691: 1591:

The first person executed by the guillotine in France was highwayman

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and three others were beheaded. These were the first executions in

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open, another warrior would strike his head off from behind with a

1008:

Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives.

5622: 4381:"asfpg ~ Altonaer Stiftung für philosophische Grundlagenforschung" 2013: 1905: 1849: 1842:

was executed in 1825, the last execution in peacetime in Finland.

1834:'s official beheading axe resides today at the Museum of Crime in 1789: 1531: 1446: 1408:

picks up his own severed head after Gawain has struck it off in a

1374: 1337: 1251: 1191: 1176: 1036: 1014: 1003: 952: 934: 844: 731: 626: 614:, muscles, and other critically important tissues) is not likely. 588: 509: 474: 416: 402: 386: 376: 352: 334: 231: 211: 207: 170: 149: 126: 603:

and turtles may continue to move temporarily after decapitation.

576:

across a number of different species of animals, including rats.

5104:[The Zetas were trained by the School of the Americas]. 3018:. p. 5: Your Brain Stays Active After You Get Decapitated. 2775:

A Complete History of England, from the Descent of Julius Caesar

2117: 1891: 1854:

The beheading of the 15th Century Castilian Royal favorite, Don

713: 339: 5323: 2691:

An Introduction to Comparative Legal Models of Criminal Justice

1542:

after execution. Perhaps the most famous beheading was that of

4192:

Holmes, Clive (2010), "The Trial and Execution of Charles I",

3492:[Murder of two UN experts: the DRC presents a video]. 3002:

Hillman, Harold (27 October 1983). "An Unnatural Way to Die".

1793: 1024: 712:'s forces during the early 19th century; and, as of 1870, the 466: 203: 3490:"Meurtre de deux experts de l'ONU: la RDC présente une vidéo" 2178:, a martyred saint who supposedly carries their severed head. 1812:

in 1830 were carried out with axes. The same was the case in

1236:. At least one case is documented and proven in court by the 5102:"Los Zetas fueron entrenados por la Escuela de las Américas" 4872:"Jihadist rebels behead 2 Syrian soldiers in northern Syria" 3869:

The Frontier Ablaze: The North-west Frontier Rising, 1897–98

1240:

where mujahedin, members of 3rd Corps of Army BiH, beheaded

5076:"Borderland Beat: Los Zetas recruit Las Maras in Guatemala" 4312:[Thirty years ago, the last execution took place], 273:

The word decapitation has its roots in the Late Latin word

5685:

Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations

5196:

Kill Anything that Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam

5181:

Kill Anything that Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam

5166:

Kill Anything that Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam

875:, the conflict and ethnic massacre between local army and 779:

was reserved for common criminals and people convicted of

4154:. Part II. p. 1243, read with pages viii and x of Part I. 3290:"Fact or Fiction?: A Cockroach Can Live without Its Head" 1858:. Painting by José María Rodríguez de Losada (1826–1896). 1113:). These unusual punishments were abolished in the early 3692:"Azerbaijan: Armenian Prisoners of War Badly Mistreated" 2337:"Sharia Criminal Procedure Code Law 2005, No. 6 of 2005" 1358:(5.29.4) wrote the following about Celtic head-hunting: 1161:

Historically, decapitation had been the main method of

261:, to make the deceased more difficult to identify, for 5049:"US created monsters: Zetas and Kaibiles death squads" 3323:"Decapitated Snake Head Nearly Kills Man – Here's How" 646:, England, from 1286 until the 17th century, and the " 501:, for example, relates the following about her death: 5245: 3635:

Beliakov, Dmitry; Franchetti, Mark (10 April 2016).

2473:"Death Due to Railway-Related Suicidal Decapitation" 1955:

Saudi Arabia has a criminal justice system based on

1363:

animals in certain kinds of hunting. They embalm in

1136: 826:. As these resistance fighters were not part of any 5605: 5417: 5357: 5249: 4804: 4802: 4715:"Sword of Justice? Beheadings Rise in Saudi Arabia" 1997:. However, the terrorist organisation known as the 1181:Illustration of the beheading of a prisoner of the 194:that are needed for the body to function. The term 115: 87: 55: 3463: 3450:History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 1599:, in Marseille, in 1977. Throughout its extensive 1595:in April 1792. The last execution was of murderer 34:. For decapitation in the context of voting, see 4846:"Syrian Rebels used a child to behead a prisoner" 4310:"Il y a 30 ans, avait lieu la dernière exécution" 1141:(망나니) and they were volunteered from death rows. 631:Aristocratic heads on pikes – a cartoon from the 5008:American Foreign Relations: Volume 2: Since 1895 4848:. Human Rights Investigation. 12 December 2012. 4532:"Van het Barokke leven", Baarn 1957 Bl. 183–188. 4465:["Close Shot In The Back Of The Head"]. 4058:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3866:Barthorp, Michael; Anderson, Douglas N. (1996). 3637:"Former Russian states on brink of renewing war" 2585:"Losing our Heads (review of Larson's "Severed" 2571:Severed: a history of heads lost and heads found 1752:, an anti-Nazi group, were also executed by the 560:occurs after 3–6 minutes with no oxygen, due to 41:"Decapitated" redirects here. For the band, see 5108:(in Spanish). La Crónica de Hoy. Archived from 4745:"Saudi Arabia: An upsurge in public executions" 1462: 1360: 1135:in 1896. Professional executioners were called 503: 4964:"La Familia: Another Deadly Mexican Syndicate" 4318:(in French), 10 September 2007, archived from 2952:Gabriel Beaurieux, writing in 1905, quoted in 1108: 1093: 818:between 1933 and 1945, a number that includes 708:until recent years. It had been brought in by 638:Early versions of the guillotine included the 407:Depiction of a public execution in Brueghel's 226:or other violent injury. The national laws of 5335: 4040:. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009 3830:Bugles and a tiger: a volume of autobiography 2637: 2635: 1760:was also decapitated by People's Court order. 1675:in which he was found guilty of starting the 968:). In addition, there was also a practice of 190:, while all other organs are deprived of the 8: 5198:. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 161. 5183:. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 162. 5168:. New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 163. 2876:The history of the reign of Henry the eighth 2731:Giovénal, Carine; Corbellari, Alain (2020). 2151:; a generally, but not always, fatal injury. 791:resistance movement, a group of students in 774: 758:until the abolition of the death penalty in 749: 724: 322: 321:, in Medieval Latin, whence the French word 4543:"Iran: Violation of Human Rights 1987–1990" 3041:van Rijn, Clementina M. (27 January 2011). 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 1744:protest movement, were all beheaded by the 1473:They slew the noblest Romans of their time. 1187:Mechanics and Crafts of the People of Annam 920:was decapitated by Azerbaijani servicemen. 716:still claimed the authority to use it. The 446: 316: 310: 304: 298: 292: 286: 280: 274: 5342: 5328: 5320: 5246: 4988:(1st ed.), p. 46, Transaction Publishers. 4545:. Amnesty International. 1 December 1990. 3418:Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers 2839:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2614:Dunmore, Charles; Fleischer, Rita (2008). 1256:A contemporary German print depicting the 654:from the 16th through the 18th centuries. 61: 52: 27:Total separation of the head from the body 4348:"Photographic image of newspaper article" 4177: 3205: 3195: 3076: 3066: 2929: 2919: 2744: 2018:Panel showing ballplayer being beheaded, 1993:The Syrian government employs hanging as 1796:. The last executions by decapitation in 1603:, the device was also used, including on 939:Ranked beheaded bodies on the ground, in 1690:were beheaded with the axe and block in 691:relinquished control of it, as shown in 527:To ensure that the blow would be fatal, 495:Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury 5690:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 4616:Ignatieff, Michael (14 November 2004). 2688:Roberson, Cliff; Das, Dilip K. (2008). 2374:International Journal of Legal Medicine 2229: 1368:refused the weight of the head in gold. 1055:). After the victim had sliced his own 762:in 1949. It was last used in communist 587:. A number of other animals, including 265:, or for other, more esoteric reasons. 4051: 3560:from the original on 28 September 2020 3384:Sjøgren, Kristian (13 February 2014). 2832: 2551:from the original on 27 September 2008 1630:In July 1931, notorious serial killer 1550:, had his hands (which had penned the 1475:The helpless victims they decapitated, 1082:(杉谷善住坊), who attempted to assassinate 179:emperor executing people, 18th century 5082:from the original on 25 February 2021 4810:"Death Sentences and Executions 2013" 4597:from the original on 26 February 2017 4442:from the original on 21 February 2022 4408:"Movies: About Das Beil von Wandsbek" 4271:Pirlo, Paolo O. (1997). "St. Denis". 3984:from the original on 21 February 2022 3704:from the original on 23 February 2023 3478:from the original on 11 January 2022. 3355:"AL man battles headless rattlesnake" 3302:from the original on 27 December 2013 2859:. Vol. XII part II. p. 393. 2213:List of methods of capital punishment 2124:Notable people who have been beheaded 1435:carried his head to the Holy Well on 740:just before being guillotined in 1894 421:Depiction of the public execution of 7: 5695:Capital punishment for homosexuality 4549:from the original on 9 December 2018 4475:from the original on 18 January 2022 4361:from the original on 1 December 2017 3872:. Windrow & Greene. p. 12. 3586:from the original on 11 October 2023 3010:Shanna Freeman (17 September 2008). 2778:. Vol. 4. London. p. 488. 2349:from the original on 13 October 2023 2194:who decapitated some of his victims. 2041:were tried for treason, executed by 1876:Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn 1868:Anthony van Stralen, Lord of Merksem 1756:later that same year. The anti-Nazi 1724:In February 1943, American academic 1721:had been executed by the same means. 1580:during the last days of the kingdom 1477:An act of infamy with shame related. 285:can be discerned from its morphemes 4914:from the original on 3 January 2019 4140:Chronological Table of the Statutes 3462:Our Foreign Staff (4 August 2017). 2804:On the Trail of Mary Queen of Scots 2416:from the original on 20 August 2023 2274:from the original on 8 October 2014 1921:Beheadings have emerged as another 988:recorded in his autobiography that 540:Physiology of death by decapitation 214:, or by mechanical means such as a 131:Beheadings in an illumination from 4940:from the original on 11 March 2020 4591:"Saddam halshögg 50 prostituerade" 4086:from the original on 14 April 2019 3616:from the original on 14 April 2016 3500:from the original on 6 August 2017 3396:from the original on 7 August 2018 1951:Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia 1601:overseas colonies and dependencies 822:both within Germany itself and in 479:Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex 25: 5618:Most recent executions by country 4968:Foreign Policy Research Institute 4852:from the original on 6 April 2013 4787:from the original on 7 April 2014 4694:from the original on 1 April 2009 4233:Druids: A Very Short Introduction 4074:"The Execution of King Charles I" 3952:. Cassell Military. p. 190. 3660:Kerkonian, Karnig (19 May 2016). 3612:Armenian Service. 11 April 2016. 3530:from the original on 13 July 2018 3229:Kongara, Kavitha (January 2014). 3178:Hawkins, Penny (23 August 2016). 3022:from the original on 6 April 2014 2653:from the original on 28 July 2017 2595:from the original on 28 July 2017 2244:from the original on 29 July 2017 2105:, son of the famous WWII general 1534:—to be publicly displayed on the 1348:among the Mediterranean peoples. 1340:of western Europe long pursued a 1303:in 1649, after being captured by 914:2016 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 824:countries occupied by Nazi forces 803:, were executed by decapitation. 544:Decapitation is quickly fatal to 491:Caroline Matilda of Great Britain 346:'s beheaded body – an episode of 5296: 5029:from the original on 8 June 2024 4878:. 13 August 2019. Archived from 4662:from the original on 8 June 2024 4630:from the original on 28 May 2015 4387:from the original on 31 May 2017 3929:from the original on 8 June 2024 3886:from the original on 8 June 2024 3847:from the original on 8 June 2024 3672:from the original on 6 July 2022 3365:from the original on 8 June 2024 3269:from the original on 8 June 2024 2883:from the original on 8 June 2024 2821:from the original on 8 June 2024 2782:from the original on 8 June 2024 2753:from the original on 26 May 2021 2712:from the original on 8 June 2024 2519:from the original on 8 June 2024 2450:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.05.005 2317:from the original on 21 May 2024 2289: 2130:List of people who were beheaded 1995:its method of capital punishment 683:The guillotine was also used in 661:was invented shortly before the 441:by beheading for millennia. The 5670:Religion and capital punishment 5149:Washington, Harriet A. (2006). 5134:. 18 April 2017. Archived from 4755:from the original on 1 May 2020 4461:Halter, Hans (25 August 1991). 4018:from the original on 8 May 2009 3908:John Masters: a regimented life 3610:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3386:"Why do headless chickens run?" 2583:Fabian, Ann (1 December 2014). 2438:Journal of Psychiatric Research 2264:"Blows Head Off with Dynamite?" 2172:, a result from a decapitation. 1653:. The executions concerned the 1566:abolition of capital punishment 1416:carried his head to the top of 1402:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 556:). Cell death and irreversible 489:, favorite of the Danish queen 297:(head). The past participle of 30:For the military strategy, see 4568:Text of the Iran Democracy Act 4506:: 55–69, 94–95. Archived from 4463:""Nahschuß in den Hinterkopf"" 3915:: Michael Joseph. p. 62. 3724:"原來斬頭係唔會即刻死既(仲識講野)中國有好多斬頭案例!!" 3321:Leahy, Stephen (7 June 2018). 3137:Neurotoxicology and Teratology 3012:"Top 10 Myths About the Brain" 2539:"Guillotine death was suicide" 1671:by guillotine in 1934 after a 1431:, who after being beheaded by 1383:, Irish, 1st or 2nd century AD 1285:Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973 857:Historical practices by nation 744:Many German states had used a 704:Another guillotine existed in 250:and by guillotine are known. 202:; it may be performed with an 1: 5613:Enforcement or use by country 4713:Weinberg, Jon (Winter 2008). 4682:"Saudi executioner tells all" 3833:. Viking Press. p. 190. 2587:Chronicle of Higher Education 2477:Medicine, Science and the Law 2141:Atlanto-occipital dislocation 1456:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld 1452:Beheading of John the Baptist 1398:carry their own severed heads 1283:and finally abolished by the 1273:Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat 1226:war in Bosnia and Herzegovina 970:cutting the body at the waist 916:, Yazidi-Armenian serviceman 248:suicide by train decapitation 4780:International Business Times 4719:Harvard International Review 3157:10.1016/0892-0362(92)90004-t 3114:10.1016/0024-3205(91)90391-n 3068:10.1371/journal.pone.0016514 2733:"42 | 2020 Le chief tranché" 1748:. Four other members of the 1728:and the university students 992:in British India during the 873:Democratic Republic of Congo 433:, Germany, 10 September 1573 5540:Hanged, drawn and quartered 4984:Grayson, George W. (2012). 3606:"Armenian Soldier Reburied" 2977:The Chirurgeon's Apprentice 2956:A History of the Guillotine 2902:Turner, Matthew D. (2023). 2647:Online Etymology Dictionary 2270:. 2 April 1937. p. 7. 1963:by beheading with a sword. 1277:hanged, drawn and quartered 1165:, until it was replaced by 1137: 1094: 925:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 5747: 5209:Miller, Wilbur R. (2012). 4936:. SOHR. 21 February 2020. 4406:Mannikka, Eleanor (2008). 4126:Cambridge University Press 4038:"Third Amended Indictment" 3423:W. W. Norton & Company 2618:(Second ed.). Focus. 2268:The Rhinelander Daily News 2127: 1948: 1773:German Democratic Republic 1546:who, on instructions from 1342:"cult of the severed head" 1329: 487:Johann Friedrich Struensee 397:Giulio Quaglio the Younger 279:. The meaning of the word 157:using the severed head of 40: 29: 4618:"The Terrorist as Auteur" 4494:Otonkoski, Pirkko-Leena. 4208:10.1017/S0018246X10000026 4079:National Portrait Gallery 2954:Kershaw, Alister (1958). 2218:Mike the Headless Chicken 2203:François-Jean de la Barre 2027:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 1928:beheadings are videotaped 1593:Nicolas Jacques Pelletier 1391:, "Amongst the Celts the 1289:King Charles I of England 1109: 840:execution by firing squad 309:which was used to create 69: 60: 5359:Current judicial methods 4410:. Movies & TV Dept. 4122:Outlines of Criminal Law 3750:""无头人"挑战传统医学人类还有个"腹脑"?" 3247:10.1177/0023677213502016 2807:. Glasgow. p. 161. 2238:"Definition of HEADSMAN" 2188:Cleveland Torso Murderer 2020:Classic Veracruz culture 1872:Lamoral, Count of Egmont 1792:, and commoners with an 1153:for capital punishment. 1151:employs death by hanging 748:-like device known as a 234:permit beheading. Under 5315:CapitalPunishmentUK.org 4573:5 November 2019 at the 4297:Early Christian Ireland 4273:My First Book of Saints 4237:Oxford University Press 2879:. London. p. 151. 2801:Cheetham, J.K. (2000). 2489:10.1258/rsmmsl.46.4.347 2047:Alhóndiga de Granaditas 1623:, a serial killer from 1493:'s, the voice of Rome. 1010:First Sino-Japanese War 834:and were in many cases 830:, they were considered 795:that included siblings 657:The modern form of the 5215:. Sage. p. 1856. 4819:. 2014. Archived from 4195:The Historical Journal 4105:Fraser, Sarah (2012). 3948:Masters, John (2002). 3913:University of Michigan 3827:Masters, John (1956). 2147:is dislodged from the 2068:School of the Americas 2023: 1911: 1859: 1495: 1459: 1384: 1370: 1264: 1220:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1204: 1189: 1149:Pakistan's government 1032: 1012: 948: 853: 775: 750: 741: 725: 635: 579:Some animals (such as 524: 508: 447: 437:Humans have practiced 434: 414: 400: 384: 350: 323: 317: 311: 305: 299: 293: 287: 281: 275: 180: 168: 147: 5305:at Wikimedia Commons 4817:Amnesty International 4783:. 11 September 2012. 4749:Amnesty International 4315:Le Nouvel Observateur 4144:The Stationery Office 2772:Smollett, T. (1758). 2386:10.1007/s004140050199 2077:psychological warfare 2017: 1972:Amnesty International 1909: 1853: 1684:Benita von Falkenhayn 1669:Marinus van der Lubbe 1641:On 1 August 1933, in 1564:In France, until the 1450: 1378: 1352:, in his 1st-century 1255: 1195: 1180: 1163:execution in Thailand 1018: 1007: 938: 848: 735: 698:The Battle of Algiers 630: 535:Physiological aspects 513: 420: 406: 390: 356: 338: 192:involuntary functions 174: 153: 130: 36:decapitation strategy 5194:Turse, Nick (2013). 5179:Turse, Nick (2013). 5164:Turse, Nick (2013). 4974:on 3 September 2009. 4876:AMN – Al-Masdar News 4579:United States Senate 4179:10.4000/episteme.430 3415:Roach, Mary (2004). 2921:10.7759/cureus.33830 2856:The Complete Peerage 2616:Studies in Etymology 2342:. 23 November 2005. 2035:José Mariano Jiménez 1822:Johan Filip Nordlund 1771:was executed by the 1659:Altonaer Blutsonntag 1655:Altona Bloody Sunday 1578:Legislative Assembly 984:The British officer 642:, which was used in 608:head transplantation 529:executioners' swords 483:Mary, Queen of Scots 410:The Triumph of Death 5503:Republican marriage 5432:Damnatio ad bestias 5112:on 25 February 2021 5055:on 24 December 2016 4510:on 27 December 2010 4420:on 7 December 2008. 4322:on 27 February 2008 4107:The Last Highlander 3905:Clay, John (1992). 3700:. 2 December 2020. 3471:The Daily Telegraph 3328:National Geographic 3295:Scientific American 3149:1992NTxT...14..253H 3059:2011PLoSO...616514R 2746:10.4000/babel.11036 2310:. 12 October 1994. 1715:Werner Seelenbinder 1704:Werner Seelenbinder 1586:François Mitterrand 1443:Classical antiquity 1211:regime until 1962. 851:Ambrogio Lorenzetti 820:resistance fighters 315:, the noun form of 32:Decapitation strike 5721:Capital punishment 5675:Wrongful execution 5587:Suffocation in ash 5443:Blowing from a gun 5351:Capital punishment 4960:Grayson, George W. 4623:The New York Times 4413:The New York Times 4355:Grandcolombier.com 4334:Google translation 4120:Kenny, C. (1936). 3950:Bugles and a Tiger 3782:on 19 October 2017 3697:Human Rights Watch 3556:. 7 October 2017. 3235:Laboratory Animals 3197:10.3390/ani6090050 2739:(in French) (42). 2155:Beheading in Islam 2073:torture techniques 2024: 1912: 1896:Islamic Revolution 1860: 1826:Johan Alfred Ander 1694:for espionage for 1688:Renate von Natzmer 1574:Jean Bastien-Thiry 1460: 1385: 1355:Historical Library 1332:Celtic headhunting 1265: 1205: 1190: 1033: 1013: 949: 854: 742: 636: 525: 439:capital punishment 435: 415: 401: 391:"The beheading of 385: 361:of a miniature on 351: 181: 169: 148: 43:Decapitated (band) 5731:Execution methods 5703: 5702: 5680:Botched execution 5301:Media related to 5293: 5292: 5138:on 18 April 2017. 4962:(February 2009). 4882:on 15 August 2019 4295:Charles-Edwards, 4239:. pp. 71–72. 4152:978-0-11-840509-6 4124:(15th ed.). 3959:978-0-304-36156-4 3922:978-0-7181-2945-3 3879:978-1-85915-023-8 3649:on 19 April 2016. 3432:978-0-393-32482-2 3108:(19): 1399–1402. 2547:. 24 April 2003. 1918:as late as 2000. 1894:, since the 1979 1713:In October 1944, 1682:In February 1935 1611:as late as 1965. 1582:French Revolution 1313:tried for treason 1309:English Civil War 1196:Guillotine under 994:Anglo-Afghan Wars 787:. Members of the 736:French anarchist 663:French Revolution 633:French Revolution 517:Cosmas and Damian 515:The Beheading of 457:French Revolution 429:and his crew) in 373:Sebastian Münster 143:on the orders of 125: 124: 71:The Beheading of 50:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 5738: 5389:Nitrogen hypoxia 5384:Lethal injection 5344: 5337: 5330: 5321: 5300: 5247: 5235: 5234: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5051:. Archived from 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5013:Cengage Learning 5002: 4996: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4970:. Archived from 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4825: 4814: 4806: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4725:on 20 March 2014 4721:. 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Archived from 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3756:on 3 August 2012 3752:. Archived from 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3726:. Archived from 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3645:. Archived from 3642:The Sunday Times 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3467: 3459: 3453: 3446:Mignet, François 3443: 3437: 3436: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3331:. Archived from 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3209: 3199: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3080: 3070: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3007: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2979:. Archived from 2969: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2933: 2923: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2748: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2685: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2580: 2574: 2573:Liveright, 2014. 2569:Francis Larson. 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2316: 2309: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2234: 2120:became a state. 2107:George S. Patton 2103:George Patton IV 2058:Mexican Drug War 1808:in 1609, and in 1786:Nordic countries 1780:Nordic countries 1763:In 1966, former 1738:Christoph Probst 1597:Hamida Djandoubi 1513: 1508:I:60 (Trans. by 1483:'s, who brought 1400:, right down to 1350:Diodorus Siculus 1305:parliamentarians 1297:Banqueting House 1244:Dragan Popović. 1140: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1081: 1073:Sugitani Zenjubō 1023:, an Australian 1021:Leonard Siffleet 832:common criminals 808:Johann Reichhart 781:political crimes 778: 753: 738:Auguste Vaillant 728: 693:Gillo Pontecorvo 674:Charlotte Corday 465:If a headsman's 450: 326: 320: 314: 308: 302: 296: 290: 284: 278: 188:oxygenated blood 175:Depiction of an 121:Invariably fatal 82:Málaga Cathedral 65: 53: 21: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5726:Causes of death 5706: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5665:List of methods 5650:Final statement 5601: 5422: 5420: 5413: 5353: 5348: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5258: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5223: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5023: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4983: 4979: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4826:on 4 March 2017 4823: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4690:. 5 June 2003. 4680: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4658:. 18 May 2004. 4648: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4575:Wayback Machine 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4325: 4323: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4299:, p. 467 n. 82. 4294: 4290: 4283: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4229:Cunliffe, Barry 4227: 4226: 4222: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4166:Études Épistémè 4163: 4162: 4158: 4137: 4133: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4050: 4043: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3923: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3880: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3841: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3808:on 20 June 2009 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3582:. 29 May 2019. 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3425:. p. 208. 3414: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3361:. 7 June 2018. 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3288:Choi, Charles. 3287: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3016:How Stuff Works 3009: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2983:on 9 April 2014 2971: 2966: 2958:. John Calder. 2953: 2951: 2947: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2831: 2824: 2822: 2815: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2706: 2698:. p. 172. 2687: 2686: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2626: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2277: 2275: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2165:Blood atonement 2160:Beheading video 2137: 2132: 2126: 2085: 2031:Ignacio Allende 2012: 2007: 1991: 1953: 1947: 1904: 1889: 1884: 1848: 1782: 1758:Helmuth Hübener 1726:Mildred Harnack 1617: 1607:in 1889 and on 1562: 1515: 1497: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1445: 1389:Paul Jacobsthal 1334: 1328: 1269:British history 1250: 1232:members of the 1222: 1217: 1175: 1159: 1147: 1129: 1098: 1075: 1002: 982: 951:In traditional 933: 910: 905: 869: 864: 859: 812:Weimar Republic 730: 650:", employed in 625: 620: 597:nervous systems 542: 537: 427:Klein Henszlein 348:Norse mythology 333: 291:(down, from) + 271: 107:); unintended ( 78:Enrique Simonet 51: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5744: 5742: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5708: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5606:Related topics 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5592:Upright jerker 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5490: 5488:Disembowelment 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5458:Breaking wheel 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5427: 5425: 5421:Post-classical 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5369: 5363: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5275: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250:Classification 5243: 5242:External links 5240: 5237: 5236: 5221: 5201: 5186: 5171: 5156: 5141: 5123: 5106:cronica.com.mx 5093: 5066: 5040: 5021: 4997: 4977: 4951: 4925: 4893: 4863: 4837: 4798: 4766: 4736: 4705: 4673: 4641: 4608: 4582: 4560: 4534: 4521: 4502:(in Finnish). 4486: 4453: 4423: 4398: 4372: 4339: 4301: 4288: 4281: 4263: 4254: 4242: 4220: 4202:(2): 289–316, 4184: 4156: 4131: 4128:. p. 323. 4112: 4097: 4065: 4029: 4012:United Nations 3995: 3965: 3958: 3940: 3921: 3897: 3878: 3858: 3839: 3819: 3793: 3767: 3741: 3730:on 7 July 2011 3715: 3683: 3652: 3627: 3597: 3571: 3541: 3511: 3481: 3454: 3438: 3431: 3407: 3376: 3346: 3335:on 7 June 2018 3313: 3280: 3221: 3170: 3143:(4): 253–257. 3127: 3092: 3033: 2994: 2964: 2945: 2894: 2862: 2846: 2813: 2793: 2764: 2723: 2704: 2673: 2664: 2643:"Decapitation" 2631: 2624: 2606: 2575: 2562: 2530: 2483:(4): 347–348. 2463: 2444:(1): 121–125. 2427: 2360: 2328: 2296: 2284:Newspapers.com 2255: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2136: 2133: 2128:Main article: 2125: 2122: 2114:Utah Territory 2084: 2081: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 1990: 1987: 1946: 1943: 1916:Saddam Hussein 1903: 1900: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1856:Álvaro de Luna 1847: 1844: 1840:Tahvo Putkonen 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1761: 1754:People's Court 1722: 1711: 1707: 1680: 1677:Reichstag fire 1666: 1639: 1628: 1621:Fritz Haarmann 1616: 1613: 1561: 1558: 1524:Roman Republic 1461: 1444: 1441: 1410:beheading game 1327: 1324: 1318:In England, a 1262:King Charles I 1249: 1246: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1183:Nguyễn dynasty 1174: 1171: 1158: 1155: 1146: 1143: 1128: 1125: 1086:, a prominent 1066:Sengoku period 1053:disembowelment 1001: 998: 981: 978: 932: 929: 909: 906: 904: 901: 893:Kasaï Province 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 729: 722: 640:Halifax Gibbet 624: 621: 619: 616: 562:excitotoxicity 554:brain ischemia 541: 538: 536: 533: 443:Narmer Palette 332: 329: 327:was produced. 270: 267: 259:public display 123: 122: 119: 113: 112: 89: 85: 84: 76:. Painting by 67: 66: 58: 57: 49: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5743: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5643:Scharfrichter 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493:Dismemberment 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5394:Electrocution 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5310:Crime Library 5308: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5299: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5222:9781412988766 5218: 5214: 5213: 5205: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5172: 5167: 5160: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5067: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5028: 5024: 5022:9781285433332 5018: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4994:9781412846172 4991: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4926: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4864: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4706: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4609: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4487: 4474: 4471:(in German). 4470: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4454: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4399: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4335: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4284: 4282:971-91595-4-5 4278: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4188: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4142:, 1235–2010. 4141: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4098: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3941: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3898: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3862: 3859: 3846: 3842: 3840:9780670194506 3836: 3832: 3831: 3823: 3820: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3631: 3628: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3499: 3496:(in French). 3495: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3466: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3408: 3395: 3391: 3390:ScienceNordic 3387: 3380: 3377: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3314: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3281: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3102:Life Sciences 3096: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3053:(1): e16514. 3052: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3034: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3004:New Scientist 2998: 2995: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2965:9781566191531 2961: 2957: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2914:(1): e33830. 2913: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2895: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2842: 2836: 2820: 2816: 2814:9780946487509 2810: 2806: 2805: 2797: 2794: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2768: 2765: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2711: 2707: 2705:9781420065930 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2625:9781585100125 2621: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2428: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2361: 2345: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2313: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2292: 2285: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2198:Dismemberment 2196: 2193: 2192:serial killer 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2112:Although the 2110: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2083:United States 2082: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2005:North America 2004: 2002: 2000: 1999:Islamic State 1996: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1979:Ashraf Fayadh 1975: 1973: 1970:According to 1968: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1908: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806:Faroe Islands 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1769:Horst Fischer 1766: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734:Sophie Scholl 1731: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1670: 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