718:, the most well-studied among belemnite embryos, had a protoconch, a developing guard, and a solid guard. The developing guard tightly surrounded the protoconch. The embryonic shell consisted of an ovoid protoconch and several chambers. The protoconch had two layers, and several compartments - called "protoconch pockets" - formed between the layers, which may have stored gas or liquid in life to stay buoyant. The protoconch and guard were probably made of chitin, a protective material that may have allowed the embryo to survive at greater depths and colder temperatures, develop into adults faster, and allow juveniles and adults to venture into deeper waters. Further, the protoconch would have allowed them to form limbs before reaching the phragmocone stage, and thus inhabit the open ocean earlier. These may have allowed belemnites to colonize a range of habitats across the world.
771:
725:, the number and successive size of the chambers of the phragmocone are used to analyze the growth of an individual over their life. Successive belemnite chambers tend to increase in size exponentially. Unlike other cephalopods, there is no decreasing trend of chamber size in the earliest stages. The decreasing trend generally coincides with hatching, meaning embryonic belemnites had no or few chambers and hatched only with a protoconch. The phragmocone, thus, developed after hatching. Ammonites are thought to have done the same, implying a similar reproductive strategy, and, considering both reached
627:, large hooks were common near the mouth, and were either used for surrounding small prey or ramming into large prey; however, these large hooks were not present in a small specimen, indicating it was either a juvenile—and the development of different hooks coincided with a difference in prey selection - or the specimen was a female and the hooks were used by males for male-on-male combat or during copulation. In modern hook-bearing squid species, only matured males have hooks, indicating a reproductive purpose. It is possible the hooks, being analogous to suckers, could move.
477:. This would have allowed the animal to move horizontally through the water. The guard may have also served to cut through waves while swimming at the surface, though modern cephalopods generally stay completely submerged. Though unlikely, it is possible fossilization increased the perceived density of the guard, and it may have been up to 20% more porous in life. Fins may have been attached to the guard, or the guard may have lent support for large fins. Including arms, guards could have accounted for one-fifth to one-third of the total length of a belemnite.
360:
502:
154:
664:
994:
3011:
491:
2979:
130:
651:- long, modified arms used in copulation or combat with other males. Instead of several hooks, the hectocotyli feature a pair of enlarged hooks—mega-onychites—to latch onto the female at a safe distance to prevent getting stuck with one of her hooks. Like squid, the positioning of the mega-onychites could have been either at the tip or origin of the arm depending on the species. Copulation probably involved the male depositing
2896:
1124:
2834:
867:
2871:. Belemnites with slender guards may have been better swimmers than those with more massive guards, with the former having dived into deeper waters and hunted in the open ocean; and the latter restricted to the nearshore and fed from the seafloor. Broadly speaking, they may have preferred temperatures of 12–25 °C (54–77 °F), and, like modern squid, warmer waters may have heightened their
631:
2307:, is also proposed, whose members have an aragonitic guard in contrast to the calcitic guards of other belemnites. Aragonitic guards are usually only seen in the ancestral Aulacocerida belemnoids, and Belemnotheutina may represent a transitional stage between the two orders, though some believe Belemnitida derived from Phragmoteuthida which derived from Aulacocerida.
595:
5195:
346:, though the higher classification of cephalopods is volatile and there is no clear consensus on how belemnites are related to modern coleoids. Guards can give information on the climate, habitat, and carbon cycle of the ancient waters they inhabited. Guards have been found since antiquity and have become part of folklore.
608:
extremities of the arm increased the risk of losing the arm. Having two rows of hooks covering the entire breadth of the arm, a belemnite could have had between 100 and 800 hooks in total. Some hooks have a spur just above the base, but this may be a distortion from fossilization or preparation of the material. The
3033:. Belemnites declined through the Late Cretaceous, and their range became more restricted to the polar regions; the southern populations became extinct in the early Maastrichtian, and the last belemnites—of the family Belemnitellidae—inhabited what is now northern Europe. They finally became extinct in the
711:
Like other cephalopods, belemnites may have laid floating egg masses, and a single female may have laid between 100 and 1,000 eggs. Hatchlings were either miniature forms of adults or went through a larval stage. According to the latter model, the egg was formed by the protoconch and a single-layered
607:
Belemnites had 10 hooked arms of, more or less, equal length with suckers. The hooks were rarely larger than 5 mm (0.20 in), and increased in size toward the midsection of the arm, possibly because the midsection is where maximum power could be exerted when grabbing, or bigger hooks on the
3066:
Belemnite guards have been known since antiquity, and much folklore has evolved since. Before belemnites were identified as fossils, it was believed the guards were some gemstones, namely lyngurium and amber. After a thunderstorm, guards would sometimes be left exposed in the soil, explained as
980:
Belemnoidea, as a group, seemed to feature a reduction of the projection of the otherwise conical phragmocone into the pro-ostracum. That of the most ancient order
Aulacocerida is orthoconic (none projects), Phragmoteuthida three-quarters projects, Belemnitida a quarter, and the most developed
787:
Belemnite guards have sometimes been found with fractures with signs of healing. It has been interpreted in the past that these are evidence of digging, with belemnites using their guard to dig up prey on the seafloor; however, belemnites are now generally interpreted to have been open ocean
620:
Different hook shapes were probably specialized for certain tasks, for example, a strongly hooked uncinus was designed to stab prey at a constant angle. It would force and sink in deeper if the prey tried to move away from the belemnite. Hook shapes and forms vary from species to species. In
2994:, much like modern coleoids which migrate from the ocean to the shelf area. In battlefields comprising both adults and juveniles—as the former model would consist entirely of adults—large groups of belemnites may have been killed by volcanism, changes in salinity or temperature,
798:
guard specimens exhibit a double-pointed tip, probably stemming from some traumatic event. One belemnite guard also presents a double-pointed tip, with one of the points projecting higher than the other, probably a sign of an infection or settlement of a parasite. A
582:, age, or distortion during fossilization. These specimens appeared to have had similar adaptations to modern squid for speed and may have been able to reach similar maximum speeds of 1.1 to 1.8 km/h (0.68 to 1.12 mph) like modern migrating
2303:, though a third possible suborder may exist with Sinobelemnitidae. The Belemnopseina guards have a groove on their alveolus, whereas the Belemnitina have a groove at their apex. The grooves probably corresponded to blood vessels. Another suborder,
568:. Though the hyponome was well-developed in belemnites, the phragmocone was large, implying a small mantle cavity and thus less jet propulsion efficiency. Like some modern squid, belemnites may have mainly used large fins to coast along
968:
Guard shapes in the early
Jurassic ranged from conical to spearheaded but spearheaded became more prevalent as the Jurassic progressed. This was probably due to pressure to become more streamlined and increase swimming efficiency,
2027:
According to the "belemnoid root-stock theory", belemnoids gave rise to modern coleoids sometime in the
Mesozoic, with octopuses deriving from Phragmoteuthida and squid from Diplobelida, making Belemnoidea paraphyletic. The
3002:), or mass stranding. Another popular theory is that the guards were simply moved or redeposited by ocean currents into large aggregations. Some battlefields may be regurgitated indigestible matter from a predator.
2862:
zones. To hunt, they may have quickly or stealthily grabbed prey, maintaining a grip with the hooks, and then dove down to eat. It is traditionally thought they resided on the shelf their entire life, and preyed on
552:
of the ear – were large, much like in modern fast-moving squid. Like other cephalopods, the skin was likely thin and slippery. The eyeballs were likely thicker, stronger, and more convex than in other cephalopods.
612:
hooks are subdivided into three sections: The base - which can be either flat or concave - the shaft - which projects either upward at an incline either straight or bent - and the uncinus - which can be hook- or
312:
Belemnites were an important food source for many
Mesozoic marine creatures, both the adults and the planktonic juveniles and they likely played an important role in restructuring marine ecosystems after the
1139:
The guard—also known as the rostrum, scabbard, gaine, and sheath—is the part of the animal most likely to be fossilized. Guards are difficult to distinguish at the species level, and, consequently,
3568:
Wani, R.; Tajiki, A.; Ikuno, K.; Iwasaki, T. (2017). "Ontogenetic trajectories of septal spacing in Early
Jurassic belemnites from Germany and France, and their palaeobiological implications".
4660:
Stevens, K.; Mutterlose, J.; Schweigert, G. (2014). "Belemnite ecology and the environment of the
Nusplingen Plattenkalk (Late Jurassic, southern Germany): Evidence from stable isotope data".
770:
2287:, consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants, and is characterized by the possession of ten hooked appendages, a multilayered outer wall of the phragmocone, and a
4266:
Donovan, S. K.; Jagt, J. W. M.; Deckers, M. J. M.; Laffineur, J. (2018). "Preservation of a heavily bored belemnite rostrum from the upper
Maastrichtian of north-east Belgium".
395:; and the spear-shaped guard at the very tip. The guard is attached to the phragmocone in a socket called the alveolus. The cone, in life, would have been encased in muscle and
5379:
3806:
Hart, M. B.; Hughes, Z.; Page, K. N.; Price, G. D.; Smart, C. W. (2018). "Arm hooks of coleoid cephalopods from the
Jurassic succession of the Wessex Basin, Southern England".
2912:
Belemnites were likely an abundant and important food source to many sea-going creatures of the
Mesozoic. Belemnite hook remains have been found in the stomach contents of
578:
specimens with preserved soft anatomy elements had a pair of rhomboid fins near the top of their guards; however, the specimens had different-sized fins, possibly owing to
3037:, around 66 mya, where, like in ammonites, it is thought the protoconch of embryos could not survive the ensuing acidification of the oceans. However, the dubious genus
309:
hooks were usually no bigger than 5 mm (0.20 in), though a belemnite could have had between 100 and 800 hooks in total, using them to stab and hold onto prey.
1033:, in the first century CE, did not believe in lyngurium and called the gemstone a belemnite for the first time—though not recognizing it as a fossil. The name is from
1143:
are common and inflate the group's apparent diversity. Preserved hooks can be used to distinguish belemnite species as each species has unique hook shapes. However,
973:
with increasingly faster predators and competitors. Their early evolution and apparent abundance were likely important in reconstructing marine ecosystems after the
297:. Unlike squid, belemnites had an internal skeleton that made up the cone. The parts are, from the arms-most to the tip: the tongue-shaped pro-ostracum, the conical
5310:
4225:
4841:
Fuchs, D.; Iba, Y.; Tischlinger, H.; Keupp, H.; Klug, C. (2015). "The locomotion system of
Mesozoic Coleoidea (Cephalopoda) and its phylogenetic significance".
4239:
Hoffman, R.; Ansorge, J.; Wesendonk, H.; Stevens, K. (2018). "A Late Cretaceous pathological belemnite rostrum with evidence of infection by an endoparasite".
961:, reported from Southern China. By the Early Jurassic, belemnites were probably quite common, having spread out into the western Laurasian coasts as well as
738:
are the largest among belemnites, measuring 60 to 70 cm (24 to 28 in) in length and up to 50 mm (2.0 in) in diameter. The Cretaceous
3071:
thrown from the sky. This belief persists in parts of rural Britain. In Germanic folklore, belemnites are known by at least 27 different names, such as
3034:
2986:
Large accumulations of guards are commonly found and have been nicknamed "belemnite battlefields". The most quoted explanation is that belemnites were
2906:
1133:
1093:
with 11 species. This classification was confirmed when the first impressions of belemnite soft body anatomy were described by English paleontologist
5284:
4750:
Kröger, B.; Vinther, J.; Fuchs, D. (2011). "Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules".
729:, a rather efficient one. Belemnite hatchling protoconches are estimated to have been generally around 1.5 to 3 mm (0.059 to 0.118 in).
3912:"Embryonic shell structure of Early–Middle Jurassic belemnites, and its significance for belemnite expansion and diversification in the Jurassic"
3277:
974:
314:
2041:
between belemnoids and squid. However, molecular evidence suggests that the squid and octopus lineage diverged from Belemnoidea in the Permian.
1075:
classified belemnites as cephalopods, comparing the newly discovered phragmocone remains to that of a nautilus, and concluding a resemblance to
540:
digestive system – similar to open ocean predatory cephalopods. The radula had rows of seven teeth, consistent with modern predatory squid. The
5374:
3615:"A description of certain belemnites, preserved, with a great proportion of their soft parts, in the Oxford Clay, at Christian-Malford, Wilts"
2948:
marine crocodile, meaning they were eaten whole. It may be that they were to regurgitate the indigestible matter later, similar to the modern
4817:
4362:
3385:
305:
guard is the most common belemnite remain. Belemnites, in life, are thought to have had 10 hooked arms and a pair of fins on the guard. The
560:, and other organs; also, water is siphoned into and expelled out of the mantle cavity via a tube opening near the arms of the animal, the
3858:"The old and the new plankton: ecological replacement of associations of mollusc plankton and giant filter feeders after the Cretaceous?"
391:
The belemnite cone is composed of three parts. Going from arms to tip, these are the tongue-shaped pro-ostracum; the conical, chambered
5384:
5369:
4561:
4013:
Iba, Y.; Sano, S. I.; Goto, M. (2015). "Large Belemnites were Already Common in the Early Jurassic—New Evidence from Central Japan".
4466:
Dera, G.; Toumoulin, A.; de Baets, K. (2016). "Diversity and morphological evolution of Jurassic belemnites from South Germany".
1432:—it does not contain a common ancestor and all its descendants—and, thus, invalid. According to some authors, belemnites were a
2932:
crustaceans. Some animals may have only eaten the heads, leaving the phragmocone and guards, however, the guards of around 250
750:, four major annual growth stages were preserved in the guard, giving belemnites a lifespan of about three to four years. The
359:
3147:
Iba, Y.; Sano, S. -I.; Mutterlose, J.; Kondo, Y. (2012). "Belemnites originated in the Triassic—A new look at an old group".
4978:"Molecular clocks indicate turnover and diversification of modern coleoid cephalopods during the Mesozoic Marine Revolution"
1412:
However, the higher classification of cephalopods is volatile with no clear consensus. Coleoidea is sometimes divided into
4634:
2875:, increasing birth and growth rates, but also decreasing lifespan. It has been suggested that most belemnite species were
1098:
226:
4440:
Chen, T.; Sen, Z. (1982). "Discovery of Permian belemnoids in South China with comments on the origin of the Coleoidea".
407:
pro-ostraca and phragmocones, though a few belemnites also had aragonite guards, and the alveolar side of the guards of
4719:"New evidence of functional suckers in belemnoid coleoids (Cephalopoda) weakens support for the 'Neocoleoidea' concept"
1150:
fossils have been mistaken for belemnite hooks and vice versa. Preserved fossil guards are used to measure the ancient
317:. They may have laid between 100 and 1,000 eggs. Some species may have been adapted to speed and swam in the turbulent
411:
may have also been of aragonite. The pro-ostracum probably supported the soft parts of the belemnite, similar to the
153:
4084:"Oxygen isotope studies on Jurassic and Cretaceous belemnites from New Zealand and their biogeographic significance"
3087:, ground up to cure sore eyes (which only aggravated the problem), and, in Western Scotland, put into water to cure
2955:
The abundant planktonic belemnite larvae, along with planktonic ammonite larvae, likely formed the base of Mesozoic
5168:
2884:
3405:
4053:
3022:
726:
3761:"Belemnoid arm hooks from the Middle-Upper Albian boundary interval: Taxonomy and palaeoecological significance"
712:
shell wall. During the larval stage, the protoconch became internal and the guard began to form. The embryo of
3987:"A belemnite fauna from the Aalenian-Bajocian boundary beds of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (NE Paris Basin)"
5163:
4507:
4133:"Life span and growth rate of Middle Jurassic mesohibolitid belemnites deduced from rostrum microincrements"
758:, the guard was demonstrated to have fully developed after one or two years, and growth spurts followed the
5199:
4898:"Belemnite extinction and the origin of modern cephalopods 35 m.y. prior to the Cretaceous−Paleogene event"
5211:
4794:
4048:
958:
5336:
5075:
Reitner, J.; Engeser, T. (1982). "Phylogenetic trends in phragmocone-bearing coleoids (Belemnomorpha)".
4219:
2688:
734:
327:
4897:
4868:
2703:
2405:
1174:
Coleoidea. In 1994, American geologist Peter Doyle defined Coleoidea as composed of three superorders:
744:
is one of the smallest known with a guard length of around 3 cm (1.2 in). In the New Zealand
4303:"Classical and new bioerosion trace fossils in Cretaceous belemnite guards characterised via micro-CT"
2718:
2631:
2601:
2572:
922:
257:
5271:
5041:
4950:
4912:
4669:
4526:
4475:
4394:
4314:
4197:
4095:
3772:
3722:
3676:
3529:
3421:
3327:
3242:
3156:
2808:
2578:
2527:
2354:
2304:
2038:
1154:
of the waters the individual inhabited in life, which gives information on the climate, habitat, and
1151:
412:
408:
252:
3911:
2607:
2592:
2383:
2089:
1417:
5364:
2995:
2724:
2658:
2644:
2536:
2462:
2325:
2300:
1113:
801:
751:
470:
435:
419:
247:
2616:
2549:
2520:
2507:
2420:
2345:
1117:
1109:
5122:
5057:
4823:
4775:
4613:
4283:
4113:
4030:
3833:
3788:
3738:
3634:
3585:
3343:
3258:
2838:
2801:
2665:
2498:
2374:
2284:
2205:
1609:
1268:
1191:
1171:
1140:
1089:
1072:
982:
942:
934:
565:
427:
148:
31:
2471:
2435:
2396:
2033:
817:
5341:
1041:
meaning dart for the guard's shape. Subsequent authors either considered it to be lyngurium or
831:
The calcitic guards were desirable habitats for boring parasites indicated by the diversity of
5323:
5258:
5007:
4813:
4767:
4422:
4358:
3967:
3946:"Cephalopod embryonic shells as a tool to reconstruct reproductive strategies in extinct taxa"
3889:
3493:
3381:
2859:
1049:
663:
579:
545:
501:
466:
396:
5328:
5249:
3373:
3182:
Klug, C.; Schweigert, G.; Hoffmann, R.; Fuchs, D.; Pohle, A.; Weis, R.; De Baets, K. (2024).
1052:, and subsequent authors gave several hypotheses to its nature in life, including them being
5315:
5114:
5084:
5049:
4997:
4989:
4958:
4920:
4850:
4805:
4759:
4730:
4677:
4638:
4605:
4534:
4483:
4412:
4402:
4322:
4275:
4248:
4205:
4103:
4022:
3957:
3926:
3879:
3869:
3823:
3815:
3780:
3730:
3684:
3626:
3577:
3537:
3483:
3475:
3429:
3335:
3250:
3209:
3199:
3164:
3088:
3030:
2968:
2694:
2288:
993:
919:
696:
462:
443:
438:, having the chambers of the phragmocone flooded and slowly releasing more seawater via the
4649:] (in German). München, Leipzig, Druck, and Verlag von R. Oldenbourg. pp. 470–478.
3010:
4186:"Non-invasive diagnostics fossils – Magnetic Resonance Imaging of pathological belemnites"
3122:
3055:
2978:
2709:
2411:
2280:
2157:
1577:
1325:
1195:
1030:
950:
946:
892:
434:
for stability purposes. Concerning buoyancy, belemnites may have behaved much like modern
294:
278:
129:
5118:
4575:
4185:
4132:
5045:
4954:
4916:
4673:
4530:
4479:
4398:
4318:
4201:
4099:
3776:
3726:
3680:
3533:
3425:
3331:
3246:
3230:
3214:
3183:
3160:
2895:
805:
guard features a large growth on the side likely stemming from a parasitic infection. A
490:
5002:
4977:
4962:
4417:
4382:
3884:
3857:
3488:
3463:
2929:
2679:
2672:
2556:
2455:
2220:
2141:
1982:
1854:
1805:
1621:
1561:
1362:
1347:
1183:
1175:
1147:
1123:
907:
714:
623:
617:-like. Overall, they were fish-hook shaped, and probably only the uncinus was exposed.
574:
518:
512:
458:
431:
139:
5358:
5088:
5061:
4617:
4350:
4287:
4158:
4117:
3986:
3837:
3792:
3760:
3638:
3542:
3517:
3434:
3347:
3315:
3262:
3039:
3026:
2999:
2964:
2960:
2855:
2844:
2787:
2738:
1077:
1034:
930:
915:
871:
652:
569:
322:
290:
87:
50:
5141:
5126:
5029:
4827:
4699:
4034:
3742:
3589:
2833:
1045:. The first mention of a belemnite representing a fossil was made in 1546 by German
918:
stage 190 mya. However, the 2012 discovery of early Asian forms classified into the
4779:
4108:
4083:
3610:
3100:
3095:
3051:
2972:
2934:
2876:
2780:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2542:
2367:
2112:
1539:
1429:
1425:
1413:
1245:
1199:
1187:
1155:
1094:
1061:
1046:
1010:
895:
832:
790:
779:
740:
588:
4809:
4565:
4512:
Gen. Nov., a new Cretaceous coleoid genus linking Belemnoidea and early Debrachia"
902:. Belemnites were traditionally thought to have evolved in northern Europe in the
4487:
4407:
4279:
3819:
3689:
3660:
811:
guard shows a large ovoid bubble near the base, likely deriving from a parasitic
5297:
5263:
5243:
4252:
3117:
3068:
2987:
2949:
2945:
2921:
2794:
2637:
2563:
2491:
2484:
2448:
2389:
2360:
2338:
2296:
2291:
between the pro-ostracum and the phragmocone. Belemnitida is separated into two
1839:
1770:
1467:
1454:
1442:
1421:
1144:
1105:
1065:
1001:
970:
866:
759:
746:
684:
676:
648:
641:
636:
533:
392:
343:
298:
242:
208:
62:
3710:
3204:
4896:
Iba, Y.; Mutterlose, J.; Tanabe, K.; Sano, S.; Misaki, A.; Terabe, K. (2011).
3784:
3112:
3084:
2917:
2913:
2872:
2864:
2773:
2745:
2651:
2622:
2585:
2513:
2426:
2073:
2018:
1933:
1885:
1783:
1516:
1490:
1433:
1203:
1179:
1167:
1081:
1057:
911:
903:
899:
843:
822:
807:
704:
692:
668:
447:
442:
tube as the animal increases in size and weight over its lifetime to maintain
318:
286:
195:
107:
72:
5234:
5053:
4976:
Tanner, A. R.; Fuchs, D.; Winkelmann, I. E.; Thomas, M.; Gilbert, P. (2017).
4609:
3406:"The capsule: an organic skeletal structure in the Late Cretaceous belemnite
3083:("ghostly candle"). In Southern England, the pointy guards were used to cure
2952:. To defend themselves, belemnites likely were able to eject a cloud of ink.
331:, would have measured up to 3.11 metres (10.2 ft) in total body length.
4735:
4718:
3369:
2925:
2331:
2059:
2047:
1795:
1694:
1679:
1634:
1502:
1224:
1212:
1128:
1053:
1022:
1009:
The first mention of belemnites in writing comes from the Greek philosopher
889:
882:
849:
700:
688:
680:
630:
584:
541:
537:
474:
439:
404:
335:
165:
112:
56:
5011:
4993:
4771:
4763:
4426:
4327:
4302:
3971:
3893:
3630:
3614:
3497:
3479:
5194:
5028:
Macleod, N.; Rawson, P.; Forey, P. L.; Banner, F. T.; et al. (1997).
4210:
4157:
Dunca, E.; Doguzhaeva, L.; Schöne, B. R.; van de Schootbrugge, B. (2006).
594:
5228:
3828:
3050:
Following the extinction of the belemnites at the end of the Cretaceous,
3015:
2991:
2956:
2848:
2477:
2292:
2029:
1900:
1649:
997:
962:
938:
886:
825:
722:
561:
423:
185:
102:
97:
82:
77:
67:
17:
4567:
Mémoire sur les bélemnites, considérées zoologiquement et géologiquement
3734:
3464:"Adaptations to squid-style high-speed swimming in Jurassic belemnitids"
3462:
Klug, C.; Schweigert, G.; Fuchs, D.; Kruta, I.; Tischlinger, H. (2016).
5289:
4539:
3874:
3581:
3339:
2940:
2901:
2868:
2441:
1664:
954:
926:
878:
837:
821:
guard has several blister-like formations, thought to have come from a
754:
belemnites, using the same methods, had a lifespan of about a year. In
672:
549:
400:
339:
302:
275:
117:
92:
46:
5302:
4854:
4681:
4026:
3962:
3945:
3930:
3254:
3058:, replaced planktonic belemnite larvae at the base of the food chain.
446:. At the tip of the phragmocone beneath the guard is a tiny, cup-like
4924:
3168:
3044:
1186:(octopuses), and Belemnoidea; with Belemnoidea containing the orders
609:
529:
451:
306:
175:
5205:
4593:
5142:"Fossil medicines from 'snake egg' to 'Saint's bones'; an overview"
4383:"The early evolutionary history of belemnites: new data from Japan"
3711:"Grasping the shape of belemnoid arm hooks—a quantitative approach"
325:(nearshore) and fed off the seafloor. The largest belemnite known,
4572:
Memorandum on belemnites, considered zoologically and geologically
3278:"Belemnites in Mythology: From Thunderstorms to Fertility Symbols"
3231:"Fossils explained 82: Belemnites: Anatomy, ecology, applications"
3009:
2977:
2894:
2832:
2017:
Top: Belemnitida outside Decapodiformes. Bottom: Belemnitida as a
1122:
1102:
1085:
1042:
992:
865:
769:
662:
629:
614:
593:
557:
358:
282:
4941:
Doyle, P.; MacDonald, D. I. M. (1993). "Belemnite battlefields".
3665:(cephalopod hooks) and new records from the New Zealand Jurassic"
977:, providing an ample food source for marine reptiles and sharks.
5276:
2938:
were found in the stomach of a 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
1026:
812:
5209:
3910:
Doguzhaeva, L. A.; Weis, R.; Delsate, D.; Mariotti, N. (2013).
2959:, serving a greater ecological function than the adults. Giant
794:
was likely the result of a failed predation attempt. Two other
556:
The mantle cavity of cephalopods serves to contain the gills,
1014:
774:
4159:"Growth patterns in rostra of the Middle Jurassic belemnite
5077:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
4241:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
1428:
of modern cephalopods. However, this grouping is probably
933:. Belemnites probably originated in the Asian part of the
3619:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
3014:
Skeletal parts from extinct belemnite cephalopods of the
2879:, inhabiting only a narrow range of temperatures, though
647:
The males, like in modern squid, probably had one or two
4301:
Wisshak, M.; Titschack, J.; Kahl, W.; Girod, P. (2017).
3661:"Palaeobiological and morphological aspects of Jurassic
2887:, a period of dramatic increase in global temperatures.
4982:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4506:
Fuchs, D.; Ifrim, C.; Nishimura, T.; Keupp, H. (2013).
3282:
EGU Blog: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Palaeontology
1170:. Having no outer shells, they are classified into the
914:(mya) and later spread to the rest of the world by the
4184:
Mietchen, D.; Keupp3, H.; Manz, B.; Volke, F. (2005).
937:
around the eastern coasts of the ancient continent of
422:
into chambers, much like the shells of cuttlefish and
4717:
Fuchs, D.; von Boletzky, S.; Tischlinger, H. (2010).
415:
of squid, and completely surrounded the phragmocone.
3709:
Hoffmann, R.; Weinkauf, M. F. G.; Fuchs, D. (2017).
1406:
Classification of Coleoidea according to Doyle 1994
5218:
3944:Laptikhovsky, V.; Nikolaeva, S.; Rogov, M. (2017).
4704:University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions
4355:McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
3759:Lehmann, J.; Solarczyk, A.; Friedrich, O. (2011).
3047:, though this is often excluded from Belemnitida.
510:Preserved soft body elements of the Late Jurassic
4800:. In Gopalakrishnakone, P.; Malhotra, A. (eds.).
4468:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3905:
3903:
3518:"The Jurassic belemnite suborder Belemnotheutina"
465:near the arms on the opposite end of the animal,
5140:van der Geer, A. A.; Dermitzakis, M. D. (2008).
4598:Transactions of the Geological Society of London
3991:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana
1202:to Belemnoidea, but Doyle considered it to be a
898:, which, in turn, is derived from the Devonian
30:"Belemnite" redirects here. For the genus, see
4802:Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins
4008:
4006:
4004:
3754:
3752:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
788:predators. A deformed, zigzag-like guard of a
5105:Taylor, P. D. (2002). "Fossils in folklore".
4698:Doyle, P.; Donovan, D. T.; Nixon, M. (1994).
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4088:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
3851:
3849:
3847:
3669:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
3314:Monks, N.; Hardwick, D.; Gale, A. S. (1996).
3021:Squid and octopuses diversified and began to
426:. The chambered phragmocone was probably the
8:
4700:"Phylogeny and systematics of the Coleoidea"
4693:
4691:
4647:Main features of paleontology (paleozoology)
4501:
4499:
4497:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
3399:
3397:
1029:urine which had been buried and solidified.
342:, and are often grouped into the superorder
5380:Taxa named by Karl Alfred Ritter von Zittel
5034:Journal of the Geological Society of London
5030:"The Cretaceous-Tertiary biotic transition"
4643:Grundzüge der Paläontologie (Paläozoologie)
4224:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3511:
3509:
3507:
2883:had a cosmopolitan distribution during the
655:into the female's internal mantle chamber.
430:, and so was positioned directly above the
5206:
5023:
5021:
4891:
4889:
4381:Iba, Y.; Sano, S.; Mutterlose, J. (2014).
4268:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
3808:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
3704:
3702:
3700:
2310:
835:left on some guards, including the sponge
128:
38:
5100:
5098:
5001:
4734:
4629:
4627:
4587:
4585:
4538:
4416:
4406:
4326:
4209:
4107:
3961:
3883:
3873:
3856:Tajika, A.; Nützel, A.; Klug, C. (2018).
3827:
3688:
3541:
3487:
3433:
3213:
3203:
3142:
3140:
3138:
2907:State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart
2854:Belemnite remains are found in what were
1134:State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart
925:—now moves this to around 234 mya in the
721:Much like in cuttlefish, nautiluses, and
27:Extinct, squid-like, Mesozoic cephalopods
4936:
4934:
4167:Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Geologica
3404:Doguzhaeva, L. A.; Bengston, S. (2011).
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
2928:remains of ichthyosaurs and the extinct
1416:(containing all modern cephalopods) and
1097:in 1844. In 1895, German paleontologist
5164:"Delaware state fossil - the belemnite"
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4376:
4374:
4082:Stevens, G. R.; Clayton, R. N. (1971).
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3134:
2982:A large aggregation of belemnite guards
2963:fish are thought to have been the main
1013:, who lived in the 4th and 3rd century
321:, whereas others resided in the calmer
4217:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
2905:with belemnite guards in its stomach,
1206:to Decapodiformes and Octopodiformes.
4574:]. Paris F.G. Levrault. pp.
3316:"The function of the belemnite guard"
3035:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
598:Reconstruction of a typical belemnite
7:
5119:10.1046/j.1365-2451.1998.014004142.x
461:the weight of the soft parts in the
4873:Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base
4804:. Springer Science. pp. 1–16.
3516:Doyle, P.; Shakides, E. V. (2004).
3380:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 73.
2197:
2134:
2127:
2104:
2065:
2055:
1878:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1801:
1776:
1766:
1627:
1554:
1531:
1508:
1482:
1460:
1450:
1340:
1317:
1260:
1237:
1230:
1220:
1194:, and Belemnitida. Also, the order
1019:De Animalibus Quæ Dicuntur Invidere
707:. IC indicates the initial chamber.
457:The dense guard probably served to
4963:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1993.tb01513.x
975:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
338:, a group that includes squid and
315:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
25:
1132:from the early Cretaceous at the
5193:
3543:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00395.x
3435:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01027.x
2967:of the time, occupying the same
667:Cephalopod embryonic shells. A)
500:
489:
152:
3985:Weis, R.; Mariotti, N. (2007).
1005:guard from the Early Cretaceous
532:– the "tongue" embedded in the
516:(above) and the Early Jurassic
418:The phragmocone was divided by
4357:(11th ed.). McGraw Hill.
4109:10.1080/00288306.1971.10426336
3192:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
2273:"Belemnoid root-stock theory"
1198:is sometimes believed to be a
953:. However, there is a dubious
777:of a deformed Late Cretaceous
1:
5375:Prehistoric cephalopod orders
4905:Geological Society of America
4810:10.1007/978-94-007-6727-0_8-1
1099:Karl Alfred Ritter von Zittel
945:, alongside the octopus-like
4869:"Taxon Tree at Family Level"
4795:"Systematics of Cephalopods"
4723:Journal of Molluscan Studies
4594:"Observations on Belemnites"
4488:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.05.029
4408:10.1371/journal.pone.0095632
4280:10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.10.007
3820:10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.02.008
3765:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
3690:10.1080/00288306.2010.526548
3320:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
3103:of Delaware on 2 July 1996.
2944:shark, and a fragment in an
1424:), so belemnites would be a
1071:In 1823, English naturalist
301:, and the pointy guard. The
4442:Acta Palaeontologica Sinica
548:and function much like the
5401:
5169:Delaware Geological Survey
5089:10.1127/njgpa/164/1982/156
4163:: Controlled by the moon?"
3205:10.1186/s13358-024-00320-x
2885:Cretaceous Thermal Maximum
1108:and included the families
1068:, or some internal shell.
727:cosmopolitan distributions
29:
5385:Carnian first appearances
5370:Maastrichtian extinctions
4054:British Geological Survey
3785:10.1007/s12542-010-0092-7
2218:
2202:
2195:
2179:
2154:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2109:
2102:
2086:
2070:
2063:
1980:
1955:
1931:
1898:
1883:
1876:
1852:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1799:
1781:
1774:
1692:
1677:
1662:
1647:
1632:
1625:
1606:
1590:
1574:
1559:
1552:
1536:
1529:
1513:
1506:
1487:
1480:
1465:
1458:
1360:
1345:
1338:
1322:
1315:
1281:
1265:
1258:
1242:
1235:
1228:
239:
234:
149:Scientific classification
147:
136:
127:
41:
5054:10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265
4610:10.1144/transgslb.2.1.45
4131:Wierzbowski, H. (2013).
4015:Paleontological Research
3410:from north-west Germany"
3188:, the largest belemnite"
3079:("Devil's finger"), and
870:Map of the world in the
544:– which give a sense of
140:Passaloteuthis bisulcata
5146:Calicut Medical Journal
4793:Allcock, A. L. (2015).
4562:de Blainville, H. M. D.
4253:10.1127/njgpa/2018/0720
3659:Stevens, G. R. (2010).
3570:The Depositional Record
3276:Wilkin, J.T.R. (2021).
3229:Wilkin, J.T.R. (2022).
2990:and died shortly after
4994:10.1098/rspb.2016.2818
4764:10.1002/bies.201100001
4592:Miller, J. S. (1826).
4328:10.5194/fr-20-173-2017
3631:10.1098/rstl.1844.0006
3480:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0877
3018:
2983:
2909:
2851:
1136:
1084:. He also erected the
1006:
874:
784:
708:
644:
599:
536:, the first part of a
388:
289:that existed from the
5337:Paleobiology Database
4736:10.1093/mollus/eyq032
4211:10.5194/bg-2-133-2005
4161:Megateuthis giganteus
3184:"Anatomy and size of
3043:is reported from the
3013:
2981:
2898:
2836:
1126:
996:
965:waters to the south.
869:
773:
735:Megateuthis elliptica
666:
633:
597:
450:, the remains of the
362:
328:Megateuthis elliptica
143:showing soft anatomy
5202:at Wikimedia Commons
2996:harmful algal blooms
2858:(nearshore) and mid-
2842:with Early Jurassic
2039:transitional species
1021:who described it as
5046:1997JGSoc.154..265M
4955:1993Letha..26...65D
4917:2011Geo....39..483I
4674:2014Letha..47..512S
4531:2013Palgy..56.1081F
4480:2016PPP...457...80D
4399:2014PLoSO...995632I
4319:2017FossR..20..173W
4202:2005BGeo....2..133M
4100:1971NZJGG..14..829S
3777:2011PalZ...85..287L
3735:10.1017/pab.2016.44
3727:2017Pbio...43..304H
3681:2010NZJGG..53..395S
3534:2004Palgy..47..983D
3426:2011Palgy..54..397D
3378:Fossils at a glance
3332:1996PalZ...70..425M
3247:2022GeolT..38..194W
3161:2012Geo....40..911I
3054:gastropods, namely
1436:of Decapodiformes:
959:Palaeobelemnopsidae
640:reconstructed with
137:The Early Jurassic
4988:(1850): 20162818.
4540:10.1111/pala.12036
4349:Doyle, P. (2011).
4140:Volumina Jurassica
3950:Biological Reviews
3875:10.7717/peerj.4219
3582:10.1111/pala.12327
3340:10.1007/BF02988082
3075:("finger stone"),
3025:belemnites by the
3019:
2984:
2910:
2852:
2689:Pseudodicoelitidae
2666:Parapassaloteuthis
2315:Belemnitida genera
2285:monophyletic taxon
2021:of Decapodiformes
1152:isotopic signature
1137:
1073:John Samuel Miller
1007:
949:and the belemnoid
935:Panthalassic Ocean
881:, derive from the
877:Belemnites, being
875:
785:
709:
645:
600:
428:center of buoyancy
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
32:Belemnites (genus)
5352:
5351:
5324:Open Tree of Life
5212:Taxon identifiers
5198:Media related to
4855:10.1111/let.12155
4819:978-94-007-6727-0
4682:10.1111/let.12076
4635:von Zittel, K. A.
4364:978-0-07-179273-8
4027:10.2517/2014pr025
3963:10.1111/brv.12341
3931:10.1111/let.12037
3387:978-1-4443-1123-5
3255:10.1111/gto.12409
3099:was declared the
3091:in their horses.
2820:
2819:
2704:Salpingoteuthidae
2406:Cylindroteuthidae
2283:Belemnitida is a
2277:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2168:
2167:
2025:
2024:
2011:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1969:
1968:
1944:
1943:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1865:
1864:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1050:Georgius Agricola
912:million years ago
580:sexual dimorphism
528:Belemnites had a
397:connective tissue
265:
264:
230:
16:(Redirected from
5392:
5345:
5344:
5332:
5331:
5319:
5318:
5306:
5305:
5293:
5292:
5280:
5279:
5267:
5266:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5207:
5197:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5025:
5016:
5015:
5005:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4938:
4929:
4928:
4925:10.1130/G31724.1
4902:
4893:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4799:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4695:
4686:
4685:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4631:
4622:
4621:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4558:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4525:(3): 1081–1106.
4516:
4503:
4492:
4491:
4463:
4450:
4449:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4410:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4346:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4215:
4213:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4137:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4079:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4010:
3999:
3998:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3887:
3877:
3853:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3814:(3–4): 326–338.
3803:
3797:
3796:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3706:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3656:
3643:
3642:
3607:
3594:
3593:
3565:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3513:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3459:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3365:
3352:
3351:
3311:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3207:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3169:10.1130/G33402.1
3144:
3031:Early Cretaceous
2719:Sinobelemnitidae
2695:Pseudodicoelites
2632:Passaloteuthidae
2602:Nipponoteuthidae
2573:Mesohibolithidae
2311:
2198:
2135:
2128:
2105:
2066:
2056:
2044:
2043:
1879:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1802:
1777:
1767:
1628:
1555:
1532:
1509:
1483:
1461:
1451:
1439:
1438:
1341:
1318:
1261:
1238:
1231:
1221:
1209:
1208:
1166:Belemnites were
989:Research history
957:occurrence, the
941:in a cephalopod
923:Sinobelemnitidae
697:Pseudorthocerida
504:
493:
444:neutral buoyancy
436:ram's horn squid
334:Belemnites were
258:Sinobelemnitidae
225:
220:
207:
157:
156:
132:
122:
59:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5340:
5335:
5327:
5322:
5314:
5309:
5301:
5296:
5288:
5283:
5275:
5270:
5262:
5257:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5214:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5174:
5172:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5027:
5026:
5019:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4940:
4939:
4932:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4820:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4633:
4632:
4625:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4560:
4559:
4548:
4514:
4505:
4504:
4495:
4465:
4464:
4453:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4348:
4347:
4336:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4216:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4081:
4080:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4012:
4011:
4002:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3855:
3854:
3845:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3708:
3707:
3698:
3658:
3657:
3646:
3609:
3608:
3597:
3567:
3566:
3551:
3515:
3514:
3505:
3474:(1): 20150877.
3468:Biology Letters
3461:
3460:
3443:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3367:
3366:
3355:
3313:
3312:
3295:
3286:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3155:(10): 911–914.
3146:
3145:
3136:
3131:
3123:Orthoceratoidea
3109:
3081:Gespensterkerze
3069:lightning bolts
3064:
3056:sea butterflies
3008:
2998:(and, thereby,
2930:thylacocephalan
2893:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2809:Winkleriteuthis
2710:Salpingoteuthis
2579:Curtohibolithes
2528:Lissajousibelus
2412:Cylindroteuthis
2355:Belemnitellidae
2316:
2305:Belemnotheutina
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2169:
2158:Phragmoteuthida
2012:
2003:
1994:
1970:
1945:
1921:
1912:
1866:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1578:Phragmoteuthida
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1326:Phragmoteuthida
1305:
1296:
1196:Phragmoteuthida
1164:
1031:Pliny the Elder
991:
951:Phragmoteuthida
864:
859:
847:, and barnacle
768:
661:
605:
603:Limbs and hooks
526:
525:
524:
523:
507:
506:
505:
496:
495:
494:
483:
382:
376:
370:
364:
357:
352:
295:Late Cretaceous
253:Belemnotheutina
224:
218:
205:
151:
123:
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
54:
53:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5398:
5396:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5357:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5333:
5320:
5307:
5294:
5281:
5268:
5255:
5240:
5224:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5189:
5188:External links
5186:
5183:
5182:
5155:
5132:
5113:(4): 142–145.
5094:
5067:
5040:(2): 277–288.
5017:
4968:
4930:
4911:(5): 483–486.
4885:
4860:
4849:(4): 433–454.
4833:
4818:
4785:
4758:(8): 602–613.
4742:
4729:(4): 404–406.
4709:
4687:
4668:(4): 512–523.
4652:
4623:
4581:
4546:
4493:
4451:
4432:
4370:
4363:
4334:
4313:(2): 173–199.
4293:
4274:(2): 227–231.
4258:
4247:(3): 335–349.
4231:
4196:(2): 133–140.
4190:Biogeosciences
4176:
4149:
4123:
4094:(4): 829–897.
4067:
4040:
4000:
3977:
3956:(1): 270–283.
3936:
3899:
3843:
3798:
3771:(3): 287–302.
3748:
3721:(2): 304–320.
3696:
3675:(4): 395–412.
3644:
3595:
3549:
3528:(4): 983–998.
3503:
3441:
3420:(2): 397–415.
3393:
3386:
3353:
3326:(3): 425–431.
3293:
3268:
3241:(5): 194–200.
3221:
3174:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3063:
3060:
3052:holoplanktonic
3007:
3004:
2965:filter feeders
2892:
2889:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2733:Incertae sedis
2730:
2729:
2728:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:Pseudohastites
2676:
2673:Passaloteuthis
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:Nipponoteuthis
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:Mesohibolithes
2589:
2582:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2557:Dactyloteuthis
2553:
2546:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2456:Rhopaloteuthis
2452:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2384:Belemnopseidae
2380:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:Decapodiformes
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:Octopodiformes
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:Donovaniconida
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:Octopodiformes
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:Ommastrephidae
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1806:Decapodiformes
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1622:Decapodiformes
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:Octopodiformes
1558:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1418:Paleocoleoidea
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:Decapodiformes
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:Octopodiformes
1344:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1184:Octopodiformes
1176:Decapodiformes
1163:
1160:
1148:segmented worm
1101:organized the
1017:, in his book
990:
987:
908:Early Jurassic
863:
860:
858:
855:
767:
764:
732:The guards of
715:Passaloteuthis
660:
657:
653:spermatophores
624:Chondroteuthis
604:
601:
575:Acanthoteuthis
566:jet propulsion
519:Passaloteuthis
513:Acanthoteuthis
509:
508:
499:
498:
497:
488:
487:
486:
485:
484:
482:
479:
459:counterbalance
432:center of mass
409:belemnitellids
356:
353:
351:
348:
263:
262:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
237:
236:
232:
231:
216:
212:
211:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
145:
144:
134:
133:
125:
124:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
60:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5397:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5208:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5133:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5107:Geology Today
5101:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4746:
4743:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4519:Palaeontology
4513:
4511:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:(5): e95632.
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4351:"Belemnitida"
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4307:Fossil Record
4304:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4177:
4173:(1): 107–117.
4172:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3829:10026.1/11642
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3522:Palaeontology
3519:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:Palaeontology
3411:
3409:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3235:Geology Today
3232:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3077:Teufelsfinger
3074:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3040:Bayanoteuthis
3036:
3032:
3028:
3027:Late Jurassic
3024:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2973:baleen whales
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:Dactylioceras
2841:
2840:
2835:
2828:
2823:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2788:Simpsonibelus
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:Aulacoteuthis
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2725:Sichuanobelus
2722:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2659:Clastoteuthis
2656:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2645:Angeloteuthis
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:Megateuthidae
2534:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2463:Pseudoduvalia
2460:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:Dimitobelidae
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2301:Belemnopseina
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:Asteroconites
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1062:sea cucumbers
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Ancient Greek
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
986:
984:
978:
976:
972:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:Prototeuthina
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:Late Triassic
929:stage of the
928:
924:
921:
917:
916:Pliensbachian
913:
909:
906:stage of the
905:
901:
897:
894:
891:
888:
884:
880:
873:
872:Late Triassic
868:
861:
856:
854:
852:
851:
846:
845:
840:
839:
834:
833:trace fossils
829:
827:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
809:
804:
803:
802:Neoclavibelus
797:
793:
792:
782:
781:
776:
772:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
752:mesohibolitid
749:
748:
743:
742:
737:
736:
730:
728:
724:
719:
717:
716:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
658:
656:
654:
650:
643:
639:
638:
634:The Jurassic
632:
628:
626:
625:
618:
616:
611:
602:
596:
592:
590:
587:
586:
581:
577:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
521:
520:
515:
514:
503:
492:
480:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:mantle cavity
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
380:
374:
369:pro-ostracum,
368:
363:Cone diagram:
361:
354:
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
329:
324:
323:littoral zone
320:
316:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:Late Triassic
288:
284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
248:Belemnopseina
246:
244:
241:
240:
238:
233:
228:
223:
217:
214:
213:
210:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
146:
142:
141:
135:
131:
126:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
52:
51:Maastrichtian
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5219:
5173:. Retrieved
5167:
5158:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5110:
5106:
5083:(1–2): 158.
5080:
5076:
5070:
5037:
5033:
4985:
4981:
4971:
4949:(1): 65–80.
4946:
4942:
4908:
4904:
4876:. Retrieved
4872:
4863:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4801:
4788:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4726:
4722:
4712:
4703:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4646:
4642:
4604:(1): 45–62.
4601:
4597:
4571:
4566:
4522:
4518:
4509:
4471:
4467:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4390:
4386:
4354:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4220:cite journal
4193:
4189:
4179:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4152:
4143:
4139:
4126:
4091:
4087:
4058:. Retrieved
4052:
4049:"Belemnites"
4043:
4021:(1): 21–25.
4018:
4014:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3925:(1): 49–65.
3922:
3918:
3865:
3861:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3768:
3764:
3718:
3715:Paleobiology
3714:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3622:
3618:
3576:(1): 77–88.
3573:
3569:
3525:
3521:
3471:
3467:
3417:
3413:
3408:Gonioteuthis
3407:
3377:
3368:Milsom, C.;
3323:
3319:
3285:. Retrieved
3281:
3271:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3177:
3152:
3148:
3101:state fossil
3096:Belemnitella
3094:
3093:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3049:
3038:
3020:
2985:
2954:
2939:
2935:Acrocoelites
2933:
2922:ichthyosaurs
2914:crocodilians
2911:
2900:
2881:Neohibolites
2880:
2877:stenothermic
2853:
2843:
2837:
2824:Paleoecology
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2781:Pachyteuthis
2779:
2772:
2767:Gonioteuthis
2765:
2760:Eobelemnites
2758:
2753:Coeloteuthis
2751:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2708:
2693:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2621:
2617:Oxyteuthidae
2606:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2562:
2555:
2550:Cuspiteuthis
2548:
2543:Acrocoelites
2541:
2526:
2521:Calabribelus
2519:
2512:
2508:Halcobelidae
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2425:
2421:Dicoelitidae
2410:
2395:
2388:
2373:
2368:Belemnitella
2366:
2359:
2346:Pumiliobelus
2344:
2337:
2330:
2278:
2219:
2203:
2182:
2180:
2155:
2140:
2113:Aulacocerida
2110:
2087:
2071:
2032:
2026:
1981:
1958:
1956:
1932:
1899:
1884:
1853:
1838:
1782:
1693:
1678:
1663:
1648:
1633:
1607:
1593:
1591:
1575:
1560:
1540:Aulacocerida
1537:
1514:
1488:
1466:
1430:paraphyletic
1426:sister group
1420:(containing
1414:Neocoleoidea
1411:
1361:
1346:
1323:
1284:
1282:
1266:
1246:Aulacocerida
1243:
1200:sister group
1188:Aulacocerida
1165:
1156:carbon cycle
1138:
1127:
1118:Xiphoteuthis
1110:Belemnitidae
1095:Richard Owen
1088:
1076:
1070:
1066:coral polyps
1047:mineralogist
1038:
1018:
1011:Theophrastus
1008:
1000:
979:
967:
896:Aulacocerida
876:
848:
842:
836:
830:
816:
806:
800:
796:Gonioteuthis
795:
791:Gonioteuthis
789:
786:
780:Gonioteuthis
778:
755:
745:
741:Neohibolites
739:
733:
731:
720:
713:
710:
646:
635:
622:
619:
606:
589:flying squid
583:
573:
555:
527:
517:
511:
481:Soft anatomy
456:
417:
403:guards, and
390:
384:
381:phragmocone,
378:
372:
366:
333:
326:
311:
271:
267:
266:
221:
202:Superorder:
138:
55:234–66
36:
5298:iNaturalist
5250:Belemnitida
5244:Wikispecies
5220:Belemnitida
5200:Belemnitida
5175:10 February
4060:10 February
3997:(2–3): 166.
3186:Megateuthis
3118:Belemnoidea
3073:Fingerstein
2988:semelparous
2961:pachycormid
2950:sperm whale
2946:Oxford Clay
2918:plesiosaurs
2865:crustaceans
2802:Rhaphibelus
2795:Youngibelus
2638:Acroteuthis
2564:Megateuthis
2499:Bairstowius
2492:Rhabdobelus
2485:Pleurobelus
2449:Pseudobelus
2390:Belemnopsis
2361:Actinocamax
2339:Dimitobelus
2297:Belemnitina
2206:Diplobelida
2183:Belemnitida
2037:could be a
1959:Belemnitida
1840:Loliginidae
1771:Cephalopoda
1610:Diplobelida
1594:Belemnitida
1468:Nautiloidea
1455:Cephalopoda
1443:Cephalopoda
1422:Belemnoidea
1285:Belemnitida
1269:Diplobelida
1192:Diplobelida
1178:(squid and
1168:cephalopods
1145:scolecodont
1106:Belemnoidea
1002:Peratobelus
985:an eighth.
983:Diplobelida
828:infection.
760:lunar cycle
756:Megateuthis
747:Belemnopsis
685:Orthocerida
677:Belemnoidea
659:Development
649:hectocotyli
642:hectocotyli
637:Youngibelus
534:buccal mass
399:. They had
393:phragmocone
350:Description
344:Belemnoidea
299:phragmocone
287:cephalopods
268:Belemnitida
243:Belemnitina
222:Belemnitida
209:Belemnoidea
196:Cephalopoda
5365:Belemnites
5359:Categories
4639:"Mollusca"
4510:Longibelus
4448:: 181–190.
3374:"Molluscs"
3287:2022-11-02
3129:References
3113:Ammonoidea
3085:rheumatism
3062:In culture
3023:outcompete
3006:Extinction
2971:as modern
2924:; and the
2899:The shark
2873:metabolism
2867:and other
2839:Belemnites
2774:Nannobelus
2746:Belemnella
2652:Brevibelus
2623:Oxyteuthis
2586:Hibolithes
2514:Holcobelus
2472:Hastitidae
2436:Duvaliidae
2427:Dicoelites
2397:Vaunagites
2375:Belemnites
2074:Hematitida
2034:Longibelus
2019:stem-group
1934:Sepiolidae
1886:Spirulidae
1784:Nautilidae
1517:Bactritida
1491:Ammonoidea
1434:stem-group
1204:stem-group
1180:cuttlefish
1090:Belemnites
1082:cuttlefish
1058:sea urchin
971:coevolving
910:201.6–197
904:Hettangian
900:Bactritida
885:(conical)
883:orthoconic
844:Trypanites
823:polychaete
818:Goniocamax
808:Hibolithes
705:Bactritida
693:Oncocerida
669:Ammonoidea
542:statocysts
475:nautiloids
448:protoconch
424:nautiluses
319:open ocean
272:belemnites
235:Suborders
42:Belemnites
5062:129654916
4752:BioEssays
4618:140623418
4474:: 80–97.
4288:133806985
4118:140647091
3868:: e4219.
3838:134157665
3793:140173410
3663:Onychites
3639:186210696
3625:: 65–85.
3370:Rigby, S.
3348:129722176
3263:252847710
3198:(1). 23.
3089:distemper
2957:food webs
2926:coprolite
2891:Mortality
2849:ammonites
2332:Conobelus
2293:suborders
2060:Coleoidea
2048:Coleoidea
1796:Coleoidea
1695:Spirulida
1680:Sepiolida
1635:Oegopsida
1503:Coleoidea
1225:Coleoidea
1213:Coleoidea
1162:Phylogeny
1129:Hibolites
1054:shellfish
1037:βέλεμνον
1023:lyngurium
963:Gondwanan
943:radiation
890:belemnoid
862:Evolution
850:Rogerella
766:Pathology
723:ammonites
701:Oegopsina
689:Nautilida
681:Spirulida
610:chitinous
585:Todarodes
538:gastropod
467:analogous
452:embryonic
440:siphuncle
405:aragonite
375:alveolus,
340:octopuses
307:chitinous
172:Kingdom:
166:Eukaryota
18:Belemnite
5229:Wikidata
5127:86706625
5012:28250188
4828:86869162
4772:21681989
4637:(1895).
4564:(1827).
4427:24788872
4387:PLOS ONE
4035:55001872
3972:28560755
3894:29333344
3743:89362515
3613:(1844).
3611:Owen, R.
3590:89877678
3498:26740564
3372:(2009).
3215:11139743
3107:See also
3016:Jurassic
2992:spawning
2869:mollusks
2856:littoral
2478:Hastites
2030:spirulid
1901:Sepiidae
1650:Myopsida
1172:subclass
1141:synonyms
1060:spines,
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