1023:
can compete are natural divisions as well as normal ones. The main difference between the two is that men's physique competitors pose in board shorts rather than a traditional posing suit and open-bodybuilders are much larger and are more muscular than the men's physique competitors. Open-bodybuilders have an extensive routine for posing while the
Physique category is primarily judged by the front and back poses. Many of the men's physique competitors are not above 200 lbs and have a bit of a more attainable and aesthetic physique in comparison to open-bodybuilders. Although this category started off slowly, it has grown tremendously, and currently men's physique seems to be a more popular class than open-bodybuilding.
365:
1014:. Penalties range from organization to organization, from suspensions to strict bans from competition. Natural organizations also have their own list of banned substances and it is important to refer to each organization's website for more information about which substances are banned from competition. There are many natural bodybuilding organizations; some of the larger ones include: MuscleMania, Ultimate Fitness Events (UFE), INBF/WNBF, and INBA/PNBA. These organizations either have an American or worldwide presence and are not limited to the country in which they are headquartered.
6415:
882:
323:
968:
focused workouts, are now being treated as filming locations for aspiring or established influencers with bystanders being unintentionally placed under the public eye in the process. Bodybuilder Joey Swoll, who voiced his concerns over this culture, addressed the controversy by stating that while harassment in gyms needs to be addressed, the man in
Fernandez's video was not guilty of it. Although social media is giving more attention to the world of bodybuilding, there are still some areas that are controversial.
1456:: sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy leads to larger muscles and so is favored by bodybuilders more than myofibrillar hypertrophy, which builds athletic strength. Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy is triggered by increasing repetitions, whereas myofibrillar hypertrophy is triggered by lifting heavier weight. In either case, there is an increase in both size and strength of the muscles (compared to what happens if that same individual does not lift weights at all), although the emphasis is different.
673:
47:
952:, and YouTube flooded with fitness-related content, changing how the average person views and interacts with fitness culture. Gym clothing brands like Gymshark, YoungLA and Rawgear leveraged this platform to create their brands. By recruiting fitness ambassadors—real people who embody their brand values—these companies personalize their marketing strategy and create a more relatable image. These ambassadors, often in the form of
5638:
5178:
716:(NPC) was formed in 1981 by Jim Manion, who had just stepped down as chairman of the AAU Physique Committee. The NPC has gone on to become the most successful bodybuilding organization in the United States and is the amateur division of the IFBB. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the decline of AAU-sponsored bodybuilding contests. In 1999, the AAU voted to discontinue its bodybuilding events.
1254:
muscle mass percentage a person is looking for. A common tactic for keeping fat low and muscle mass high is to have higher calorie and lower calorie days to maintain a balance between gain and loss. Many clean bulk diets start off with a moderate amount of carbs, moderate amount of protein, and a low amount of fats. To maintain a clean bulk, it is important to reach calorie goals every day.
1328:
1424:
1533:
245:
873:, and planning to make a guest pose during the 1992 championship before being injured in a motorcycle accident) and attempting to sign Lou Ferrigno (who left the organization shortly after the drug testing policy was announced) did not come to fruition. The second PPV received a minuscule audience, and the WBF dissolved only one month later in July 1992.
1067:
379:. He allowed audiences to enjoy viewing his physique in "muscle display performances". Although audiences were thrilled to see a well-developed physique, the men simply displayed their bodies as part of strength demonstrations or wrestling matches. Sandow had a stage show built around these displays through his manager,
2308:
861:) received mixed reviews. The WBF would be indirectly impacted by a steroid scandal involving the WWF, prompting the organization to impose a drug testing policy prior to the 1992 championship. The drug testing policy hampered the quality of the 1992 championship, while attempts to increase interest by hiring
1561:
protein needs to be consumed frequently throughout the day, especially during/after a workout, and before sleep. There is also some debate concerning the best type of protein to take. Chicken, turkey, beef, pork, fish, eggs and dairy foods are high in protein, as are some nuts, seeds, beans, and lentils.
1560:
intake to further their goal of maintaining and improving their body composition. This is a widely debated topic, with many arguing that 1 gram of protein per pound of body weight per day is ideal, some suggesting that less is sufficient, while others recommending 1.5, 2, or more. It is believed that
1504:. Insulin has steroid-like effects in terms of muscle gains. It is impossible to promote protein synthesis without the existence of insulin, which means that without ingesting carbohydrates or protein—which also induces the release of insulin—it is impossible to add muscle mass. Bodybuilders seek out
987:
In the modern bodybuilding industry, the term "professional" generally means a bodybuilder who has won qualifying competitions as an amateur and has earned a "pro card" from their respective organization. Professionals earn the right to compete in competitions that include monetary prizes. A pro card
1774:
Overtraining occurs when a bodybuilder has trained to the point where their workload exceeds their recovery capacity. There are many reasons why overtraining occurs, including lack of adequate nutrition, lack of recovery time between workouts, insufficient sleep, and training at a high intensity for
1605:
Some bodybuilders often split their food intake into 5 to 7 meals of equal nutritional content and eat at regular intervals (e.g., every 2 to 3 hours). This approach serves two purposes: to limit overindulging in the cutting phase, and to allow for the consumption of large volumes of food during the
1511:
and other slowly digesting carbohydrates, which release energy in a more stable fashion than high-glycemic sugars and starches. This is important as high-glycemic carbohydrates cause a sharp insulin response, which places the body in a state where it is likely to store additional food energy as fat.
1022:
Due to those who found open-bodybuilding to be "too big" or "ugly" and unhealthy, a new category was started in 2013. The first Men's
Physique Olympia winner was Mark Wingson, who was followed by Jeremy Buendia for four consecutive years. Like open-bodybuilding, the federations in which bodybuilders
1002:
Due to the growing concerns of the high cost, health consequences, and illegal nature of some steroids, many organizations have formed in response and have deemed themselves "natural" bodybuilding competitions. In addition to the concerns noted, many promoters of bodybuilding have sought to shed the
1244:
The bulking and cutting strategy is considered effective because there is a well-established link between muscle hypertrophy and being in a state of positive energy balance. A sustained period of caloric surplus will allow the athlete to gain more fat-free mass than they could otherwise gain under
1253:
The attempt to increase muscle mass in one's body without any gain in fat is called clean bulking. Competitive bodybuilders focus their efforts to achieve a peak appearance during a brief "competition season". Clean bulking takes longer and is a more refined approach to achieving the body fat and
783:
tests for both steroids and other banned substances. Although doping tests occurred, the majority of professional bodybuilders still used anabolic steroids for competition. During the 1970s, the use of anabolic steroids was openly discussed, partly due to the fact they were legal. In the
Anabolic
1031:
This is the middle ground of both Men's
Physique and Bodybuilding. The competitors in this category are not nearly as big as bodybuilders but not as small as men's physique competitors. They pose and perform in men's boxer briefs to show off the legs, unlike Men's Physique which hide the legs in
967:
that went viral showed her lifting weights in a gym while a man in the background stared at her, sparking a widespread debate about narcissism and an increasingly toxic gym culture in the age of social media. The video led to criticism of an emerging trend in which gyms, once known as places for
1266:"Dirty bulking" is the process of eating at a massive caloric surplus without trying to figure out the exact amount of ingested macronutrients, often down with junk food such as burgers and fries. Weightlifters who attempt to gain mass quickly with no aesthetic concerns often choose to do this.
1117:
increased in popularity, surpassing that of female bodybuilding, and provided an alternative for women who choose not to develop the level of muscularity necessary for bodybuilding. McLish would closely resemble what is thought of today as a fitness and figure competitor, instead of what is now
935:
In the early 2000s, the IFBB was attempting to make bodybuilding an
Olympic sport. It obtained full IOC membership in 2000 and was attempting to get approved as a demonstration event at the Olympics, which would hopefully lead to it being added as a full contest. This did not happen and Olympic
256:
Bodybuilding requires significant time and effort to reach the desired results. A novice bodybuilder may be able to gain 8–15 pounds (4–7 kg) of muscle per year if they lift weights for seven hours per week, but muscle gains begin to slow down after the first two years to about 5–15 pounds
220:
In competitive bodybuilding, competitors appear onstage in line-ups and perform specified poses (and later individual posing routines) for a panel of judges who rank them based on conditioning, muscularity, posing, size, stage presentation, and symmetry. Bodybuilders prepare for competitions by
1812:
magazine, "Overtrain for Big Gains", claimed that overtraining for a brief period can be beneficial. Overtraining can be used advantageously, as when a bodybuilder is purposely overtrained for a brief period of time to super compensate during a regeneration phase. These are known as "shock
1245:
eucaloric conditions. Some gain in fat mass is expected, which athletes seek to oxidize in a cutting period while maintaining as much lean mass as possible. However, it is unclear whether one can maintain enough fat-free mass during cutting for the overall process to be worth it.
1189:, where the main point is equally split between strength and technique, bodybuilding competitions typically emphasize condition, size, and symmetry. Different organizations emphasize particular aspects of competition, and sometimes have different categories in which to compete.
1209:
1229:
surplus). The amount of a surplus in which a person remains is based on the person's goals, as a bigger surplus and longer bulking phase will create more fat tissue. The surplus of calories relative to one's energy balance will ensure that muscles remain in a state of
2292:
432:, the contest was a great success and many bodybuilding enthusiasts were turned away due to the overwhelming number of audience members. The trophy presented to the winner was a gold statue of Sandow sculpted by Frederick Pomeroy. The winner was William L. Murray of
988:
also prohibits the athlete from competing in federations other than the one from which they have received the pro card. Depending on the level of success, these bodybuilders may receive monetary compensation from sponsors, much like athletes in other sports.
265:
to build muscles and recover from injuries faster. However, using performance-enhancing drugs can have serious health risks. Furthermore, most competitions prohibit the use of these substances. Despite some calls for drug testing to be implemented, the
1003:"freakish" perception that the general public has of bodybuilding and have successfully introduced a more mainstream audience to the sport of bodybuilding by including competitors whose physiques appear much more attainable and realistic.
399:
Sandow was so successful at flexing and posing his physique that he later created several businesses around his fame, and was among the first to market products branded with his name. He was credited with inventing and selling the first
3726:
Miranda L, Horman S, De Potter I, Hue L, Jensen J, Rider MH (March 2008). "Effects of contraction and insulin on protein synthesis, AMP-activated protein kinase and phosphorylation state of translation factors in rat skeletal muscle".
1636:. Various products are used in an attempt to augment muscle size, increase the rate of fat loss, improve joint health, increase natural testosterone production, enhance training performance and prevent potential nutrient deficiencies.
1468:
than the average person of the same weight to provide the protein and energy requirements needed to support their training and increase muscle mass. In preparation of a contest, a sub-maintenance level of food energy is combined with
3311:
Gentil, Paulo; de Lira, Claudio Andre
Barbosa; Paoli, Antonio; dos Santos, José Alexandre Barbosa; da Silva, Roberto Deivide Teixeira; Junior, José Romulo Pereira; da Silva, Edson Pereira; Magosso, Rodrigo Ferro (March 24, 2017).
1054:
and the all around fitness revolution, gave birth to new alternative perspectives of feminine beauty that included an athletic physique of toned muscle. This athletic physique was found in various popular media outlets such as
2968:
436:. The silver Sandow trophy was presented to second-place winner D. Cooper. The bronze Sandow trophy—now the most famous of all—was presented to third-place winner A.C. Smythe. In 1950, this same bronze trophy was presented to
772:, Schwarzenegger, while never admitting to steroid use until long after his retirement, said, "You have to do anything you can to get the advantage in competition". He would later say that he did not regret using steroids.
595:(NABBA), and the World Bodybuilding Guild (WBBG). Consequently, the contests grew both in number and in size. Besides the many "Mr. XXX" (insert town, city, state, or region) championships, the most prestigious titles were
1779:(CNS) and can result in a hyperadrenergic state that interferes with sleep patterns. To avoid overtraining, intense frequent training must be met with at least an equal amount of purposeful recovery. Timely provision of
1574:(BV) and quick absorption rates. Whey protein also has a bigger effect than casein on insulin levels, triggering about double the amount of insulin release. That effect is somewhat overcome by combining casein and whey.
1169:
is usually held at the end of a posing round, while judges are finishing their scoring. Bodybuilders are advised to spend a lot of time practising their posing in front of mirrors or under the guidance of their coach.
1220:
The general strategy adopted by most present-day competitive bodybuilders is to make muscle gains for most of the year (known as the "off-season") and, approximately 12–14 weeks from competition, lose a maximum of
3361:
Lenzi, Jaqueline L.; Teixeira, Emerson L.; de Jesus, Guilherme; Schoenfeld, Brad J.; de Salles
Painelli, Vitor (2021). "Dietary Strategies of Modern Bodybuilders During Different Phases of the Competitive Cycle".
558:
Bodybuilding became more popular in the 1950s and 1960s with the emergence of strength and gymnastics champions, and the simultaneous popularization of bodybuilding magazines, training principles, nutrition for
489:
made a film of
Treloar's posing routine. Edison had also made two films of Sandow a few years before. Those were the first three motion pictures featuring a bodybuilder. In the early 20th century, Macfadden and
1569:
are often used to supplement the diet with additional protein. Whey is the type of protein contained in many popular brands of protein supplements and is preferred by many bodybuilders because of its high
654:
continued its popularity as the place to be for witnessing acrobatic acts, feats of strength, and the like. The movement grew more in the 1960s with increased TV and movie exposure, as bodybuilders were
2615:
3129:
3018:
1241:
fat while preserving as much muscle as possible. The larger the calorie deficit, the faster one will lose weight. However, a large calorie deficit will also create the risk of losing muscle tissue.
1481:
and fats are the three major macronutrients that the human body needs to build muscle. The ratios of calories from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats vary depending on the goals of the bodybuilder.
2585:
1699:
levels. Some recent clinical studies have shown that low-dose HGH treatment for adults with HGH deficiency changes the body composition by increasing muscle mass, decreasing fat mass, increasing
5212:
960:
to detailed discussions on workout attire. This not only provides consumers with an abundance of free resources to aid their fitness journey, but also creates a more informed consumer base.
1803:), may account for overtraining in some individuals. Sufferers feel as if they are never big enough or muscular enough, which forces them to overtrain to try to reach their goal physique.
1740:
Some bodybuilders inject oils or other compounds into their muscles (sometimes known as "synthol") to enhance their size or appearance. This practice can have serious health consequences.
956:
or personal trainers, promote the brand by sharing their workout routines, dietary plans, and gym clothing. YouTube in particular has seen a surge in fitness content, ranging from gym
908:
in
October 2008. In 2004, contest promoter Wayne DeMilia broke ranks with the IFBB and AMI took over the promotion of the Mr. Olympia contest: in 2017 AMI took the contest outright.
2138:
3497:
5679:
66:
3423:
2083:
356:
for the public and challenging each other. The focus was not on their physique, and they possessed relatively large bellies and fatty limbs compared to bodybuilders of today.
760:
attained mass and size never seen previously but were not successful at the pro level. Others were renowned for their spectacular development of a particular body part, like
4098:
Taylor MA, Garrow JS (April 2001). "Compared with nibbling, neither gorging nor a morning fast affect short-term energy balance in obese patients in a chamber calorimeter".
4678:
4307:
Giorgi A, Weatherby RP, Murphy PW (December 1999). "Muscular strength, body composition and health responses to the use of testosterone enanthate: a double blind study".
3467:
1081:, is generally regarded as the first true female bodybuilding contest—that is, the first contest where the entrants were judged solely on muscularity. In 1980, the first
3569:
1338:
3237:
3925:"Greater stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with ingestion of whey protein isolate v. micellar casein at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men"
1597:
functions while stimulating the liver's P450 system (which eliminates hormones, drugs, and waste from the body) to more actively process and excrete excess estrogen.
5205:
1556:
decreases amino acid uptake by muscle and inhibits protein synthesis. Current recommendations suggest that bodybuilders should consume 25–30% of protein per total
538:(a champion wrestler who also authored an early book on "physical culture"), and Alan P. Mead (who became a muscle champion despite the fact that he lost a leg in
2161:
1994:
592:
441:
281:
2446:
2226:
502:
Many other important bodybuilders in the early history of bodybuilding prior to 1930 include: Earle Liederman (writer of some of bodybuilding's earliest books),
1614:, it depends on the quantity and type of food, not how the food is spread across the meals of the day. Well-controlled studies using whole-body calorimetry and
3444:
Giblin, Chris. "Clean Bulking: for Frustrated Hard-Gainers, Clean Bulking Is Attainable If You Focus Your Diet Accordingly with the Right Foods and Strategy."
2607:
1449:. Normally, this soreness becomes most apparent a day or two after a workout. However, as muscles become adapted to the exercises, soreness tends to decrease.
485:, who was declared "The Most Perfectly Developed Man in the World". Treloar won a thousand dollar cash prize, a substantial sum at that time. Two weeks later,
3133:
5128:
3965:
1492:
play an important role for bodybuilders. They give the body energy to deal with the rigors of training and recovery. Carbohydrates also promote secretion of
4895:
2665:
846:). It touted efforts to bring bigger prize money and more "dramatic" events to the sport of bodybuilding—which resulted in its championships being held as
780:
4565:
Sisti, Andrea; Huayllani, Maria T.; Restrepo, David J.; Boczar, Daniel; Manrique, Oscar J.; Broer, Peter N.; Shapiro, Shane A.; Forte, Antonio J. (2020).
3107:
1660:
of both types (I and II) of muscle fibers, likely caused by an increased synthesis of muscle proteins. They also provoke undesired side effects including
5198:
2577:
4842:
3595:
6351:
5672:
2772:
1225:(referred to as "cutting") while preserving as much muscular mass as possible. The bulking phase entails remaining in a net positive energy balance (
5103:
4622:
MacDougall, J. Duncan; Gibala, Martin J.; Tarnopolsky, Mark A.; MacDonald, Jay R.; Interisano, Stephen A.; Yarasheski, Kevin E. (December 1, 1995).
576:
448:
312:
274:
2274:
4182:
Philen RM, Ortiz DI, Auerbach SB, Falk H (August 1992). "Survey of advertising for nutritional supplements in health and bodybuilding magazines".
3519:
MacDougall JD, Elder GC, Sale DG, Moroz JR, Sutton JR (February 1980). "Effects of strength training and immobilization on human muscle fibres".
834:
via its performers and personalities. Tom Platz served as the WBF's director of talent development, and announced the new organization during an
1464:
The high levels of muscle growth and repair achieved by bodybuilders require a specialized diet. Generally speaking, bodybuilders require more
5646:
4000:
3810:
3087:
3012:
2648:
2550:
2302:
963:
Another growing trend with gym-related social media is the phenomenon of gym-shaming; a video posted by content creator Jessica Fernandez on
1962:
5665:
1110:, though she soon made a successful transition to bodybuilding, becoming one of the leading competitors of the late 1980s and early 1990s.
2130:
3489:
2248:
3775:
3103:
2195:
257:(2–7 kg) per year. After five years, gains can decrease to as little as 3–10 pounds (1–5 kg) per year. Some bodybuilders use
5641:
4712:
2114:
919:
similar to those of the United States became more widespread in Europe and especially in Eastern Europe following the collapse of the
3413:
2075:
6299:
4859:
4353:
364:
2367:
2049:
3909:"Your nutrition problems solved; This month: pre- and postworkout nutrition, calculating protein intake and adding simple carbs".
1906:
1089:, who had also won the NPC's USA Championship earlier in the year. The contest was a major turning point for female bodybuilding.
5108:
4980:
4670:
1102:
World Cup Championship. Competitors prominently featured in the film were Kris Alexander, Lori Bowen, Lydia Cheng, Carla Dunlap,
2514:
622:. Certain bodybuilders rose to fame thanks to the relatively new medium of television, as well as cinema. The most notable were
4888:
4426:"Body composition and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency; effects of low-dose growth hormone replacement"
3459:
3565:
2710:
2481:
3227:
2829:
2423:
1114:
4729:
4359:
3870:
2859:
2338:
642:'s chain gyms), there were still segments of the United States that had no "hardcore" bodybuilding gyms until the advent of
209:. It is primarily undertaken for aesthetic purposes over functional ones, distinguishing it from similar activities such as
3691:
Dimitriadis G, Mitrou P, Lambadiari V, Maratou E, Raptis SA (August 2011). "Insulin effects in muscle and adipose tissue".
1403:
1137:
pleasing" body on stage. In prejudging, competitors do a series of mandatory poses: the front lat spread, rear lat spread,
6344:
3896:
1442:
823:
809:
785:
424:
Sandow organized the first bodybuilding contest on September 14, 1901, called the "Great Competition". It was held at the
4260:"Oxandrolone in the treatment of HIV-associated weight loss in men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study"
2799:
1375:
2945:
1174:
1085:(initially known as the "Miss" Olympia), the most prestigious contest for professionals, was held. The first winner was
862:
603:, which was started in 1965 by the IFBB and is now considered the most important bodybuilding competition in the world.
349:
2165:
1984:
1237:
The cutting phase entails remaining in a net negative energy balance (calorie deficit). The main goal of cutting is to
944:
The advent of social media had a profound influence on fitness and bodybuilding. It is common to see platforms such as
6414:
6220:
2450:
2218:
1695:, which leads to many metabolic changes detrimental to muscle growth; for instance, by diminishing growth hormone and
713:
635:
575:, and the opportunity to enter physique contests. The number of bodybuilding organizations grew, and most notably the
267:
1032:
board shorts. Classic physique started in 2016. Danny Hester was the first classic physique Mr. Olympia. As of 2023,
546:, who was a disciple of Sandow, started his career as a bodybuilder and sculptor's model before beginning his famous
1382:
465:
The first large-scale bodybuilding competition in America took place from December 28, 1903, to January 2, 1904, at
6503:
6488:
6478:
5181:
4881:
4381:
Alexopoulou O, Abs R, Maiter D (2010). "Treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: who, why and how? A review".
1632:
The important role of nutrition in building muscle and losing fat means bodybuilders may consume a wide variety of
1094:
901:
827:
262:
3973:
3050:
1258:
goals (carbs, fats, and proteins) will be different for each person, but it is ideal to get as close as possible.
842:(which, unbeknownst to organizers, McMahon and Platz had attended as representatives of an accompanying magazine,
6044:
3314:"Nutrition, Pharmacological and Training Strategies Adopted by Six Bodybuilders: Case Report and Critical Review"
2941:
From 'Classical' To 'Freaky:' An Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture
1715:
1346:
982:
789:
2669:
2393:
6493:
6483:
6337:
5944:
5570:
3051:""The Most Muscular Woman I Have Ever Seen": Bev Francis's Performance of Gender in Pumping Iron II: The Women"
1775:
too long (a lack of splitting apart workouts). Training at a high intensity too frequently also stimulates the
1684:(HGH). HGH is also used by female bodybuilders to obtain bigger muscles "while maintaining a 'female appearance
1681:
1610:
when compared to 3 meals a day. While food does have a metabolic cost to digest, absorb, and store, called the
881:
651:
322:
292:
4143:"Acute effects on metabolism and appetite profile of one meal difference in the lower range of meal frequency"
3991:
The testosterone syndrome: the critical factor for energy, health, and sexuality: reversing the male menopause
1389:
2389:
5741:
5235:
4803:
3591:
1627:
1593:, and other plant-based foods that contain phytoestrogens are also beneficial because they can inhibit some
1537:
1470:
1361:
1342:
1300:
1063:
changed the limits of traditional femininity as their bodies showed that muscles are not only just for men.
912:
531:
3259:
Lambert CP, Frank LL, Evans WJ (March 2004). "Macronutrient considerations for the sport of bodybuilding".
2764:
2684:
6018:
3617:
Manore MM, Thompson J, Russo M (March 1993). "Diet and exercise strategies of a world-class bodybuilder".
1776:
1611:
815:
709:
588:
444:
284:
4567:"Oil injection for cosmetic enhancement of the upper extremities: a case report and review of literature"
1371:
6473:
6394:
6285:
5585:
5313:
4937:
4853:
3673:
2739:
2278:
1673:
1186:
1138:
854:
features and showmanship. The organization signed high-valued contracts with a number of IFBB regulars.
729:
684:
596:
466:
300:
61:
51:
1142:
936:
recognition for bodybuilding remains controversial since many argue that bodybuilding is not a sport.
6240:
5938:
5828:
5802:
5772:
5560:
5497:
5490:
5250:
3871:"Protein: a guide to maximum muscle: confused? Let us separate the gristle from the meat.(Nutrition)"
3826:
Lambert CP, Frank LL, Evans WJ (2004). "Macronutrient considerations for the sport of bodybuilding".
1735:
1615:
997:
953:
851:
797:
656:
560:
507:
226:
3130:"Judging the 2008 Mr. Olympia: Judges Provide Full Transparency and Complete Explanation of Results"
3079:
3073:
1077:
The first U.S. Women's National Physique Championship, promoted by Henry McGhee and held in 1978 in
6498:
6270:
5265:
5155:
5123:
5010:
5000:
1838:
1808:
1633:
1060:
1045:
634:. While there were well-known gyms throughout the country during the 1950s (such as Vince's Gym in
396:
depicts the beginning of modern bodybuilding, when Sandow began to display his body for carnivals.
194:
4516:
Summermatter S, Bouzan A, Pierrel E, Melly S, Stauffer D, Gutzwiller S, et al. (March 2017).
1795:, phytochemicals, even nutritional supplements are critical. A mental disorder, informally called
904:(AMI). The position of president of the IFBB was filled by Rafael Santonja following the death of
6442:
6384:
6280:
6085:
5974:
5778:
5470:
5255:
5221:
5118:
5113:
5063:
4972:
4942:
4834:
4784:
4498:
4455:
4406:
4289:
4123:
3851:
3752:
3642:
3544:
3395:
3284:
3209:
2765:"Beginner's Guide To Natural Bodybuilding Competition: Disseminating Misconception From Reality!"
2415:
1954:
1784:
1677:
1653:
1453:
1275:
1122:
1056:
543:
429:
401:
392:
202:
31:
1512:
However, bodybuilders frequently do ingest some quickly digesting sugars (often in form of pure
672:
2638:
6427:
6360:
6305:
6173:
6123:
6073:
6026:
5983:
5844:
5822:
5688:
5545:
5058:
5033:
5005:
4990:
4826:
4776:
4708:
4651:
4643:
4604:
4586:
4547:
4490:
4447:
4398:
4349:
4324:
4281:
4240:
4217:
Schroeder ET, Vallejo AF, Zheng L, Stewart Y, Flores C, Nakao S, et al. (December 2005).
4199:
4164:
4115:
4080:
4039:
3996:
3946:
3890:
3843:
3806:
3798:
3744:
3708:
3665:
3634:
3536:
3387:
3379:
3343:
3276:
3201:
3083:
3008:
2920:
2902:
2644:
2556:
2546:
2298:
2252:
2110:
1858:
1853:
1823:
1585:(female hormone) properties, though more recent studies have shown that soy actually contains
1501:
1353:
1317:
1282:
1182:
1165:. Each competitor also performs a personal choreographed routine to display their physique. A
527:
470:
425:
353:
6209:
6203:
6153:
6147:
6103:
6097:
6007:
5697:
5618:
5535:
5465:
5275:
5165:
5160:
5135:
5083:
5073:
5043:
4985:
4919:
4818:
4768:
4635:
4594:
4578:
4537:
4529:
4482:
4437:
4390:
4316:
4271:
4230:
4191:
4154:
4107:
4070:
4029:
3936:
3835:
3771:
3736:
3700:
3626:
3528:
3418:
3371:
3333:
3325:
3268:
3232:
3193:
3000:
2910:
2894:
2187:
1878:
1863:
1692:
1645:
1571:
964:
839:
835:
725:
572:
474:
380:
328:
258:
182:
178:
163:
112:
46:
4624:"The Time Course for Elevated Muscle Protein Synthesis Following Heavy Resistance Exercise"
1121:
E. Wilma Conner competed in the 2011 NPC Armbrust Pro Gym Warrior Classic Championships in
287:
have been considered the top amateur bodybuilding contests, with notable winners including
6432:
6295:
5856:
5150:
5140:
5068:
5015:
2881:
Roberts, Brandon M; Helms, Eric R; Trexler, Eric T; Fitschen, Peter J (January 31, 2020).
2796:"Strong is the new slim: a study of the body and gender amongst female free weights users"
1873:
1792:
1711:
1691:
Muscle growth is more difficult to achieve in older adults than younger adults because of
1434:
1396:
1313:
1150:
831:
631:
519:
503:
198:
4473:
Savine R, Sönksen P (2000). "Growth hormone - hormone replacement for the somatopause?".
2016:
1756:
occurs during rest periods for up to 48 hours after the workout. Some bodybuilders add a
1441:. These micro-tears in the muscle contribute to the soreness felt after exercise, called
4219:"Six-week improvements in muscle mass and strength during androgen therapy in older men"
2507:"When Bodybuilding Met Wrestling: The Bizarre Tale of the World Bodybuilding Federation"
2361:
2041:
1208:
280:
contest is recognized as the world's top male professional bodybuilder. Since 1950, the
6452:
6447:
6437:
5932:
5862:
5813:
5790:
5718:
5550:
5455:
5339:
5293:
5053:
4599:
4566:
4542:
4517:
4276:
4259:
3338:
3313:
3155:
2915:
2882:
1989:
1902:
1868:
1848:
1704:
1661:
1607:
1586:
1508:
1505:
1222:
1203:
1099:
1033:
1007:
889:
753:
749:
688:
384:
341:
288:
4623:
4320:
3704:
1577:
Bodybuilders were previously thought to require protein with a higher BV than that of
1146:
923:. This resulted in the emergence of whole new populations of bodybuilders from former
6467:
6389:
6379:
6135:
5995:
5850:
5754:
5623:
5607:
5480:
4822:
4442:
4425:
3989:
3839:
3399:
3272:
3213:
2506:
1589:
which compete with estrogens in the male body and can block estrogenic actions. Soy,
1478:
1446:
1255:
1238:
1213:
1154:
1086:
819:
643:
619:
615:
535:
491:
486:
337:
153:
97:
5190:
4788:
4691:
It's after you finish your workout…that your body is busy making new muscle protein.
4502:
4459:
4410:
4293:
4127:
3855:
3646:
3548:
3301:
the science and development of muscle hypertrophy, Dr. Brad Schoenfeld, page 139-140
3288:
1536:
Protein milkshakes, made from protein powder (center) and milk (left), are a common
6399:
6275:
6185:
6038:
5565:
5507:
5502:
5485:
5475:
5422:
5270:
5038:
4838:
3756:
2473:
1929:
1780:
1769:
1700:
1696:
1665:
1566:
1517:
1489:
1178:
1107:
1078:
1070:
924:
920:
858:
847:
745:
737:
733:
704:
696:
692:
647:
627:
623:
547:
437:
413:
388:
376:
368:
296:
270:(considered the leading amateur bodybuilding federation) does not require testing.
214:
210:
4518:"Blockade of Metallothioneins 1 and 2 Increases Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength"
3923:
Burd NA, Yang Y, Moore DR, Tang JE, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM (September 2012).
3039:
Todd, Jan, "Bodybuilding", St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture, Gale Group, 1999
2821:
1680:. Other performance-enhancing substances used by competitive bodybuilders include
1618:
have demonstrated that there is no metabolic advantage to eating more frequently.
708:. By this time, the IFBB dominated the competitive bodybuilding landscape and the
606:
During the 1950s, the most successful and most famous competing bodybuilders were
4804:"A framework for understanding the training process leading to elite performance"
4737:
4343:
3375:
2851:
2330:
6290:
6248:
6050:
5920:
5868:
5834:
5724:
5706:
5460:
5448:
5329:
5145:
4235:
4218:
3677:
2017:"Anabolic Steroids and Other Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drugs (APEDs)"
1843:
1657:
1465:
1438:
1103:
1082:
886:
870:
765:
757:
600:
539:
515:
511:
510:, Emy Nkemena, George F. Jowett, Finn Hateral (a pioneer in the art of posing),
459:
451:
277:
249:
238:
234:
230:
173:
4223:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
2131:"This footage taken by Thomas Edison in 1904, shows women and men bodybuilding"
1520:) just before, during, and/or just after a workout. This may help to replenish
6114:
5963:
5888:
5796:
5784:
5657:
5443:
5427:
5396:
5365:
5298:
5245:
5240:
5078:
4159:
4142:
3941:
3924:
3740:
1833:
1707:
parameters, and affects the quality of life without significant side effects.
1649:
1582:
1134:
1011:
916:
905:
897:
607:
584:
580:
482:
455:
433:
133:
4647:
4590:
3669:
3383:
3205:
3197:
2939:
2906:
2795:
2560:
6404:
6229:
6197:
6164:
6141:
6091:
5989:
5840:
5766:
5745:
5712:
5580:
5575:
5525:
5370:
5308:
4582:
4195:
2898:
1796:
1594:
1437:
causes micro-tears to the muscles being trained; this is generally known as
1231:
945:
866:
775:
To combat anabolic steroid use and in the hopes of becoming a member of the
761:
741:
700:
639:
523:
345:
17:
4830:
4780:
4608:
4551:
4494:
4451:
4424:
Ahmad AM, Hopkins MT, Thomas J, Ibrahim H, Fraser WD, Vora JP (June 2001).
4402:
4328:
4285:
4244:
4168:
4119:
4111:
3950:
3847:
3748:
3712:
3391:
3347:
3329:
3280:
3181:
2994:
2924:
1532:
683:
In the 1970s, bodybuilding had major publicity thanks to the appearance of
244:
4655:
4203:
4084:
4043:
3638:
3540:
3004:
2540:
2474:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act"
2390:"IFBB Professional League – Jim Manion, Chairman IFBB Professional League"
1098:
was released. It documented the preparation of several women for the 1983
1066:
1006:
In natural contests, the testing protocol ranges among organizations from
6191:
6179:
6129:
6079:
6065:
6032:
5612:
5602:
5530:
5334:
5323:
5318:
5303:
5048:
4957:
4927:
4904:
4533:
4394:
2969:"Bodybuilding World Reacts to Chris Bumstead's Fourth Mr.Olympia Triumph"
2608:"American Media, Inc. Acquires Full Ownership Of Mr. Olympia Competition"
1828:
1813:
micro-cycles" and were a key training technique used by Soviet athletes.
1800:
1676:
and a decline in the body's own testosterone production, which can cause
1553:
1521:
1474:
1452:
Weight training aims to build muscle by prompting two different types of
1166:
1051:
740:
in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and continuing through the 1980s with
611:
564:
405:
222:
4075:
4058:
4034:
4017:
3630:
447:
contest. It would not resurface again until 1977 when the winner of the
375:
Bodybuilding developed in the late 19th century, promoted in England by
5955:
5926:
5911:
5900:
5894:
5760:
5730:
5555:
5406:
5391:
5355:
5260:
4962:
4952:
4932:
4759:
Mosley PE (May 2009). "Bigorexia: bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia".
3532:
1788:
1760:
at the end of each workout to their routine as a method of recovering.
1757:
1723:
1719:
1557:
1513:
1497:
1493:
1360:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
1289:
1226:
1158:
728:
in bodybuilding and many other sports. More significant use began with
676:
568:
462:
winners have been consistently awarded a replica of the bronze Sandow.
4486:
6001:
5879:
5401:
5360:
4947:
2542:
Wrestling Babylon: piledriving tales of drugs, sex, death and scandal
1562:
1549:
1524:
stored within the muscle, and to stimulate muscle protein synthesis.
949:
409:
4772:
4639:
1500:
they need. Insulin also carries amino acids into cells and promotes
348:. Western weightlifting developed in Europe from 1880 to 1953, with
6363:
6329:
3521:
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology
1545:
1531:
1296:
1207:
1162:
880:
671:
412:, and tension bands. Even his image was sold by the thousands in "
243:
4018:"Effect of the pattern of food intake on human energy metabolism"
4016:
Verboeket-van de Venne WP, Westerterp KR, Kester AD (July 1993).
3228:"Reverse Dieting: How to Go From Cut to Bulk Without Gaining Fat"
822:
attempted to form his own bodybuilding organization known as the
458:, was presented with a replica of the bronze trophy. Since then,
205:. An individual who engages in this activity is referred to as a
5375:
4258:
Grunfeld C, Kotler DP, Dobs A, Glesby M, Bhasin S (March 2006).
4100:
International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders
3660:
Skinner R (March 2002). "Nutrition for Muscle Mass". Sidelines.
1669:
1590:
1445:(DOMS). It is the repair of these micro-traumas that results in
1133:
In competitive bodybuilding, bodybuilders aspire to present an "
957:
6333:
5661:
5194:
4877:
3877:. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013
3490:"9 things every athlete needs to know about sleep and recovery"
3180:
Probert, Anne; Leberman, Sarah; Palmer, Farah (March 1, 2007).
792:(CSA). In Canada, steroids are listed under Schedule IV of the
6310:
6061:
2822:"How Bodybuilding is Judged, Different Divisions, and Scoring"
2711:"Bodybuilder Joey Swoll has had enough of fitness influencers"
1578:
1321:
776:
2731:
30:"Bodybuilder" redirects here. For the 2022 Russian film, see
4873:
3414:"The Clean Bulk: A New Approach To Adding Offseason Muscle"
3370:(9). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 2546–2551.
3104:"Top 10 Most Impressive Bodybuilder Physiques of All Time"
2685:"How YoungLA Became 2022's Hottest Men's Activewear Brand"
371:, often referred to as the "Father of Modern Bodybuilding"
225:. This is enhanced at the final stage by a combination of
3566:"Weight Training Intensity or Volume for Bigger Muscles?"
477:
and publisher of original bodybuilding magazines such as
3182:"New Zealand Bodybuilder Identities: Beyond Homogeneity"
1606:
bulking phase. Eating more frequently does not increase
4730:"The Warrior Nerd: Overtraining or Undereating, part 1"
2666:"Bodybuilding And The Olympics: An Ongoing Controversy"
1357:
857:
The IFBB's inaugural championship in June 1991 (won by
54:, one of the most notable figures in bodybuilding, 1974
4671:"When Do Muscles Grow After Working Out With Weights?"
3460:"Dirty Bulking: Why You Need To Know The Dirty Truth!"
2188:"The Fascinating Story of the First Bodybuilding Show"
599:, Mr. World, Mr. Universe, Mr. Galaxy, and ultimately
67:
International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness
2944:(doctoral thesis). Goldsmiths, University of London.
2251:. Sandowplus.co.uk. December 28, 1903. Archived from
1212:
Lukas Osladil posing onstage with a variation of the
869:
as a figurehead (hosting a WBF television program on
336:
Stone-lifting competitions were practiced in ancient
3799:"Sites of Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism"
1581:, which was additionally avoided due to its alleged
1552:
generate the forces exerted by contracting muscles.
494:
continued to promote bodybuilding across the world.
428:
in London. Judged by Sandow, Sir Charles Lawes, and
6239:
6219:
6163:
6113:
6060:
6017:
5973:
5954:
5910:
5878:
5812:
5740:
5696:
5595:
5518:
5436:
5415:
5384:
5348:
5286:
5228:
5096:
5026:
4971:
4918:
4911:
2883:"Nutritional Recommendations for Physique Athletes"
2578:"Vince McMahon's Attempt to Take Over Bodybuilding"
2472:Branch, Legislative Services (September 19, 2019).
1274:Bodybuilders use three main strategies to maximize
172:
162:
152:
144:
139:
129:
121:
111:
103:
93:
88:
80:
72:
59:
4705:Thinking Through the Body: Essays in Somaesthetics
4057:Bellisle F, McDevitt R, Prentice AM (April 1997).
3988:
2640:Creativity of God in the Human Body "Bodybuilding"
2294:CREATIVITY OF GOD IN THE HUMAN BODY "BODYBUILDING"
1106:, and McLish. At the time, Francis was actually a
788:placed anabolic steroids into Schedule III of the
756:, and up to the present day. Bodybuilders such as
469:in New York City. The competition was promoted by
2736:International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation
2392:. Ifbbpro.com. September 26, 2007. Archived from
6320:(c) – compound exercise, (i) – isolated exercise
4141:Smeets AJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS (June 2008).
1726:hypertrophy, and ultimately in muscle strength.
1356:. Please review the contents of the section and
1285:through weights or elastic/hydraulic resistance.
1050:The female movement of the 1960s, combined with
587:. Other bodybuilding organizations included the
579:(IFBB) was founded in 1946 by Canadian brothers
4264:Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
3186:International Review for the Sociology of Sport
768:for their leg muscles. At the time of shooting
3966:"Estrogens, Testosterone & Phytoestrogens"
2852:"Excellence In Execution: Perfecting The Pose"
2363:Flex marks the spot: histories of Muscle Beach
6345:
5673:
5206:
4889:
3364:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
1714:gene expression results in activation of the
241:and shave their bodies prior to competition.
8:
1985:"How Long Does it Take to Be a Bodybuilder?"
39:
2107:The New Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding
1288:Specialized nutrition, incorporating extra
6352:
6338:
6330:
5680:
5666:
5658:
5213:
5199:
5191:
4915:
4896:
4882:
4874:
2759:
2757:
420:First large-scale bodybuilding competition
45:
38:
4598:
4541:
4441:
4275:
4234:
4158:
4074:
4033:
3940:
3337:
3318:European Journal of Translational Myology
2914:
2223:, vol. 10, no. 6 (December 1903), p. 555"
593:National Amateur Bodybuilding Association
233:to achieve maximum muscle definition and
221:exercising and eliminating non-essential
4309:Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
3619:International Journal of Sport Nutrition
2042:"Should The IFBB Ban Steroids For Real?"
1352:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1065:
577:International Federation of Bodybuilders
363:
321:
313:History of physical training and fitness
4681:from the original on September 24, 2023
3693:Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
3664:. Vol. 71, no. 8. p. 3.
2447:"Arnold & Steroids: Truth Revealed"
2076:"Locked horns and a flurry of feathers"
1909:from the original on September 14, 2020
1890:
1125:, at the age of 75 years and 349 days.
911:In the early 21st century, patterns of
4851:
4628:Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology
3888:
3803:Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Volume 4
3662:Scholastic Coach and Athletic Director
3598:from the original on September 5, 2013
3560:
3558:
2938:Liokaftos, Dimitrios (February 2012).
2572:
2570:
2501:
2499:
2109:. Fireside, NY: Simon & Schuster.
1496:, a hormone enabling cells to get the
826:(WBF). It operated as a sister to the
646:in the mid-1960s. Finally, the famed
27:Control and development of musculature
5647:International World Games Association
3500:from the original on October 29, 2021
3470:from the original on February 8, 2023
3240:from the original on January 24, 2020
2775:from the original on January 26, 2020
2742:from the original on February 8, 2023
2709:Kristen Fleming (February 23, 2023).
2534:
2532:
2426:from the original on November 6, 2013
2229:from the original on February 4, 2021
1934:World Natural Bodybuilding Federation
1903:"Men's Bodybuilding: A Short History"
1787:, and various micronutrients such as
679:posing with model Jackie Coey in 1953
197:to build, control, and develop one's
7:
4848:from the original on August 9, 2017.
4707:. Cambridge University. p. 43.
2614:(Press release). September 5, 2017.
2069:
2067:
1896:
1894:
1752:occurs when lifting weights, muscle
1644:Some bodybuilders use drugs such as
4059:"Meal frequency and energy balance"
3572:from the original on March 10, 2012
2948:from the original on April 23, 2021
2862:from the original on April 23, 2021
2832:from the original on April 23, 2021
2416:"Arnold: No Regrets About Steroids"
2370:from the original on April 23, 2021
2341:from the original on April 23, 2021
2198:from the original on April 23, 2021
2141:from the original on April 23, 2021
1997:from the original on April 23, 2021
794:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
526:, Sgt. Alfred Moss, Joe Nordquist,
248:A bodybuilder performs the incline
4669:Braverman, Jody (April 10, 2019).
4362:from the original on April 5, 2023
4277:10.1097/01.qai.0000197546.56131.40
3778:from the original on June 21, 2000
3426:from the original on April 7, 2020
3110:from the original on July 29, 2017
3078:. The Jim Pattison Group. p.
3021:from the original on April 5, 2023
2967:Bachu, Ramya (December 18, 2022).
2588:from the original on June 25, 2021
2484:from the original on April 8, 2022
2331:"A History Lesson In Bodybuilding"
2311:from the original on April 5, 2023
2074:Karthikeyan D (January 12, 2013).
2052:from the original on June 25, 2020
1965:from the original on June 26, 2020
25:
5222:Sports of the World Games program
4571:Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis
3446:Joe Weider's Muscle & Fitness
3049:Shain, Cera R. (March 20, 2019).
2996:Critical Readings in Bodybuilding
2802:from the original on May 12, 2021
2618:from the original on May 19, 2020
2517:from the original on May 24, 2021
2086:from the original on May 11, 2013
1648:and precursor substances such as
1118:considered a female bodybuilder.
724:This period also saw the rise of
6413:
5637:
5636:
5177:
5176:
4981:High-intensity interval training
4823:10.2165/00007256-200333150-00003
4761:European Eating Disorders Review
4443:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01275.x
4147:The British Journal of Nutrition
4063:The British Journal of Nutrition
4022:The British Journal of Nutrition
3929:The British Journal of Nutrition
3840:10.2165/00007256-200434050-00004
3772:"Substrates for Gluconeogenesis"
3273:10.2165/00007256-200434050-00004
2021:National Institute on Drug Abuse
1640:Performance-enhancing substances
1422:
1326:
1036:is the 5x reigning Mr. Olympia.
2794:Spice, Robyn Charlotte (2016).
2668:. article99.com. Archived from
2664:Littman J (November 13, 2007).
2360:Ozyurtcu, Tolga (August 2014).
2162:"Bodybuilders Through the Ages"
1292:and supplements when necessary.
830:(WWF, now WWE), which provided
720:Anabolic/androgenic steroid use
195:progressive resistance exercise
4522:Molecular and Cellular Biology
3448:, vol. 75, no. 8, 2014, p. 89.
2249:"Al Treloar at SandowPlus.com"
1703:and muscle strength, improves
1358:add the appropriate references
1115:fitness and figure competition
1:
4858:: CS1 maint: date and year (
4321:10.1016/S1440-2440(99)80007-3
3805:. Elsevier. pp. 229–98.
3705:10.1016/S0168-8227(11)70014-6
2993:Locks, Adam (March 1, 2013).
2094:– via www.thehindu.com.
1443:delayed onset muscle soreness
824:World Bodybuilding Federation
810:World Bodybuilding Federation
804:World Bodybuilding Federation
784:Steroid Control Act of 1990,
659:in popular shows and movies.
4345:Bodybuilding, Drugs and Risk
3458:Rian Evans (June 13, 2010).
3376:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003169
3132:. Muscletime. Archived from
2275:"STRONGFORTISM – LESSON ONE"
1955:"Shaving Body Hair For Men!"
900:sold Weider Publications to
712:(AAU) took a back seat. The
3987:Shippen E, Fryer W (1998).
3160:Ultimate Fitness Birmingham
3075:Guinness World Records 2014
2217:Ryan, Eugene Avery (1899).
1905:. Bodybuildingreviews.net.
1730:Injecting oil into muscles
1339:reliable medical references
714:National Physique Committee
636:North Hollywood, California
268:National Physique Committee
263:performance-enhancing drugs
6520:
4802:Smith DJ (February 2003).
4348:. Routledge. p. 145.
2798:. University of Stirling.
2160:Rhodes J (July 19, 2009).
1767:
1733:
1656:. Anabolic steroids cause
1625:
1311:
1201:
1095:Pumping Iron II: The Women
1043:
995:
980:
828:World Wrestling Federation
807:
498:Notable early bodybuilders
440:for winning the inaugural
310:
84:England, late 19th century
29:
6422:
6411:
6370:
6258:
5642:Sports at the World Games
5632:
5229:Artistic and dance sports
5174:
4236:10.1093/gerona/60.12.1586
4160:10.1017/S0007114507877646
3942:10.1017/S0007114511006271
3895:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3774:. IU School of Medicine.
3741:10.1007/s00424-007-0368-2
3592:"Major Nutrients in Food"
2887:Journal of Human Kinetics
2105:Schwarzenegger A (1999).
1710:In rodents, knockdown of
1345:or relies too heavily on
1295:Adequate rest, including
1092:In 1985, the documentary
983:Professional bodybuilding
977:Professional bodybuilding
850:events with WWF-inspired
790:Controlled Substances Act
404:for the masses: machined
273:The winner of the annual
237:. Most bodybuilders also
44:
3869:Samantha Heller (2004).
3198:10.1177/1012690207081921
2539:Muchnick, Irvin (2007).
1017:
931:Olympic sport discussion
5236:Artistic roller skating
5129:Neurobiological effects
4583:10.23750/abm.v91i3.8533
4196:10.1001/jama.268.8.1008
2899:10.2478/hukin-2019-0096
2545:. Toronto : ECW Press.
2478:laws-lois.justice.gc.ca
1628:Bodybuilding supplement
1471:cardiovascular exercise
844:Bodybuilding Lifestyles
699:and others in the 1977
5921:Close-grip bench press
4728:Lonnie Lowery (2004).
4430:Clinical Endocrinology
4112:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801572
3995:. New York: M. Evans.
3797:Manchester KL (2012).
3330:10.4081/ejtm.2017.6247
1777:central nervous system
1612:thermic effect of food
1541:
1217:
1074:
893:
816:professional wrestling
779:, the IFBB introduced
710:Amateur Athletic Union
680:
589:Amateur Athletic Union
430:Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
372:
333:
285:Universe Championships
253:
145:Country or region
6395:Olympic weightlifting
4740:on September 27, 2007
4703:Shusterman R (2012).
4342:Lee Monaghan (2002).
3801:. In Munro HN (ed.).
3005:10.4324/9780203809457
2828:. November 27, 2020.
2689:www.tribedynamics.com
2422:. February 11, 2009.
2396:on September 21, 2012
1674:male pattern baldness
1672:, the early onset of
1535:
1211:
1202:Further information:
1187:Olympic weightlifting
1113:The related areas of
1069:
992:Natural bodybuilding
884:
730:Arnold Schwarzenegger
685:Arnold Schwarzenegger
675:
522:, Launceston Elliot,
479:Health & Strength
467:Madison Square Garden
367:
325:
301:Arnold Schwarzenegger
247:
52:Arnold Schwarzenegger
6230:Side-lying leg raise
5975:Abdomen and obliques
5901:Reverse grip push-up
5519:Past official sports
5498:Competition climbing
5481:Speed roller skating
5251:Acrobatic gymnastics
4734:TESTOSTERONE! NATION
4534:10.1128/MCB.00305-16
4395:10.1179/acb.2010.002
4383:Acta Clinica Belgica
3976:on October 25, 2006.
3568:. October 15, 2010.
3422:. October 16, 2016.
2672:on December 5, 2007.
2643:. Abdullah F Shrit.
2582:Muscle & Fitness
2297:. Abdullah F Shrit.
1809:Muscle & Fitness
1736:Site enhancement oil
1682:human growth hormone
1616:doubly labeled water
1608:basal metabolic rate
1185:is paramount, or to
1181:competitions, where
998:Natural bodybuilding
902:American Media, Inc.
852:sports entertainment
508:George Hackenschmidt
416:" and other prints.
352:displaying feats of
227:carbohydrate loading
6380:Grip strength sport
6271:Bodyweight exercise
5596:Invitational sports
5266:Rhythmic gymnastics
5156:Outline of exercise
5124:Exercise physiology
5011:Suspension training
5001:Bodyweight exercise
4076:10.1079/BJN19970104
4069:(Suppl 1): S57-70.
4035:10.1079/BJN19930108
3631:10.1123/ijsn.3.1.76
2637:Abdullah F. Shirt.
2168:on November 6, 2013
1961:. August 30, 2010.
1839:Exercise physiology
1634:dietary supplements
1622:Dietary supplements
1544:The motor proteins
1198:Bulking and cutting
1139:front double biceps
1061:Female bodybuilders
1046:Female bodybuilding
1040:Female bodybuilding
954:fitness influencers
530:("Strongfortism"),
193:is the practice of
62:governing body
41:
6443:Strength athletics
6385:Kettlebell lifting
6281:Muscle hypertrophy
6223:(inside of thighs)
6086:Dirty dog exercise
5927:Close grip push-up
5256:Aerobic gymnastics
5119:Exercise equipment
5114:Exercise and music
5064:Muscle hypertrophy
4973:Anaerobic exercise
4943:Endurance training
4481:(Suppl 3): 37–41.
3699:(Suppl 1): S52-9.
3533:10.1007/BF00421352
3072:Glenday C (2013).
2858:. March 20, 2005.
2683:Kulke, Catherine.
2612:www.prnewswire.com
2513:. March 17, 2020.
2453:on October 8, 2003
2337:. March 21, 2005.
2281:on August 2, 2008.
2137:. March 26, 2016.
2048:. March 16, 2005.
1930:"Judging Criteria"
1678:testicular atrophy
1654:muscle hypertrophy
1542:
1276:muscle hypertrophy
1218:
1143:back double biceps
1123:Loveland, Colorado
1075:
894:
798:federal Parliament
681:
544:Francis X. Bushman
402:exercise equipment
393:The Great Ziegfeld
373:
334:
254:
32:Bodybuilder (film)
6504:Physical exercise
6489:Individual sports
6479:Body modification
6461:
6460:
6428:Strength training
6327:
6326:
6306:Flywheel training
6300:List of exercises
6117:(front of thighs)
5945:Triceps extension
5845:handstand push-up
5689:Strength training
5655:
5654:
5188:
5187:
5092:
5091:
5059:Interval training
5034:Athletic training
5006:Flywheel training
4991:Strength training
4487:10.1159/000023531
4002:978-0-87131-829-9
3812:978-0-323-14257-1
3496:. March 1, 2017.
3236:. December 2017.
3106:. Muscleprodigy.
3089:978-1-908843-15-9
3014:978-0-203-80945-7
2973:EssentiallySports
2650:978-1-4840-1198-0
2584:. March 7, 2019.
2552:978-1-55490-761-8
2366:(Thesis thesis).
2304:978-1-4840-1198-0
1859:Physical exercise
1854:Muscle dysmorphia
1824:Athletic training
1799:(by analogy with
1718:and increases in
1646:anabolic steroids
1502:protein synthesis
1431:
1430:
1407:
1318:Strength training
1303:between workouts.
1283:Strength training
1183:physical strength
1057:fashion magazines
796:, enacted by the
744:, the 1990s with
726:anabolic steroids
668:New organizations
532:Gustav Frištenský
528:Lionel Strongfort
481:. The winner was
471:Bernarr Macfadden
426:Royal Albert Hall
259:anabolic steroids
188:
187:
16:(Redirected from
6511:
6417:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6331:
6167:(back of thighs)
5682:
5675:
5668:
5659:
5640:
5639:
5619:Wheelchair rugby
5536:Beach volleyball
5397:Billiards sports
5385:Precision sports
5215:
5208:
5201:
5192:
5180:
5179:
5166:Physical fitness
5161:Physical culture
5136:Exercise mimetic
5074:Physical therapy
5044:Circuit training
4938:Distance running
4920:Aerobic exercise
4916:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4875:
4864:
4863:
4857:
4849:
4847:
4808:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4736:. Archived from
4725:
4719:
4718:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4686:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4545:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4475:Hormone Research
4470:
4464:
4463:
4445:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4279:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3994:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3972:. Archived from
3961:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3894:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3464:Bodybuilding.com
3455:
3449:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3419:Bodybuilding.com
3410:
3404:
3403:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2918:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2856:Bodybuilding.com
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2771:. May 10, 2009.
2769:Bodybuilding.com
2761:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2449:. Archived from
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2335:Bodybuilding.com
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2277:. Archived from
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2255:on June 29, 2012
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2221:Physical Culture
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2194:. May 16, 2018.
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2164:. Archived from
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2135:The Vintage News
2127:
2121:
2120:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2046:Bodybuilding.com
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1959:Bodybuilding.com
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1898:
1879:Sports nutrition
1864:Physical fitness
1748:Although muscle
1693:biological aging
1687:
1572:biological value
1426:
1425:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1365:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1027:Classic physique
630:, Reg Park, and
573:food supplements
475:physical culture
473:, the father of
381:Florenz Ziegfeld
329:Farnese Hercules
49:
42:
21:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6494:Weight training
6484:Athletic sports
6464:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6433:Weight training
6418:
6409:
6366:
6358:
6328:
6323:
6296:Weight training
6254:
6235:
6215:
6159:
6109:
6056:
6013:
5969:
5950:
5906:
5882:(front of arms)
5874:
5857:Rear delt raise
5808:
5736:
5692:
5686:
5656:
5651:
5628:
5591:
5514:
5432:
5416:Strength sports
5411:
5380:
5344:
5282:
5224:
5219:
5189:
5184:
5170:
5151:Fitness culture
5141:Exercise trends
5088:
5069:Outdoor fitness
5022:
5016:Weight training
4967:
4907:
4902:
4872:
4867:
4850:
4845:
4817:(15): 1103–26.
4811:Sports Medicine
4806:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4773:10.1002/erv.897
4758:
4757:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4684:
4682:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4640:10.1139/h95-038
4621:
4620:
4616:
4577:(3): e2020082.
4564:
4563:
4559:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4356:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4229:(12): 1586–92.
4216:
4215:
4211:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3908:
3904:
3887:
3880:
3878:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3828:Sports Medicine
3825:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3729:PflĂĽgers Archiv
3725:
3724:
3720:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3261:Sports Medicine
3258:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3136:on May 16, 2019
3128:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3015:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2553:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2305:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1874:Sports medicine
1819:
1772:
1766:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1712:metallothionein
1685:
1642:
1630:
1624:
1603:
1530:
1509:polysaccharides
1487:
1462:
1435:weight training
1427:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1366:
1351:
1347:primary sources
1331:
1327:
1320:
1314:Weight training
1312:Main articles:
1310:
1308:Weight training
1272:
1264:
1251:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1173:In contrast to
1131:
1048:
1042:
1029:
1020:
1000:
994:
985:
979:
974:
942:
933:
892:in October 2009
879:
838:of that year's
832:cross-promotion
812:
806:
722:
670:
665:
632:Mickey Hargitay
556:
520:William Bankier
504:Zishe Breitbart
500:
422:
362:
320:
315:
309:
89:Characteristics
81:First developed
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6517:
6515:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6466:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6453:CrossFit Games
6450:
6448:Highland games
6445:
6440:
6438:Power training
6435:
6430:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6334:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6245:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6226:
6224:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6207:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6177:
6170:
6168:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6133:
6127:
6120:
6118:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6070:
6068:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6048:
6045:Hyperextension
6042:
6036:
6030:
6023:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5987:
5980:
5978:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5960:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5917:
5915:
5914:(back of arms)
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5898:
5892:
5885:
5883:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5866:
5863:Shoulder press
5860:
5854:
5848:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5819:
5817:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5791:Shoulder shrug
5788:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5751:
5749:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5728:
5722:
5716:
5710:
5703:
5701:
5694:
5693:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5662:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5551:Indoor cycling
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5500:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5456:Canoe marathon
5453:
5452:
5451:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5294:Beach handball
5290:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5186:
5185:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5054:Cross-training
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4878:
4871:
4870:External links
4868:
4866:
4865:
4794:
4751:
4720:
4714:978-1107019065
4713:
4695:
4661:
4634:(4): 480–486.
4614:
4557:
4508:
4465:
4416:
4373:
4354:
4334:
4299:
4250:
4209:
4190:(8): 1008–11.
4174:
4153:(6): 1316–21.
4133:
4090:
4049:
4008:
4001:
3979:
3956:
3915:
3913:, January 2005
3902:
3861:
3818:
3811:
3789:
3762:
3735:(6): 1129–40.
3718:
3683:
3652:
3609:
3583:
3554:
3511:
3481:
3450:
3437:
3405:
3353:
3303:
3294:
3251:
3219:
3172:
3147:
3121:
3095:
3088:
3064:
3041:
3032:
3013:
2985:
2959:
2930:
2873:
2843:
2813:
2786:
2753:
2723:
2701:
2675:
2656:
2649:
2629:
2599:
2566:
2551:
2528:
2495:
2464:
2445:Theunissen S.
2437:
2407:
2381:
2352:
2322:
2303:
2284:
2266:
2240:
2209:
2179:
2152:
2122:
2116:978-0684857213
2115:
2097:
2063:
2033:
2008:
1990:Livestrong.com
1976:
1946:
1920:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:Power training
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1849:Lean body mass
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1806:An article by
1768:Main article:
1765:
1762:
1745:
1742:
1734:Main article:
1731:
1728:
1724:type IIb fiber
1705:cardiovascular
1662:hepatotoxicity
1641:
1638:
1626:Main article:
1623:
1620:
1602:
1599:
1587:phytoestrogens
1529:
1526:
1486:
1483:
1461:
1458:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1372:"Bodybuilding"
1334:
1332:
1325:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1293:
1286:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1250:
1247:
1204:Weight cycling
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1130:
1127:
1100:Caesars Palace
1044:Main article:
1041:
1038:
1034:Chris Bumstead
1028:
1025:
1019:
1018:Men's physique
1016:
996:Main article:
993:
990:
981:Main article:
978:
975:
973:
970:
941:
938:
932:
929:
890:Ronnie Coleman
878:
875:
808:Main article:
805:
802:
750:Ronnie Coleman
721:
718:
689:Franco Columbu
669:
666:
664:
661:
555:
552:
499:
496:
421:
418:
387:-winning 1936
361:
358:
319:
316:
308:
305:
289:Ronnie Coleman
250:dumbbell press
186:
185:
176:
170:
169:
166:
160:
159:
156:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
64:
57:
56:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6516:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6416:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6390:Lifting stone
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6355:
6350:
6348:
6343:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6286:Weightlifting
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6136:Leg extension
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5996:Russian twist
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5851:Lateral raise
5849:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5755:Bent-over row
5753:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5683:
5678:
5676:
5671:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:Flag football
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5586:Weightlifting
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5561:Roller hockey
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5402:Boules sports
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5314:Inline hockey
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5216:
5211:
5209:
5204:
5202:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5183:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4894:
4892:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4869:
4861:
4855:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4752:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4436:(6): 709–17.
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4374:
4361:
4357:
4355:9781134588527
4351:
4347:
4346:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4315:(4): 341–55.
4314:
4310:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4270:(3): 304–14.
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4106:(4): 519–28.
4105:
4101:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4028:(1): 103–15.
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3970:maxmuscle.com
3967:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3935:(6): 958–62.
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3911:FLEX Magazine
3906:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3876:
3875:Men's Fitness
3872:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3834:(5): 317–27.
3833:
3829:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3790:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3499:
3495:
3494:Men's Journal
3491:
3485:
3482:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3267:(5): 317–27.
3266:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3233:Men's Journal
3229:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3161:
3157:
3156:"Posing Room"
3151:
3148:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:. Routledge.
2998:
2997:
2989:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2353:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2210:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2172:September 24,
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:carbohydrates
1778:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:Carbohydrates
1485:Carbohydrates
1484:
1482:
1480:
1479:carbohydrates
1476:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1447:muscle growth
1444:
1440:
1436:
1420:
1416:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374: –
1373:
1369:
1368:Find sources:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:This section
1333:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1270:Muscle growth
1269:
1267:
1262:Dirty bulking
1261:
1259:
1257:
1256:Macronutrient
1249:Clean bulking
1248:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1214:Most Muscular
1210:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:Most Muscular
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:aesthetically
1128:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1087:Rachel McLish
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1008:lie detectors
1004:
999:
991:
989:
984:
976:
971:
969:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
939:
937:
930:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
891:
888:
883:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:Vince McMahon
817:
811:
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:U.S. Congress
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
678:
674:
667:
662:
660:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:Clarence Ross
617:
616:Leroy Colbert
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:, the use of
566:
562:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Ralph Parcaut
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
497:
495:
493:
492:Charles Atlas
488:
487:Thomas Edison
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
417:
415:
414:cabinet cards
411:
407:
403:
397:
395:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
366:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
331:
330:
324:
318:Early history
317:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
279:
276:
271:
269:
264:
260:
251:
246:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
184:
180:
177:
175:
171:
167:
165:
161:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
6474:Bodybuilding
6400:Powerlifting
6375:Bodybuilding
6374:
6276:Calisthenics
6266:Bodybuilding
6265:
6186:Good-morning
6039:Good-morning
5748:(upper back)
5566:Rugby sevens
5541:Bodybuilding
5540:
5508:Wakeboarding
5503:Water skiing
5476:Orienteering
5437:Trend sports
5423:Powerlifting
5349:Martial arts
5271:Trampolining
5039:Calisthenics
4996:Bodybuilding
4995:
4854:cite journal
4814:
4810:
4797:
4767:(3): 191–8.
4764:
4760:
4754:
4742:. Retrieved
4738:the original
4733:
4723:
4704:
4698:
4690:
4683:. Retrieved
4674:
4664:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4574:
4570:
4560:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4389:(1): 13–22.
4386:
4382:
4376:
4364:. Retrieved
4344:
4337:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4025:
4021:
4011:
3990:
3982:
3974:the original
3969:
3959:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3910:
3905:
3879:. Retrieved
3874:
3864:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3802:
3792:
3780:. Retrieved
3765:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3661:
3655:
3625:(1): 76–86.
3622:
3618:
3612:
3600:. Retrieved
3586:
3576:February 24,
3574:. Retrieved
3527:(1): 25–34.
3524:
3520:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3493:
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3463:
3453:
3445:
3440:
3428:. Retrieved
3417:
3408:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3321:
3317:
3306:
3297:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3242:. Retrieved
3231:
3222:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3159:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3134:the original
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3098:
3074:
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3053:. p. 43
3044:
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
2995:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2972:
2962:
2950:. Retrieved
2940:
2933:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2855:
2846:
2834:. Retrieved
2825:
2816:
2804:. Retrieved
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2768:
2744:. Retrieved
2735:
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2704:
2692:. Retrieved
2688:
2678:
2670:the original
2659:
2639:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2611:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2581:
2541:
2519:. Retrieved
2510:
2486:. Retrieved
2477:
2467:
2457:February 27,
2455:. Retrieved
2451:the original
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2419:
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:the original
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2362:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2334:
2325:
2313:. Retrieved
2293:
2287:
2279:the original
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:the original
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2220:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2191:
2182:
2170:. Retrieved
2166:the original
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2134:
2125:
2106:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2079:
2054:. Retrieved
2045:
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2020:
2011:
2001:February 15,
1999:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1958:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:
1923:
1913:February 25,
1911:. Retrieved
1807:
1805:
1773:
1770:Overtraining
1764:Overtraining
1753:
1749:
1747:
1739:
1709:
1701:bone density
1697:testosterone
1690:
1666:gynecomastia
1652:to increase
1643:
1631:
1604:
1576:
1543:
1518:maltodextrin
1506:low-glycemic
1488:
1477:. Proteins,
1463:
1451:
1432:
1410:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1367:
1343:verification
1336:
1301:recuperation
1273:
1265:
1252:
1243:
1236:
1219:
1193:Preparations
1179:powerlifting
1172:
1157:(men only),
1151:side triceps
1132:
1120:
1112:
1093:
1091:
1079:Canton, Ohio
1076:
1071:Nikki Fuller
1049:
1030:
1021:
1005:
1001:
986:
962:
943:
940:Social media
934:
925:Eastern Bloc
921:Soviet Union
910:
895:
859:Gary Strydom
856:
848:pay-per-view
843:
813:
793:
774:
770:Pumping Iron
769:
746:Dorian Yates
738:Lou Ferrigno
734:Sergio Oliva
723:
705:Pumping Iron
703:
697:Mike Mentzer
693:Lou Ferrigno
682:
652:Santa Monica
648:Muscle Beach
628:Steve Reeves
624:Jack LaLanne
605:
565:cutting down
557:
548:silent movie
501:
478:
464:
445:Mr. Universe
438:Steve Reeves
423:
398:
391:
389:musical film
377:Eugen Sandow
374:
369:Eugen Sandow
360:Eugen Sandow
335:
327:
297:Steve Reeves
272:
255:
219:
215:calisthenics
211:powerlifting
206:
191:Bodybuilding
190:
189:
104:Team members
40:Bodybuilding
36:
18:Bodybuilders
6291:Plyometrics
6051:Pelvic lift
5869:Upright row
5835:Front raise
5816:(shoulders)
5725:Machine fly
5707:Bench press
5466:Flying disc
5461:Finswimming
5449:Parachuting
5330:Racquetball
5287:Ball sports
5146:Fitness app
5109:Epigenetics
4744:February 8,
3881:February 8,
3504:October 14,
3474:February 8,
3324:(1): 6247.
3244:January 24,
3192:(1): 5–26.
3057:November 2,
2779:January 24,
2746:February 8,
2622:February 8,
2488:January 24,
2056:January 12,
2026:October 15,
1969:January 12,
1939:October 15,
1844:Health club
1750:stimulation
1716:Akt pathway
1658:hypertrophy
1650:prohormones
1454:hypertrophy
1439:microtrauma
1337:needs more
1129:Competition
1108:powerlifter
1104:Bev Francis
1083:Ms. Olympia
913:consumption
887:Mr. Olympia
885:Eight-time
871:USA Network
840:Mr. Olympia
766:Paul Demayo
758:Greg Kovacs
754:Markus RĂĽhl
663:1970s–1990s
601:Mr. Olympia
597:Mr. America
554:1950s–1960s
540:World War I
516:Monte Saldo
512:Frank Saldo
460:Mr. Olympia
452:Mr. Olympia
278:Mr. Olympia
235:vascularity
231:dehydration
207:bodybuilder
203:hypertrophy
174:World Games
6499:Body shape
6468:Categories
6426:See also:
6249:Calf raise
6165:Hamstrings
6115:Quadriceps
6019:Lower back
5964:Wrist curl
5889:Bicep curl
5797:Supine row
5785:Seated row
5471:Lifesaving
5444:Air sports
5428:Tug of war
5366:Kickboxing
5299:Canoe polo
5246:Gymnastics
5241:Dancesport
5079:Stretching
4675:livestrong
3964:Falcon M.
3602:August 27,
3025:October 4,
2978:August 30,
2893:: 79–108.
2732:"IFBB FAQ"
2430:August 13,
2400:October 5,
2259:October 5,
2233:August 16,
1886:References
1834:Body image
1583:estrogenic
1538:supplement
1433:Intensive
1413:March 2022
1383:newspapers
1159:abdominals
1147:side chest
1012:urinalysis
917:recreation
906:Ben Weider
898:Joe Weider
644:Gold's Gym
608:Bill Pearl
585:Ben Weider
571:and other
561:bulking up
483:Al Treloar
456:Frank Zane
434:Nottingham
311:See also:
293:Jay Cutler
261:and other
164:Paralympic
134:Auditorium
6405:Strongman
6221:Adductors
6198:Leg press
6142:Leg press
6092:Leg press
5990:Leg raise
5977:(abdomen)
5939:Push-down
5841:Headstand
5829:Face pull
5803:Face pull
5773:Pull-down
5767:Muscle-up
5746:trapezius
5713:Chest fly
5698:Pectorals
5691:exercises
5581:Triathlon
5576:Taekwondo
5526:Badminton
5309:Floorball
4986:Sprinting
4648:1066-7814
4591:0392-4203
3782:March 11,
3770:King MW.
3678:208050071
3670:1077-5625
3594:. webMd.
3400:128359542
3384:1064-8011
3214:144186372
3206:1012-6902
2952:April 23,
2907:1640-5544
2866:April 23,
2836:April 23,
2806:April 23,
2561:244769018
2374:April 23,
2345:April 23,
2202:April 23,
2145:April 23,
2080:The Hindu
1901:Emery M.
1797:bigorexia
1722:size, in
1595:pituitary
1460:Nutrition
1354:talk page
1232:anabolism
1175:strongman
946:Instagram
896:In 2003,
867:Lex Luger
865:wrestler
818:promoter
814:In 1990,
800:in 1996.
762:Tom Platz
742:Lee Haney
701:docudrama
640:Vic Tanny
542:). Actor
524:Sig Klein
454:contest,
408:, spring
406:dumbbells
350:strongmen
346:Tamilakam
148:Worldwide
113:Mixed-sex
73:Nicknames
6361:Strength
6262:See also
6192:Leg curl
6180:Deadlift
6130:Deadlift
6080:Deadlift
6066:buttocks
6033:Deadlift
5956:Forearms
5814:Deltoids
5613:Lacrosse
5603:Duathlon
5531:Baseball
5371:Muaythai
5356:Ju-jitsu
5335:Softball
5324:Lacrosse
5319:Korfball
5304:Fistball
5276:Tumbling
5182:Category
5049:Climbing
4958:Swimming
4928:Aerobics
4905:Exercise
4843:Archived
4831:14719980
4789:20128770
4781:18759381
4685:March 2,
4679:Archived
4609:32921778
4552:27956698
4503:30263334
4495:10971102
4460:12681649
4452:11422104
4411:24874132
4403:20373593
4366:June 30,
4360:Archived
4329:10710012
4294:25911263
4286:16540931
4245:16424293
4169:18053311
4128:19686244
4120:11319656
3951:22289570
3891:cite web
3856:17233384
3848:15107010
3776:Archived
3749:17957382
3713:21864752
3674:ProQuest
3647:38151979
3596:Archived
3570:Archived
3549:28377940
3498:Archived
3468:Archived
3430:April 7,
3424:Archived
3392:31009437
3348:28458804
3289:17233384
3281:15107010
3238:Archived
3140:June 14,
3114:June 14,
3108:Archived
3019:Archived
2946:Archived
2925:32148575
2860:Archived
2830:Archived
2800:Archived
2773:Archived
2740:Archived
2616:Archived
2586:Archived
2515:Archived
2482:Archived
2424:Archived
2368:Archived
2339:Archived
2309:Archived
2227:Archived
2196:Archived
2139:Archived
2084:Archived
2050:Archived
1995:Archived
1963:Archived
1907:Archived
1829:Beefcake
1817:See also
1801:anorexia
1793:minerals
1789:vitamins
1785:proteins
1554:Cortisol
1522:glycogen
1514:dextrose
1475:body fat
1473:to lose
1466:calories
1223:body fat
1167:posedown
1052:Title IX
927:states.
657:typecast
612:Reg Park
550:career.
354:strength
332:, 216 AD
223:body fat
140:Presence
60:Highest
5912:Triceps
5895:Chin-up
5779:Pull-up
5761:Chin-up
5731:Push-up
5700:(chest)
5588:(women)
5556:Netball
5546:Casting
5407:Bowling
5392:Archery
5326:(women)
5261:Parkour
5104:History
5097:Related
4963:Walking
4953:Jogging
4933:Cycling
4839:2021999
4656:8563679
4600:7716972
4543:5311239
4204:1501305
4085:9155494
4044:8399092
3757:6649224
3639:8499940
3541:7371625
3339:5391526
3165:July 4,
2916:7052702
2826:BarBend
2716:May 17,
2694:May 17,
2592:May 24,
2521:May 24,
2511:BarBend
2192:BarBend
2090:July 2,
1928:Admin.
1758:massage
1720:myotube
1558:calorie
1528:Protein
1498:glucose
1494:insulin
1397:scholar
1362:removed
1290:protein
1239:oxidize
1227:calorie
677:Ed Fury
591:(AAU),
569:protein
410:pulleys
307:History
199:muscles
154:Olympic
94:Contact
6364:sports
6317:Legend
6241:Calves
6174:Bridge
6124:Bridge
6074:Bridge
6027:Bridge
6002:Sit-up
5984:Crunch
5880:Biceps
5823:Bridge
5361:Karate
5340:Squash
4948:Hiking
4837:
4829:
4787:
4779:
4711:
4654:
4646:
4607:
4597:
4589:
4550:
4540:
4501:
4493:
4458:
4450:
4409:
4401:
4352:
4327:
4292:
4284:
4243:
4202:
4167:
4126:
4118:
4083:
4042:
3999:
3949:
3854:
3846:
3809:
3755:
3747:
3711:
3676:
3668:
3645:
3637:
3547:
3539:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3346:
3336:
3287:
3279:
3212:
3204:
3086:
3011:
2923:
2913:
2905:
2647:
2559:
2549:
2315:May 3,
2301:
2113:
1754:growth
1563:Casein
1550:myosin
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1163:thighs
1073:posing
965:Twitch
950:TikTok
836:ambush
781:doping
752:, and
736:, and
618:, and
383:. The
344:, and
342:Greece
299:, and
125:Indoor
6210:Squat
6204:Lunge
6154:Squat
6148:Lunge
6104:Squat
6098:Lunge
6008:Squat
5843:into
5624:Wushu
5615:(men)
5571:Sambo
5491:Track
5027:Other
4912:Types
4846:(PDF)
4835:S2CID
4807:(PDF)
4785:S2CID
4528:(5).
4499:S2CID
4456:S2CID
4407:S2CID
4290:S2CID
4124:S2CID
3852:S2CID
3753:S2CID
3643:S2CID
3545:S2CID
3396:S2CID
3285:S2CID
3210:S2CID
1601:Meals
1546:actin
1404:JSTOR
1390:books
1297:sleep
972:Areas
958:vlogs
877:2000s
442:NABBA
385:Oscar
338:Egypt
282:NABBA
130:Venue
6064:and
6062:Hips
5744:and
5742:Lats
5486:Road
5376:Sumo
5084:Yoga
4860:link
4827:PMID
4777:PMID
4746:2023
4709:ISBN
4687:2024
4652:PMID
4644:ISSN
4605:PMID
4587:ISSN
4548:PMID
4491:PMID
4448:PMID
4399:PMID
4368:2020
4350:ISBN
4325:PMID
4282:PMID
4241:PMID
4200:PMID
4184:JAMA
4165:PMID
4116:PMID
4081:PMID
4040:PMID
3997:ISBN
3947:PMID
3897:link
3883:2023
3844:PMID
3807:ISBN
3784:2007
3745:PMID
3709:PMID
3666:ISSN
3635:PMID
3604:2013
3578:2012
3537:PMID
3506:2021
3476:2023
3432:2020
3388:PMID
3380:ISSN
3344:PMID
3277:PMID
3246:2020
3202:ISSN
3167:2024
3142:2013
3116:2013
3084:ISBN
3059:2023
3027:2021
3009:ISBN
2980:2023
2954:2021
2921:PMID
2903:ISSN
2868:2021
2838:2021
2808:2021
2781:2020
2748:2023
2718:2023
2696:2023
2645:ISBN
2624:2023
2594:2021
2557:OCLC
2547:ISBN
2523:2021
2490:2020
2459:2007
2432:2013
2402:2012
2376:2021
2347:2021
2317:2021
2299:ISBN
2261:2012
2235:2019
2204:2021
2174:2013
2147:2021
2111:ISBN
2092:2017
2058:2021
2028:2023
2003:2021
1971:2021
1941:2023
1915:2014
1744:Rest
1670:acne
1591:flax
1567:whey
1548:and
1376:news
1341:for
1316:and
1299:and
1216:pose
1161:and
915:and
638:and
583:and
563:and
449:IFBB
326:The
275:IFBB
229:and
213:and
201:via
183:2009
179:1981
122:Type
6311:Gym
6251:(i)
6232:(i)
6212:(c)
6206:(c)
6200:(c)
6194:(i)
6188:(c)
6182:(c)
6176:(c)
6156:(c)
6150:(c)
6144:(c)
6138:(i)
6132:(c)
6126:(c)
6106:(c)
6100:(c)
6094:(c)
6088:(c)
6082:(c)
6076:(c)
6053:(c)
6047:(c)
6041:(c)
6035:(c)
6029:(c)
6010:(c)
6004:(c)
5998:(c)
5992:(c)
5986:(i)
5966:(i)
5947:(i)
5941:(i)
5935:(c)
5933:Dip
5929:(c)
5923:(c)
5903:(c)
5897:(c)
5891:(i)
5871:(c)
5865:(c)
5859:(i)
5853:(i)
5847:(c)
5837:(i)
5831:(c)
5825:(c)
5805:(c)
5799:(c)
5793:(i)
5787:(c)
5781:(c)
5775:(c)
5769:(c)
5763:(c)
5757:(c)
5733:(c)
5727:(i)
5721:(c)
5719:Dip
5715:(i)
5709:(c)
4819:doi
4769:doi
4636:doi
4595:PMC
4579:doi
4538:PMC
4530:doi
4483:doi
4438:doi
4391:doi
4317:doi
4272:doi
4231:doi
4192:doi
4188:268
4155:doi
4108:doi
4071:doi
4030:doi
3937:doi
3933:108
3836:doi
3737:doi
3733:455
3701:doi
3627:doi
3529:doi
3372:doi
3334:PMC
3326:doi
3269:doi
3194:doi
3001:doi
2911:PMC
2895:doi
2420:CBS
1688:".
1579:soy
1565:or
1516:or
1177:or
1010:to
863:WCW
777:IOC
764:or
650:in
581:Joe
239:tan
6470::
4856:}}
4852:{{
4841:.
4833:.
4825:.
4815:33
4813:.
4809:.
4783:.
4775:.
4765:17
4763:.
4732:.
4689:.
4677:.
4673:.
4650:.
4642:.
4632:20
4630:.
4626:.
4603:.
4593:.
4585:.
4575:91
4573:.
4569:.
4546:.
4536:.
4526:37
4524:.
4520:.
4497:.
4489:.
4479:53
4477:.
4454:.
4446:.
4434:54
4432:.
4428:.
4405:.
4397:.
4387:65
4385:.
4358:.
4323:.
4311:.
4288:.
4280:.
4268:41
4266:.
4262:.
4239:.
4227:60
4225:.
4221:.
4198:.
4186:.
4163:.
4151:99
4149:.
4145:.
4122:.
4114:.
4104:25
4102:.
4079:.
4067:77
4065:.
4061:.
4038:.
4026:70
4024:.
4020:.
3968:.
3945:.
3931:.
3927:.
3893:}}
3889:{{
3873:.
3850:.
3842:.
3832:34
3830:.
3751:.
3743:.
3731:.
3707:.
3697:93
3695:.
3672:.
3641:.
3633:.
3621:.
3557:^
3543:.
3535:.
3525:43
3523:.
3492:.
3466:.
3462:.
3416:.
3394:.
3386:.
3378:.
3368:35
3366:.
3342:.
3332:.
3322:27
3320:.
3316:.
3283:.
3275:.
3265:34
3263:.
3230:.
3208:.
3200:.
3190:42
3188:.
3184:.
3158:.
3082:.
3080:60
3017:.
3007:.
2971:.
2919:.
2909:.
2901:.
2891:71
2889:.
2885:.
2854:.
2824:.
2767:.
2756:^
2738:.
2734:.
2687:.
2610:.
2580:.
2569:^
2555:.
2531:^
2509:.
2498:^
2480:.
2476:.
2418:.
2333:.
2307:.
2225:.
2190:.
2133:.
2082:.
2078:.
2066:^
2044:.
2019:.
1993:.
1987:.
1957:.
1932:.
1893:^
1791:,
1783:,
1668:,
1664:,
1364:.
1278::
1234:.
1153:,
1149:,
1145:,
1141:,
1059:.
948:,
748:,
732:,
695:,
691:,
687:,
626:,
614:,
610:,
534:,
518:,
514:,
506:,
340:,
303:.
295:,
291:,
217:.
168:No
158:No
117:No
107:No
98:No
76:BB
6353:e
6346:t
6339:v
6302:)
6298:(
5681:e
5674:t
5667:v
5214:e
5207:t
5200:v
4897:e
4890:t
4883:v
4862:)
4821::
4791:.
4771::
4748:.
4717:.
4658:.
4638::
4611:.
4581::
4554:.
4532::
4505:.
4485::
4462:.
4440::
4413:.
4393::
4370:.
4331:.
4319::
4313:2
4296:.
4274::
4247:.
4233::
4206:.
4194::
4171:.
4157::
4130:.
4110::
4087:.
4073::
4046:.
4032::
4005:.
3953:.
3939::
3899:)
3885:.
3858:.
3838::
3815:.
3786:.
3759:.
3739::
3715:.
3703::
3680:.
3649:.
3629::
3623:3
3606:.
3580:.
3551:.
3531::
3508:.
3478:.
3434:.
3402:.
3374::
3350:.
3328::
3291:.
3271::
3248:.
3216:.
3196::
3169:.
3144:.
3118:.
3092:.
3061:.
3029:.
3003::
2982:.
2956:.
2927:.
2897::
2870:.
2840:.
2810:.
2783:.
2750:.
2720:.
2698:.
2653:.
2626:.
2596:.
2563:.
2525:.
2492:.
2461:.
2434:.
2404:.
2378:.
2349:.
2319:.
2263:.
2237:.
2219:"
2206:.
2176:.
2149:.
2119:.
2060:.
2030:.
2005:.
1973:.
1943:.
1917:.
1686:'
1540:.
1415:)
1411:(
1401:·
1394:·
1387:·
1380:·
1350:.
252:.
181:–
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.