Biosynthesis - Knowledge (XXG)

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someone with a solid grasp of the full scope of this subject and of its secondary and advanced teaching literatures needs to address A, the clear structural issues of the article (e.g., general absence of catabolic biosynthetic pathways, insertion of macromolecule anabolic paths before all building

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group of L-glutamate 5-phosphate. This results in the formation of glutamate semialdehyde, which spontaneously cyclizes to pyrroline-5-carboxylate. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate is further reduced by the enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) to yield a proline amino acid.

2687:; codons encode a specific amino acid. This interaction is possible thanks to the ribosome, which serves as the site for protein synthesis. The ribosome possesses three tRNA binding sites: the aminoacyl site (A site), the peptidyl site (P site), and the exit site (E site). 4852:

Cirilli, M; Zheng, R; Scapin, G; Blanchard, JS (Sep 16, 2003). "The three-dimensional structures of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis dihydrodipicolinate reductase-NADH-2,6-PDC and -NADPH-2,6-PDC complexes. Structural and mutagenic analysis of relaxed nucleotide specificity".

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nonpolar tail. The phospholipid heads interact with each other and aqueous media, while the hydrocarbon tails orient themselves in the center, away from water. These latter interactions drive the bilayer structure that acts as a barrier for ions and molecules.

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on one end and interacting with mRNA at the other end; the latter pairing between the tRNA and mRNA ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the chain. Protein synthesis occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. Prokaryotic

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Errors in biosynthetic pathways can have deleterious consequences including the malformation of macromolecules or the underproduction of functional molecules. Below are examples that illustrate the disruptions that occur due to these inefficiencies.

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Mueller, EJ; Meyer, E; Rudolph, J; Davisson, VJ; Stubbe, J (Mar 1, 1994). "N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide: evidence for a new intermediate and two new enzymatic activities in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway of Escherichia coli".

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Following initiation, the polypeptide chain is extended via anticodon:codon interactions, with the ribosome adding amino acids to the polypeptide chain one at a time. The following steps must occur to ensure the correct addition of amino acids:

1700:, which makes an RNA primer with a free 3'OH. This primer is attached to the single-stranded DNA template, and DNA polymerase elongates the chain by incorporating nucleotides; DNA polymerase also proofreads the newly synthesized DNA strand. 1588:

In contrast to uracil, thymine bases are found mostly in DNA, not RNA. Cells do not normally contain thymine bases that are linked to ribose sugars in RNA, thus indicating that cells only synthesize deoxyribose-linked thymine. The enzyme

1359:(CAIR). The two step mechanism of CAIR formation from AIR is mostly found in single celled organisms. Higher eukaryotes contain the enzyme AIR carboxylase, which transfers a carboxyl group directly to AIR imidazole ring, forming CAIR. 911:"head" and a hydrocarbon chain "tail". These fatty acids create larger components, which in turn incorporate noncovalent interactions to form the lipid bilayer. Fatty acid chains are found in two major components of membrane lipids: 3679:

Firestine, SM; Poon, SW; Mueller, EJ; Stubbe, J; Davisson, VJ (Oct 4, 1994). "Reactions catalyzed by 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide carboxylases from Escherichia coli and Gallus gallus: a case for divergent catalytic mechanisms".

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Hadfield, A; Kryger, G; Ouyang, J; Petsko, GA; Ringe, D; Viola, R (Jun 18, 1999). "Structure of aspartate-beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli, a key enzyme in the aspartate family of amino acid biosynthesis".

1252:, the purine bases are attached to a deoxyribose sugar with a glycosidic bond. The purine bases on DNA and RNA nucleotides are synthesized in a twelve-step reaction mechanism present in most single-celled organisms. Higher 4643:

Larsen, TM; Boehlein, SK; Schuster, SM; Richards, NG; Thoden, JB; Holden, HM; Rayment, I (Dec 7, 1999). "Three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B: a short journey from substrate to product".

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Sampei, G; Baba, S; Kanagawa, M; Yanai, H; Ishii, T; Kawai, H; Fukai, Y; Ebihara, A; Nakagawa, N; Kawai, G (October 2010). "Crystal structures of glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase, PurD, from thermophilic eubacteria".

2667: 712: 1577:. This reaction that removes the 2'-OH of the ribose sugar to generate deoxyribose is not affected by the bases attached to the sugar. This non-specificity allows ribonucleoside triphosphate reductase to convert all 335:(e.g., mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis pathways), while others involve enzymes that are located across an array of cellular organelles and structures (e.g., the biosynthesis of glycosylated cell surface proteins). 1879: 2560: 801: 2355: 1892:

One major step in amino acid biosynthesis involves incorporating a nitrogen group onto the α-carbon. In cells, there are two major pathways of incorporating nitrogen groups. One pathway involves the enzyme

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Biglan, Kevin M.; Ross, Christopher A.; Langbehn, Douglas R.; Aylward, Elizabeth H.; Stout, Julie C.; Queller, Sarah; Carlozzi, Noelle E.; Duff, Kevin; Beglinger, Leigh J.; Paulsen, Jane S. (26 June 2009).

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Pillai, B; Cherney, M; Diaper, CM; Sutherland, A; Blanchard, JS; Vederas, JC; James, MN (Nov 23, 2007). "Dynamics of catalysis revealed from the crystal structures of mutants of diaminopimelate epimerase".

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to ensure, per WP:INTRO, that the lead properly summarises the article, and introduces no material that does not already appear validly and verifiably sourced to secondary sources within the article.

996:. Then, lysophosphatidate is converted to phosphatidate via the addition of another fatty acid chain contributed by a second acyl CoA; all of these steps are catalyzed by the glycerol phosphate 2315:

The diaminopimelic acid biosynthetic pathway of lysine belongs to the aspartate family of amino acids. This pathway involves nine enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert aspartate to lysine.

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After the uridine nucleotide base is synthesized, the other bases, cytosine and thymine are synthesized. Cytosine biosynthesis is a two-step reaction which involves the conversion of UMP to

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Hoskins, AA; Anand, R; Ealick, SE; Stubbe, J (Aug 17, 2004). "The formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase complex from Bacillus subtilis: metabolite-mediated complex formation".

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N-succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from glutamate onto N-succinyl-L-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate to yield N-succinyl-L,L-diaminopimelic acid.

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The combination of these two steps, both of which are catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, produces a charged tRNA that is ready to add amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.

1362: 2049:. The most common of the two synthetic pathways is the diaminopimelic acid pathway; it consists of several enzymatic reactions that add carbon groups to aspartate to yield lysine: 591:

Simple compounds which are converted into other compounds, usually as part of a multiple step reaction pathway. Two examples of this type of reaction occur during the formation of

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catalyzes the transamination reaction that removes the keto group of N-acetyl α-amino-ε-ketopimelate and replaces it with an amino group to yield N-succinyl-L-diaminopimelate.

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Translocation "kicks off" the tRNA at the E site and shifts the tRNA from the A site into the P site, leaving the A site free for an incoming tRNA to add another amino acid.

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group onto the uracil base of dUMP to generate dTMP. The thymidylate synthase reaction, dUMP + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate ⇔ dTMP + dihydrofolate, is shown to the right.

2913:, which is a necessary enzyme for purine nucleotide formation. The lack of enzyme reduces the level of necessary nucleotides and causes the accumulation of biosynthesis 1569:

Cytosine is a nucleotide that is present in both DNA and RNA. However, uracil is only found in RNA. Therefore, after UTP is synthesized, it is must be converted into a

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enzyme. Phospholipid synthesis continues in the endoplasmic reticulum, and the biosynthesis pathway diverges depending on the components of the particular phospholipid.

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process, which means that the resulting DNA molecule contains an original strand from the parent structure and a new strand. DNA synthesis is catalyzed by a family of

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Before translation can begin, the process of binding a specific amino acid to its corresponding tRNA must occur. This reaction, called tRNA charging, is catalyzed by

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catalyzes the reduction of (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate by NADPH to yield Δ'-piperideine-2,6-dicarboxylate (2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate) and H

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There are various types of phospholipids; consequently, their synthesis pathways differ. However, the first step in phospholipid synthesis involves the formation of

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Siaminopimelate decarboxylase catalyzes the final step in lysine biosynthesis that removes the carbon dioxide group from meso-diaminopimelic acid to yield L-lysine.

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from glutamine to uridine; this forms the cytosine base of CTP. The mechanism, which depicts the reaction UTP + ATP + glutamine ⇔ CTP + ADP + glutamate, is below:

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Weyand, S; Kefala, G; Weiss, MS (Mar 30, 2007). "The three-dimensional structure of N-succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis".

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to form a continuous strand. Then, to complete DNA replication, RNA primers are removed, and the resulting gaps are replaced with DNA and joined via DNA ligase.

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There are numerous codons within an mRNA transcript, and it is very common for an amino acid to be specified by more than one codon; this phenomenon is called

486:: chemical energy can be found in the form of high energy molecules. These molecules are required for energetically unfavourable reactions. Furthermore, the 5925: 5604: 2841:

Binds ribosomes sites A, P, E; anticodon base pairs with mRNA codon to ensure that the correct amino acid is incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain

5930: 2007: 1394: 1856:. The different amino acids are identified by the functional group. As a result of the three different groups attached to the α-carbon, amino acids are 1062:

which results in the formation of 3-dehydrosphinganine. This product is then reduced to form dihydrospingosine, which is converted to sphingosine via the

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Mirwaldt, C; Korndörfer, I; Huber, R (Feb 10, 1995). "The crystal structure of dihydrodipicolinate synthase from Escherichia coli at 2.5 A resolution".

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from the amino acid cysteine. Furthermore, the conversion of serine to glycine provides the carbons needed for the biosynthesis of the methionine and

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Born, TL; Blanchard, JS (October 1999). "Structure/function studies on enzymes in the diaminopimelate pathway of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis".

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Beaman, TW; Binder, DA; Blanchard, JS; Roderick, SL (Jan 21, 1997). "Three-dimensional structure of tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase".

5908: 2575: 1894: 614: 2285:. In the case of methionine, the methyl carbon is derived from serine and the sulfur group, but in most organisms, it is derived from cysteine. 1090:. Cholesterol is a particularly important molecule. Not only does it serve as a component of lipid membranes, it is also a precursor to several 5952: 2927:. Shortage of these immune system components increases the susceptibility to infectious agents because the affected individuals cannot develop 2105: 1983: 1982:

initiates the biosynthesis of proline by transferring a phosphate group from ATP onto glutamate. The next reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme

2281:, and aspartate. Lysine and isoleucine are considered part of the aspartate family even though part of their carbon skeleton is derived from 899:

Many intricate macromolecules are synthesized in a pattern of simple, repeated structures. For example, the simplest structures of lipids are

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catalyzes the transfer of a succinyl group from succinyl-CoA on to tetrahydrodipicolinic acid to yield N-succinyl-L-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate.

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molecules. In this catalysis reaction, glutamine serves as the nitrogen source. An image illustrating this reaction is found to the right.

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occurs by the 3'OH of the growing chain on the innermost phosphorus atom of a deoxynucleoside triphosphate; this yields the formation of a

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pathway, inhibiting the entry of LDL into the liver and other cells. This causes a buildup of LDL in the blood plasma, which results in

1414: 5817: 4960:"Structural basis for catalysis by the mono- and dimetalated forms of the dapE-encoded N-succinyl-L,L-diaminopimelic acid desuccinylase" 5493: 5451: 5258: 5138: 3931: 3879: 3766: 3521: 3489: 3459: 3366: 3332: 3307: 3273: 3198: 3162: 3123: 3098: 832: 6769: 5045:"Crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis diaminopimelate decarboxylase, an essential enzyme in bacterial lysine biosynthesis" 4385:"Enzyme adaptation to alkaline pH: atomic resolution (1.08 A) structure of phosphoserine aminotransferase from Bacillus alcalophilus" 3234: 2694:. In all, there are 64 codons, 61 of each code for one of the 20 amino acids, while the remaining codons specify chain termination. 2398: 465:

Biosynthesis occurs due to a series of chemical reactions. For these reactions to take place, the following elements are necessary:

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Bandeali, Salman J.; Daye, Jad; Virani, Salim S. (30 November 2013). "Novel Therapies for Treating Familial Hypercholesterolemia".

4742:"Structures of R- and T-state Escherichia coli aspartokinase III. Mechanisms of the allosteric transition and inhibition by lysine" 2002:(glutamate N-acetyltransferase) is responsible for catalyzing the acetylation step. Subsequent steps are catalyzed by the enzymes 1035:

that consist of a fatty acid chain attached to the amino group of a sphingosine backbone. These ceramides are synthesized from the

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Like phospholipids, these fatty acid derivatives have a polar head and nonpolar tails. Unlike phospholipids, sphingolipids have a

4557:"The active site of O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase is the anchor point for bienzyme complex formation with serine acetyltransferase" 980: 5597: 2920: 1116: 1042: 1617:

As DNA polymerase moves in a 3' to 5' direction along the template strand, it synthesizes a new strand in the 5' to 3' direction

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FGAR amidotransferase catalyzes the addition of a nitrogen group to FGAR, forming formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM).

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disease is caused from errors that occur during DNA synthesis. These errors or mutations lead to the expression of a mutant

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family of amino acids includes the amino acids that derive from the amino acid glutamate. This family includes: glutamate,

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This is followed by the transfer of the aminoacyl group from aminoacyl-AMP to a tRNA molecule. The resulting molecule is

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by transferring the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA at the N-α position; this prevents spontaneous cyclization. The enzyme

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Simple compounds that are converted into other compounds with the assistance of cofactors. For example, the synthesis of

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processes where chemical substances absorbed as nutrients (or previously converted through biosynthesis) serve as enzyme

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The biosynthesis of glutamate and glutamine is a key step in the nitrogen assimilation discussed above. The enzymes

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Bell, JK; Grant, GA; Banaszak, LJ (Mar 30, 2004). "Multiconformational states in phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase".

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Velasco, AM; Leguina, JI; Lazcano, A (October 2002). "Molecular evolution of the lysine biosynthetic pathways".

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Gault, CR; LM Obeid; YA Hannun (2010). "An Overview of Sphingolipid Metabolism: From Synthesis to Breakdown".

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DNA synthesis, the following section denotes key characteristics of DNA replication shared by both organisms.

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The tRNA anticodon interacts with the mRNA codon in order to bind an amino acid to growing polypeptide chain.

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catalyzes the removal of acyl group from N-succinyl-L,L-diaminopimelic acid to yield L,L-diaminopimelic acid.

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consist of a purine base attached to a ribose sugar with a glycosidic bond. In the case of RNA nucleotides

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Kappock, TJ; Ealick, SE; Stubbe, J (October 2000). "Modular evolution of the purine biosynthetic pathway".

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catalyzes the acetylation reaction that results in ring opening and yields N-acetyl α-amino-ε-ketopimelate.

1268:(IMP), which is the first key intermediate in purine base biosynthesis. Further enzymatic modification of 95:; C, remaining gross factual errors (only those in the lead having yet been superficially addressed); etc.. 6494: 6482: 6373: 6238: 6012: 5878: 5737: 5687: 5378:

Kang, Tae Hyuk; Park, Yongjin; Bader, Joel S.; Friedmann, Theodore; Cooney, Austin John (9 October 2013).

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Cholesterol binding and cholesterol transport proteins : structure and function in health and disease

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catalyzes the cleavage of serine to yield glycine and transfers the cleaved carbon group of serine onto

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initiates the diaminopimelic acid pathway by phosphorylating aspartate and producing aspartyl phosphate.

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As previously mentioned, translation occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination.

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catalyzes the addition of nitrogen from glutamine or soluble ammonia to aspartate to yield asparagine.

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The biosynthesis of aspartate is a one step reaction that is catalyzed by a single enzyme. The enzyme

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conformation. Proline has a functional group on the α-carbon that forms a ring with the amino group.

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reactions that convert substrates into more complex products. Nucleotides are the building blocks of

454: 4658: 4608:; Lesk, AM; Chothia, C (Sep 5, 1992). "Domain closure in mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase". 6801: 6656: 6610: 6535: 6508: 6406: 6388: 6341: 6279: 6175: 6155: 6024: 6019: 5920: 5667: 2932: 1987: 1704: 1582: 1465: 1384: 1128:

and the second and third stages occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum. The stages are as follows:

818: 498:. Often, the terminal phosphate is split off during hydrolysis and transferred to another molecule. 276: 6752: 5785: 2014:

and yield the N-acetyl-L-ornithine. The acetyl group of acetylornithine is removed by the enzyme

1928:(GS) is able to transfer ammonia onto glutamate and synthesize glutamine, replenishing glutamine. 1916:

The other pathway for incorporating nitrogen onto the α-carbon of amino acids involves the enzyme

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Pérez-Arellano, I; Carmona-Alvarez, F; Martínez, AI; Rodríguez-Díaz, J; Cervera, J (March 2010).

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Other DNA and RNA nucleotide bases that are linked to the ribose sugar via a glycosidic bond are

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More generally, this synthesis occurs in three stages, with the first stage taking place in the

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There are two distinct lysine biosynthetic pathways: the diaminopimelic acid pathway and the

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between the tRNA in the A site and the polypeptide chain attached to the tRNA in the P site

2691: 2319: 2300:. Asparagine is synthesized by an ATP-dependent addition of an amino group onto aspartate; 2223: 2053: 1849: 1671: 1557:'Thymidylate synthase reaction: dUMP + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate ⇔ dTMP + dihydrofolate 437:, the building blocks for macromolecules. Some important biological macromolecules include: 2705: 1355:

rearranges the carboxyl functional group and transfers it onto the imidazole ring, forming

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catalyzes ring closure, which involves removal of a water molecule, forming the 5-membered

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In the simplest sense, the reactions that occur in biosynthesis have the following format:

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Geer, Gerald Karp ; responsible for the revision of chapter 15 Peter van der (2004).

3788: 3029: 2902: 2442:; however, this section will mostly focus on the commonalities between the two organisms. 2233:

Cysteine biosynthesis is a two-step reaction that involves the incorporation of inorganic

2203: 2077: 1660: 1656: 1644: 1404:, which performs the purine ring closure and forms the inosine monophosphate intermediate. 1204: 997: 993: 483: 414: 315:, from simple to complex, are converted into other compounds, and so it includes both the 587:

Some variations of this basic equation which will be discussed later in more detail are:

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removes the carbon skeleton of the added aspartate, leaving the amino group and forming

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Template for protein synthesis; contains regions named codons which encode amino acids

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catalyzes the reduction of dihydrodipicolinic acid to yield tetrahydrodipicolinic acid.

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catalyzes the deacylation of N-succinyl-L-diaminopimelate to yield L,L-diaminopimelate.

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3. The dissociation and "recycling" of the ribosome for future translation processes

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group to the β-aspartyl-4-semialdehyde, and a water molecule is removed. This causes

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Process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms

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Gokulan, K; Rupp, B; Pavelka MS, Jr; Jacobs WR, Jr; Sacchettini, JC (May 16, 2003).

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reaction of aspartate-β-semialdehyde with pyruvate to yield dihydrodipicolinic acid.

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from ATP onto the carboxylate group of aspartate, which yields aspartyl-β-phosphate.

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can only synthesize ten of the twenty standard amino acids. The other amino acids,

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The completion of the initiation phase is dependent on the following three events:

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There are two known pathways for the biosynthesis of glycine. Organisms that use

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group, forming the intermediate N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide (N5-CAIR).

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GAR synthetase performs the condensation of activated glycine onto PRPP, forming

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Green, Rachel; Harry F. Noller; et al. (1997). "Ribosomes and Translation".

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In addition to binding an amino acid, tRNA has a three nucleotide unit called an

2253:, replaces the acetyl group of O-acetyl-L-serine with sulfide to yield cysteine. 5979: 4002: 3405: 3039: 3019: 2888: 2426: 2418: 2322:

catalyzes the initial step in the diaminopimelic acid pathway by transferring a

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maintain the two single-stranded DNA templates stabilized prior to replication.

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Orotate phosphoribosyl hydrolase (OMP pyrophosphorylase) condenses orotate with

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occurring in biological contexts, is a term most often referring to multi-step,

5021: 4516:"The structure and mechanism of serine acetyltransferase from Escherichia coli" 3400:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 688. pp. 1–23. 2981: 1413: 1223: 91:

blocks covered, etc.); B, discrepancies in scope vs. other major articles, cf.

6605: 5343: 4975: 4936: 4710: 3963: 2995: 2977: 2950: 2776: 2765: 2323: 2278: 2274: 2242: 2215: 2211: 2146: 2027: 1995: 1813: 1797: 1789: 1761: 1753: 1735: 1731: 1664: 1636: 1622: 1497:, located within the mitochondrial inner membrane, oxidizes dihydroorotate to 1325:

onto the amino group of GAR, forming formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR).

1253: 1200: 1172: 1160:

3. The conversion of squalene into cholesterol via several enzymatic reactions

1110: 1013: 810: 505: 495: 487: 442: 316: 308: 288: 3753:

Broach, edited by Jeffrey N. Strathern, Elizabeth W. Jones, James R. (1981).

3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 2662:{\displaystyle {\ce {{Aminoacyl-AMP}+ tRNA <=> {aminoacyl-tRNA}+ AMP}}} 2214:

pathway. This pathway converts serine synthesized from the intermediates of

707:{\displaystyle {\ce {{Precursor~molecule}+ATP<=>{product~AMP}+PP_{i}}}} 490:

of these compounds drives a reaction forward. High energy molecules, such as

275:, with conversion by the living organism either into simpler or more complex 6667: 5969: 5834: 5292: 3049: 2966: 2954: 2680: 2676: 2414: 2373:

catalyzes the inversion of the α-carbon of L,L-diaminopimelic acid to yield

2266: 2262: 2150: 2115: 2023: 1941: 1937: 1910: 1902: 1817: 1809: 1531: 1454: 1370: 1335: 1301: 1289: 1241: 1237: 1208: 1125: 1036: 509: 501: 477: 422: 332: 331:. A particular biosynthetic pathway may be located within a single cellular 320: 268: 17: 5572: 5423: 5351: 5311: 5189: 5070: 5061: 5044: 5029: 4993: 4944: 4874: 4830: 4803: 4795: 4767: 4758: 4741: 4718: 4675: 4590: 4541: 4532: 4515: 4459: 4418: 4369: 4308: 4273: 4232: 4177: 4128: 3971: 3629: 3594: 3558: 3433: 2724:

2. The binding of a charged initiator tRNA into the P site of the ribosome

2066:-dependent reduction of aspartyl phosphate to yield aspartate semialdehyde. 5486:

Neurobiology of Huntington's disease : applications to drug discovery

5325: 5323: 5321: 5224: 4909: 4838: 4629: 4500: 4473:

Monschau, N; Stahmann, KP; Sahm, H; McNeil, JB; Bognar, AL (May 1, 1997).

4159: 3849: 3739: 3701: 3665: 2852:

Directs protein synthesis and catalyzes the formation of the peptide bond

1780:

all of the 20 standard amino acids that are needed by all living species.

1039:

of sphingosine. The biosynthetic pathway for sphingosine is found below:

6689: 5127: 4740:

Kotaka, M; Ren, J; Lockyer, M; Hawkins, AR; Stammers, DK (Oct 20, 2006).

4400: 4079: 3266:

Phospholipids: Biochemical, Pharmaceutical, and Analytical Considerations

2961:

in the gene. Huntington's disease is characterized by neuronal loss and

2282: 2188: 2161: 2138: 1949: 1821: 1773: 1675: 1426: 1346: 1176: 1148: 1103: 1095: 1032: 438: 434: 5802: 3874:(4th ed., Wiley International ed.). New York: J. Wiley & Sons. 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3693: 3657: 3586: 2397: 2389: 1718:

Two types of strands are created simultaneously during replication: the

724:

requires acetyl CoA, while the synthesis of another membrane component,

279:. Examples of biosynthetic pathways include those for the production of 6709: 4958:

Nocek, BP; Gillner, DM; Fan, Y; Holz, RC; Joachimiak, A (Apr 2, 2010).

3950:

Wu, G (May 2009). "Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition".

2962: 2924: 2555:{\displaystyle {\ce {{Amino~acid}+ATP<=>{aminoacyl-AMP}+PP_{i}}}} 2207: 2199: 2195: 2142: 1945: 1921: 1869: 1861: 1793: 1697: 1573:

form to be incorporated into DNA. This conversion involves the enzyme

1498: 1442: 1422: 1297: 1091: 1083: 942: 796:{\displaystyle {\ce {{Precursor~molecule}+Cofactor->macromolecule}}} 5554: 4901: 4866: 4667: 4361: 3621: 3454:(6. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa. : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1878: 1560: 1552: 1115: 1041: 988:

The pathway starts with glycerol 3-phosphate, which gets converted to

979: 786: 565: 5582: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3325:

Lipid bilayers : structure and interactions ; with 6 tables

3009: 2684: 2270: 2234: 2145:. Most microorganisms and plants obtain the sulfur for synthesizing 2134: 1994:

In the first step of arginine biosynthesis in bacteria, glutamate is

1953: 1805: 1785: 1781: 1602: 1565:

Ctp synthase mechanism: UTP + ATP + glutamine ⇔ CTP + ADP + glutamate

1535: 1430: 1196: 1188: 1055: 766: 545: 264: 5171: 4110: 4058:

Umbarger, HE (1978). "Amino acid biosynthesis and its regulation".

3452:

Basic neurochemistry : molecular, cellular and medical aspects

2739:

1. The binding of the correct tRNA into the A site of the ribosome

2080:

and gives rise to (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate.

1260:

in ten reaction steps. Purine bases are synthesized by converting

809:

Simple compounds that join to create a macromolecule. For example,

5488:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group. 4383:

Dubnovitsky, AP; Kapetaniou, EG; Papageorgiou, AC (January 2005).

2862: 2788:

A summary table of the key players in translation is found below:

2704: 2396: 2388: 2063: 2036: 1964: 1898: 1841: 1831: 1703:

During the polymerization reaction catalyzed by DNA polymerase, a

1612: 1570: 1412: 1079: 890: 430: 307:

and other key intermediate and transactional molecules needed for

4432:

Wang, W; Kim, R; Jancarik, J; Yokota, H; Kim, SH (Jan 10, 2001).

1924:

onto 2-oxoglutarate and form glutamate. Furthermore, the enzyme

1730:

and grows away from the replication fork. Okazaki fragments are

872:{\displaystyle {\ce {{Molecule~1}+Molecule~2->macromolecule}}} 6684: 3993:

Mousdale, D. M.; Coggins, J. R. (1991). "Amino Acid Synthesis".

2936: 2906: 2727:

3. The proper alignment of the ribosome with mRNA's start codon

2422: 2410: 1883:

Glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase and glutamine synthetase

1598: 1594: 1505: 1187:. Nucleotides are composed of a five-membered ring formed from 600: 426: 323:(building up and breaking down) of complex molecules (including 5806: 5586: 3718:

Srere, PA (1987). "Complexes of sequential metabolic enzymes".

2124:

catalyzes the removal of the carboxyl group, yielding L-lysine.

6694: 5437: 5435: 5433: 3024: 2884: 2879:: this disorder is characterized by the absence of functional 1632: 1458: 1184: 1180: 1151:

via the condensation of six molecules of isopentenyl phosphate

450: 342: 327:). Biosynthetic processes are often represented via charts of 178: 117: 70: 29: 5373: 5371: 5369: 2779:

of the polypeptide chain from the tRNA located in the P site

2753:

or advancement of the tRNA-mRNA complex by three nucleotides

2292:

catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from aspartate onto

2210:. The other pathway of glycine biosynthesis is known as the 2100:

N-succinyl-α-amino-ε-ketopimelate-glutamate aminotransaminase

1840:

The general structure of the standard amino acids includes a

2895:

that narrow arteries and increase the risk of heart attacks.

1373:

and the added carboxyl group of the imidazole ring, forming

4514:

Pye, VE; Tingey, AP; Robson, RL; Moody, PC (Sep 24, 2004).

4026:

Miflin, B. J.; Lea, P. J. (1977). "Amino Acid Metabolism".

3761:. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 3153:

Voet, Donald; Voet, Judith G.; Pratt, Charlotte W. (2013).

2931:. This immunological disorder results from a deficiency in 1542:

catalyzes the next reaction step: the conversion of UTP to

1272:

produces the adenosine and guanosine bases of nucleotides.

291:, but also for the production of all classes of biological 5479: 5477: 3872:

Cell and molecular biology : concepts and experiments

3713: 3711: 3516:(6th ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Benjamin Cummings. 2336:

of aspartyl-β-phosphate to yield aspartate-β-semialdehyde.

1477:

carbamoyl phosphate with aspartate to form uridosuccinate.

945:

structure of phospholipids. The phospholipid molecule is

3357:

Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg; John L. Tymoczko; Lubert (2007).

3155:

Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level

2867:

Familial hypercholesterolemia causes cholesterol deposits

2548: 2012:

acetylornithine/succinyldiamino pimelate aminotransferase

700: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 2249:. The following reaction step, catalyzed by the enzyme 1375:

N-succinyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide

607:. For some of these steps, chemical energy is required: 453:

molecules, which are composed of nucleotides joined via

2917:, which results in the aforementioned unusual behavior. 2114:

catalyzes the conversion of L,L-diaminopimelate to the

1764:

found in nature of which only twenty two, known as the

1437:

biosynthesis involves an enzyme that is located in the

813:

join to form phospholipids. In turn, phospholipids and

207: 144: 5095:(3rd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 2965:. Symptoms of the disease include: movement disorder, 2620: 2503: 1667:

with a free 3'OH in which to incorporate nucleotides.

1593:

is responsible for synthesizing thymine residues from

1518:

catalyzes the conversion of orotidine-5'-phosphate to

732:

backbone. The general equation for these examples is:

657: 5274:

Frank, J; Haixiao Gao; et al. (September 2007).

2683:

with specific nucleotide triplets on the mRNA called

2578: 2463: 2171:. The following reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme 835: 742: 617: 535: 2768:

enters the A site. Then, the following steps occur:

1441:

and multifunctional enzymes that are located in the

1395:

N-formylaminoimidazole- 4-carboxamide ribonucleotide

1050:

As the image denotes, during sphingosine synthesis,

6626: 6387: 6303: 6224: 6174: 6050: 5993: 5869: 5620: 5010:

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

4207:"N-Succinyl-L-diaminopimelic-glutamic transaminase" 3398:

Sphingolipids as Signaling and Regulatory Molecules

3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 2311:

The diaminopimelic acid lysine biosynthetic pathway

2218:to glycine. In the glycolytic pathway, the enzyme 1659:that require four deoxynucleoside triphosphates, a 992:via the addition of a fatty acid chain provided by 5484:Hughes, edited by Donald C. Lo, Robert E. (2010). 5246: 5126: 3754: 3300:Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes 2661: 2554: 871: 795: 706: 574: 4053: 4051: 4049: 3361:(6. ed., 3. print. ed.). New York: Freeman. 2859:Diseases associated with macromolecule deficiency 2628: 2627: 2610: 2609: 2511: 2510: 2493: 2492: 1296:. The following step requires the activation of 665: 664: 647: 646: 5442:Walport, Ken Murphy, Paul Travers, Mark (2011). 4555:Huang, B; Vetting, MW; Roderick, SL (May 2005). 4248:"N-Succinyl-L-2,6-diaminopimelic acid deacylase" 3757:The Molecular biology of the yeast Saccharomyces 1872:, all of the amino acids found in life have the 472:: these compounds are the starting molecules or 4142:Xu, Y; Labedan, B; Glansdorff, N (March 2007). 3945: 3943: 2409:. During translation, genetic material called 728:, requires NADH and FADH for the formation the 512:and they catalyze a reaction by increasing the 476:in a reaction. These may also be viewed as the 2911:hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 2405:Protein synthesis occurs via a process called 1768:, are the building blocks for protein. Only 575:{\displaystyle {\ce {Reactant -> Product}}} 86:needs attention from an expert in biochemistry 5818: 5598: 5446:(8. ed.). Oxford: Taylor & Francis. 3114:Zumdahl, Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. (2008). 2425:(tRNA) which serves as an adaptor by binding 2179:. The final step is catalyzed by the enzyme 1986:(P5CS), which catalyzes the reduction of the 1752:A protein is a polymer that is composed from 1393:transfers a carbonyl group to AICAR, forming 1385:5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide 825:. This reaction may be depicted as follows: 8: 5466:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5249:Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Biosynthesis 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5154:Jackson, R.J.; et al. (February 2010). 5133:(2nd ed.). Washington (DC): ASM Press. 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3894:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3814:O'Donovan, GA; Neuhard, J (September 1970). 3381:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3249:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3138:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2764:The last stage of translation occurs when a 2356:Tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase 2241:catalyzes the transfer of acetyl group from 2237:. In microorganisms and plants, the enzyme 1952:. This family also includes the amino acid 1711:that attaches a new nucleotide and releases 311:. Thus, in biosynthesis, any of an array of 5245:Weissbach, Herbert; Pestka, Sidney (1977). 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3093:(5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. 2901:: this genetic disease is characterized by 2721:1. The recruitment of the ribosome to mRNA 2008:N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase 1276:The first step in purine biosynthesis is a 1195:sugar in DNA; these sugars are linked to a 1016:cells and are particularly abundant in the 923:, does not contain these fatty acid units. 377:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5825: 5811: 5803: 5605: 5591: 5583: 4148:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 3898:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2350:4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase 2084:4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase 933:Phospholipid § Phospholipid synthesis 5562: 5521:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5413: 5403: 5301: 5291: 5179: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5060: 4983: 4757: 4657: 4580: 4531: 4490: 4449: 4408: 4263: 4246:KINDLER, SH; GILVARG, C (December 1960). 4222: 4167: 4118: 3926:(2. print. ed.). New York: Freeman. 3839: 3816:"Pyrimidine metabolism in microorganisms" 3794:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3475: 3473: 3471: 3445: 3443: 3423: 3298:Vance, Dennis E.; Vance, Jean E. (2008). 3223:Cox, David L. Nelson, Michael M. (2008). 2643: 2639: 2629: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2547: 2542: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2494: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2070:4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase 1670:In order for DNA replication to occur, a 977:. The synthesis pathway is found below: 861: 847: 837: 836: 834: 761: 744: 743: 741: 699: 694: 676: 666: 659: 658: 656: 648: 641: 639: 638: 636: 619: 618: 616: 540: 536: 534: 397:Learn how and when to remove this message 244:Learn how and when to remove this message 226:Learn how and when to remove this message 167:Learn how and when to remove this message 5276:"The process of mRNA–tRNA translocation" 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3229:(5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. 3193:(6th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. 2790: 2782:2. The release of the polypeptide chain 2306: 1860:. For all standard amino acids, except 1417:Uridine monophosphate (UMP) biosynthesis 1222: 421:), and catalytic enzymes which may need 4205:PETERKOFSKY, B; GILVARG, C (May 1961). 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3074: 2957:residues that are encoded by expanding 2921:Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) 2603: 2486: 2202:as the major carbon source utilize the 2156:During serine biosynthesis, the enzyme 2137:family of amino acid includes: serine, 1895:glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase 1621:Although there are differences between 1487:, a reaction that loses water, to form 1082:belongs to a class of molecules called 640: 5511: 5501: 5459: 4323:"Escherichia coli K-12 substr. MG1655" 3887: 3784: 3774: 3512:Watson, James D.; et al. (2007). 3374: 3242: 3131: 3118:(8th ed.). CA: Cengage Learning. 2365:Succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase 2094:Tetrahydrodipicolinate acyltransferase 1824:for babies are obtained through diet. 1357:carboxyamino- imidazole ribonucleotide 1086:. Sterols have four fused rings and a 101:may be able to help recruit an expert. 4604:McPhalen, CA; Vincent, MG; Picot, D; 3302:(5th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 3055:Chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls 2923:: SCID is characterized by a loss of 1575:ribonucleoside triphosphate reductase 1464:in an ATP dependent reaction to form 1138:, the "building block" of cholesterol 7: 6740: 5773: 3226:Lehninger principles of biochemistry 3187:Lodish, Harvey; et al. (2007). 3157:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 2935:activity, which causes a buildup of 2332:catalyzes the reduction reaction by 2330:Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase 2160:catalyzes the initial reaction that 2060:Aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase 1688:single-stranded DNA binding proteins 919:. A third major membrane component, 375:adding citations to reliable sources 6764: 5049:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 4746:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 4520:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 4289:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 4252:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 4211:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 4072:10.1146/annurev.bi.47.070178.002533 4040:10.1146/annurev.pp.28.060177.001503 3732:10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.000513 3539:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2953:protein, which contains repetitive 2849:initiation, elongation, termination 2838:initiation, elongation, termination 2827:initiation, elongation, termination 2257:The aspartate family of amino acids 1932:The glutamate family of amino acids 1726:, which is made discontinuously in 1449:The first step involves the enzyme 1400:The final step involves the enzyme 4492:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10349.x 4192:"MetaCyc: L-lysine biosynthesis I" 3323:Katsaras, J.; et al. (2001). 2909:. It is caused by the absence of 1693:DNA synthesis is initiated by the 1534:addition to UMP is catalyzed by a 409:Elements of biosynthesis include: 25: 4028:Annual Review of Plant Physiology 3995:Target Sites for Herbicide Action 3920:Griffiths, Anthony J. F. (1999). 2969:decline, and behavioral disorder. 2771:1. The recognition of codons by 1012:backbone. Sphingolipids exist in 305:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 45:This article has multiple issues. 6763: 6751: 6739: 6728: 6727: 5784: 5772: 5761: 5760: 5217:10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.679 2994: 2980: 2265:family of amino acids includes: 2129:The serine family of amino acids 1984:pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase 1920:(GDH). GDH is able to transfer 1109:Cholesterol is synthesized from 461:Properties of chemical reactions 347: 183: 122: 75: 34: 5332:Current Atherosclerosis Reports 4573:10.1128/JB.187.9.3201-3205.2005 2228:5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate 2220:serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2106:N-acyldiaminopimelate deacylase 2041:The diaminopimelic acid pathway 2034:convert ornithine to arginine. 1682:at the replication fork remove 1345:N5-CAIR synthetase transfers a 1340:5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide 1282:glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase 208:check for citation inaccuracies 53:or discuss these issues on the 5129:The Cell: A Molecular Approach 4691:Journal of Molecular Evolution 3832:10.1128/MMBR.34.3.278-343.1970 2819:Responsible for tRNA charging 2630: 2605: 2513: 2488: 2421:chain. This process requires 2173:phosphoserine aminotransferase 2158:phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase 1472:Aspartate carbamoyltransferase 1433:(which is only found in RNA). 1113:. The pathway is shown below: 1031:Sphingolipids are formed from 862: 667: 642: 1: 6092:Interface and colloid science 5846:Glossary of chemical formulae 4451:10.1016/s0969-2126(00)00558-x 4301:10.1016/s1367-5931(99)00016-2 4265:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64502-8 4224:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64192-4 4060:Annual Review of Biochemistry 3720:Annual Review of Biochemistry 3551:10.1016/s1367-5931(00)00133-2 3514:Molecular biology of the gene 3091:Molecular Biology of the Cell 2877:Familial hypercholesterolemia 2251:O-acetyl serine (thiol) lyase 1686:caused by DNA unwinding, and 1674:is created by enzymes called 1284:. This enzyme transfers the 1120:Cholesterol synthesis pathway 5405:10.1371/journal.pone.0074967 5253:. New York: Academic Press. 5125:Cooper, Geoffrey M. (2000). 4964:Journal of Molecular Biology 4925:Journal of Molecular Biology 4819:Journal of Molecular Biology 4784:Journal of Molecular Biology 4622:10.1016/0022-2836(92)90691-C 4610:Journal of Molecular Biology 2401:The process of tRNA charging 2340:Dihydrodipicolinate synthase 2118:form of L,L-diaminopimelate. 1678:which unwind the DNA helix. 1601:. This reaction transfers a 1495:Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase 1451:carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1439:mitochondrial inner membrane 1262:phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate 975:outer mitochondrial membrane 907:derivatives; they contain a 480:in a given chemical process. 6369:Bioorganometallic chemistry 5856:List of inorganic compounds 5748:Volume combustion synthesis 4003:10.1007/978-1-4899-2433-9_2 3406:10.1007/978-1-4419-6741-1_1 2438:) translation differs from 2020:ornithine acetyltransferase 1647:, which takes place in the 1313:glycineamide ribonucleotide 984:Phosphatidic acid synthesis 504:: these may be for example 88:. The specific problem is: 6818: 6295:Dynamic covalent chemistry 6266:Enantioselective synthesis 6246:Physical organic chemistry 6199:Organolanthanide chemistry 5678:Enantioselective synthesis 5089:Weaver, Robert F. (2005). 5022:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.012 3450:Siegel, George J. (1999). 2797:Key players in Translation 2290:aspartate aminotransferase 2000:N-acetylglutamate synthase 1897:(GOGAT) which removes the 1828:Amino acid basic structure 1745: 967:diacylglycerol 3-phosphate 930: 6723: 5884:Electroanalytical methods 5841: 5756: 5683:Fully automated synthesis 5628:Artificial gene synthesis 5344:10.1007/s11883-013-0382-0 4976:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.01.062 4937:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.01.023 4711:10.1007/s00239-002-2340-2 4479:FEMS Microbiology Letters 3964:10.1007/s00726-009-0269-0 3480:Harris, J. Robin (2010). 2959:CAG trinucleotide repeats 2905:, mental deficiency, and 2452:aminoacyl tRNA synthetase 2371:Diaminopimelate epimerase 2187:L-phosphoserine to yield 2181:phosphoserine phosphatase 1766:proteinogenic amino acids 1136:isopentenyl pyrophosphate 433:). These elements create 6639:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 6555:Supramolecular chemistry 6194:Organometallic chemistry 5658:Custom peptide synthesis 3035:Proteinogenic amino acid 2375:meso-diaminopimelic acid 2239:serine acetyltransferase 2004:N-acetylglutamate kinase 1978:In bacteria, the enzyme 1956:, which is derived from 1585:by a similar mechanism. 1579:nucleotide triphosphates 927:Eukaryotic phospholipids 441:, which are composed of 339:Elements of biosynthesis 136:may need to be rewritten 99:WikiProject Biochemistry 6577:Combinatorial chemistry 6488:Food physical chemistry 6451:Environmental chemistry 6335:Bioorthogonal chemistry 6261:Retrosynthetic analysis 6082:Chemical thermodynamics 6065:Spectroelectrochemistry 6008:Computational chemistry 5444:Janeway's Immunobiology 5293:10.1073/pnas.0708517104 4561:Journal of Bacteriology 3923:Modern genetic analysis 3820:Bacteriological Reviews 3575:Journal of Biochemistry 3484:. Dordrecht: Springer. 3089:Alberts, Bruce (2008). 2893:atherosclerotic plaques 2296:to yield glutamate and 2245:onto L-serine to yield 2022:(OAT), and this yields 1918:glutamate dehydrogenase 1760:. There are more than 138:. The reason given is: 93:Nucleic acid metabolism 6649:of element discoveries 6495:Agricultural chemistry 6483:Carbohydrate chemistry 6374:Bioinorganic chemistry 6239:Alkane stereochemistry 6184:Coordination chemistry 6013:Mathematical chemistry 5879:Instrumental chemistry 5738:Solvothermal synthesis 5688:Hydrothermal synthesis 5160:Molecular Cell Biology 5062:10.1074/jbc.M301549200 4831:10.1006/jmbi.1994.0078 4796:10.1006/jmbi.1999.2828 4759:10.1074/jbc.M605886200 4533:10.1074/jbc.M403751200 3264:Hanin, Israel (2013). 3190:Molecular cell biology 2868: 2845: 2834: 2823: 2812: 2742:2. The formation of a 2710: 2663: 2556: 2440:eukaryotic translation 2417:to generate a protein 2402: 2394: 2312: 2206:pathway to synthesize 2169:3-phosphonooxypyruvate 2047:α-aminoadipate pathway 2042: 1905:and transfers it onto 1884: 1858:asymmetrical molecules 1837: 1618: 1591:thymidylate synthetase 1566: 1558: 1510:orotidine-5'-phosphate 1418: 1409:Pyrimidine nucleotides 1233: 1121: 1047: 1018:central nervous system 985: 937:The foundation of all 896: 895:Lipid membrane bilayer 873: 797: 787: 708: 576: 566: 301:adenosine triphosphate 6792:Biochemical reactions 6644:Timeline of chemistry 6541:Post-mortem chemistry 6526:Clandestine chemistry 6456:Atmospheric chemistry 6379:Biophysical chemistry 6211:Solid-state chemistry 6161:Equilibrium chemistry 6070:Photoelectrochemistry 5733:Solid-phase synthesis 4160:10.1128/MMBR.00032-06 3327:. Berlin : Springer. 2866: 2708: 2664: 2557: 2446:Additional background 2400: 2392: 2310: 2302:asparagine synthetase 2165:3-phospho-D-glycerate 2040: 2026:. Then, the enzymes 1973:nitrogen assimilation 1882: 1835: 1709:phosphodiester bridge 1616: 1564: 1556: 1435:Uridine monophosphate 1416: 1300:by the addition of a 1294:5-phosphoribosylamine 1278:condensation reaction 1266:inosine monophosphate 1226: 1119: 1060:condensation reaction 1046:Sphingosine synthesis 1045: 983: 971:endoplasmic reticulum 894: 874: 821:in order to form the 798: 762: 709: 577: 541: 6634:History of chemistry 6589:Chemical engineering 6364:Bioorganic chemistry 6114:Structural chemistry 5851:List of biomolecules 5653:Convergent synthesis 5633:Biomimetic synthesis 4401:10.1110/ps.041029805 3015:Phospholipid bilayer 2943:Huntington's disease 2929:immunological memory 2899:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome 2698:Translation in steps 2576: 2461: 1926:glutamine synthetase 1864:, the α-carbon is a 1748:Amino acid synthesis 1641:phosphodiester bonds 1538:enzyme. The enzyme 1391:AICAR transformylase 1236:The DNA nucleotides 1229:The synthesis of IMP 1171:The biosynthesis of 1147:2. The formation of 1134:1. The synthesis of 1094:hormones, including 833: 740: 615: 533: 514:rate of the reaction 455:phosphodiester bonds 445:monomers joined via 371:improve this section 6657:The central science 6611:Ceramic engineering 6536:Forensic toxicology 6509:Chemistry education 6407:Radiation chemistry 6389:Interdisciplinarity 6342:Medicinal chemistry 6280:Fullerene chemistry 6156:Microwave chemistry 6025:Molecular mechanics 6020:Molecular modelling 5668:Divergent synthesis 5396:2013PLoSO...874967K 5286:(50): 19671–19678. 4703:2002JMolE..55..445V 4329:. SRI International 4327:serine biosynthesis 3694:10.1021/bi00205a031 3658:10.1021/bi00174a038 2933:adenosine deaminase 2792: 2775:, which causes the 2760:Step 3: Termination 2616: 2550: 2499: 1842:primary amino group 1756:that are linked by 1705:nucleophilic attack 1639:that are joined by 1583:deoxyribonucleotide 1546:by transferring an 1466:carbamoyl phosphate 785: 702: 653: 564: 470:Precursor compounds 6700:Chemical substance 6562:Chemical synthesis 6531:Forensic chemistry 6412:Actinide chemistry 6354:Clinical chemistry 6035:Molecular geometry 6030:Molecular dynamics 5985:Elemental analysis 5938:Separation process 5614:Chemical synthesis 5543:Movement Disorders 5514:has generic name ( 5205:Annu. Rev. Biochem 3997:. pp. 29–56. 3787:has generic name ( 2869: 2791: 2731:Step 2: Elongation 2714:Step 1: Initiation 2711: 2659: 2635: 2552: 2538: 2518: 2403: 2395: 2313: 2043: 1980:glutamate 5-kinase 1885: 1838: 1619: 1567: 1559: 1419: 1319:GAR transformylase 1258:reaction mechanism 1234: 1219:Purine nucleotides 1191:sugar in RNA, and 1122: 1064:oxidation reaction 1048: 986: 903:. Fatty acids are 897: 869: 793: 704: 690: 672: 572: 329:metabolic pathways 261:chemical synthesis 6779: 6778: 6715:Quantum mechanics 6680:Chemical compound 6663:Chemical reaction 6601:Materials science 6519:General chemistry 6514:Amateur chemistry 6442:Photogeochemistry 6427:Stellar chemistry 6397:Nuclear chemistry 6318:Molecular biology 6285:Polymer chemistry 6256:Organic synthesis 6251:Organic reactions 6216:Ceramic chemistry 6206:Cluster chemistry 6136:Chemical kinetics 6124:Molecular physics 6003:Quantum chemistry 5916:Mass spectrometry 5800: 5799: 5713:Peptide synthesis 5708:Organic synthesis 5703:One-pot synthesis 5638:Bioretrosynthesis 5555:10.1002/mds.22601 5549:(12): 1763–1772. 5102:978-0-07-284611-9 5092:Molecular biology 4902:10.1021/bi962522q 4867:10.1021/bi030044v 4668:10.1021/bi9915768 4362:10.1021/bi035462e 4012:978-1-4899-2435-3 3622:10.1021/bi049127h 3587:10.1093/jb/mvq088 3415:978-1-4419-6740-4 3002:Technology portal 2856: 2855: 2816:before initiation 2802:Translation Stage 2657: 2650: 2642: 2637: 2598: 2591: 2583: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2525: 2520: 2481: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2334:dephosphorylation 2247:O-acetyl-L-serine 2122:DAP decarboxylase 2032:argininosuccinate 2016:acetylornithinase 1728:Okazaki fragments 1516:OMP decarboxylase 1363:SAICAR synthetase 1292:to PRPP, forming 1256:employ a similar 1028:of nerve fibers. 990:lysophosphatidate 953:polar head and a 867: 857: 854: 843: 840: 791: 760: 753: 750: 747: 697: 693: 685: 682: 679: 674: 635: 628: 625: 622: 570: 539: 518:activation energy 516:and lowering the 407: 406: 399: 297:acetyl-coenzyme A 254: 253: 246: 236: 235: 228: 177: 176: 169: 149:lead layout guide 116: 115: 68: 16:(Redirected from 6809: 6767: 6766: 6755: 6743: 6742: 6731: 6730: 6675:Chemical element 6330:Chemical biology 6189:Magnetochemistry 6166:Mechanochemistry 6119:Chemical physics 6060:Electrochemistry 5965:Characterization 5827: 5820: 5813: 5804: 5788: 5776: 5775: 5764: 5763: 5698:Mechanosynthesis 5673:Electrosynthesis 5607: 5600: 5593: 5584: 5577: 5576: 5566: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5499: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5465: 5457: 5439: 5428: 5427: 5417: 5407: 5375: 5364: 5363: 5327: 5316: 5315: 5305: 5295: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5252: 5242: 5229: 5228: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5132: 5122: 5107: 5106: 5086: 5075: 5074: 5064: 5055:(20): 18588–96. 5040: 5034: 5033: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4987: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4861:(36): 10644–50. 4849: 4843: 4842: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4761: 4752:(42): 31544–52. 4737: 4731: 4730: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4661: 4652:(49): 16146–57. 4640: 4634: 4633: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4584: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4535: 4526:(39): 40729–36. 4511: 4505: 4504: 4494: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4453: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4412: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4267: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4226: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4171: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4122: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4055: 4044: 4043: 4023: 4017: 4016: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3917: 3904: 3903: 3893: 3885: 3867: 3854: 3853: 3843: 3811: 3800: 3799: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3772: 3760: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3688:(39): 11927–34. 3676: 3670: 3669: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3616:(32): 10314–27. 3605: 3599: 3598: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3509: 3496: 3495: 3477: 3466: 3465: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3427: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3380: 3372: 3354: 3339: 3338: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3295: 3280: 3279: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3248: 3240: 3220: 3205: 3204: 3184: 3169: 3168: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3137: 3129: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3086: 3004: 2999: 2998: 2990: 2985: 2984: 2903:self- mutilation 2793: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2581: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2320:Aspartate kinase 2224:tetrahydrofolate 2185:dephosphorylates 2054:Aspartate kinase 1909:, producing two 1852:attached to the 1850:functional group 1672:replication fork 1653:semiconservative 1175:involves enzyme- 1020:. For example, 949:; it contains a 878: 876: 875: 870: 868: 865: 855: 852: 848: 841: 838: 802: 800: 799: 794: 792: 789: 788: 758: 754: 751: 748: 745: 713: 711: 710: 705: 703: 701: 698: 695: 691: 686: 683: 680: 677: 675: 673: 671: 670: 663: 655: 654: 652: 645: 637: 633: 629: 626: 623: 620: 581: 579: 578: 573: 571: 568: 567: 537: 402: 395: 391: 388: 382: 351: 343: 287:components, and 249: 242: 231: 224: 220: 217: 211: 187: 186: 179: 172: 165: 161: 158: 152: 145:improve the lead 126: 125: 118: 111: 108: 102: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6719: 6622: 6616:Polymer science 6572:Click chemistry 6567:Green chemistry 6461:Ocean chemistry 6437:Biogeochemistry 6383: 6299: 6271:Total synthesis 6234:Stereochemistry 6220: 6170: 6087:Surface science 6077:Thermochemistry 6046: 5989: 5960:Crystallography 5865: 5837: 5831: 5801: 5796: 5752: 5743:Total synthesis 5616: 5611: 5581: 5580: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5510: 5500: 5496: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5458: 5454: 5441: 5440: 5431: 5377: 5376: 5367: 5329: 5328: 5319: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5244: 5243: 5232: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5172:10.1038/nrm2838 5153: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5124: 5123: 5110: 5103: 5088: 5087: 5078: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4790:(4): 991–1002. 4780: 4779: 4775: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4659:10.1.1.453.5998 4642: 4641: 4637: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4389:Protein Science 4382: 4381: 4377: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4111:10.1002/pro.340 4099:Protein Science 4092: 4091: 4087: 4057: 4056: 4047: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4013: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3919: 3918: 3907: 3886: 3882: 3869: 3868: 3857: 3813: 3812: 3803: 3793: 3783: 3773: 3769: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3717: 3716: 3709: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3511: 3510: 3499: 3492: 3479: 3478: 3469: 3462: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3416: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3373: 3369: 3356: 3355: 3342: 3335: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3297: 3296: 3283: 3276: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3241: 3237: 3222: 3221: 3208: 3201: 3186: 3185: 3172: 3165: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3130: 3126: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3088: 3087: 3076: 3071: 3063: 3030:DNA replication 3000: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2976: 2861: 2813:tRNA synthetase 2773:release factors 2762: 2733: 2716: 2700: 2574: 2573: 2459: 2458: 2448: 2387: 2294:α-ketoglutarate 2259: 2177:L-phosphoserine 2131: 2089: 1958:α-ketoglutarate 1934: 1901:amino group of 1890: 1888:Nitrogen source 1830: 1816:for adults and 1762:300 amino acids 1750: 1744: 1661:template strand 1657:DNA polymerases 1635:is composed of 1611: 1462: 1411: 1280:, performed by 1232: 1221: 1205:glycosidic bond 1169: 1076: 1024:is part of the 1006: 998:acyltransferase 994:acyl coenzyme A 935: 929: 889: 831: 830: 738: 737: 613: 612: 531: 530: 484:Chemical energy 463: 415:chemical energy 403: 392: 386: 383: 368: 352: 341: 250: 239: 238: 237: 232: 221: 215: 212: 205: 188: 184: 173: 162: 156: 153: 142: 127: 123: 112: 106: 103: 97: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6815: 6813: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6784: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6761: 6749: 6737: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6660: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6641: 6636: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6528: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6500:Soil chemistry 6492: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6478:Food chemistry 6475: 6473:Carbochemistry 6470: 6468:Clay chemistry 6465: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6429: 6423:Astrochemistry 6419:Cosmochemistry 6416: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6402:Radiochemistry 6393: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6359:Neurochemistry 6356: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6309: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6290:Petrochemistry 6287: 6282: 6277: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6230: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6151:Spin chemistry 6148: 6146:Photochemistry 6143: 6138: 6133: 6131:Femtochemistry 6128: 6127: 6126: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6056: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5943:Chromatography 5940: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5861:Periodic table 5858: 5853: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5807: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5782: 5770: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5723:Retrosynthesis 5720: 5718:Radiosynthesis 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5663:Direct process 5660: 5655: 5650: 5648:Chemosynthesis 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5587: 5579: 5578: 5528: 5495:978-0849390005 5494: 5473: 5453:978-0815342434 5452: 5429: 5390:(10): e74967. 5365: 5317: 5266: 5260:978-0127442501 5259: 5230: 5195: 5166:(2): 113–127. 5146: 5140:978-0878931064 5139: 5108: 5101: 5076: 5035: 4999: 4950: 4915: 4880: 4844: 4809: 4773: 4732: 4681: 4635: 4616:(1): 197–213. 4596: 4547: 4506: 4465: 4424: 4375: 4356:(12): 3450–8. 4340: 4314: 4279: 4238: 4197: 4183: 4134: 4085: 4066:(1): 532–606. 4045: 4018: 4011: 3985: 3939: 3933:978-0716731184 3932: 3905: 3881:978-0471656654 3880: 3855: 3826:(3): 278–343. 3801: 3768:978-0879691394 3767: 3745: 3707: 3671: 3652:(8): 2269–78. 3635: 3600: 3564: 3529: 3523:978-0805395921 3522: 3497: 3491:978-9048186211 3490: 3467: 3461:978-0397518203 3460: 3439: 3414: 3388: 3368:978-0716787242 3367: 3340: 3334:978-3540675556 3333: 3315: 3309:978-0444532190 3308: 3281: 3275:978-1475713664 3274: 3256: 3235: 3206: 3200:978-0716743668 3199: 3170: 3164:978-0470547847 3163: 3145: 3125:978-0547125329 3124: 3106: 3100:978-0815341055 3099: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2991: 2988:Biology portal 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2940: 2918: 2896: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2761: 2758: 2732: 2729: 2715: 2712: 2699: 2696: 2670: 2669: 2654: 2646: 2632: 2625: 2614: 2607: 2595: 2587: 2567:aminoacyl-tRNA 2563: 2562: 2537: 2529: 2515: 2508: 2497: 2490: 2478: 2447: 2444: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2342:catalyzes the 2337: 2327: 2258: 2255: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2119: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2067: 2062:catalyzes the 2057: 1933: 1930: 1907:2-oxoglutarate 1889: 1886: 1846:carboxyl group 1829: 1826: 1746:Main article: 1743: 1740: 1724:lagging strand 1720:leading strand 1695:RNA polymerase 1680:Topoisomerases 1610: 1607: 1524: 1523: 1513: 1502: 1492: 1489:dihydroorotate 1481:Dihydroorotase 1478: 1469: 1460: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1398: 1388: 1378: 1360: 1353:N5-CAIR mutase 1350: 1343: 1329: 1326: 1316: 1309: 1250:deoxyguanosine 1246:deoxyadenosine 1227: 1220: 1217: 1215:of the sugar. 1168: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1088:hydroxyl group 1075: 1072: 1005: 1002: 941:consists of a 928: 925: 909:carboxyl group 888: 885: 884: 883: 882: 881: 880: 879: 864: 860: 851: 846: 807: 806: 805: 804: 803: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 765: 757: 718: 717: 716: 715: 714: 689: 669: 662: 651: 644: 632: 585: 584: 583: 582: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 544: 522: 521: 499: 481: 462: 459: 405: 404: 355: 353: 346: 340: 337: 325:macromolecules 293:macromolecules 285:lipid membrane 252: 251: 234: 233: 191: 189: 182: 175: 174: 131:The article's 130: 128: 121: 114: 113: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6814: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6772: 6771: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6705:Chemical bond 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6594:Stoichiometry 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6550:Nanochemistry 6548: 6547: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6275:Semisynthesis 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6109:Sonochemistry 6107: 6105: 6104:Cryochemistry 6102: 6098: 6097:Micromeritics 6095: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5975:Wet chemistry 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5823: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5728:Semisynthesis 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5596: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5505: 5497: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5016:(3): 547–53. 5015: 5011: 5003: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4970:(3): 617–26. 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4931:(3): 825–38. 4930: 4926: 4919: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4896:(3): 489–94. 4895: 4891: 4884: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4825:(1): 227–39. 4824: 4820: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4697:(4): 445–59. 4696: 4692: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4606:Jansonius, JN 4600: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4567:(9): 3201–5. 4566: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4395:(1): 97–110. 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4341: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4295:(5): 607–13. 4294: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4217:(5): 1432–8. 4216: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4105:(3): 372–82. 4104: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3778: 3770: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3726:(1): 89–124. 3725: 3721: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3581:(4): 429–38. 3580: 3576: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3545:(5): 567–72. 3544: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3370: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3238: 3236:9780716771081 3232: 3228: 3227: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3107: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3045:Prostaglandin 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2915:intermediates 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2751:Translocation 2747: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2652: 2644: 2623: 2612: 2593: 2585: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2535: 2527: 2506: 2495: 2476: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2204:glyconeogenic 2201: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2112:DAP epimerase 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1971:catalyze the 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866:chiral center 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:phenylalanine 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758:peptide bonds 1755: 1749: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1713:pyrophosphate 1710: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645:DNA synthesis 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1615: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1563: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1415: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1230: 1225: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1211:group at the 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1127: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:palmitoyl CoA 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1026:myelin sheath 1023: 1022:sphingomyelin 1019: 1015: 1011: 1004:Sphingolipids 1003: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 982: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963:phosphatidate 959: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 934: 926: 924: 922: 918: 917:sphingolipids 914: 913:phospholipids 910: 906: 902: 893: 886: 866:macromolecule 858: 849: 844: 829: 828: 827: 826: 824: 823:lipid bilayer 820: 819:noncovalently 816: 812: 808: 790:macromolecule 782: 779: 776: 773: 770: 767: 763: 755: 736: 735: 734: 733: 731: 727: 726:sphingolipids 723: 722:phospholipids 719: 687: 660: 649: 630: 611: 610: 609: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 593:nucleic acids 590: 589: 588: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 542: 529: 528: 527: 526: 525: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 500: 497: 494:, have three 493: 489: 485: 482: 479: 475: 471: 468: 467: 466: 460: 458: 456: 452: 448: 447:peptide bonds 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 401: 398: 390: 380: 376: 372: 366: 365: 361: 356:This section 354: 350: 345: 344: 338: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 248: 245: 230: 227: 219: 209: 203: 201: 197: 192:This article 190: 181: 180: 171: 168: 160: 150: 147:and read the 146: 141: 137: 134: 129: 120: 119: 110: 100: 96: 94: 87: 84:This article 82: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 6797:Biosynthesis 6768: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6582:Biosynthesis 6581: 6432:Geochemistry 6347:Pharmacology 6323:Cell biology 6313:Biochemistry 6141:Spectroscopy 6040:VSEPR theory 5889:Spectroscopy 5833:Branches of 5789: 5777: 5765: 5643:Biosynthesis 5642: 5546: 5542: 5531: 5512:|first= 5485: 5443: 5387: 5383: 5335: 5331: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5248: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5128: 5091: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4893: 4890:Biochemistry 4889: 4883: 4858: 4855:Biochemistry 4854: 4847: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4649: 4646:Biochemistry 4645: 4638: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4485:(1): 55–60. 4482: 4478: 4468: 4444:(1): 65–71. 4441: 4437: 4427: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4353: 4350:Biochemistry 4349: 4343: 4331:. Retrieved 4326: 4317: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4186: 4154:(1): 36–47. 4151: 4147: 4137: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4063: 4059: 4031: 4027: 4021: 3994: 3988: 3955: 3951: 3922: 3871: 3823: 3819: 3785:|first= 3756: 3748: 3723: 3719: 3685: 3682:Biochemistry 3681: 3674: 3649: 3646:Biochemistry 3645: 3638: 3613: 3610:Biochemistry 3609: 3603: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3513: 3481: 3451: 3397: 3391: 3359:Biochemistry 3358: 3324: 3318: 3299: 3268:. Springer. 3265: 3259: 3225: 3189: 3154: 3148: 3115: 3109: 3090: 2947:neurological 2870: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2770: 2763: 2755: 2748: 2744:peptide bond 2741: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2701: 2689: 2674: 2671: 2564: 2449: 2423:transfer RNA 2404: 2344:condensation 2314: 2298:oxaloacetate 2287: 2260: 2232: 2193: 2155: 2132: 2044: 1993: 1977: 1962: 1935: 1915: 1891: 1839: 1836:L-amino acid 1776:are able to 1770:green plants 1751: 1717: 1702: 1692: 1669: 1631: 1620: 1587: 1568: 1540:CTP synthase 1525: 1485:ring closure 1420: 1402:IMP synthase 1381:SAICAR lyase 1367:peptide bond 1332:FGAM cyclase 1323:formyl group 1235: 1228: 1203:base with a 1170: 1123: 1108: 1100:testosterone 1077: 1049: 1030: 1007: 987: 960: 939:biomembranes 936: 898: 586: 523: 464: 408: 393: 384: 369:Please help 357: 257:Biosynthesis 256: 255: 240: 222: 213: 198:that do not 194:may contain 193: 163: 154: 143:Please help 139: 135: 133:lead section 104: 89: 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 18:Biosynthetic 6770:WikiProject 5995:Theoretical 5980:Calorimetry 5211:: 679–716. 4333:12 December 4034:: 299–329. 3958:(1): 1–17. 3952:Amino Acids 3040:Codon table 3020:Nucleotides 2709:Translation 2427:amino acids 2419:polypeptide 2413:is read by 2407:translation 2078:cyclization 1975:reactions. 1754:amino acids 1742:Amino acids 1637:nucleotides 1627:prokaryotic 1548:amino group 1304:group from 1286:amino group 1213:5' location 1193:deoxyribose 1173:nucleotides 1167:Nucleotides 1074:Cholesterol 1010:sphingosine 955:hydrophobic 951:hydrophilic 947:amphipathic 921:cholesterol 905:hydrocarbon 901:fatty acids 815:cholesterol 811:fatty acids 730:sphingosine 605:translation 413:compounds, 289:nucleotides 281:amino acids 6802:Metabolism 6786:Categories 6606:Metallurgy 6305:Biological 5871:Analytical 5338:(1): 382. 4258:: 3532–5. 3069:References 3050:Porphyrins 2951:huntingtin 2777:hydrolysis 2766:stop codon 2692:degeneracy 2681:base pairs 2324:phosphoryl 2279:isoleucine 2275:methionine 2243:acetyl-CoA 2226:, forming 2216:glycolysis 2212:glycolytic 2147:methionine 2028:citrulline 1996:acetylated 1988:ϒ-carboxyl 1814:tryptophan 1798:isoleucine 1790:methionine 1778:synthesize 1736:DNA ligase 1734:joined by 1732:covalently 1684:supercoils 1623:eukaryotic 1453:combining 1264:(PRPP) to 1254:eukaryotes 1201:pyrimidine 1111:acetyl CoA 1058:undergo a 1014:eukaryotic 931:See also: 506:metal ions 496:phosphates 488:hydrolysis 474:substrates 443:amino acid 317:catabolism 309:metabolism 273:substrates 50:improve it 6668:Catalysis 6176:Inorganic 5970:Titration 5835:chemistry 5504:cite book 5462:cite book 4654:CiteSeerX 4438:Structure 3890:cite book 3777:cite book 3377:cite book 3245:cite book 3134:cite book 3116:Chemistry 3060:Vitamin B 2967:cognitive 2955:glutamine 2889:endocytic 2881:receptors 2677:anticodon 2645:− 2641:aminoacyl 2631:⇀ 2624:− 2613:− 2606:↽ 2586:− 2582:Aminoacyl 2528:− 2524:aminoacyl 2514:⇀ 2507:− 2496:− 2489:↽ 2436:bacterial 2415:ribosomes 2267:threonine 2263:aspartate 2167:to yield 2151:histidine 2024:ornithine 1942:glutamine 1938:glutamate 1911:glutamate 1903:glutamine 1874:L-isoform 1818:histidine 1810:threonine 1772:and most 1676:helicases 1532:Phosphate 1483:performs 1475:condenses 1455:glutamine 1397:(FAICAR). 1377:(SAICAR). 1371:aspartate 1336:imidazole 1302:phosphate 1290:glutamine 1242:guanosine 1238:adenosine 1209:phosphate 1177:catalyzed 1126:cytoplasm 1037:acylation 1033:ceramides 863:⟶ 817:interact 746:Precursor 668:⇀ 661:− 650:− 643:↽ 621:Precursor 603:prior to 510:coenzymes 502:Catalysts 478:reactants 423:coenzymes 411:precursor 387:July 2024 358:does not 333:organelle 321:anabolism 313:compounds 295:, and of 269:catalyzed 216:July 2024 196:citations 157:July 2024 107:July 2024 56:talk page 6734:Category 6690:Molecule 6627:See also 6052:Physical 5767:Category 5573:19562761 5424:24130677 5384:PLOS ONE 5352:24293346 5312:18003906 5190:20094052 5071:12637582 5030:17889830 4994:20138056 4945:17292400 4875:12962488 4804:10369777 4768:16905770 4727:19460256 4719:12355264 4676:10587437 4591:15838047 4542:15231846 4460:11342136 4419:15608117 4370:15035616 4309:10508663 4274:13756049 4233:13734750 4178:17347518 4129:20091669 3972:19301095 3630:15301530 3595:20716513 3559:11006546 3434:20919643 2974:See also 2846:ribosome 2432:archaeal 2385:Proteins 2283:pyruvate 2189:L-serine 2183:, which 2162:oxidizes 2139:cysteine 2074:pyruvate 2018:(AO) or 1950:arginine 1854:α-carbon 1848:and the 1822:arginine 1774:microbes 1663:, and a 1508:to form 1427:cytosine 1387:(AICAR). 1369:between 1365:forms a 1347:carboxyl 1149:squalene 1104:estrogen 1096:cortisol 853:Molecule 839:Molecule 764:→ 759:Cofactor 752:molecule 627:molecule 597:charging 595:and the 543:→ 538:Reactant 439:proteins 435:monomers 277:products 259:, i.e., 202:the text 6746:Commons 6710:Alchemy 6226:Organic 5779:Commons 5564:3048804 5415:3794013 5392:Bibcode 5360:8903481 5303:2148355 5225:9242921 5181:4461372 4985:2885003 4910:9012664 4839:7853400 4699:Bibcode 4630:1522585 4582:1082839 4501:9163906 4410:2253317 4169:1847373 4120:2866264 3980:1870305 3850:4919542 3740:2441660 3702:7918411 3666:8117684 3425:3069696 2963:gliosis 2945:: this 2925:T cells 2807:Purpose 2208:glycine 2200:acetate 2196:ethanol 2143:glycine 2072:adds a 1946:proline 1922:ammonia 1870:proline 1862:glycine 1794:leucine 1782:Mammals 1698:primase 1651:, is a 1649:nucleus 1499:orotate 1443:cytosol 1423:thymine 1321:adds a 1298:glycine 1092:steroid 1084:sterols 969:at the 943:bilayer 678:product 569:Product 379:removed 364:sources 206:Please 6758:Portal 5904:UV-Vis 5791:Portal 5571: 5561: 5492: 5450: 5422: 5412: 5358: 5350: 5310: 5300: 5257: 5223: 5188: 5178: 5137: 5099: 5069: 5028: 4992: 4982: 4943: 4908: 4873: 4837: 4802: 4766: 4725: 4717: 4674: 4656: 4628: 4589: 4579: 4540: 4499: 4458: 4417: 4407: 4368: 4307: 4272: 4231: 4176: 4166: 4127: 4117: 4080:354503 4078: 4009: 3978: 3970: 3930: 3878: 3848: 3841:378357 3838: 3765: 3738: 3700: 3664: 3628: 3593: 3557: 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