314:
597:
613:
1387:
1024:
645:
1199:
therefore sees the bergfried as a means of passive defence, as a refuge for a few days until relief arrived. For this reason, very few facilities for active defence can be found in these buildings. The main aim was to prevent an attacker breaking in. To storm such a tower within a few days is almost impossible. Thanks to their solid construction many bergfrieds even escaped later demolition attempts by the surrounding rural population, who wanted to carry off building materials from abandoned castles and reuse them.
629:
749:
765:
844:
864:
574:
676:
884:
3692:
22:
90:
431:
floor are often covered by a stone vault. Occasionally, narrow stairways were incorporated into the masonry to allow a single person to climb the tower. More often, however, the floors were connected by wooden stairs or ladders. Some bergfrieds had limited living space, and even small fireplaces may be found in the upper floors. These heated rooms were usually used by the watchmen.
1402:
298:
661:
279:
980:, which was only accessible through a narrow opening in the ceiling. However this form of cellar was not necessarily intended for such use but was a result of the overall engineering design of the bergfried. The thick walls used in the base only left a narrow, about 4-8 metre high, internal space that was usually covered by a stabilizing
364:). It may be an isolated structure standing alone amongst the other buildings of the castle or be joined to them to form a combined building complex. However, typically, the bergfried is a self-contained element that is not internally connected to other buildings and has its own access. As a rule, this is a so-called
119:(at least if the siege was relatively brief). The distinction between a bergfried and a keep is not always clear-cut, as there were thousands of such towers built with many variations. There are some French keeps with only austere living quarters, while some late bergfrieds in Germany were intended to be habitable (
1187:. Princely territories at that time were protected by a dense network of small and medium-sized fortifications, which was supplemented by the fortified estates of sub-vassals. From this perspective, in the event of attack the defenders could rely entirely on the support of their lords his subordinated or allied
1254:
During later expansions additional towers were often designed as shell towers. Their rear sides were open so as to offer an invading enemy no cover. Such semi-circular or rectangular towers have survived at countless castles and fortifications. They are a further indication that a castle would not be
1369:
with them too. Such a treaty could save life and avoid unnecessary costs on both sides. However it would certainly require some ability to defend the castle and main tower. To "fight to the end" could be very risky. For example, in 1224, the higher ranks of the defenders of
Bedford Castle in England
927:
could often position himself above the castle itself. The height of the bergfried could at least in some cases compensate for that. From the elevated fighting platform, the hillside could be better controlled than from the fighting positions lower down. The bergfried usually also served generally as
434:
On many bergfrieds the original design of the top of the tower cannot be precisely ascertained. On the one hand, this is because the tops of the walls have become ruined and the wooden elements have rotted away, and on the other because bergfrieds in castles that were still inhabited in modern times
1348:
were not usually carried out by large siege armies. Often just twenty to a hundred men blocked the entrances to the castle and demoralized its occupants with occasional attacks. Animal carcasses or debris might be thrown into the courtyard. A blockaded castle actually only needed to be starved out,
1074:
In contemporary descriptions of a castle, the main tower is often cited as the first; as a pictorial abbreviation or visual shortcut it is often seen on coats of arms and seals, where it symbolizes the castle as a whole. The bergfried in its status symbolism is perhaps comparable to medieval family
430:
The enormous wall thickness at basement level in many bergfrieds usually decreases significantly on the inside of the tower at the level of the upper floors. On the resulting wall ledges, wooden ceilings were laid that served to partition the various floor levels. The lowest floor and the uppermost
329:
The bergfried established itself as a new type of building during the 12th century and from about 1180 to the 14th century increasingly became a feature of the
Central European castles. Numerous examples have survived from this period almost to their full height. However the origin of the design is
1202:
An attack on such a fortified site within an active feudal system was almost hopeless. It was far less risky simply to plunder the farms and mills of the enemy. In fact, a large number of
Central European castles were never seriously attacked during the Middle Ages. Consequently, there is not much
1086:
During the transition from the late Middle Ages to modern times when, as a result of the development of firearms, a revolution in military technology took place, the bergfried gradually lost its military function, as any high buildings were particularly vulnerable to cannon fire and explosives. In
1042:
of the nobility and other types of tower, the bergfried assumed a significant representational function. Some castle researchers emphasize its role as a status symbol, although it cannot be proved from medieval sources that symbolism was actually intended or indeed perceived by those living at the
792:
With its enormous wall mass - the plinth is even solid in some cases - the tower offered passive protection for the areas of the castle behind it. For this reason, at many castles the bergfried was situated on the main avenue of attack, often set into the front defensive wall. Thus, the bergfried
1364:
Even legal settlements between the two opposing lords are recorded; they often knew one other personally and occupied the same social position. They might negotiate a deadline, which apparently was usually around 30 days. If the lord or the allies of the besieged did not appear within this period
1006:
Most reports of the incarceration of prisoners in the basement of a bergfried date to the late Middle Ages and early modern period; to what extent this was common before then, is uncertain. Often it is probably a later change of use, as was the case in many town wall towers and even entire castle
1356:
The retinue of a besieged castle usually consisted of only a few able-bodied men. If the siege was foreseen, the castle's peacetime complement of three to twenty men could be doubled or tripled. And in an emergency, at least the higher ranks could take refuge in the main tower. A castle was only
824:
That bergfrieds with pentagonal or triangular plans are mostly aligned with a corner facing the main line of attack, is also associated with the shield function: stone projectiles hurled by catapults were deflected laterally by the oblique angle of impact. In some cases, such "deflection wedges"
406:
reach a height of 50 metres. Compared with the donjon, which occupies a relatively large ground area because of its elaborate interior layout with living rooms, a hall, kitchen, etc., the bergfried usually has a much smaller footprint, which, although of similar height to the donjon gives it the
345:. Donjons combine the two contrasting functions of a stately, comfortable residence and a fortification. The bergfried, however, dispenses with the keep's residential function in favour of its defensive purposes. At the same time, new forms of unfortified residential building became popular, the
1198:
The basements of bergfrieds were often embedded several metres into the ground. Undermining was therefore not a great threat. Arson was also very difficult due to their stone construction and the few light openings could be quickly closed to prevent being smoked out. The conservative historian
783:
The bergfried was a multi-functional building that could have various defensive functions, but which also had status value. In the last decade of the 20th century there has been discussion in the field of castle research about whether the bergfried's functions could be succinctly stated as a
482:. The roof comprised a wooden truss covered with tiles or slates or, alternatively, was of solid stone. It often covered the entire fighting platform, so that the roof rested on the battlements. In other cases, it was set back, creating an open gangway between roof and battlements (e.g. the
1449:
The estates of the gentry and large farmers often had smaller fortified barns that were mostly on islands in lakes. A projecting upper storey, capable of providing a refuge, was supported on a solid lower storey. Most examples of such fortified storage towers have been preserved in
725:
castles. The octagonal shape is adopted because of the brick construction, because angular shapes are preferred to round ones. A variant is the octagonal tower on a square plinth. Based on the castles of the
Teutonic Order, this type of tower is also common in Central Poland (e.g.
612:
1281:
In the late and post medieval period emerged new castles emerged whose main towers were certainly never intended as refuges. For example, in 1418 Frederick of
Freyberg had one of the last great new castles of the German Middle Ages built next to his ancestral castle of
1301:, so it could not be without a bergfried. Today, the two castle ruins are one of the most important castle groups in Central Europe. The Freybergers probably wanted to create a symbol chivalrous self-consciousness again at the end of the Middle Ages.
1109:. Often, the bergfried here the only element here largely retained in its original form from the old medieval castle, which in turn can be regarded as evidence of its role as the (now traditional) symbol of power. Examples include the palace at
1214:, forgery or murder. The hands of those who had sworn allegiance to the sovereign were then tied; for legal reasons they could not come to the aid of the attacked lord. In such cases, taking final refuge in the main tower was almost pointless.
596:
455:, 1909). Late medieval tower crowns (which themselves are often a remodelling of the original tops of the towers) have survived more often or can sometimes be reconstructed based on drawings (especially from the 16th & 17th centuries).
426:
era which were entirely made of rusticated ashlar. The tower shaft (i.e., the main part of the tower between the base and the top floor) usually had no or very few windows; where they exist, they are often just a few narrow vertical slits.
998:
The cellar in the tower base was used in different ways. In some instances, it was used as a warehouse or magazine, so sometimes piles of round stones were kept here for use as projectiles during a siege. In a few cases, it was used as a
1242:
Such a tower was certainly an effective protection against surprise attacks by smaller marauding gangs and the local population. Often a castle was vulnerable just through the absence of a few able-bodied men whilst they were out
375:, but pentagonal towers are also frequently encountered; whilst octagonal towers are rather less common. There are even a few examples of bergfrieds with irregular polygonal floor plans. A rare form is the triangular bergfried of
1438:
the entire building - assumed the function of a bergfried in which the population could shelter if necessary for a short period. Often the attacker withdrew again after a short while, so active defence was secondary.
550:
consisted of an upper bailey, a middle bailey and a lower bailey. In the upper and middle baileys, the two known bergfrieds have survived at least in remnants. Smaller castles sometimes had two bergfrieds too: the
984:
and was only accessible through a hatch at its apex. This design was also a result of the fact that the elevated entrance of the tower was located on an upper floor. Access to the oubliette through the hole (an
1102:
The bergfried survived until modern times, however, in some castles, where the defensive function was increasingly forgone and the castle was instead converted into a stately home or palace, typically called a
330:
not fully understood, since towers dating from before the 12th century have had to be almost entirely excavated archaeologically, and only the lowest sections remain. Individual examples (like the bergfried of
1079:, no armed conflicts between the urban patrician families, so that here the status function was dominant from the beginning. A possible example of the use of these towers as a status symbol, are the so-called
911:: under the masonry spire of the bergfried is a watchman's residence and just under the spire is a small, original stone observation platform for the watchmen at a height of almost 58 metres above the ground.
173:
had prominent towers that some authors have compared to bergfrieds (Kennedy 2000, Folda 2005), arguing that these castles depended more on
Rhineland than local crusader traditions of military architecture.
960:
The solid construction and inaccessible elevated entrance of the bergfried made it a relatively safe repository within the castle. Here valuables could be stored, so that the tower took over the role of a
1136:
building of the
Renaissance era (and to a lesser extent the Baroque too) towers again played an important role as elements of a stately home, even if they now mostly had no longer any defensive function
907:) could give early warning of an approaching enemy, raising the alarm. During sieges the raised observation post was important for observing the foreground. A particularly well-preserved example is the
490:). In covered fighting platforms there were similarly located window openings in place of the merlons that gave a panoramic view of the surrounding area and enabled the use of long-distance weapons (
1419:
Clear parallels to the bergfried's function as a refuge were the fortified storage barns on the lightly fortified farms of the lesser nobility as well as the stone church spires of villages and
3086:
837:
in
Austria). A square bergfried set up on a corner could also serve this purpose. In other cases, the acute-angled floor plan is, however, simply due to the natural shape of the bedrock
972:
at least, bergfrieds were being used as largely escape-proof places of custody for prisoners. In particular, the shaft-like cellars in the base of the tower were often used as a form of
644:
498:). Some surviving ledges or beam holes on bergfrieds indicate, in some cases, that wooden superstructures were used. In the late Middle Ages, the tower roofs were often embellished with
1157:
Joachim Zeune, has placed in doubt the function of the bergfried as a refuge in case of siege. They suggest that a retreat into the tower was "death by stages" and was most useful if a
349:, for example, was incorporated into castle construction. The emergence of the bergfried is thus clearly related to the differentiation of living and fortification within a castle. In
628:
542:, used to have a bergfried in every part of the castle (the inner bailey and outer baileys 1 and 2), i.e. a total of three bergfrieds. The unusually large royal imperial castle of
1247:
or working in the fields. Even without supplies the remaining castle residents could hold out in the bergfried until the return of their menfolk and were protected from abuse and
1357:
regarded as conquered when the bergfried had fallen. This could take some weeks. During this time the attacker had to continue to feed and pay his men. Sometimes, therefore, the
360:
Often the bergfried forms the main tower in the centre of the castle or is positioned as a wall tower on the main avenue of attack against the castle (especially in the case of
1011:, are known. When prisoners were incarcerated in the often claustrophobic, poorly ventilated and dimly lit or even completely dark basements, it was not just imprisonment, but
81:) in English or French castles. However, the characteristic difference between a bergfried and a keep is that a bergfried was typically not designed for permanent habitation.
1003:, but often the room remained unused. The blanket assumption in older literature and often also in tourism that the cellar space was used as the dungeon is thus misleading.
107:(an English-style keep combines both functions of habitation and defence.) Consequently, a bergfried could be built as a tall slender tower with little internal room, few
1426:
The ordinary population suffered most in the event of war, so almost every large village was lightly fortified. Not infrequently, the village church was developed into a
1278:
had the roughly 50-metre-high tower blown up on 27 March 1917 in order to cut off the line of retreat for French troops, in spite of widespread international protests.
1083:
whereby a small tower or turret was built on top of the original tower, bringing no additional military benefit, but increasing its height for better observation.
1075:
towers in some northern
Italian and German cities, whose sometimes bizarre heights cannot be explained in military terms. In addition, there were, for example, in
843:
341:
Residential towers were common before the advent of the bergfried in German-speaking countries, too; a precursor is found, for example, in the wooden tower of the
1239:
in the event of a siege, a massive bergfried was undoubtedly the safest building in which women, the elderly and children could seek refuge during the fighting.
522:(castles owned by more than one family simultaneously) sometimes had multiple bergfrieds for status or security reasons. Consisting of an inner bailey and two
821:
in a sense represent an intermediate stage between a bergfried and a shield wall The two closely spaced towers are linked by a narrow section of shield wall.
410:
Local rock was usually used for building material and was quarried in the immediate vicinity of the castle site. In areas where there was little usable rock,
1442:
That the "time saving" factor was ignored in
Joachim Zeune's argument was picked up by researcher, Hans Jürgen Hessel, in an essay on fortified churches in
1129:, the Gothic bergfried of the previous castle was integrated in the otherwise very regular layout, although it breaks the symmetry in a conspicuous manner.
466:. Occasionally these crenellations have survived in their original state, especially where they were protected by subsequent roof or other superstructures (
258:
origin of the word is unclear. There are theories about it being derived from Middle High German or Latin, or even from a Greek word brought back from the
1365:
before the castle, the defenders surrendered the fort without a fight. In return, they received safe conduct and were sometimes allowed to take their
1799:
1051:(who considered himself as a 'militia christiana') often had a Christian faith, researchers have suggested that the bergfried may have a Christian
903:
or observation tower. From the top storey or the fighting platform the foreground and the area surrounding the castle could be observed. Watchmen (
675:
204:
and many similar variants in medieval documents, did not just refer to a castle tower, but was used to describe most other types of tower, such as
748:
573:
1168:
Critics reject this theory (which emerged as part of Zeune's broader "symbol of power" theory) as having a complete disregard for high medieval
2902:
1206:
A siege was only worth undertaking if the attacker had previously ensured he had legal authority and had asked the state sovereign or even the
883:
353:
however, the donjon or keep, with their combination of domestic and defensive functions, continued to be predominant during the course of the
1713:
1251:. The safe refuge of the bergfried was certainly very welcome at a time when state and social structures were just beginning to take shape.
797:. This was particularly the case with castles in which shield wall and bergfried were interconnected to form a single structural unit (e.g.
714:
can be considered a special case in which plinth on the side facing the line of attack has been extended to form triangle, making the tower
32:. Three lines of defence are perfectly depicted here: Renaissance bastions, central Gothic fortification and a bergfried as the last refuge.
3496:
3191:
863:
422:. The bergfried could be plastered or the stonework could be left exposed. The latter was the case, for example, in the towers of the
3722:
3311:
1772:
1735:
1096:
1060:
368:, i.e. the entrance is located at the level of an upper floor of the tower and is accessed via its own bridge, staircase or ladder.
3096:
452:
313:
3521:
334:) may also be found dating to as early as the second half of the 11th century. The precursor of the bergfried is the fortified
764:
603:
1554:"Bergfriede als reine Wehrbauten ohne nennenswerte Wohnfunktion sind bei Burgen des 11. Jhs. noch nicht anzutreffen (...)".
1386:
991:
or "fear hole") was almost always by means of a ladder or rope winch. Wall steps, like those found in the old bergfried of
73:
describes a bergfried as a "free-standing, fighting-tower". Its defensive function is to some extent similar to that of a
945:
391:. Towers with triangular and pentagonal floor plans invariably had a corner facing the main line of attack on the castle.
1332:
here. The Fugger family, who had come from a humble background, appear to have wanted to legitimize their newly acquired
3717:
2744:
2282:
1792:
135:
1023:
101:
The living quarters of a castle with a bergfried are separate, often in a lower tower or an adjacent building called a
3081:
2162:
1592:
1309:
870:
806:
527:
829:) were also added to the tower later, and they can even be found on towers with an otherwise circular plan (e.g. the
407:
slimmer appearance of a tower. As a building, the bergfried has an even stronger vertical emphasis than the donjon.
2677:
1459:
1454:
in Germany. Joachim Zeune provided one of the few pieces of confirmed evidence of such a "miniature bergfried" in
1283:
1138:
419:
3126:
2751:
1349:
nevertheless supplies were also a problem for the besieging force. Farmers in the area would hide their grain in
251:
as the general term for a non-residential main tower, and these terms then became established in the literature.
1361:
of the besieger just ran away or even turned against their commander, if they had to wait too long for success.
1210:
for permission. This was only possible where there had been actual or fabricated violations of the law, such as
3623:
2701:
1211:
1161:
was expected. In support of this thesis, the general lack of appropriate findings and traditions is cited. The
1047:
represented man's pride and self-indulgence. Because, from the Middle Ages, secular rulers and especially the
702:-era castles in Baden-Württemberg, in the Alsace region and in Lower Italy. The best known is the bergfried of
660:
384:
3670:
3445:
3151:
3146:
3066:
2863:
2810:
2780:
2537:
2467:
2411:
1988:
1785:
1375:
342:
3695:
3511:
3101:
2998:
2883:
2067:
1154:
1071:". But in the case of castle towers, this symbolism has not been sufficiently established by the sources.
1056:
3648:
3486:
3268:
3021:
2758:
2581:
1910:
1275:
436:
217:
735:
711:
618:
Bergfried of a ministerial castle in the Bishopric of Kempten: the two-part, residential main tower of
1755:
784:"fortification or (more likely) a status symbol." This has not, however, gained universal acceptance.
3633:
3161:
2787:
2586:
2552:
1952:
1834:
1371:
1321:
1291:
1126:
981:
850:
834:
794:
635:
513:
395:
147:
108:
270:("because it keeps the peace"), i.e. it guaranteed the security of the castle, cannot be confirmed.
3450:
3186:
2542:
1920:
1267:
1232:
1203:
evidence of a retreat into a bergfried; the building had already fulfilled its deterrent function.
1118:
1012:
969:
443:). Furthermore, some towers that might look medieval at first glance are, in reality, 19th century
380:
138:
on the most vulnerable side as an additional defence, or project from the wall. For instance, the
3572:
3181:
3156:
3141:
3136:
2986:
2966:
2763:
2324:
2191:
1935:
1325:
1080:
908:
1142:
606:
near Wiesbaden, Germany. The roof and staircase to the elevated entrance have been reconstructed
3628:
3587:
3562:
3435:
3116:
2956:
2803:
2389:
2267:
1945:
1888:
1768:
1731:
1709:
1370:
were hanged in front of the castle after the main tower had been demolished by troops of King
1329:
1162:
937:
854:
798:
703:
580:
543:
539:
487:
459:
444:
365:
220:) or storage buildings. The main tower of a castle was often simply referred to as a "tower" (
126:
For maximum protection, the bergfried could be sited on its own in the centre of the castle's
1091:
of a new type, the bergfried being often thereby demolished or dismantled, as for example at
1043:
time. The symbolism of a tower has many meanings, not all of them positive, for example, the
738:). Occasionally Teutonic Order castles have such towers that are not executed in brick (e.g.
710:
has an octagonal bergfried with a symmetrical octagonal enceinte. The octagonal bergfried of
3602:
3577:
3506:
3430:
3031:
3026:
2961:
2512:
2316:
1895:
1588:
1427:
1420:
1390:
1184:
933:
830:
584:
440:
403:
283:
158:
21:
418:
was used. The masonry work was often executed very carefully, edges being accentuated with
3491:
3343:
3316:
3256:
3226:
3111:
3076:
3056:
3041:
2596:
2591:
2559:
2320:
2262:
2250:
2232:
2099:
2080:
2006:
1983:
1431:
1405:
1271:
1217:
The bergfrieds of 12th and 13th century castles were originally surrounded only by simple
1092:
992:
941:
929:
924:
814:
467:
331:
177:
162:
66:
25:
3660:
3655:
3321:
3306:
3241:
3231:
3106:
3091:
2991:
2981:
2946:
2820:
2613:
2310:
2277:
2241:
2057:
1915:
1879:
1345:
1313:
1222:
1218:
1114:
1044:
944:(walkways behind the battlements) could be built on the lower storeys of a tower (e.g.
899:
Because the bergfried was the highest building in the castle, it usually functioned as
731:
651:
619:
560:
491:
388:
376:
350:
318:
170:
166:
451:
of the 1850s) and some are even romanticized notions of medieval castle architecture (
3711:
3665:
3618:
3526:
3516:
3470:
3440:
3425:
3394:
3375:
3236:
3176:
3131:
3046:
3005:
2815:
2448:
2443:
2176:
2139:
2124:
2075:
2020:
1999:
1808:
556:
552:
547:
184:
is a rare English example, where the bergfried is the central element of the design.
151:
474:. Depending on the floor plan of the tower, the latter would frequently either be a
3643:
3501:
3465:
3420:
3404:
3332:
3285:
3261:
3251:
3246:
3061:
2878:
2739:
2706:
2571:
2507:
2482:
2394:
2368:
2336:
2330:
2272:
2211:
2181:
2029:
1671:
Befestigte Kirchen (Wehrkirchen), ein vernachlässigtes Kapitel deutscher Geschichte
1435:
1413:
1295:
1176:. It would simply transfer Günther Bandmann's methodology to secular architecture.
802:
722:
699:
523:
518:
479:
423:
302:
127:
1394:
564:
3542:
3399:
3368:
3350:
3338:
3280:
3275:
3216:
3211:
3171:
3071:
3036:
2932:
2835:
2606:
2576:
2566:
2472:
2361:
2169:
1978:
1925:
1358:
1298:
1236:
1158:
1122:
1110:
1064:
1052:
1039:
1028:
920:
666:
495:
475:
361:
354:
335:
287:
205:
143:
62:
1231:
s were added in later phases. Many outbuildings were then made of wood or were
1165:, too, is suggested as having more of a symbolic and psychological importance.
89:
3567:
3547:
3387:
3359:
3290:
3166:
3121:
3051:
2971:
2868:
2773:
2713:
2672:
2650:
2601:
2547:
2497:
2492:
2477:
2436:
2384:
2342:
2287:
2129:
2092:
2045:
1751:
1451:
1188:
1117:(where the tower is known as Dicker Heinrich - "Fat Henry") at Zschopau. When
1076:
962:
900:
483:
463:
415:
399:
372:
229:
209:
120:
112:
2976:
2907:
2734:
2729:
2662:
2303:
2216:
2104:
1930:
1900:
1861:
1827:
1455:
1401:
1378:
castles were surrendered after an assurance of safe passage had been given.
1366:
1169:
987:
977:
770:
681:
588:
535:
531:
297:
278:
255:
139:
1287:
1699:
Crusader Art in the Holy Land, From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre.
3460:
3455:
3380:
3221:
2939:
2914:
2897:
2827:
2768:
2696:
2689:
2532:
2420:
2294:
2114:
2109:
2085:
2013:
1993:
1973:
1940:
1566:
1350:
1333:
1256:
1088:
1008:
727:
715:
506:
499:
448:
259:
131:
29:
1565:
Biller (1993), p. 145. Another example mentioned by Biller is the Great
1328:
a "high medieval" hill castle with a mighty main tower was built out of
69:
countries and in countries under German influence. Stephen Friar in the
3592:
3557:
3552:
2890:
2873:
2858:
2842:
2794:
2722:
2667:
2657:
2625:
2527:
2502:
2487:
2257:
2201:
2119:
1966:
1959:
1905:
1409:
1244:
1227:
1207:
1105:
1000:
973:
949:
695:
322:
240:
and similar variants often appeared in connexion with smaller castles.
1153:
More recent castle research, especially the group around the Bavarian
470:). The fighting platform could be either open or covered by a roof or
3597:
2951:
2517:
2455:
2399:
2377:
2354:
2347:
2223:
2206:
2038:
1870:
1852:
1822:
1514:
Motte und Donjon. Zur Frühgeschichte der mittelalterlichen Adelsburg.
1317:
1305:
1263:
1192:
1191:. Conversely, the ruler would of course rely upon the support of his
1180:
1173:
1048:
818:
58:
1031:
Palace was retained even when the castle was later converted into a
282:
The bergfried in the centre of the site dominates the silhouette of
3638:
3582:
3326:
2851:
2682:
2522:
1843:
1400:
1068:
1022:
874:
810:
739:
721:
In the post-Hohenstaufen period, octagonal bergfrieds appeared in
622:, Tyrol, Austria. The beam holes show where the former floors were
471:
411:
312:
306:
296:
291:
277:
116:
103:
1777:
1262:
The largest main tower of a medieval European castle, the mighty
1015:, a severe psychological and physical mistreatment of prisoners.
394:
Bergfrieds averaged 20 to 30 metres in height, although those at
2620:
2462:
2429:
2404:
2196:
2186:
2155:
2134:
1248:
755:
707:
338:, whose Western European expression is called a donjon or keep.
181:
74:
1781:
134:. Alternatively, it could be close to or up against the outer
1692:
Die Adelsburg in Deutschland. Entstehung, Form und Bedeutung.
1677:. Marburg, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Festungsforschung, 2008
1087:
response to these developments, castles were converted into
325:, Poland, one of the oldest buildings of this type in Poland
1434:. The massive church tower - or in the special case of the
684:: the bergfried has a square base topped by a round section
243:
German castle research during the 19th century introduced
262:. A theory that is often stated in older texts, that the
932:. Examples of very high bergfrieds were or are those at
634:
A large castle with 2 bergfrieds: the Hessian castle of
509:
were only rarely positioned on the fighting platforms.
1235:, and stone housing was usually not fortified. In the
1183:
estates that were owned by a powerful feudal lord or
1113:(where the bergfried is known as the White Tower) or
889:
Plans of various bergfrieds with "deflection wedges"
654:
with the highest bergfried in Germany: 57 metres high
1446:
by the German Society for Fortress Research (2008).
3611:
3535:
3479:
3413:
3299:
3204:
3014:
2925:
2641:
2634:
2066:
1815:
805:). So-called 'double bergfrieds' like that of the
146:on the most likely direction of attack. Some, like
1647:edited by Manfred Lurker, Stuttgart, 1991, p. 774.
462:of a bergfried was originally often surrounded by
111:and few if any windows. The bergfried served as a
1658:Mittelalterliche Architektur als Bedeutungsträger
1501:Burgendkunde. Bauwesen und Geschichte der Burgen.
2049:
2611:
2557:
2375:
2221:
793:was able to perform a similar function to the
3266:
2996:
2825:
2801:
2418:
2409:
2366:
2090:
1886:
1877:
1793:
371:Bergfrieds very often have a square or round
57:) is a tall tower that is typically found in
8:
3385:
3366:
3357:
3348:
2937:
2912:
2888:
2849:
2840:
2792:
2778:
2749:
2720:
2711:
2687:
2648:
2453:
2434:
2352:
2301:
2292:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2167:
2153:
2144:
2027:
2004:
2036:
2018:
1964:
1950:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1304:In the 16th century the Augsburg family of
2638:
1800:
1786:
1778:
1613:German Castles Association (1999), p. 238.
1552:German Castles Association (1999), p. 74:
1525:German Castles Association (1999), p. 237.
1270:, was still viewed as a threat during the
192:The word '"bergfried", sometimes rendered
435:were often given a new top section (e.g.
1718:German Castles Association (GCA) (1999)
1385:
1353:and drive their cattle into the forest.
1125:palace built before the outbreak of the
88:
20:
1486:
1484:
1471:
839:
744:
698:bergfried. The first appeared in a few
569:
1336:here with an "ancient" family castle.
1746:Wehrturm und Bergfried im Mittelalter
1382:Fortified barns and fortress churches
142:has its bergfried in the centre, and
7:
3192:Weapons Storage and Security System
1767:, Cambridge University Press 2008.
1708:, Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2003.
1701:, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
1393:of St. Alban & St. Wendelin in
1027:The 48-metre-high "White Tower" at
14:
1061:Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary
3691:
3690:
1556:See also: Biller (1993), p. 135.
882:
862:
842:
763:
747:
674:
659:
643:
627:
611:
595:
572:
1760:, Leipzig, G. J. Göschen, 1900.
1706:The Sutton Companion to Castles
1374:. In Central Europe during the
1344:Attacks on medieval castles in
1121:in Aschaffenburg, the last big
579:53-metre-high bergfried of the
301:The bergfried near the gate of
1730:. Cambridge University Press.
1294:was created in the style of a
502:and other similar structures.
266:took its name from the phrase
232:documents, however, the terms
130:and totally separate from the
1:
3087:British "hedgehog" road block
1316:in the present-day county of
1478:Thompson (2008), p. 22.
505:Larger ballistic weapons or
3497:Cities with defensive walls
3082:Defensive fighting position
2997:
2802:
2612:
2558:
2419:
2410:
2376:
2367:
2222:
1595:, c.f. Pehla (1974), p. 305
1593:Falkenstein Castle (Taunus)
1516:, Cologne, 1981, pp. 53–58.
526:, the very large castle of
453:Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg
268:"weil er den Frieden berge"
97:, from Piper's classic text
93:Cross section of a typical
71:Sutton Companion to Castles
3739:
1744:Pehla, Hans-Klaus (1974).
1633:Burgen. Symbole der Macht.
1622:Pehla (1974), pp. 101-105.
1534:Pehla (1974), pp. 203–242.
706:. Frederick II's tower in
3681:
3127:Hardened aircraft shelter
3102:Entry control point (ECP)
1503:, Würzburg, 1912, p. 174.
3723:Fortified towers by type
3624:Continuity of government
1697:Folda, Jaroslav (2005).
1635:Regensburg, 1997, p. 44.
1604:Pehla (1974), pp. 294ff.
1543:Pehla (1974), pp. 206ff.
1255:given up even after the
995:, are a rare exception.
915:Raised fighting platform
754:Frederick II's tower in
669:with its round bergfried
602:Pentagonal bergfried of
3446:Motte-and-bailey castle
3152:Missile launch facility
3147:Main line of resistance
1842:
1763:Thompson, M.W. (2008).
1704:Friar, Stephen (2003).
1690:Biller, Thomas (1993).
1645:Wörterbuch der Symbolik
1320:in the German state of
1059:was referred to in the
530:, the residence of the
343:motte-and-bailey castle
154:, have two bergfrieds.
115:and as a refuge during
16:Type of fortified tower
3522:Military installations
3386:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3267:
2938:
2913:
2889:
2879:Scarp and Counterscarp
2850:
2841:
2826:
2793:
2779:
2750:
2721:
2712:
2688:
2649:
2454:
2435:
2353:
2302:
2293:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2168:
2154:
2145:
2091:
2050:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2005:
1965:
1951:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1833:
1765:The Rise of the Castle
1757:Abriss der Burgenkunde
1726:Kennedy, Hugh (2000).
1720:Burgen in Mitteleuropa
1578:Biller (1993), p. 134.
1416:
1398:
1155:medieval archaeologist
1035:
326:
310:
294:
98:
33:
3291:Floating water castle
3022:Admiralty scaffolding
2315:Fortified buildings (
1404:
1389:
1324:. In the time of the
1055:as a symbol of Mary.
1026:
956:Stronghold and prison
919:An enemy attacking a
321:from 13th century in
317:The bergfried of the
316:
300:
281:
274:Development and forms
157:Outside Germany, the
92:
24:
3634:Subterranean warfare
2587:Viking ring fortress
1669:Hans Jürgen Hessel:
1376:German Peasants' War
1195:in times of battle.
1007:complexes, like the
869:Double tower of the
835:Forchtenstein Castle
690:Octagonal bergfrieds
512:Large castles (e.g.
447:creations (e.g. the
396:Forchtenstein Castle
228:). In late medieval
3718:Castle architecture
3451:Quadrangular castle
3187:Weapon storage area
2543:Quadrangular castle
1656:Bandmann, Günther:
1490:Friar (2003), p 36.
1276:German High Command
1259:had been breached.
1119:Johannisburg Castle
1081:butter-churn towers
1038:Just as the former
1013:corporal punishment
970:Early Modern Period
946:Bischofstein Castle
940:(53 m). Additional
694:A rare form is the
3182:Underground hangar
2967:Fire control tower
2764:Gunpowder magazine
2192:Butter-churn tower
1675:Festungsjournal 32
1587:Examples include:
1444:Festungsjournal 32
1421:fortified churches
1417:
1399:
1179:Many castles were
1172:and its system of
1036:
909:Osterburg in Weida
736:Lidzbark Warmiński
712:Gräfenstein Castle
559:or the well-known
327:
311:
295:
224:) or "big tower" (
99:
55:torre del homenaje
34:
3705:
3704:
3629:Military urbanism
3563:Fortified gateway
3436:Concentric castle
3200:
3199:
3117:Fire support base
2957:Coastal artillery
2832:(Spanish America)
2426:
2268:Concentric castle
1714:978-0-7509-3994-2
1330:rusticated ashlar
1322:Baden-Württemberg
1163:elevated entrance
1127:Thirty Years' War
855:Liebenzell Castle
853:and bergfried at
799:Liebenzell Castle
704:Steinsberg Castle
638:, Central Germany
544:Kyffhausen Castle
540:Freyburg, Germany
514:Münzenberg Castle
460:fighting platform
420:rusticated ashlar
366:elevated entrance
212:(cf. its cognate
77:(also known as a
3730:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3578:National redoubt
3507:Fortified estate
3431:Circular rampart
3391:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3272:
3032:Anti-tank trench
3027:Air raid shelter
3002:
2962:Disappearing gun
2943:
2918:
2894:
2855:
2846:
2831:
2807:
2798:
2784:
2755:
2726:
2717:
2693:
2654:
2639:
2617:
2597:Bailey (or ward)
2563:
2468:Motte-and-bailey
2459:
2440:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2381:
2372:
2358:
2307:
2298:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2173:
2159:
2150:
2096:
2053:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2010:
1970:
1956:
1896:Circular rampart
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1741:
1728:Crusader Castles
1678:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1631:Zeune, Joachim:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1589:Hocheppan Castle
1585:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1428:fortified church
1391:Fortified church
1340:In time of siege
1326:High Renaissance
1268:Château de Coucy
1185:prince-bishopric
1067:" and "Tower of
942:chemins de ronde
934:Rheinfels Castle
886:
866:
846:
773:Castle in Poland
767:
751:
678:
663:
650:Water castle in
647:
631:
615:
599:
576:
567:, for instance.
441:Rochsburg Castle
404:Freistadt Castle
385:Rauheneck Castle
381:Höhr-Grenzhausen
159:crusader castles
3738:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3685:
3677:
3607:
3531:
3475:
3409:
3344:Imperial castle
3317:Coercion castle
3312:Coastal defence
3295:
3257:Promontory fort
3227:Hillside castle
3196:
3112:Fallout shelter
3077:Concertina wire
3057:Border security
3010:
2921:
2630:
2263:Coercion castle
2251:Cheval de frise
2233:Chemin de ronde
2081:Albarrana tower
2062:
2007:Schwedenschanze
1984:Promontory fort
1811:
1806:
1738:
1725:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1512:Hinz, Hermann:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1432:fortress church
1406:Fortress church
1384:
1342:
1272:First World War
1223:Flanking towers
1219:defensive walls
1212:highway robbery
1151:
1143:Meßkirch Castle
1093:Coburg Fortress
1021:
993:Langenau Castle
958:
936:(54 m) and the
930:fortified tower
925:hillside castle
917:
897:
890:
887:
878:
867:
858:
857:, South Germany
849:Combination of
847:
833:in Bohemia and
815:Rochlitz Castle
790:
781:
774:
768:
759:
758:, South Italy.
752:
692:
685:
679:
670:
664:
655:
648:
639:
632:
623:
616:
607:
600:
591:
577:
468:Wellheim Castle
458:The terrace or
402:, Austria, and
332:Habsburg Castle
276:
190:
178:Eynsford Castle
163:Montfort Castle
87:
67:German-speaking
17:
12:
11:
5:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3710:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3661:Trench warfare
3658:
3656:Tunnel warfare
3653:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3512:Fortifications
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3322:Counter-castle
3319:
3314:
3309:
3307:Border barrier
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:Lowland castle
3239:
3234:
3232:Hilltop castle
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:Electric fence
3104:
3099:
3097:Dragon's teeth
3094:
3092:Czech hedgehog
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3006:Wire obstacles
3003:
2994:
2992:Polygonal fort
2989:
2984:
2982:Martello tower
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Border outpost
2944:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2821:Polygonal fort
2818:
2813:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2785:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2432:
2427:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2359:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2313:
2311:Flanking tower
2308:
2299:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Counter-castle
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2165:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2068:Post-classical
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2058:Vitrified fort
2055:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2011:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1962:
1957:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1916:Defensive wall
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:Fortifications
1807:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1761:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1723:
1716:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1662:
1660:. Berlin, 1951
1649:
1637:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1580:
1571:
1558:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1505:
1492:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1383:
1380:
1372:Henry III
1346:Central Europe
1341:
1338:
1314:Niederalfingen
1266:of the French
1150:
1147:
1115:Wildeck Castle
1045:Tower of Babel
1020:
1017:
957:
954:
916:
913:
896:
893:
892:
891:
888:
881:
879:
868:
861:
859:
848:
841:
789:
786:
780:
777:
776:
775:
769:
762:
760:
753:
746:
691:
688:
687:
686:
680:
673:
671:
665:
658:
656:
649:
642:
640:
633:
626:
624:
620:Vilsegg Castle
617:
610:
608:
601:
594:
592:
578:
571:
561:Saaleck Castle
492:Idstein Castle
389:Baden bei Wien
377:Grenzau Castle
351:Western Europe
319:Prudnik Castle
275:
272:
189:
186:
171:Teutonic Order
167:Khirbat Jiddin
152:Plesse Castles
86:
83:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3735:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3698:
3697:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3666:Urban warfare
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:Civil defense
3617:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Bastion forts
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3471:Z-plan castle
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:L-plan castle
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:Bridge castle
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Refuge castle
3393:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:Military base
3374:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:Hunting lodge
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Moated castle
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Island castle
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:By topography
3203:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Submarine pen
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Hesco bastion
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Blast shelter
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Place-of-arms
2814:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2449:Machicolation
2447:
2445:
2444:L-plan castle
2442:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Bridge castle
2175:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2140:Bent entrance
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Battery tower
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2076:Advanced work
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2001:
2000:Refuge castle
1998:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1773:0-521-08853-4
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1737:0-521-79913-9
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:Piper, Otto:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:acquired the
1307:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:Hohenfreyberg
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:half-timbered
1230:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1019:Status symbol
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1002:
996:
994:
990:
989:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
955:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
922:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
894:
885:
880:
876:
872:
865:
860:
856:
852:
845:
840:
838:
836:
832:
831:Zvíkov Castle
828:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
787:
785:
778:
772:
766:
761:
757:
750:
745:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
689:
683:
677:
672:
668:
662:
657:
653:
646:
641:
637:
630:
625:
621:
614:
609:
605:
598:
593:
590:
586:
582:
575:
570:
568:
566:
562:
558:
557:Kohren-Sahlis
554:
553:Kohren Castle
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:outer baileys
521:
520:
519:Ganerbenburgs
515:
510:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
324:
320:
315:
308:
304:
299:
293:
289:
285:
280:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
187:
185:
183:
179:
175:
172:
169:built by the
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:
96:
91:
84:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:
31:
27:
23:
19:
3689:
3644:Siege engine
3612:Other topics
3536:Related word
3502:Defense line
3466:Tower castle
3421:Bastion fort
3405:Urban castle
3333:Ganerbenburg
3331:
3286:Water castle
3262:Ridge castle
3247:Marsh castle
3062:Bomb shelter
3042:Belgian gate
3015:20th century
2926:19th century
2864:Retrenchment
2836:Punji sticks
2745:Entrenchment
2740:Device Forts
2707:Counterguard
2642:Early modern
2572:Tower castle
2508:Powder tower
2483:Outer bailey
2395:Inner bailey
2369:Gulyay-gorod
2337:Ganerbenburg
2335:
2331:Fujian tulou
2273:Corner tower
2212:Chamber gate
2182:Bridge tower
2146:
2030:Trou de loup
1764:
1756:
1745:
1727:
1722:, Stuttgart.
1719:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1583:
1574:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1474:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1436:round church
1425:
1418:
1414:Transylvania
1363:
1355:
1343:
1303:
1296:Hohenstaufen
1280:
1261:
1253:
1241:
1226:
1216:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1178:
1170:feudal order
1167:
1152:
1133:
1131:
1104:
1101:
1085:
1073:
1040:tower houses
1037:
1032:
1005:
997:
986:
967:
959:
918:
904:
898:
871:Greifenstein
826:
823:
807:Greifenstein
803:Black Forest
791:
782:
723:Brick Gothic
720:
700:Hohenstaufen
693:
517:
511:
504:
480:conical roof
457:
437:Stein Castle
433:
429:
424:Hohenstaufen
409:
393:
370:
362:spur castles
359:
346:
340:
328:
303:Genovevaburg
267:
263:
256:etymological
253:
248:
244:
242:
237:
233:
225:
221:
213:
206:siege towers
201:
197:
193:
191:
176:
156:
136:curtain wall
128:inner bailey
125:
102:
100:
94:
78:
70:
54:
51:tour-beffroi
50:
46:
42:
37:
36:
35:
18:
3543:Castle town
3400:Toll castle
3369:Lustschloss
3351:Kaiserpfalz
3281:Spur castle
3276:Rock castle
3217:Hill castle
3212:Cave castle
3172:Spider hole
3072:Bremer wall
3037:Barbed tape
2933:Barbed wire
2607:Witch tower
2577:Tower house
2567:Toll castle
2553:Shield wall
2473:Murder hole
2362:Guard tower
1979:Pincer gate
1926:Faussebraye
1752:Piper, Otto
1569:, pp. 143f.
1359:mercenaries
1299:hill castle
1237:Middle Ages
1159:relief army
1132:During the
1123:Renaissance
1111:Bad Homburg
1097:Wildenstein
1065:ivory tower
1053:connotation
1029:Bad Homburg
921:spur castle
895:Observation
851:shield wall
795:shield wall
667:Maus Castle
652:Niederroßla
604:Frauenstein
496:Sayn Castle
445:Historicist
383:or that of
355:Middle Ages
336:tower house
288:South Tyrol
226:großer Turm
210:bell towers
144:Katz Castle
63:Middle Ages
53:; Spanish:
45:; English:
3712:Categories
3568:Gatekeeper
3388:Ordensburg
3360:Landesburg
3167:Sentry gun
3122:Flak tower
3052:Blast wall
2972:Gun turret
2869:Sally port
2774:Kotta mara
2714:Couvreface
2678:Breastwork
2673:Blockhouse
2651:Abwurfdach
2602:Watchtower
2592:Wall tower
2548:Shell keep
2498:Portcullis
2493:Peel tower
2478:Neck ditch
2437:Landesburg
2385:Half tower
2343:Gate tower
2288:Drawbridge
2130:Battlement
2046:Wagon fort
1889:Chengqiang
1466:References
1452:Westphalia
1430:or even a
1310:Marienburg
1189:knighthood
1139:Moritzburg
1089:fortresses
1077:Regensburg
976:called an
963:stronghold
901:watchtower
827:Prallkeile
716:heptagonal
636:Münzenberg
548:Kyffhäuser
532:landgraves
484:Rudelsburg
464:battlement
416:fieldstone
400:Burgenland
373:floor plan
238:berchvrede
230:Low German
148:Münzenberg
113:watchtower
49:; French:
43:bergfriede
3671:Guerrilla
3414:By design
3162:Revetment
2977:Land mine
2908:Star fort
2735:Crownwork
2730:Covertway
2663:Barricade
2304:Embrasure
2217:Chartaque
2147:Bergfried
2105:Arrowslit
1931:Gatehouse
1901:City gate
1862:Castellum
1828:Acropolis
1748:. Aachen.
1456:Franconia
1397:, Germany
1367:household
1351:erdstalls
1284:Eisenberg
988:angstloch
978:oubliette
938:Osterburg
877:, Germany
779:Functions
771:Kruszwica
696:octagonal
682:Marksburg
589:Thuringia
581:Osterburg
565:Bad Kösen
536:Thuringia
528:Neuenburg
507:catapults
500:bartizans
488:Osterburg
309:, Germany
284:Hocheppan
264:bergfried
249:Berchfrit
245:Bergfried
234:berchfrit
198:berchfrit
188:Etymology
140:Marksburg
95:bergfried
41:(plural:
38:Bergfried
26:Topoľčany
3696:Category
3686:See also
3573:Loophole
3461:Ringwork
3456:Ringfort
3381:Obstacle
3222:Hillfort
3142:Loophole
2940:Barbette
2915:Tenaille
2898:Sea fort
2828:Presidio
2788:Magazine
2769:Hornwork
2702:Cavalier
2697:Casemate
2690:Caponier
2533:Ringwork
2421:Detinets
2390:Hoarding
2295:Enceinte
2170:Bretèche
2115:Bartizan
2110:Barbican
2086:Alcazaba
2014:Stockade
1994:Ringfort
1974:Palisade
1946:Landwehr
1941:Hillfort
1754:(1900).
1567:Harzburg
1460:Dürrnhof
1395:Morsbach
1334:nobility
1257:enceinte
1009:Bastille
732:Człuchów
728:Brodnica
449:Wartburg
260:Crusades
214:belfried
202:berfride
132:enceinte
85:Overview
30:Slovakia
28:Castle,
3603:Vedette
3593:Schloss
3558:Festung
3553:Dungeon
3548:Château
3492:Castles
3300:By role
3157:Pillbox
2987:Outpost
2903:Station
2891:Schanze
2874:Sandbag
2859:Redoubt
2843:Ravelin
2811:Palanka
2795:Orillon
2781:Lunette
2723:Coupure
2668:Bastion
2658:Arsenal
2626:Zwinger
2538:Roundel
2528:Ricetto
2503:Postern
2488:Outwork
2412:Kremlin
2283:Curtain
2258:Citadel
2242:Chemise
2202:Caltrop
2120:Bastion
2093:Alcázar
1989:Rampart
1967:Oppidum
1960:Nuraghe
1906:Crannog
1880:Castros
1816:Ancient
1694:Munich.
1685:Sources
1410:Prejmer
1286:in the
1245:hunting
1228:zwinger
1208:emperor
1193:vassals
1134:schloss
1106:schloss
1063:as an "
1033:schloss
1001:cistern
974:dungeon
968:By the
950:Moselle
948:on the
801:in the
788:Defence
546:in the
323:Prudnik
194:perfrit
123:1900).
61:of the
59:castles
3598:Trench
3588:Picket
2999:Sangar
2952:Bunker
2884:Sconce
2804:Ostrog
2752:Flèche
2635:Modern
2614:Yagura
2582:Turret
2518:Reduit
2456:Merlon
2400:Kasbah
2378:Gusuku
2355:Glacis
2348:Gabion
2317:church
2224:Chashi
2207:Castle
2051:Laager
2039:Vallum
1996:(Rath)
1871:Castra
1853:Burgus
1823:Abatis
1771:
1734:
1712:
1673:. In:
1318:Ostalb
1306:Fugger
1288:Allgäu
1274:. The
1264:donjon
1181:feudal
1174:fealty
1149:Refuge
1049:knight
905:Türmer
819:Saxony
516:) and
476:tented
218:belfry
117:sieges
109:vaults
79:donjon
47:belfry
3639:Siege
3583:Palas
3527:Walls
3517:Forts
3480:Lists
3327:Fence
3269:Rocca
3137:Kabal
2852:Redan
2759:Gorge
2683:Canal
2560:Shiro
2523:Ribat
2513:Qalat
2325:Dzong
2321:house
2021:Sudis
1953:Limes
1911:Ditch
1844:Broch
1835:Agger
1069:David
982:vault
875:Hesse
811:Hesse
740:Paide
585:Weida
478:or a
472:spire
412:brick
387:near
379:near
347:palas
307:Mayen
292:Italy
121:Piper
104:palas
3649:list
3067:Buoy
2621:Yett
2463:Moat
2430:Ksar
2405:Keep
2197:Caer
2187:Burh
2163:Boom
2156:Berm
2135:Bawn
2100:Amba
1936:Gord
1769:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1249:rape
1225:and
1057:Mary
813:and
756:Enna
708:Enna
486:and
254:The
222:Turm
182:Kent
165:and
150:and
75:keep
1921:Dun
1458:at
1408:in
1312:in
1145:).
1095:or
952:).
923:or
817:in
809:in
742:).
583:in
563:at
555:in
538:in
534:of
414:or
398:in
286:in
247:or
216:or
200:or
180:in
161:of
65:in
3714::
3688::
2323:,
2319:,
1591:,
1483:^
1462:.
1423:.
1412:,
1290:.
1221:.
1141:,
1099:.
965:.
928:a
873:,
734:,
730:,
718:.
587:,
494:,
439:,
357:.
305:,
290:,
236:,
208:,
196:,
2425:)
2417:(
2327:)
2054:)
2048:(
1801:e
1794:t
1787:v
1740:.
1137:(
825:(
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