741:
Furthermore, the V-shaped islet is larger and the lingual furrow is less prominent at the occlusal surface, because it tapers near the tip of the tooth. In the heavily damaged left mf4 GSI/SR/PAL-N071 (height 7.16 mm), only the distal side is well preserved. The infundibulum is exposed internally; it extends 4.01 mm down the crown. The occlusal surface is poorly preserved, but its dimensions are at least 2.14 Ă— 2.42 mm. GSI/SR/PAL-N212, a right mf4, is damaged on the mesial side and has a height of 5.86 mm and an occlusal surface of at least 2.66 x 2.04 mm. Cementum fills the V-shaped islet.
119:
3731:
3754:
768:, is 7.33 mm high, 2.66 mm long, and 2.0 mm wide. The occlusal surface is about rectangular and is mostly covered by a V-shaped dentine lake, which encloses a small heart-shaped enamel islet at the top of an cementum-filled infundibulum. A vertical furrow is also present. Near the top of the tooth, enamel covers the entire crown, but further down there is no enamel on the concave face of the tooth.
2941:
745:
deep infundibulum. The occlusal surface is oval. The tooth is 6 mm high and Wilson and colleagues estimate that the occlusal surface is 2.5 Ă— 1.8 mm, close to the dimensions of GSI/SR/PAL-G070. They suggest the tooth probably had enamel on all sides of the crown, but Prasad and colleagues point to a possible
1122:. Hypsodonty in sudamericids has been interpreted as indicating semiaquatic, terrestrial habits and a diet with items like roots or bark, because it was thought that grasses had not yet appeared when sudamericids lived. However, grass remains have been found at Intertrappean sites contemporary with those where
1011:), interprismatic matrix, and perikymata. Prasad and colleagues also interpreted the interprismatic matrix as a shared character, but added the absence of enamel on one side of the tooth crown. Wilson and colleagues identified the presence of a V-shaped enamel lake on mf4 and of three layers in the enamel as
752:
GSI/SR/PAL-G059, identified as a left mf3, has a height of 5.97 mm at the mesial side, but only 2.02 mm at the distal side because of curvature. On the lingual side, two long furrows are visible, and on the buccal side breakage exposes three long infundibula, of which the most mesial one is
776:
The left i1 GSI/SR/PAL-N210 is flat on the medial side (towards the middle of the head) but convex on the lateral side (towards the side of the head) and bears a shallow groove on the lateral side. At the base, the tooth is broadest on the lower end. The tooth is slightly curved upward towards the
744:
VPL/JU/NKIM/25 was the first Indian gondwanathere fossil to be described; it is damaged on one side. Wilson and colleagues identified it as a left mf4 (implying that the damaged side is buccal) with strong similarities to GSI/SR/PAL-G070, including a curved crown and a V-shaped enamel islet atop a
346:
molariforms are high, curved teeth, with a height of 6 to 8.5 millimetres (0.24 to 0.33 in). In a number of teeth tentatively identified as fourth lower molariforms (mf4), there is a large furrow on one side and a deep cavity (infundibulum) in the middle of the tooth. Another tooth, perhaps a
740:
The right mf4 GSI/SR/PAL-G070, which is damaged on the buccal, distal, and lingual sides, is 8.40 mm high, but has an occlusal surface of only 2.49 Ă— 1.75 mm. Unlike in GSI/SR/PAL-G074, the dentine on the occlusal surface is not exposed, and the occlusal surface is oval in shape.
798:
that forms crystals oriented at right angles relative to the prisms. Prisms arise at the enamel-dentine junction, run through the enamel, and meet the outer enamel at a high angle. These features of the enamel are apparently adaptations that protect the tooth from cracks.
1216:
Wilson, G. P.; Widdowson, M.; Anantharaman, S.; Das Sarma, D. C.; Wilson, J. A.; Renne, P. R. (October 27, 2016). "New mammalian fossils from the intertrappean beds of the southern part of the Deccan
Volcanic Province and the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition in India".
753:
the longest and the most distal one the shortest. In the occlusal surface, these three infundibula merge into a single islet. In addition, three dentine lakes are visible in the occlusal surface, which has dimensions of 4.58 Ă— at least 2.52 mm. Although in
717:, is 7.57 mm high and has a crown of 3.66 Ă— 2.99 mm. It is curved, with the base more distal (towards the back) than the top. The occlusal surface is rectangular. On the lingual side (towards the tongue), there is a deep furrow (filled in part with
495:. Wilson and colleagues also described three other gondwanathere teeth from Gokak (GSI/SR/PAL-G111, G112, and G211), which they tentatively identified as a different species of gondwanathere on their small size. In 2008, Prasad commented that
466:
on the basis of six teeth (in addition to VPL/JU/NKIM 25), and identified some additional material as indeterminate gondwanatheres. Of these teeth, three (GSI/SR/PAL-G059, G070, and G074) are from a third
Intertrappean site at
418:
In 2007, two teams of scientists independently named the Indian gondwanathere on the basis of new material; both teams included VPL/JU/NKIM/25 in their newly named species. Guntupalli Prasad and colleagues named the animal
777:
tip. Measured on the lower side, the tooth is 11.76 mm long, but breakage means the true length is probably larger. The depth of the tooth is about 3.39 mm. Wilson and colleagues identified this incisor as
676:
teeth to any tooth position, but suggested that they may represent different tooth positions and that one may come from the upper and the other from the lower side of the jaw. As is characteristic of sudamericids,
789:
The microstructure of the enamel of VPL/JU/NKIM/25 has been studied. Unlike other gondwanatheres, it has enamel consisting of three layers—radial enamel, tangential enamel, and PLEX. The rows of small, round
646:
is known from a total of eight isolated teeth. Among the seven teeth in their sample, Wilson and colleagues tentatively identified five as fourth lower molariforms (mf4)—because gondwanathere
3923:
721:) that extends from the top to near the base of the tooth. There is also a much smaller indentation on the buccal side (towards the cheeks). The occlusal surface is mostly covered with
1908:
Wilson, G. P.; Das Sarma, D. C.; Anantharaman, S. (2007). "Late
Cretaceous sudamericid gondwanatherians from India with paleobiogeographic considerations of Gondwanan mammals".
3928:
1007:, suggesting the two are closely related. Wilson and colleagues list three features shared by the two: the presence of an infundibulum (seen in only one of two specimens of
1180:
This tooth is stored in the collection of mammals from the
Intertrappean Beds in the collections of Jammu University's Vertebrate Palaeontology Laboratory, numbered 33.
664:, in which all eight molariform positions are known. However, the large number of mf4s led Wilson and colleagues to suspect that the criteria used for distinguishing
479:"of the south", and refers both to the animal's occurrence in southern India and to the distribution of gondwanatheres in the southern continents. The specific name,
3847:
3918:
1189:
Like the others described by Wilson and colleagues, this tooth is stored in the collections of the
Palaeontology Division of the Southern Region of the
3834:
3953:
3933:
1766:
1846:
Prasad, V.; Strömberg, C. A. E.; Alimohammadian, H.; Sahni, A. (2005). "Dinosaur coprolites and the early evolution of grasses and grazers".
979:
is identifiable as a sudamericid because it has hypsodont molariforms with cementum-filled furrows. Among the four known sudamericid genera—
1958:
3948:
3908:
1825:
Prasad, G. V. R.; Sahni, A. (2009). "Late
Cretaceous continental vertebrate fossil record from India: Palaeobiogeographical insights".
3943:
3938:
312:
was discovered in 1989 and published in 1997, but the animal was not named until 2007, when two teams independently named the animal
3903:
685:(high-crowned) and have a flat occlusal (chewing) surface atop a high tooth, with furrows that extend down the height of the tooth.
407:
in 1997. Gondwanatheres were previously known only from
Argentina; these discoveries extended the range of the gondwanathere family
729:
lake, but there is a V-shaped islet in the middle, with the tip of the V towards the lingual side, that forms the remnant of an
359:
are reminiscent of later grazing mammals, and the discovery of grass in Indian fossil sites contemporaneous with those yielding
757:, mf2, mf3, and the upper molariforms MF3 and MF4 all have three lophs, like GSI/SR/PAL-G059, its curvature matches the mf3 of
654:
cannot be distinguished, they are collectively known as "molariforms"—one as a third lower molariform (mf3) and one as a lower
781:
on the basis of its size; the upper and lower incisor that they assigned to an indeterminate gondwanathere are smaller.
118:
3757:
1190:
658:(i1). These determinations were made on the basis of comparisons with a sample of the South American gondwanathere
428:
3730:
1003:
the presence of furrows that extend down to the base of the tooth. In addition, it shares several features with
1951:
1095:
is classified, are also known from the
Cretaceous of Argentina, Madagascar, and possibly Tanzania and from the
1921:
746:
3913:
1816:
Prasad, G.V.R. (2008). "Sedimentary basins & fossil records". In
Singhvi, A.K.; Bhattacharya, A (eds.).
1118:
In modern mammals, hypsodont teeth are often associated with diets that include abrasive vegetation such as
451:
795:
3774:
484:
3873:
3187:
308:, which is also found in Madagascar and South America during the latest Cretaceous. The first fossil of
214:
2508:
3821:
2708:
2398:
1855:
1781:
660:
1805:
3598:
3508:
2432:
2320:
2066:
1944:
1168:
3700:
2852:
2767:
2384:
3812:
3670:
3232:
3180:
2831:
2760:
2533:
2039:
1925:
1879:
1797:
1078:
1040:
384:
321:
239:
113:
3878:
3437:
3139:
2940:
2376:
2369:
3013:
2985:
2672:
2540:
2405:
424:
3860:
3852:
3331:
2486:
2226:
2093:
1871:
1100:
825:
491:, nicknamed "Jeder", who played an important role in the project that led to the discovery of
488:
459:
3865:
3020:
3686:
3480:
2870:
2795:
2586:
2517:
2355:
1917:
1863:
1834:
1789:
1073:
1027:
have been found at three widely separated Late
Cretaceous sites in peninsular India—Naskal,
403:
347:
third lower molariform, has two furrows on one side and three infundibula on the other. The
3636:
3567:
3198:
2893:
2658:
2644:
2595:
2298:
2264:
2244:
851:
97:
462:, who was the first to describe a gondwanathere fossil. G.P. Wilson and colleagues named
1859:
1785:
423:
on the basis of an additional tooth, VPL/JU/IM/33, from another Intertrappean locality,
3533:
3297:
3266:
3041:
2838:
2788:
2781:
2717:
2412:
2193:
1036:
1028:
709:
GSI/SR/PAL-G074, a well-preserved right mf4 that Wilson and colleagues selected as the
301:
1765:
Krause, D. W.; Prasad, G. V. R.; von Koenigswald, W.; Sahni, A.; Grine, F. E. (1997).
3897:
3747:
3618:
3576:
3428:
3382:
3255:
3248:
3091:
2886:
2693:
2665:
2651:
2637:
2420:
2291:
2275:
1929:
1892:
1801:
1218:
1143:
1061:
1055:) in age. The Intertrappean Beds have yielded a variety of fossil animals, including
1048:
837:
651:
444:
408:
376:
372:
351:
has traits that have been interpreted as protecting against cracks in the teeth. The
333:
305:
275:
173:
101:
61:
1745:
730:
3693:
3679:
3652:
3645:
3625:
3611:
3556:
3542:
3515:
3403:
3396:
3132:
3102:
3006:
2879:
2751:
2733:
2609:
2470:
2257:
2236:
2214:
2207:
2006:
1891:
Prasad, G.V.R.; Verma, O.; Sahni, A.; Krause, D.W.; Khosla, A.; Parmar, V. (2007).
1883:
1112:
1067:
1044:
1012:
791:
722:
348:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1247:
1245:
1115:
affinities with other Gondwanan landmasses such as Madagascar and South America.
391:, India, in 1989, but it was not identified as such until another gondwanathere,
3806:
3659:
3583:
3458:
3286:
3241:
3207:
3157:
3111:
3027:
2992:
2971:
2958:
2908:
2575:
2554:
2547:
2526:
2459:
2445:
2250:
1838:
36:
3797:
3549:
3501:
3451:
3444:
3214:
3166:
2859:
2845:
2823:
2809:
2802:
2740:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2479:
2328:
2181:
2163:
2150:
2105:
1967:
1746:"Hypsodonty and enamel microstructure in the Paleocene gondwanatherian mammal
1133:
It is among the two Indian mammal taxa that are inferred to have survived the
1087:
1082:
1052:
875:
734:
380:
279:
81:
46:
1818:
Glimpses of Geoscience Research in India: The Indian Report to IUGS 2004–2008
1556:
1554:
1552:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1496:
1494:
3707:
3417:
3410:
3375:
3368:
3347:
3340:
3313:
3306:
3279:
3146:
3125:
3118:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3034:
2686:
2679:
2602:
2568:
2305:
2023:
1867:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1096:
1032:
682:
352:
337:
283:
130:
105:
86:
1875:
3791:
3522:
3493:
3465:
3354:
3320:
3221:
2816:
2774:
2561:
2493:
2452:
2313:
2051:
1991:
1134:
1108:
1056:
899:
718:
710:
647:
440:
412:
393:
150:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
3839:
3389:
3361:
3173:
2999:
2726:
2391:
2335:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1103:, is known with certainty only from the Cretaceous of Argentina. Thus,
726:
655:
329:
291:
91:
66:
1276:
1274:
1272:
2078:
1997:
1985:
1820:. New Delhi: The Indian National Academy of Sciences. pp. 90–96.
1164:
388:
267:
160:
140:
3768:
328:
is known from a total of eight isolated fossil teeth, including one
1793:
1724:
1138:
1119:
1099:
of Argentina and Antarctica, and the second gondwanathere family,
468:
397:, was found on Madagascar in the middle 1990s. The discoveries of
287:
271:
1893:"A new late Cretaceous gondwanatherian mammal from central India"
1081:, a possible member of the ancient and enigmatic mammalian group
749:
on the damaged side as evidence that enamel may be absent there.
375:
tooth, catalogued as VPL/JU/NKIM/25, was first discovered in the
3826:
1584:
1400:
1263:
1251:
3772:
2956:
2148:
1978:
1940:
1223:. Vol. 6. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. p. 252.
1167:
fossil site in the Vertebrate Palaeontology Laboratory at the
1936:
471:
and three (GSI/SR/PAL-N071, N210, and N212) are from Naskal.
1728:
1708:
1680:
1664:
1636:
1620:
1604:
1588:
1560:
1543:
1531:
1512:
1500:
1481:
1440:
1428:
1412:
1388:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1323:
1311:
1292:
1163:
This tooth is stored in the collection of mammals from the
1404:
689:
molariforms are the smallest of any sudamericid; those of
1922:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[521:LCSGFI]2.0.CO;2
1767:"Cosmopolitanism among Gondwanan Late Cretaceous mammals"
1015:(uniquely derived characters) of the Indian sudamericid.
737:—wave-like bands and grooves—are visible in the enamel.
411:
across the continents of the ancient supercontinent of
1720:
1684:
1668:
1652:
1640:
1624:
1608:
1592:
1572:
1485:
1469:
1452:
1424:
1408:
1376:
1280:
1232:
1230:
514:
3781:
3669:
3635:
3597:
3566:
3532:
3479:
3427:
3330:
3296:
3265:
3231:
3197:
3156:
3101:
3052:
2969:
2907:
2869:
2750:
2716:
2707:
2585:
2516:
2507:
2469:
2431:
2353:
2274:
2225:
2192:
2161:
2104:
2077:
2050:
2021:
1744:von Koenigswald, W.; Goin, F.; Pascual, R. (1999).
507:, which was published first, was the correct name.
16:
Early mammal known from Cretaceous fossils in India
1897:Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy
3924:Taxa named by Guntupalli Veera Raghavendra Prasad
672:. Prasad and colleagues did not assign their two
1091:. Members of the family Sudamericidae, in which
363:suggest that sudamericids were indeed grazers.
1952:
1126:was found, suggesting that sudamericids like
8:
693:, for example, are about 35% larger. Unlike
1827:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France
1696:
3929:Taxa named by Omkar Verma (paleontologist)
3769:
3603:
3485:
3271:
2977:
2966:
2953:
2713:
2513:
2437:
2361:
2199:
2173:
2169:
2158:
2145:
2083:
2056:
2029:
2018:
1975:
1959:
1945:
1937:
1211:
1209:
668:tooth positions may not apply directly to
475:, the generic name, derives from Sanskrit
355:(high-crowned) teeth of sudamericids like
20:
1729:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1709:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1681:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1665:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1637:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1621:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1605:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1589:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1561:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1544:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1532:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1513:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1501:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1482:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1441:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1429:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1413:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1389:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1365:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1353:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1341:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1324:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1312:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1293:Wilson, Das Sarma & Anantharaman 2007
1405:von Koenigswald, Goin & Pascual 1999
1205:
1156:
1130:were indeed the first grazing mammals.
1236:
1111:faunal element in India and indicates
503:represented the same species and that
401:and VPL/JU/NKIM/25 were announced in
7:
3919:Monotypic prehistoric mammal genera
970:Relationships among gondwanatheres
891:
867:
843:
818:
811:
1910:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
458:, honors Argentine paleontologist
14:
383:, about 70–66 million years ago)
3753:
3752:
3729:
2939:
1077:. In the perhaps slightly older
117:
764:VPL/JU/IM/33, the holotype of
1:
3954:Fossil taxa described in 2007
3934:Taxa named by David W. Krause
1754:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
733:—a deep cavity in the tooth.
1839:10.2113/gssgfbull.180.4.369
450:, meaning "beast", and the
320:. The latter name is now a
3970:
3949:Taxa named by Varun Parmar
3909:Cretaceous mammals of Asia
1191:Geological Survey of India
3944:Taxa named by Ashu Khosla
3939:Taxa named by Ashok Sahni
3742:
3727:
3606:
3488:
3274:
2980:
2965:
2952:
2937:
2440:
2364:
2202:
2176:
2172:
2157:
2144:
2086:
2059:
2032:
2017:
1974:
913:
896:
889:
872:
865:
848:
841:
823:
816:
245:
238:
220:
213:
114:Scientific classification
112:
23:
3904:Extinct animals of India
1391:, pp. 522, 524–525.
766:Bharattherium bonapartei
644:Bharattherium bonapartei
497:Bharattherium bonapartei
421:Bharattherium bonapartei
314:Bharattherium bonapartei
297:Bharattherium bonapartei
227:Bharattherium bonapartei
1868:10.1126/science.1118806
1697:Prasad & Sahni 2009
1039:. All sites are in the
747:enamel-dentine junction
701:taper towards the top.
332:and seven molariforms (
1727:, pp. 1179–1180;
697:molariforms, those of
485:University of Michigan
443:for "India", with the
3874:Paleobiology Database
1220:SVP 2016 Program Book
991:from Madagascar; and
796:interprismatic matrix
785:Enamel microstructure
1748:Sudamerica ameghinoi
1711:, pp. 521, 528.
1699:, pp. 370, 373.
1667:, pp. 521–522;
1415:, pp. 522, 525.
1407:, pp. 290–293;
1403:, pp. 505–506;
1355:, pp. 522, 524.
1343:, pp. 522, 525.
661:Sudamerica ameghinoi
336:-like teeth, either
300:. It is part of the
3599:Djadochtatherioidea
1860:2005Sci...310.1177P
1854:(5751): 1177–1180.
1786:1997Natur.390..504K
1443:, pp. 525–526.
1367:, pp. 522–524.
1326:, pp. 526–527.
1169:University of Jammu
1107:is an example of a
520:
282:) and possibly the
252:Wilson et al., 2007
233:Prasad et al., 2007
193:Prasad et al., 2007
3671:Djadochtatheriidae
3233:Microcosmodontidae
1725:Prasad et al. 2005
1723:, pp. 23–24;
1721:Prasad et al. 2007
1685:Prasad et al. 2007
1669:Prasad et al. 2007
1653:Prasad et al. 2007
1641:Prasad et al. 2007
1625:Prasad et al. 2007
1609:Prasad et al. 2007
1593:Prasad et al. 2007
1585:Krause et al. 1997
1573:Prasad et al. 2007
1488:, pp. 19, 21.
1486:Prasad et al. 2007
1470:Prasad et al. 2007
1453:Prasad et al. 2007
1425:Prasad et al. 2007
1411:, pp. 19–20;
1409:Prasad et al. 2007
1401:Krause et al. 1997
1377:Prasad et al. 2007
1281:Prasad et al. 2007
1264:Krause et al. 1997
1252:Krause et al. 1997
1079:Infratrappean Beds
1041:Intertrappean Beds
515:
385:Intertrappean Beds
206:B. bonapartei
3889:
3888:
3861:Open Tree of Life
3775:Taxon identifiers
3766:
3765:
3738:
3737:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3593:
3592:
3475:
3474:
3332:Neoplagiaulacidae
2948:
2947:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2903:
2902:
2703:
2702:
2509:Paulchoffatioidea
2503:
2502:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2227:Ferugliotheriidae
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
1780:(6659): 504–507.
1379:, pp. 19–20.
1101:Ferugliotheriidae
1035:; and Kisalpuri,
1019:Range and ecology
974:
973:
964:
963:
955:
954:
946:
945:
937:
936:
928:
927:
826:Ferugliotheriidae
794:are separated by
641:
640:
516:Known remains of
489:Jeffrey A. Wilson
340:or true molars).
259:
258:
253:
194:
3961:
3882:
3881:
3869:
3868:
3856:
3855:
3843:
3842:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3770:
3756:
3755:
3733:
3687:Djadochtatherium
3604:
3486:
3481:Taeniolabidoidea
3272:
2978:
2967:
2954:
2943:
2871:Albionbaataridae
2714:
2587:Paulchoffatiidae
2518:Pinheirodontidae
2514:
2438:
2362:
2356:Multituberculata
2200:
2174:
2170:
2159:
2146:
2084:
2057:
2030:
2019:
2012:
2011:
1976:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1933:
1904:
1887:
1842:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1804:. Archived from
1771:
1761:
1738:Literature cited
1732:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1678:
1672:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1634:
1628:
1618:
1612:
1602:
1596:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1422:
1416:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1213:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1161:
1085:has been found,
1074:Kharmerungulatum
1059:mammals such as
995:—it shares with
987:from Argentina;
892:
868:
844:
819:
812:
807:
806:
681:molariforms are
521:
251:
229:
225:
192:
185:
172:
122:
121:
96:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3877:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3851:
3846:
3838:
3833:
3825:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3777:
3767:
3762:
3734:
3713:
3665:
3637:Sloanbaataridae
3631:
3589:
3568:Taeniolabididae
3562:
3528:
3471:
3423:
3326:
3292:
3261:
3227:
3199:Eucosmodontidae
3193:
3152:
3097:
3048:
2974:
2961:
2944:
2923:
2899:
2894:Proalbionbaatar
2865:
2746:
2709:Plagiaulacoidea
2699:
2659:Plesiochoffatia
2645:Meketichoffatia
2596:Bathmochoffatia
2581:
2499:
2465:
2427:
2358:
2341:
2299:Gondwanatherium
2270:
2265:Trapalcotherium
2245:Ferugliotherium
2221:
2188:
2166:
2153:
2120:
2100:
2073:
2046:
2026:
2013:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1965:
1907:
1890:
1845:
1824:
1815:
1808:
1769:
1764:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:, p. 522;
1679:
1675:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:, p. 526;
1635:
1631:
1623:, p. 526;
1619:
1615:
1607:, p. 526;
1603:
1599:
1591:, p. 526;
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1492:
1484:, p. 526;
1480:
1476:
1468:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1228:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1021:
981:Gondwanatherium
965:
956:
947:
938:
929:
852:Gondwanatherium
805:
787:
774:
715:Dakshina jederi
707:
616:GSI/SR/PAL-N212
603:GSI/SR/PAL-N210
590:GSI/SR/PAL-N071
564:GSI/SR/PAL-G074
551:GSI/SR/PAL-G070
538:GSI/SR/PAL-G059
513:
501:Dakshina jederi
487:paleontologist
464:Dakshina jederi
369:
318:Dakshina jederi
249:Dakshina jederi
234:
231:
223:
222:
209:
191:
183:
170:
116:
108:
98:Late Cretaceous
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3967:
3965:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3914:Gondwanatheres
3911:
3906:
3896:
3895:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3870:
3857:
3844:
3831:
3818:
3803:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3536:
3534:Lambdopsalidae
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3300:
3298:Cimolodontidae
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3275:
3269:
3267:Ptilodontoidea
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3057:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3042:Gondwanatheria
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2839:Parendotherium
2835:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2789:Heishanobaatar
2785:
2782:Hakusanobaatar
2778:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2720:
2718:Plagiaulacidae
2711:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2413:Gondwanatheria
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2194:Gondwanatheria
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2177:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1916:(2): 521–531.
1905:
1888:
1843:
1833:(4): 369–381.
1822:
1813:
1811:on 2010-06-11.
1762:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1731:, p. 521.
1713:
1701:
1689:
1673:
1657:
1645:
1629:
1613:
1597:
1577:
1565:
1563:, p. 526.
1548:
1546:, p. 527.
1536:
1534:, p. 525.
1517:
1515:, p. 524.
1505:
1503:, p. 523.
1490:
1474:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1431:, p. 522.
1427:, p. 17;
1417:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1328:
1316:
1314:, p. 522.
1297:
1295:, p. 521.
1285:
1268:
1266:, p. 504.
1256:
1254:, p. 505.
1241:
1226:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1182:
1173:
1171:, numbered 25.
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1037:Madhya Pradesh
1029:Andhra Pradesh
1020:
1017:
1013:autapomorphies
972:
971:
967:
966:
962:
961:
958:
957:
953:
952:
949:
948:
944:
943:
940:
939:
935:
934:
931:
930:
926:
925:
922:
921:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:
895:
890:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
871:
866:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
847:
842:
840:
834:
833:
830:
829:
822:
817:
815:
810:
804:
801:
786:
783:
773:
770:
725:surrounding a
706:
703:
639:
638:
636:
633:
630:
629:VPL/JU/NKIM/25
626:
625:
623:
620:
617:
613:
612:
610:
607:
604:
600:
599:
597:
594:
591:
587:
586:
584:
581:
578:
574:
573:
571:
568:
565:
561:
560:
558:
555:
552:
548:
547:
545:
542:
539:
535:
534:
531:
530:Tooth position
528:
525:
512:
509:
460:José Bonaparte
368:
365:
270:that lived in
257:
256:
255:
254:
243:
242:
236:
235:
232:
218:
217:
211:
210:
202:
200:
196:
195:
181:
177:
176:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
110:
109:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
34:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3966:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3892:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3813:Bharattherium
3808:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3783:Bharattherium
3780:
3776:
3771:
3759:
3751:
3749:
3748:Plagiaulacida
3745:
3744:
3741:
3732:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3619:Chulsanbaatar
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3577:Kimbetopsalis
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3509:Erythrobaatar
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3429:Ptilodontidae
3426:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3383:Neoplagiaulax
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3256:Pentacosmodon
3253:
3251:
3250:
3249:Microcosmodon
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3092:Paracimexomys
3089:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:Paracimexomys
3051:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:Kielanobaatar
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2694:Xenachoffatia
2691:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2666:Pseudobolodon
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:Paulchoffatia
2649:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2638:Meketibolodon
2635:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:Allodontoidea
2430:
2423:
2422:
2421:Hahnodontidae
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2292:Galulatherium
2289:
2287:
2286:
2285:Bharattherium
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2276:Sudamericidae
2273:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:10.1038/37343
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1760:(3): 263–300.
1759:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1687:, p. 19.
1686:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1671:, p. 19.
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1655:, p. 21.
1654:
1649:
1646:
1643:, p. 23.
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1627:, p. 21.
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1611:, p. 20.
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1595:, p. 23.
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1575:, p. 24.
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1472:, p. 20.
1471:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1455:, p. 22.
1454:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1283:, p. 19.
1282:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1239:, p. 91.
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1144:Deccanolestes
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1128:Bharattherium
1125:
1124:Bharattherium
1121:
1116:
1114:
1113:biogeographic
1110:
1106:
1105:Bharattherium
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:Bharattherium
1090:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1062:Deccanolestes
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:Maastrichtian
1046:
1043:(part of the
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:Bharattherium
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:Bharattherium
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:Bharattherium
969:
968:
960:
959:
951:
950:
942:
941:
933:
932:
924:
923:
920:
919:
918:
917:Bharattherium
911:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
901:
894:
893:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
877:
870:
869:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
853:
846:
845:
839:
838:Sudamericidae
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
821:
820:
814:
813:
809:
808:
803:Relationships
802:
800:
797:
793:
792:enamel prisms
784:
782:
780:
771:
769:
767:
762:
760:
756:
750:
748:
742:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
704:
702:
700:
699:Bharattherium
696:
692:
688:
687:Bharattherium
684:
680:
679:Bharattherium
675:
674:Bharattherium
671:
670:Bharattherium
667:
663:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
637:
634:
631:
628:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
536:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:Bharattherium
510:
508:
506:
505:Bharattherium
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:daakshinaatya
474:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:specific name
449:
446:
445:Ancient Greek
442:
438:
434:
433:Bharattherium
430:
426:
422:
416:
414:
410:
409:Sudamericidae
406:
405:
400:
396:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:Maastrichtian
374:
373:gondwanathere
366:
364:
362:
361:Bharattherium
358:
357:Bharattherium
354:
350:
345:
344:Bharattherium
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:Bharattherium
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:Bharattherium
307:
306:Sudamericidae
303:
302:gondwanathere
299:
298:
293:
290:has a single
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:Maastrichtian
273:
269:
265:
264:
263:Bharattherium
250:
247:
246:
244:
241:
237:
230:
228:
219:
216:
215:Binomial name
212:
208:
207:
201:
198:
197:
190:
189:
188:Bharattherium
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:Sudamericidae
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:Maastrichtian
99:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
32:Maastrichtian
26:
25:Bharattherium
22:
19:
3891:
3782:
3706:
3701:Mangasbaatar
3699:
3694:Kryptobaatar
3692:
3685:
3680:Catopsbaatar
3678:
3658:
3653:Nessovbaatar
3651:
3646:Kamptobaatar
3644:
3626:Nemegtbaatar
3624:
3617:
3612:Bulganbaatar
3610:
3582:
3575:
3557:Sphenopsalis
3555:
3548:
3543:Lambdopsalis
3541:
3521:
3516:Valenopsalis
3514:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3416:
3409:
3404:Paressonodon
3402:
3397:Parectypodus
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3285:
3278:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3145:
3138:
3133:Meniscoessus
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:Cimolomyidae
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3007:Corriebaatar
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2892:
2885:
2880:Albionbaatar
2878:
2858:
2853:Tedoribaatar
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2768:Dolichoprion
2766:
2759:
2752:Eobaataridae
2739:
2734:Morrisonodon
2732:
2725:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2610:Guimarotodon
2608:
2601:
2594:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:Allodontidae
2458:
2451:
2444:
2419:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2385:Hahnotherium
2383:
2375:
2368:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2263:
2258:Magallanodon
2256:
2243:
2237:Argentodites
2235:
2215:Groeberiidae
2213:
2208:Adalatherium
2206:
2180:
2007:Theriiformes
2002:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1851:
1847:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1806:the original
1777:
1773:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1676:
1660:
1648:
1632:
1616:
1600:
1580:
1568:
1539:
1508:
1477:
1448:
1436:
1420:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1319:
1288:
1259:
1219:
1185:
1176:
1159:
1142:
1141:, alongside
1132:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1104:
1092:
1086:
1072:
1068:Sahnitherium
1066:
1060:
1045:Deccan Traps
1024:
1022:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:
916:
915:
914:
898:
897:
874:
873:
850:
849:
824:
788:
778:
775:
765:
763:
758:
754:
751:
743:
739:
731:infundibulum
714:
708:
698:
694:
690:
686:
678:
673:
669:
665:
659:
643:
642:
577:VPL/JU/IM/33
517:
504:
500:
496:
492:
480:
476:
472:
463:
455:
447:
436:
432:
429:generic name
420:
417:
402:
398:
392:
370:
360:
356:
349:tooth enamel
343:
342:
325:
317:
313:
309:
296:
295:
262:
261:
260:
248:
226:
221:
205:
204:
187:
186:
24:
18:
3807:Wikispecies
3660:Sloanbaatar
3584:Taeniolabis
3459:Prochetodon
3287:Neoliotomus
3242:Acheronodon
3208:Clemensodon
3158:Kogaionidae
3112:Buginbaatar
3028:Uzbekbaatar
2993:Ameribaatar
2972:Cimolodonta
2959:Cimolodonta
2909:Cimolodonta
2832:Nokerbaatar
2761:Cheruscodon
2576:Pinheirodon
2555:Gerhardodon
2548:Ecprepaulax
2534:Bructerodon
2527:Bernardodon
2460:Zofiabaatar
2446:Arginbaatar
2251:LACM 149371
1903:(1): 17–24.
1237:Prasad 2008
1023:Remains of
705:Molariforms
533:References
511:Description
435:, combines
274:during the
3898:Categories
3746:See also:
3550:Prionessus
3502:Catopsalis
3452:Kimbetohia
3445:Baiotomeus
3438:Aenigmamys
3215:Eucosmodon
3167:Barbatodon
3140:Paressodon
2918:see below↓
2860:Teutonodon
2846:Sinobaatar
2824:Monobaatar
2810:Liaobaatar
2803:Indobaatar
2741:Plagiaulax
2631:Kuehneodon
2624:Kielanodon
2617:Henkelodon
2480:Ctenacodon
2377:Baidabatyr
2370:Argillomys
2329:Sudamerica
2182:Haramiyida
2164:Allotheria
2151:Allotheria
2115:see below↓
2106:Allotheria
2067:Cynodontia
2052:Cynodontia
1968:Allotheria
1587:, fig. 3;
1201:References
1088:Avashishta
1083:Haramiyida
1053:Cretaceous
1047:) and are
997:Sudamerica
985:Sudamerica
876:Sudamerica
759:Sudamerica
755:Sudamerica
735:Perikymata
695:Sudamerica
666:Sudamerica
583:Molariform
456:bonapartei
381:Cretaceous
280:Cretaceous
3708:Tombaatar
3418:Xyronomys
3411:Xanclomys
3376:Mimetodon
3369:Mesodmops
3348:Ectypodus
3341:Cernaysia
3314:Cimolodon
3307:Anconodon
3280:Filikomys
3181:Kogaionon
3147:Parikimys
3126:Essonodon
3119:Cimolomys
3085:Dakotamys
3078:Cimexomys
3071:Cedaromys
3064:Bryceomys
3035:Viridomys
3014:Fractinus
2986:Allocodon
2687:Sunnyodon
2680:Rugosodon
2673:Renatodon
2603:Galveodon
2569:Lavocatia
2541:Cantalera
2406:Tashtykia
2321:Patagonia
2306:Greniodon
2040:Synapsida
2024:Synapsida
1984:Kingdom:
1930:130294882
1802:205025618
1109:Gondwanan
1097:Paleogene
1057:eutherian
1033:Karnataka
1031:; Gokak,
683:hypsodont
648:premolars
622:Right mf4
580:Kisalpuri
570:Right mf4
557:Right mf4
483:, honors
425:Kisalpuri
353:hypsodont
338:premolars
284:Paleocene
199:Species:
137:Kingdom:
131:Eukaryota
106:Paleocene
3798:Q2900656
3792:Wikidata
3758:Category
3523:Yubaatar
3494:Bubodens
3466:Ptilodus
3355:Krauseia
3321:Liotomus
3222:Stygimys
2817:Loxaulax
2775:Eobaatar
2562:Iberodon
2494:Psalodon
2487:Passumys
2453:Glirodon
2314:Lavanify
2094:Mammalia
2079:Mammalia
1998:Mammalia
1992:Chordata
1990:Phylum:
1986:Animalia
1876:16293759
1135:KT event
1051:(latest
1009:Lavanify
1005:Lavanify
1001:Lavanify
989:Lavanify
900:Lavanify
779:Dakshina
719:cementum
711:holotype
691:Lavanify
635:Left mf4
596:Left mf4
544:Left mf3
527:Locality
493:Dakshina
473:Dakshina
441:Sanskrit
413:Gondwana
399:Lavanify
394:Lavanify
379:(latest
367:Taxonomy
278:(latest
240:Synonyms
167:Family:
161:Mammalia
151:Chordata
147:Phylum:
141:Animalia
127:Domain:
3866:3617249
3853:1479502
3840:4968773
3827:4528429
3390:Nidimys
3362:Mesodma
3188:Litovoi
3174:Hainina
3021:Halodon
3000:Boffius
2796:Iberica
2727:Bolodon
2399:Tagaria
2392:Janumys
2336:Vintana
1996:Class:
1884:1816461
1856:Bibcode
1848:Science
1782:Bibcode
1120:grasses
772:Incisor
727:dentine
656:incisor
609:Left i1
448:therion
330:incisor
322:synonym
304:family
292:species
224:†
203:†
180:Genus:
157:Class:
3879:109644
1928:
1882:
1874:
1800:
1774:Nature
1165:Naskal
1071:, and
761:best.
723:enamel
652:molars
632:Naskal
619:Naskal
606:Naskal
593:Naskal
524:Fossil
481:jederi
437:Bharat
427:. The
404:Nature
389:Naskal
286:. The
268:mammal
104:) and
3848:IRMNG
3056:group
2003:Clade
1926:S2CID
1880:S2CID
1809:(PDF)
1798:S2CID
1770:(PDF)
1151:Notes
1139:India
567:Gokak
554:Gokak
541:Gokak
469:Gokak
334:molar
288:genus
272:India
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