625:
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fishing, and the plants and animals were utilised for food, medicine and creating tools. In 1804 3,800 the
Bidjigal reserve was included in 3,800 acres of land set aside by the Governor King as the Baulkham Hills Common, which was then given in 1818 to private individuals as land grants. The area was named Excelsior Reserve, and the flora and fauna suffered from the introduction of foreign wildlife, such as foxes, clearing of the land by settlers for construction projects, and wildfires. One such project was the M2 Motorway, which was considered 'environmentally controversial' due to the destruction and disconnection of parts of the bushland. In 2004, an agreement was reached between the Indigenous population and the local council, whereby representatives of Dharug descendants were included on a new board, and the park was renamed from Excelsior Reserve to Bidjigal, and the Native Title claim over the area was withdrawn.
80:
536:
476:
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ultimately determined that the area did not satisfy a significant
Aboriginal area, and denied an emergency stop work order. Over 21,000 artefacts were excavated and preserved, although thousands more were disturbed and destroyed by construction. The presence of objects such as weapons indicate the area was a site of conflict, marking a high probability of death occurring on the site.
463:. This has resulted in different sea animals, including the whales and eels, being totemic, or culturally significant. The eel's migratory journey would be celebrated at the start of the eel's migration, or the 'running of the eels', with feasts and ceremonies. Archaeological evidence has also indicated different tools and weapons were used for hunting local wildlife on land, such as
516:, and whether it was brought deliberately by European colonists. Nonetheless, the deaths decimated population size. This, alongside continuing expansion and violence from encroaching colonists into the area, prevented the Bidjigal clan from living life as they used to, although descendants continue to preserve and celebrate their culture.
648:, who began the family tradition of shellwork, amongst other achievements in language preservation. The men have partaken in the wooden crafts, with members such as Joe Timbery being a notable boomerang and shield maker. Laddie Timbery also gained notability in his later life for his boomerangs, valued both artistically and culturally.
353:
Men, women and children have different roles in the clan. Men are the warriors, gatekeepers and protectors, while women are storytellers and nurturers. The men are taught to respect and care for the women. Men and women would contribute to fishing, the main source of food for the
Bidjigal people. Men
344:
Fire is of central importance to
Bidjigal culture and practices. This includes smoking ceremonies, which are a means of communicating with the Fire Spirit. Smoking ceremonies are part of many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clans' cultures, and are a means of cleansing people and places of bad
651:
Garry
Purchase is an artist of Dharawal, Bidjigal and Dhungutti descent, and is part of the Timbery family. His paintings "The Journey" and "Missing Pieces" won both the Aboriginal Health award in 2014, 2016 and 2017 respectively. "The Journey" also won the People's Choice award at Mental Health Art
442:
The
Bidjigal population was an estimated 500 people at the time of the British arrival, making them one of the most densely populated areas prior to colonisation. The Bidjigal clan, like many of the Dharug people, utilised their access to water for fishing, with fish being their main source of food.
636:
area where they first discovered the First Fleet. They continue to tell their family story of the invasion, which tells that they gained some level of trust from the colonisers, turning into responsibility for certain members of the family such as Joe
Timbery, who was designated 'King of the Five
548:
The
Bidjigal clan were part of a conflict between Aboriginal Elders and the Federal Government regarding the construction of the Sydney light rail following the discovery of Indigenous artefacts on the construction site. Over 22 000 artefacts were found in a 100-metre-square area around the light
531:
The
Bidjigal Reserve is a 300 hectare corridor of protected public bushland along Darling Mills Creek, mostly lying within The Hills Shire. The Bidjigal clan have inhabited the area for at least 40 000 years. The rock overhangs and caves provided shelter, freshwater provided the opportunity for
362:
The women and girls have historically made decorative and functional 'shellwork' from seashells. Shellwork is common amongst coastal
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, although the connections and practices remain under-researched. La Perouse remains a major site of production. The
553:
in consultation, and that the consultants had a vested interest in the construction going ahead. Despite protest and an emergency heritage appeal under the federal 'Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act', construction went ahead. Federal Environment Minister Greg Hunt
504:
495:, as a way of combating the vast gap in weaponry capabilities to the colonists. One battle tactic was their War Dance, where the Aboriginal fighters would dance from a high vantage point to distract hostile colonists and slow their reloading speed before throwing spears.
394:
broadly refers to a meeting of Aboriginal Australians, sometimes of different clans. The Randwick City Council, in conjunction with the La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council, have hosted an annual Koojay Corroboree since 2015, although not running in 2021 due to the
582:
until 2004, when it was dedicated to preserve Aboriginal cultural heritage, local flora and fauna and for public recreation. The Bidjigal word Wolli means 'camping place', and is the name suburb and waterway through the Wolli Creek Valley, both being Wolli Creek.
549:
rail's proposed tram stabling yard in Randwick, including spearheads and cutting tools. Transport for NSW employed four Aboriginal groups to advise on cultural heritage following the discovery. Bidjigal Elders claimed that paid consultants were chosen over the
599:
in 1802. The treatment of his severed head and Pemulwuy's depiction in European art remain the subject of controversy and academic pursuit, in their significance as representatives of European disregard for Aboriginal culture and paternalism.
523:. These historical sites are at risk of being eroded and/or lost for a variety of reasons, including public intervention, vandalism, natural erosion and failure of governments or councils to take necessary actions to ensure preservation.
502:
Despite their resistance, several factors resulted in their displacement and the destruction of their ability to continue many aspects of their traditional way of life. The clan was severely weakened by the many deaths caused by the
511:
estimated deaths to be around half of the Aboriginal people, although estimates since then have been much higher, with most of the Bidjigal clan perishing. Debate remains around whether or not the disease was smallpox or
624:
354:
would use spears to hunt the fish while the women would use hooks and lines, and both would do so on canoes made from local wood. The women would also gather shellfish. Men would be the key providers for everything
643:
was a Bidjigal woman and Elder. She was also a notable shell worker, with her art featured in several museums throughout Australia. Esme and her sister Rose were fourth-generation shell artists and descendants of
2585:
637:
Islands' by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1816. However, they also allege that their openness did not protect them from the cruelty of the colonisers, who still raped and abused the women of the clan.
606:, known as Vic Simms or Uncle Vic, is a Bidjigal man and Australian singer and songwriter. He was the first Aboriginal man to appear on commercial TV and became an international recording artist.
632:
The Timbery family are said to have been present when the First Fleet arrived, and are descendants of Pemulwuy. They have notably impacted Aboriginal and secular culture, and still remain in the
487:
and the First Fleet. There was a strong Aboriginal resistance to colonisation. There was a period of sustained warfare throughout coastal Sydney, involving the Bidjigal clan at the
519:
Rock art and middens from the Bidjigal people remain in several areas across Sydney, including Bondi, George's River and the heritage listed paintings in a hidden, private cave in
363:
shellwork was popular amongst tourists, particularly amongst white women. The shellwork still blurs the line between art and artefact, and is now often part of museum exhibitions.
3407:
272:
people. Additionally, academic Kohen has suggested that there may have been some confusion between two distinct groups: the Bidjigal (living in the Baulkham Hills area) and the
2578:
1899:
1873:
1361:
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2150:
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3400:
2571:
2330:
1925:
1584:
2359:
1697:
3414:
3379:
1643:
947:
3428:
3475:
820:. Alana Harris, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (2nd ed.). Canberra, ACT: Aboriginal Studies Press.
3421:
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2476:
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2432:
2404:
1958:
1818:
1618:
1398:
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825:
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and Birrabirrragal clan groups, who were a shared saltwater cultural group, all from the Dharug language group and strong ties of kinship.
1763:
2449:
2396:
2277:
595:, who successfully led Aboriginal resistance forces against European colonisation, before finally being captured and killed by explorer
2509:
1844:
1381:
Reform of the international monetary system : some points of special interest to developing countries of the Commonwealth: a study
2491:
280:
area. Anthropologist Val Attenbrow discusses their possible origin and location, and concludes that the question is "somewhat vexed".
3256:
1530:
253:
1789:
1282:"Untangling Aboriginal resistance and the settler punitive expedition: the Hawkesbury River frontier in New South Wales, 1794–1810"
1723:
3470:
1557:
496:
313:
309:
207:
115:
2202:"Discover the first public art piece to be commissioned for Barangaroo – a work which draws on a strong connection to Country"
1145:"Discover the first public art piece to be commissioned for Barangaroo – a work which draws on a strong connection to Country"
2517:
2613:
2062:
292:, Their geographical location is confusing, as they seem to have been based in southern Sydney, in the region between the
411:
people, who both inhabited the land. The festival involves cultural activities, such as fire ceremonies, song and dance.
571:
567:
520:
404:
289:
633:
379:
1462:
891:
403:, with the name referring to the traditional Dharug name for the beach, Koojay. The Koojay Corroboree is held during
50:
1202:
2497:
2424:
1026:
715:
575:
103:
2736:
2655:
765:
60:
2095:
1558:"'Those floating islands brought something we'd never encountered before': The sickness that changed Australia"
609:
170:
1874:"Artefact find prompts emergency heritage appeal to federal government to halt Sydney light rail construction"
2514:
Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
400:
375:
324:
1741:
2594:
661:
535:
2037:
1060:"Shellwork on show: Colonial history, Australian Aboriginal women and the display of decorative objects"
199:
1671:
3338:
3300:
3283:
1987:
3290:
3266:
1281:
3345:
3321:
3314:
3150:
2414:
2151:"'Timbere sauvage de la nouvelle galles du sud en grand costume (Relache au Port Jackson)', 1822"
2015:
1309:
1097:
550:
142:
1585:"Was Sydney's smallpox outbreak of 1789 an act of biological warfare against Aboriginal tribes?"
1332:
3359:
3328:
3249:
2743:
2729:
2550:
2472:
2453:
2428:
2400:
2007:
1954:
1624:
1614:
1536:
1526:
1394:
1301:
1174:
1089:
831:
821:
740:
492:
396:
2443:
2418:
2390:
2521:
1999:
1384:
1293:
1079:
1071:
563:
460:
226:
153:
129:
2487:
1988:"The Artist as Pemulwuy: Somatic Histories, Stolen Remains and Contemporary Indigenous Art"
1059:
3485:
3352:
3307:
3273:
3154:
3142:
2598:
420:
238:
222:
215:
70:
382:. The public artwork remains on the southern side of the Alexander residential building.
2563:
3158:
2680:
2505:
2360:"Garry Purchase, a Multi Award-winning Dharawal/Dunghutti Australian Aboriginal Artist"
2201:
1144:
562:
The name of the Bidjigal is today remembered by the name of the 186-hectare (460-acre)
508:
452:
305:
281:
277:
230:
203:
138:
111:
2469:
The Darug and their neighbours: the traditional Aboriginal owners of the Sydney region
2227:
2122:
79:
3480:
3459:
3224:
3162:
2834:
2303:
2019:
1926:"Sydney artefact site not 'a significant Aboriginal area', says Environment Minister"
1313:
1101:
596:
444:
301:
234:
133:
1221:
475:
3086:
3058:
2939:
2813:
2645:
1116:
645:
640:
488:
484:
285:
269:
93:
2003:
1900:"Hunt rejects call for halt to light rail project to protect Aboriginal artefacts"
479:
Painting of Pemulwuy, the leader of the Aboriginal resistance in the Bidjigal clan
2392:
Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records
1297:
3189:
3079:
3030:
2932:
2869:
2701:
2175:
1416:
Shoalhaven Stories- Meet Laddie from Laddie Timbery's Aboriginal Arts and Crafts
1389:
912:
456:
448:
320:
297:
293:
257:
245:
125:
1749:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS)
419:
They were a subgroup/clan of the Dharug people, the Bidjigal would have spoken
3065:
3051:
2904:
2862:
2827:
2785:
2778:
2764:
2252:
1414:
1002:
979:
793:
513:
391:
371:
366:
In 2015 Bidjigal Elder, artist and shellworker Esme Timbery collaborated with
327:
are believed to have been concurrently occupied by a combination of Bidjigal,
211:
107:
2011:
1628:
1540:
1305:
1203:"Koojay Corroboree: Celebrating Aboriginal ceremony, tradition & culture"
1093:
1075:
835:
3203:
3107:
3100:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2946:
2883:
2638:
1764:"Protesters want Sydney light rail stopped after Indigenous artefacts found"
603:
464:
367:
40:
2673:
1379:
A. F. W. Plumptre (1972). "International Reserves and Reserve Currencies".
612:
is a professional rugby league footballer and is part of the Bidjigal and
3210:
3121:
3114:
3037:
3016:
3009:
2925:
2897:
2890:
2848:
2841:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2757:
2715:
2687:
671:
592:
249:
244:
The Bidjigal clan were the first Indigenous Australians to encounter the
165:
2234:, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
716:"Aboriginal people of the Cooks River valley | The Dictionary of Sydney"
3217:
3196:
3135:
3093:
3072:
3044:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2918:
2911:
2855:
2820:
2722:
2694:
666:
408:
328:
1084:
818:
Aboriginal Sydney: a guide to important places of the past and present
3231:
3128:
1644:"Chicken pox or smallpox in the colony at Sydney Cove in April, 1789"
218:
1790:"Indigenous artefacts found at Sydney light rail construction site"
284:, referring on the earliest historical sources, regarded them as a
3023:
2953:
2876:
2750:
2631:
2445:
Rivers and Resilience: Aboriginal People on Sydney's Georges River
623:
474:
345:
spirits to protect from the dangerous powers of spiritual beings.
78:
2331:"Established artists share their platform for Voices of the Land"
3171:
2771:
1845:"Sydney Light Rail project steam rolls Aboriginal heritage site"
1173:(2nd ed.). Macquarie: Google Books. pp. 79, 134, 267.
613:
2567:
578:
to the north-west of Sydney. The Bidjigal Reserve was known as
378:
on the seven-story shell art installation 'Shell Wall 2015' in
2278:"Laddie Timbery's death marks the end of an era at La Perouse"
1819:"Elders call for artefacts at 'site of magnitude' to be saved"
1246:
499:
was one of the major sites of warfare and Indigenous deaths.
1953:(5th ed.). Sydney: Sydney Metro. 2019. pp. 50–57.
1611:
St George pictorial memories: Rockdale, Kogarah, Hurstville
981:
Bidjigal Dreaming – Abyss Projects offshore research vessel
741:"Search | Indigenous Strategy, Education & Research"
1523:
The bushland of Bidjigal Reserve and adjoining reserves
1171:
Macquarie Atlas of Indigenous Australia: Second Edition
83:
The Sydney Basin, where the Bidjigal people are located
2063:"Indigenous map showcases NRL, NRLW players' heritage"
1613:(3rd ed.). Alexandria, N.S.W.: Kingsclear Books.
1698:"Ancient Bondi rock carvings at risk of destruction"
491:, from 1788 to 1817. The Aboriginal people utilised
3241:
3181:
2665:
2623:
2605:
698:
696:
694:
692:
159:
149:
121:
99:
89:
76:
66:
56:
46:
39:
23:
2420:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
795:Uncle Vic Simms yarns with new Indigenous students
539:Construction of the Randwick light rail stop, 2018
308:, and yet also seem to have inhabited land in the
1439:Ngoonjook Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues
1117:"Illuminating tradition: 'Shimmer' at Wollongong"
483:The Bidjigal people were the first to encounter
2121:NSW, Museums & Galleries (11 August 2015).
1525:. Baulkham Hills. Council. Castle Hill, N.S.W.
1488:Holroyd History and the Silent Boundary Project
202:people whose traditional lands are modern-day
2579:
2471:. Blacktown and District Historical Society.
1973:
1849:City Hub Sydney | Your Local Independent News
8:
948:"Coogee and the Bidjigal and Gadigal People"
591:Perhaps the most famous Bidjigal person was
2586:
2572:
2564:
2442:Goodall, Heather; Cadzow, Allison (2009).
3380:List of Australian Aboriginal group names
1951:FastTracking the Future – Primary Edition
1672:"Aboriginal culture of the Georges River"
1388:
1362:"Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment"
1083:
890:Wolli Creek Preservation Society (2011).
860:
1437:Woodroffe, Ronald D (1993). "Pemulwuy".
534:
872:
688:
2353:
2351:
2329:Mulholland, Harry (24 November 2021).
2145:
2143:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
1986:Roginski, Alexandra (2 October 2021).
1666:
1664:
1642:Carmody, Dr John (17 September 2010).
1516:
1366:Major Projects Planning Portal NSW Gov
1355:
1353:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1169:Arthur, Bill; Morphy, Frances (2019).
1139:
1137:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
885:
883:
881:
20:
3466:Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales
2257:Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences
2031:
2029:
1924:Murphy-Oates, Laura (26 April 2016).
1867:
1865:
1812:
1810:
1722:Sydney Hills Visitors Centre (n.d.).
1552:
1550:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
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1504:
1502:
1500:
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1327:
1325:
1323:
1267:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
974:
972:
970:
968:
946:Randwick City Council (21 May 2019).
848:
702:
7:
2176:"Timbery | The Dictionary of Sydney"
2155:National Portrait Gallery collection
1872:Murphy-Oates, Laura (1 April 2016).
1843:Harris, Christopher (15 June 2016).
1490:, Holroyd City Council, August 1997.
1383:. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.
788:
786:
2450:University of New South Wales Press
2397:University of New South Wales Press
399:. The Koojay Corroboree is held on
225:, Australia. The land includes the
2493:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2232:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1898:O'Sullivan, Matt (25 April 2016).
566:, in Baulkham Hills, Castle Hill,
407:and commemorates the Bidjigal and
405:National Reconciliation Week (NRW)
319:Coastal areas and beaches such as
14:
2649:(mainly Queensland bordering NSW)
288:occupying the area just north of
2282:La Perouse Museum & Headland
1817:Malone, Ursula (28 April 2016).
1788:Gerathy, Sarah (29 March 2016).
1762:Small, Virginia (1 April 2016).
1740:Moore, Penelope (January 1999).
2123:"At Home: Uncle Laddie Timbery"
2036:McBride, Laura (12 July 2021).
1583:Warren, Chris (17 April 2014).
268:The Bidjigal are a clan of the
252:, the Bidjigal people resisted
2518:Australian National University
1461:The Australian Museum (2021).
1201:Randwick City Council (n.d.).
1031:Indigenous Knowledge Institute
544:Sydney light rail construction
1:
3476:Australian Aboriginal culture
2547:Pemulwuy, the rainbow warrior
2004:10.1080/14443058.2021.1976249
1992:Journal of Australian Studies
1115:Samuels, Miranda (May 2016).
1025:Annab, Rachid (28 May 2020).
1696:Eder, Billie (15 May 2021).
1368:. WSP Australia Pty Limited.
1298:10.1080/14623528.2013.789206
1286:Journal of Genocide Research
471:Colonisation and its impacts
16:Aboriginal Australian people
2228:"Timbery, Emma (1842–1916)"
1390:10.14217/9781848591967-3-en
1280:Ryan, Lyndall (June 2013).
1064:Journal of Material Culture
770:www.georgesriver.nsw.gov.au
3502:
2606:Aboriginal language groups
2498:Melbourne University Press
2425:Cambridge University Press
2304:"Dream On Aboriginal Arts"
2253:"Boomerang by Joe Timbery"
745:www.indigenous.unsw.edu.au
312:of Sydney, in what is now
3389:
3369:
2656:Western Bundjalung people
2358:Carr, Deb (5 June 2019).
2100:The Sydney Morning Herald
2096:"A tale of two histories"
1974:Goodall & Cadzow 2009
1904:The Sydney Morning Herald
1742:"Native Title Newsletter"
1702:The Sydney Morning Herald
816:Hinkson, Melinda (2010).
164:
28:
1360:Hromek, Michael (2021).
1076:10.1177/1359183513509535
628:Portrait of Emma Timbery
434:in the Dharug language.
3471:Ethnic groups in Sydney
2545:Willmott, Eric (1987).
2506:Tindale, Norman Barnett
2389:Attenbrow, Val (2010).
1609:Lawrence, Joan (2011).
1521:Bear, Virginia (2004).
493:guerrilla-style warfare
237:. They are part of the
2870:Kawambarai/Gawambaraay
2488:"Pemulwuy (1750–1802)"
2180:dictionaryofsydney.org
1248:Koojay Corroboree 2016
1058:Nugent, Maria (2014).
720:dictionaryofsydney.org
662:Aboriginal Australians
629:
540:
507:in 1790. At the time,
480:
84:
3395:By state or territory
2614:Yugambeh-Bandjalangic
2486:Kohen, J. L. (2005).
2467:Kohen, J. L. (1993).
2067:National Rugby League
2042:The Australian Museum
1467:The Australian Museum
1337:Revesby Workers' Club
1333:"The Bidjigal People"
1226:marjorieoneill.com.au
1207:Randwick City Council
1121:Art Monthly Australia
952:Randwick City Council
627:
538:
478:
276:at Botany Bay in the
254:European colonisation
200:Aboriginal Australian
82:
3242:Aboriginal languages
913:"Aboriginal History"
892:"Traditional Owners"
604:William Victor Simms
340:Significance of fire
2415:Dixon, Robert M. W.
1676:Georges Riverkeeper
587:Notable individuals
160:Notable individuals
3408:Northern Territory
2737:Western Bundjalung
2666:Aboriginal peoples
2624:Aboriginal nations
2335:Central Coast News
1724:"Bidjigal Reserve"
1648:ABC Radio National
1589:ABC Radio National
1220:O'Neill, Majorie.
1027:"Fire in ceremony"
798:, 19 February 2020
766:"AboriginalPeople"
630:
620:The Timbery family
551:traditional owners
541:
481:
85:
3453:
3452:
3443:Western Australia
2800:Gidhabal/Githabul
2556:978-0-947116-42-2
2478:978-0-646-13619-6
2459:978-1-921-41074-1
2434:978-0-521-47378-1
2406:978-1-742-23116-7
2308:welldonestuff.com
2284:. 9 November 2019
2102:. 17 January 2005
1960:978-1-922030-45-0
1620:978-0-9871840-2-3
1463:"The Sydney wars"
1400:978-1-84859-196-7
1180:978-1-76078-694-6
827:978-0-85575-712-0
558:Modern place name
505:smallpox epidemic
459:and parts of the
397:COVID-19 pandemic
386:Koojay Corroboree
260:arrival in 1788.
176:
175:
150:Other geological:
3493:
3445:
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3355:
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3334:
3332:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3294:
3293:(or Yuwaaliyaay)
3286:
3279:
3277:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3182:Aboriginal clans
3174:
3165:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
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3019:
3012:
3005:
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2991:
2984:
2977:
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2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2807:Gringai/Guringay
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2634:
2616:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2560:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2520:. Archived from
2501:
2482:
2463:
2438:
2410:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2200:NSW Government.
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2092:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2033:
2024:
2023:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1518:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1458:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1087:
1055:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1004:Smoking Ceremony
999:
993:
992:
991:
989:
976:
963:
962:
960:
958:
943:
928:
927:
925:
923:
909:
903:
902:
896:
887:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
839:
813:
807:
806:
805:
803:
790:
781:
780:
778:
776:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
737:
731:
730:
728:
726:
712:
706:
700:
564:Bidjigal Reserve
527:Bidjigal Reserve
509:Governor Phillip
461:Hawkesbury River
227:Bidjigal Reserve
198:) people are an
154:Bidjigal Reserve
130:Hawkesbury River
57:Language branch:
47:Language family:
35:
21:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3422:South Australia
3420:
3413:
3406:
3401:New South Wales
3399:
3394:
3385:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3272:
3265:
3259:(or Bundjalung)
3258:
3255:
3248:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3177:
3170:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2661:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2619:
2612:
2601:
2599:New South Wales
2592:
2557:
2544:
2541:
2539:Further reading
2536:
2527:
2525:
2524:on 8 April 2017
2504:
2485:
2479:
2466:
2460:
2441:
2435:
2423:. Vol. 1.
2413:
2407:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2310:. 14 April 2016
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2226:Nugent, Maria,
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2069:. 3 August 2020
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2027:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1621:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1533:
1520:
1519:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1270:, p. xxxv.
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1200:
1199:
1188:
1181:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1057:
1056:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1007:, 8 August 2021
1001:
1000:
996:
987:
985:
978:
977:
966:
956:
954:
945:
944:
931:
921:
919:
911:
910:
906:
894:
889:
888:
879:
871:
867:
859:
855:
847:
843:
828:
815:
814:
810:
801:
799:
792:
791:
784:
774:
772:
764:
763:
759:
749:
747:
739:
738:
734:
724:
722:
714:
713:
709:
701:
690:
685:
680:
658:
622:
589:
560:
546:
529:
473:
440:
417:
388:
360:
351:
342:
337:
266:
239:Dharug language
223:New South Wales
169:
137:
128:, parts of the
77:Area (unknown)
67:Language group:
29:
24:Bidjigal people
17:
12:
11:
5:
3499:
3497:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3287:
3280:
3270:
3263:
3253:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2502:
2483:
2477:
2464:
2458:
2439:
2433:
2411:
2405:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2347:
2321:
2295:
2269:
2244:
2218:
2192:
2167:
2139:
2113:
2080:
2054:
2025:
1998:(4): 471–490.
1978:
1966:
1959:
1942:
1916:
1890:
1861:
1835:
1806:
1780:
1754:
1732:
1714:
1688:
1660:
1634:
1619:
1601:
1575:
1546:
1531:
1492:
1479:
1444:
1429:
1419:, 6 March 2018
1406:
1399:
1371:
1349:
1319:
1292:(2): 219–232.
1272:
1260:
1238:
1222:"About Coogee"
1212:
1186:
1179:
1161:
1133:
1107:
1043:
1017:
994:
984:, 25 July 2020
964:
929:
904:
877:
875:, p. 127.
865:
861:Attenbrow 2010
853:
841:
826:
808:
782:
757:
732:
707:
687:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
674:
669:
664:
657:
654:
621:
618:
588:
585:
580:Excelsior Park
559:
556:
545:
542:
528:
525:
472:
469:
453:Salt Pan Creek
445:Georges rivers
443:This includes
439:
436:
432:plains-dweller
416:
415:Language group
413:
387:
384:
376:Jonathan Jones
359:
356:
350:
347:
341:
338:
336:
333:
314:Baulkham Hills
310:Hills District
306:Salt Pan Creek
282:Norman Tindale
278:Salt Pan Creek
265:
262:
231:Salt Pan Creek
174:
173:
162:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
123:
119:
118:
116:Hills District
112:Western Sydney
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3498:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:(or Dharawal)
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:Wallumettagal
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:Wanggeriburra
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1976:, p. 31.
1975:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1564:. 6 June 2021
1563:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1532:0-9587344-2-9
1528:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1418:
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302:Georges River
299:
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258:First Fleet's
255:
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235:Georges River
232:
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212:south-eastern
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3087:Wirraayaraay
3059:Wangaaypuwan
2940:Nhaawuparlku
2814:Gumbaynggirr
2708:
2546:
2526:. Retrieved
2522:the original
2513:
2510:"Eora (NSW)"
2492:
2468:
2444:
2419:
2391:
2367:. Retrieved
2363:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:
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2256:
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2071:. Retrieved
2066:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1969:
1950:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1877:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:
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1793:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:
1757:
1751:. p. 2.
1748:
1735:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:
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1610:
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1275:
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1252:, retrieved
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1241:
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1225:
1215:
1206:
1170:
1164:
1152:. Retrieved
1148:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:
1110:
1070:(1): 75–92.
1067:
1063:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:
1020:
1009:, retrieved
1003:
997:
986:, retrieved
980:
955:. Retrieved
951:
920:. Retrieved
916:
907:
898:
873:Tindale 1974
868:
856:
844:
817:
811:
800:, retrieved
794:
773:. Retrieved
769:
760:
748:. Retrieved
744:
735:
723:. Retrieved
719:
710:
650:
646:Emma Timbery
641:Esme Timbery
639:
631:
608:
602:
590:
579:
561:
547:
530:
518:
501:
489:Sydney basin
485:Captain Cook
482:
441:
431:
427:
425:
418:
401:Coogee Beach
389:
365:
361:
352:
343:
318:
273:
267:
243:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:(also spelt
179:
177:
94:Sydney basin
51:Pama–Nyungan
31:
18:
3339:Wemba Wemba
3301:Madhi Madhi
3291:Gamilaraay
3284:Dyirringany
3257:Bandjalang
3190:Cammeraygal
3080:Wemba-Wemba
3031:Yuwaalaraay
2933:Muthi Muthi
2702:Barranbinya
2597:peoples in
2549:. Weldons.
2528:10 November
2364:Sydney Chic
2238:29 December
2047:29 December
2038:"Vic Simms"
1854:31 December
1799:31 December
1773:31 December
1653:29 December
1594:29 December
1568:29 December
1486:Flynn, M.,
1472:29 December
1441:(9): 23–31.
1423:28 December
1342:28 December
1011:26 December
988:26 December
917:Hello Bondi
899:Wolli Creek
802:26 December
775:25 November
725:22 November
572:North Rocks
568:Carlingford
521:Undercliffe
457:Wolli Creek
449:Cooks River
298:Wolli Creek
294:Cooks River
290:Castle Hill
246:First Fleet
3460:Categories
3415:Queensland
3308:Nganywyana
3267:Darkinjung
3155:Kombumerri
3066:Wanjiwalku
3052:Wandandian
2905:Malyangapa
2877:Kula/Kurnu
2863:Karenggapa
2828:Himberrong
2786:Gandangara
2779:Gamilaraay
2765:Djiringanj
2744:Darkinyung
2730:Bundjalung
2595:Aboriginal
2206:Barangaroo
2073:7 December
1268:Dixon 2002
1149:Barangaroo
1085:1885/62015
849:Kohen 1993
703:Kohen 2005
634:La Perouse
514:chickenpox
465:boomerangs
392:corroboree
380:Barangaroo
114:, and the
108:Botany Bay
90:Bioregion:
61:Yuin–Kuric
3346:Wiradjuri
3329:Tharawal
3322:Ngunnawal
3315:Ngiyambaa
3276:(or Eora)
3204:Gorualgal
3159:Mununjali
3108:Wiradjuri
3101:Wilyakali
3003:Paaruntyi
2996:Paakantyi
2989:Ngunnawal
2982:Ngiyampaa
2947:Nari-Nari
2884:Kuringgai
2639:Kuringgai
2369:2 January
2340:2 January
2314:3 January
2288:3 January
2262:3 January
2211:3 January
2185:3 January
2160:3 January
2132:3 January
2106:3 January
2020:244179624
2012:1444-3058
1935:2 January
1909:2 January
1883:2 January
1828:2 January
1707:4 January
1681:4 January
1629:774452781
1541:224258676
1314:108777720
1306:1462-3528
1254:2 January
1231:2 January
1154:3 January
1126:2 January
1102:144194168
1094:1359-1835
1036:2 January
957:2 January
922:4 January
836:655900028
750:7 January
683:Citations
610:Josh Cook
576:Northmead
426:The name
372:Kamilaroi
368:Wiradjuri
358:Shellwork
256:from the
248:. Led by
171:Josh Cook
104:St George
100:Location:
41:Hierarchy
3436:Victoria
3429:Tasmania
3374:See also
3360:Yugambeh
3250:Awabakal
3211:Jerrinja
3163:Tulgigin
3143:Yugambeh
3122:Wonnarua
3115:Wodiwodi
3038:Walbunja
3017:Tharawal
3010:Barindji
2926:Muruwari
2898:Kwiambal
2891:Kureinji
2849:Jukambal
2842:Jitajita
2793:Geawegal
2758:Djangadi
2716:Bigambul
2709:Bidjigal
2688:Awabakal
2508:(1974).
2417:(2002).
1823:ABC News
1794:ABC News
1768:ABC News
1562:ABC News
672:Pemulwuy
656:See also
593:Pemulwuy
428:Bidjigal
300:and the
274:Bediagal
264:Identity
250:Pemulwuy
233:and the
216:southern
196:Biddegal
184:Bediagal
180:Bidjigal
166:Pemulwuy
139:Salt Pan
136:rivers;
32:Bediagal
3274:Dharug
3218:Ngambri
3197:Gadigal
3149:Clans:
3136:Yaygirr
3094:Wiyabal
3073:Weilwan
3045:Walgalu
2975:Ngarigo
2968:Ngarbal
2961:Ngambaa
2919:Milpulo
2912:Maraura
2856:Galibal
2821:Gweagal
2723:Birrbay
2681:Arakwal
2382:Sources
667:Cadigal
616:clans.
438:History
409:Gadigal
374:artist
335:Culture
329:Gadigal
241:group.
204:western
192:Bedegal
188:Bejigal
134:Georges
3486:Sydney
3353:Worimi
3232:Wangal
3129:Worimi
2835:Jeithi
2695:Banbai
2674:Anēwan
2553:
2475:
2456:
2431:
2403:
2018:
2010:
1957:
1627:
1617:
1539:
1529:
1397:
1312:
1304:
1177:
1100:
1092:
834:
824:
430:means
421:Dharug
349:Gender
325:Coogee
270:Dharug
219:Sydney
214:, and
145:creeks
141:&
132:&
122:Rivers
71:Dharug
3024:Thaua
2954:Ngaku
2751:Darug
2646:Murri
2632:Koori
2127:MGNSW
2016:S2CID
1745:(PDF)
1727:(PDF)
1310:S2CID
1098:S2CID
895:(PDF)
678:Notes
321:Bondi
286:horde
221:, in
143:Wolli
126:Cooks
30:aka:
3481:Eora
3172:Yuin
2772:Eora
2551:ISBN
2530:2017
2473:ISBN
2454:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2401:ISBN
2371:2022
2342:2022
2316:2022
2290:2022
2264:2022
2240:2021
2213:2022
2187:2022
2162:2022
2134:2022
2108:2022
2075:2021
2049:2021
2008:ISSN
1955:ISBN
1937:2022
1930:NITV
1911:2022
1885:2022
1878:NITV
1856:2021
1830:2022
1801:2021
1775:2021
1709:2022
1683:2022
1655:2021
1625:OCLC
1615:ISBN
1596:2021
1570:2021
1537:OCLC
1527:ISBN
1474:2021
1425:2021
1395:ISBN
1344:2021
1302:ISSN
1256:2022
1233:2022
1175:ISBN
1156:2022
1128:2022
1090:ISSN
1038:2022
1013:2021
990:2021
959:2022
924:2022
832:OCLC
822:ISBN
804:2021
777:2021
752:2022
727:2021
614:Yuin
574:and
323:and
178:The
2000:doi
1385:doi
1294:doi
1080:hdl
1072:doi
304:to
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
