2626:, fungi and bacteria. Some insect herbivores have developed counter adaptations such as rapid absorption of the glucosinates, quick alternative breakdown into non-toxic compounds and avoiding cell damage. In the whites family (Pieridae), one counter mechanism involves glucosinolate sulphatase, which changes the glucosinolate, so that it cannot be converted to isothiocyanate. A second is that the glucosinates are quickly broken down, forming nitriles. Differences between the mixtures of glucosinolates between species and even within species is large, and individual plants may produce in excess of fifty individual substances. The energy penalty for synthesising all these glucosinolates may be as high as 15% of the total needed to produce a leaf.
3212:
3178:
3195:
755:
54:
2811:
31:
7485:
530:
2743:, spring growth that occurs before nearly all native plants, roots that break easily when pulling attempts are made, a complete lack of palatability for herbivores at all life stages, etc.) it is unlikely that such a high level of control can be established and maintained on the whole. It is estimated that adequate control can be achieved with the introduction of two European
2798:
2640:. A particular cocktail of volatile glucosinates triggers egg-laying in many species. Thus a particular crop can sometimes be protected by planting bittercress as a deadly bait, for the saponins kill the caterpillars, but the butterfly is still lured by the bittercress to lay its egg on the leaves. A moth that feeds on a range of Brassicaceae is the
2778:
Invasive aggressive mustard species are known for being self-fertile, seeding very heavily with small seeds that have a lengthy lifespan coupled with a very high rate of viability and germination, and for being completely unpalatable to both herbivores and insects in areas to which they are not
2571:, seed pods open with force and so catapult the seeds quite far. Many of these have sticky seed coats, assisting long-distance dispersal by animals, and this may also explain several intercontinental dispersal events in the genus, and its near global distribution. Brassicaceae are common on
782:, with pedicels sometimes in the axil of a bract, and few species have flowers that sit individually on flower stems that spring from the axils of rosette leaves. The orientation of the pedicels when fruits are ripe varies dependent on the species. The flowers are
880:. It initially consists of only one cavity but during its further development a thin wall grows that divides the cavity, both placentas and separates the two valves (a so-called false septum). Rarely, there is only one cavity without a septum. The 2–600
826:
are set in two whorls: usually the two lateral, outer ones are shorter than the four inner stamens, but very rarely the stamens can all have the same length, and very rarely species have different numbers of stamens such as sixteen to twenty four in
2507:)—99 genera, 780 species of which 600 are endemic. South America has 40 genera containing 340 native species, Southern Africa 15 genera with over 100 species, and Australia and New-Zealand have 19 genera with 114 species between them.
810:, the lateral two sometimes with a shallow spur, which are mostly shed after flowering, rarely persistent, may be reflexed, spreading, ascending, or erect, together forming a tube-, bell- or urn-shaped calyx. Each flower has four
1064:
has recently adopted this last solution, but this may change as a consensus arises on this point. Current insights in the relationships of the
Brassicaceae, based on a 2012 DNA-analysis, are summarized in the following tree.
4217:
Arias, Tatiana; Pires, J. Chris (October 2012). "A fully resolved chloroplast phylogeny of the brassica crops and wild relatives (Brassicaceae: Brassiceae): Novel clades and potential taxonomic implications".
3211:
3898:
Driesche, F.V.; Blossey, B.; Hoodle, M.; Lyon, S.; Reardon, R., 2010. Biological
Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States. USDA Forest Service. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team.
3177:
2471:
Brassicaceae can be found almost on the entire land surface of the planet, but the family is absent from
Antarctica, and also absent from some areas in the tropics i.e. northeastern Brazil, the
2697:
formation of an herb layer carpet by this plant has been shown to dramatically alter forests, making them wetter, having fewer and fewer trees, and having more vines such as poison ivy (
3871:
Becker, R., Gerber E., Hinz H., Katovich E., Panke B., Reardon R., Renz R., Van Riper L., 2013. Biology and
Biological Control of Garlic Mustard. The Forest Technology Enterprise Team.
900:, which is undivided or has two spreading or connivent lobes. The variously shaped seeds are usually yellow or brown in color, and arranged in one or two rows in each cavity. The
3539:"Phylogenetic placement of two enigmatic genera, Borthwickia and Stixis, based on molecular and pollen data, and the description of a new family of Brassicales, Borthwickiaceae"
931:
corollas (left is mirrored by right, but stem-side is different from out-side), stipules and mostly palmately divided leaves, and mostly no septum. Capparaceae generally have a
592:
consist of one cell and occur in many forms: from simple to forked, star-, tree- or T-shaped, rarely taking the form of a shield or scale. They are never topped by a gland. The
7521:
1052:
system merged
Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae. Other classifications have continued to recognize the Capparaceae, but with a more restricted circumscription, either including
4031:
2636:. These adaptations and counter adaptations probably have led to extensive diversification in both the Brassicaceae and one of its major pests, the butterfly family
916:
Brassicaceae have a bisymmetrical corolla (left is mirrored by right, stem-side by out-side, but each quarter is not symmetrical), a septum dividing the fruit, lack
8237:
7981:
3690:
822:
or not, and consistently lack basal appendages. The blade is entire or has an indent at the tip, and may sometimes be much smaller than the claws. The mostly six
884:
are usually along the side margin of the carpels, or rarely at the top. Fruits are capsules that open with two valves, usually towards the top. These are called
8020:
4260:
3324:
Turini TA, Daugovish O, Koike ST, Natwick ET, Ploeg A, Dara SK, Fennimore SA, Joseph S, LeStrange M, Smith R, Subbarao KV, Westerdahl BB. Revised continuously.
3766:"Growth and Metal Accumulation of an Alyssum murale Nickel Hyperaccumulator Ecotype Co-cropped with Alyssum montanum and Perennial Ryegrass in Serpentine Soil"
845:. The filaments are slender and not fused, while the anthers consist of two pollen producing cavities, and open with longitudinal slits. The pollen grains are
1040:. The Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae diverged approximately 41 million years ago. All three families have consistently been placed in one order (variably called
3609:"Secondary Structure Analyses of the Nuclear rRNA Internal Transcribed Spacers and Assessment of Its Phylogenetic Utility across the Brassicaceae (Mustards)"
3580:
3418:
642:
of
Brassicaceae compared to that of other Angiosperm families is very small to small (less than 3.425 million base pairs per cell), varying from 150 Mbp in
3296:
3122:) is cultivated for the decorative value of the translucent remains of the fruits after drying. It can be a pest species in areas where it is not native.
3974:
2666:
wasps that feed on such insect herbivores are attracted to the chemical compounds released by the plants, and thus are able to locate their prey. The
3194:
596:
may be upright, rise up towards the tip, or lie flat, are mostly herbaceous but sometimes woody. Stems carry leaves or the stems may be leafless (in
8211:
7929:
4308:
961:, C4 fixation being more efficient in drought, high temperature and low nitrate availability. Brassicaceae contain different cocktails of dozens of
3859:
Eubanks, HM.D., Hoffmann, J.H., Lewis, E.E., Liu, J., Melnick, R., Michaud, J.P., Ode, P., Pell, J.K., 2017. Biological
Control Journal. Elsevier.
3607:
Edger, Patrick P.; Tang, Michelle; Bird, Kevin A.; Mayfield, Dustin R.; Conant, Gavin; Mummenhoff, Klaus; Koch, Marcus A.; Pires, J. Chris (2014).
8250:
8224:
7994:
7942:
2755:'s TAG group has blocked these introductions since 2004. In addition to being invasive, garlic mustard also is a threat to native North American
3011:. Its leaves contain a vitamin C-rich oil, a fact which, in the days of sailing ships, made it very attractive to sailors suffering from
7825:
514:
3163:
3376:. Vol. 1: Leaves, Stem, and Wood in relation to Taxonomy, with notes on economic Uses. Oxford At The Clarendon Press. pp. 79–87.
4143:
2402:
4047:
Guarino, Carmine; Casoria, Paolo; Menale, Bruno (2000). "Cultivation and use of isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae) in
Southern Italy".
4007:
4093:
3910:
Davis, Adam. 2009. Munching on Garlic
Mustard—A New Weevil in the Works. United States Department of Agriculture—AgResearch Magazine.
3561:
7742:
7507:
4253:
3455:
8144:
7968:
2623:
2504:
814:, set alternating with the sepals, although in some species these are rudimentary or absent. They may be differentiated into a
3492:
Hall, J.C.; Sytsma, K.J.; Iltis, H.H. (2002). "Phylogeny of
Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data".
2565:, the coral-like roots easily break into segments, that will grow into separate plants. In some species, such as in the genus
892:
if the length is less than three times the width. The fruit is very variable in its other traits. There may be one persistent
8118:
2739:
and the variety of mechanisms the plant has to ensure its dominance without them (e.g. high seed production, self-fertility,
2500:
7514:
4028:
694:
species, to seventeen (n=17). About 35% of the species in which chromosomes have been counted have eight sets (n=8). Due to
8255:
7999:
1358:
of the remainder of the family. One analysis from 2014 represented the relation between 39 tribes with the following tree.
8352:
8007:
4287:
783:
7488:
4313:
4303:
4246:
53:
8185:
7812:
2380:
698:, some species may have up to 256 individual chromosomes, with some very high counts in the North American species of
157:
3244:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
3817:
Winde, I; Wittstock, U. (2011). "Insect herbivore counteradaptations to the plant glucosinolate-myrosinase system".
1348:, the relationships within the Brassicaceae have not always been well resolved yet. It has long been clear that the
8123:
8082:
7668:
3770:
3740:
3672:
3494:
2386:
1017:
8025:
3922:
Blossy, B., Ode, P., Pell, J.K., 1999. Development of Biological Control for Garlic Mustard. Cornell University.
8087:
3445:
7680:
4298:
3346:
3963:
3444:
Naser A. Anjum; Iqbal Ahmad; M. Eduarda Pereira; Armando C. Duarte; Shahid Umar; Nafees A. Khan, eds. (2012).
2529:
3923:
2652:. Managing this pest in crops became more complicated after resistance developed against a toxin produced by
7916:
3936:
3003:
2693:
needed by many plants, such as many tree species, to successfully see their seedlings grow to maturity. The
2535:
2476:
1345:
754:
507:, depend upon native mustards for their survival in their native habitats. Some non-native mustards such as
8198:
7890:
7830:
7765:
7731:
3872:
3371:
2792:
2699:
2654:
2561:
2444:
661:
385:
142:
4001:"Implementing Biological Control of Garlic Mustard—Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund 2017 RFP"
3884:
8347:
8273:
8056:
7674:
7662:
7656:
3667:
2921:
2496:
2495:, with around 630 species (290 of which are endemic) in 113 genera. The family is less prominent in the
2484:
8203:
7921:
7895:
4168:
2685:
in temperate North America due, in part, to its secretion of allelopathic chemicals. These inhibit the
8074:
2674:) stores glucosinolates and synthesises its own myrosinases, which may deter its potential predators.
2459:. Cruciferae is one of eight plant family names, not derived from a genus name and without the suffix
493:) moth is also becoming increasingly problematic for crucifers due to its resistance to commonly used
8265:
8229:
8149:
8035:
7947:
7851:
7650:
3826:
3622:
3127:
2995:
2815:
2633:
2492:
1337:
1005:
993:
644:
534:
469:
3398:. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. Vol. 9. Springer Science & Business Media.
2487:, where approximately 900 species occur in 150 different genera. About 530 of those 900 species are
936:
7586:
7542:
3185:
2941:
2551:
1032:
in the Brassicaceae. Early DNA-analysis showed that the Capparaceae—as defined at that moment—were
1025:
850:
630:. A leaf rosette at the base may be present or absent. The leaves along the stem are almost always
503:
450:
4024:
8319:
8131:
7903:
7328:
6546:
6438:
6062:
4549:
4293:
4066:
3519:
3219:
3158:
2757:
2732:
2576:
2541:
2480:
1162:
958:
948:
704:
509:
48:
8278:
8061:
7803:
3578:
Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (2012). "A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)".
8043:
7838:
7737:
7712:
7285:
7084:
6636:
6496:
6425:
6348:
6229:
6115:
6032:
5397:
4388:
4324:
4135:
4110:
4089:
3842:
3799:
3650:
3511:
3451:
3136:
3090:
3024:
2951:
2865:
2628:
835:
656:
390:
40:
8242:
7986:
8048:
7908:
7169:
7159:
7119:
7099:
6875:
6805:
6780:
6727:
6501:
6491:
6254:
6191:
6135:
6110:
5856:
5761:
5728:
5518:
5432:
5427:
5402:
5303:
5265:
5173:
4837:
4700:
4675:
4670:
4463:
4380:
4227:
4125:
4058:
4000:
3834:
3789:
3779:
3640:
3630:
3589:
3553:
3503:
3351:
Neotropikey—Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics
3265:
3255:
2993:), but has largely been replaced by the same substance from unrelated tropical species like
2985:
2911:
2844:
2682:
2659:
2641:
2600:
2520:
709:
611:
607:
553:
440:
313:
297:
277:
241:
172:
2810:
7626:
7601:
7596:
7450:
7237:
7104:
7089:
6669:
6556:
6536:
6531:
6521:
6486:
6302:
6297:
6097:
6067:
6037:
5921:
5886:
5846:
5821:
5811:
5771:
5523:
5412:
5295:
5270:
5165:
5137:
5127:
4920:
4890:
4832:
4817:
4680:
4506:
4413:
4270:
4049:
4035:
3686:
3538:
3290:
3152:
3113:
2963:
2763:
2572:
2430:
1336:
Early classifications depended on morphological comparison only, but because of extensive
1137:
928:
897:
893:
787:
650:
550:
425:
281:
91:
4029:
https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=wright1431882480&disposition=inline
3311:
7882:
4238:
3830:
3626:
2648:). Like the Pieridae, it is capable of converting isothiocyanates into less problematic
992:
in 1753 regarded the Brassicaceae as a natural group, naming them "Klass" Tetradynamia.
7581:
7573:
7442:
7432:
7414:
7386:
7348:
7338:
7290:
7257:
7247:
7242:
7164:
7114:
7061:
7046:
6931:
6845:
6785:
6775:
6679:
6581:
6516:
6506:
6466:
6448:
6249:
6176:
5964:
5926:
5881:
5816:
5791:
5766:
5710:
5624:
5392:
5339:
5275:
5132:
5024:
5001:
4963:
4940:
4930:
4733:
4595:
4534:
4398:
3860:
3794:
3765:
3645:
3608:
3132:
2979:(rapeseed oil), perhaps providing the largest volume of vegetable oils of any species.
2975:
2969:
2848:
2827:
This family includes important agricultural crops, among which many vegetables such as
2619:
2556:
1061:
1001:
970:
803:
759:
546:
490:
465:
430:
78:
3911:
3717:
485:
are some of the best-known pests of Brassicaceae species planted as commercial crops.
30:
8341:
7591:
7424:
7353:
7323:
7300:
7295:
7280:
7232:
7199:
7194:
7129:
6923:
6908:
6855:
6835:
6795:
6790:
6770:
6732:
6684:
6631:
6621:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6541:
6456:
6433:
6415:
6383:
6368:
6330:
6234:
6214:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6052:
6047:
6027:
6012:
5974:
5969:
5916:
5906:
5901:
5851:
5831:
5806:
5796:
5697:
5619:
5599:
5538:
5533:
5513:
5447:
5417:
5377:
5285:
5280:
5227:
5097:
5059:
5034:
5006:
4991:
4935:
4915:
4910:
4827:
4794:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4725:
4715:
4705:
4685:
4655:
4587:
4554:
4544:
4511:
4501:
4491:
4360:
4342:
4274:
4130:
3285:
3260:
3243:
3202:
3118:
2891:
2852:
2802:
2736:
2667:
2607:
2452:
1308:
997:
989:
962:
736:. Hybridisation between species originating in Africa and California, and subsequent
569:
416:
317:
4070:
3838:
3696:
3523:
8324:
8136:
7639:
7548:
7363:
7358:
7343:
7333:
7272:
7154:
7139:
7109:
7066:
7056:
7010:
6987:
6977:
6949:
6850:
6830:
6800:
6742:
6689:
6611:
6566:
6526:
6481:
6471:
6461:
6353:
6322:
6287:
6272:
6186:
6181:
5841:
5836:
5801:
5781:
5756:
5743:
5733:
5705:
5662:
5657:
5614:
5581:
5566:
5528:
5505:
5442:
5437:
5422:
5387:
5369:
5321:
5260:
5255:
5247:
5122:
5082:
5016:
4996:
4986:
4978:
4945:
4905:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4784:
4779:
4743:
4660:
4539:
4496:
4393:
4370:
4334:
3140:
2973:
respectively). Vegetable oil is produced from the seeds of several species such as
2957:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2874:
2720:
2704:
2599:
species can accumulate nickel up to 0.3% of their dry weight, and may be useful in
2584:
2546:
2435:
1355:
1033:
1021:
921:
672:
542:
494:
477:
8190:
2723:. Instead, it required around 100% removal. Given that not one of an estimated 76
2499:—65 genera, 180 species of which 62 are endemic—and North America (comprising the
1056:
and its relatives in the Brassicaceae or recognizing them in the segregate family
8311:
8301:
8176:
7843:
7817:
3635:
3478:. Ecological and Environmental Physiology Series. Vol. 3. Oxford biological.
8012:
7955:
7797:
7630:
7563:
7318:
7214:
7174:
7149:
7144:
7134:
7002:
6992:
6982:
6964:
6913:
6865:
6860:
6840:
6820:
6747:
6674:
6616:
6571:
6511:
6476:
6373:
6363:
6307:
6219:
6158:
6153:
6105:
6077:
6057:
6017:
5999:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5866:
5861:
5826:
5720:
5677:
5652:
5576:
5548:
5543:
5382:
5359:
5344:
5313:
5232:
5107:
5087:
5049:
4900:
4895:
4872:
4857:
4799:
4789:
4695:
4690:
4642:
4559:
4483:
4468:
4445:
4440:
4365:
4352:
3147:
3066:
2936:
2836:
2748:
2740:
2716:
2694:
2686:
2524:
2516:
2472:
2448:
1217:
1194:
1045:
1029:
974:
829:
639:
557:
455:
403:
127:
2421:
1036:, and it was suggested to assign the genera closest to the Brassicaceae to the
8110:
7606:
7401:
7391:
7368:
7252:
7189:
7124:
7051:
7028:
6954:
6900:
6810:
6664:
6651:
6626:
6606:
6358:
6340:
6312:
6282:
6277:
6209:
6168:
6145:
6082:
6072:
6022:
6007:
5936:
5891:
5876:
5786:
5687:
5667:
5629:
5609:
5331:
5237:
5117:
5102:
5092:
4822:
4771:
4710:
4665:
4516:
4473:
4432:
4423:
3036:
2916:
2663:
2615:
2611:
2416:
1350:
1240:
1112:
1057:
1041:
1037:
1009:
966:
953:
924:
846:
737:
695:
598:
593:
529:
7788:
7877:
7864:
7409:
7378:
7310:
7179:
7038:
7020:
6972:
6941:
6870:
6815:
6752:
6737:
6722:
6659:
6641:
6576:
6551:
6388:
6292:
6244:
6224:
5871:
5776:
5751:
5222:
5214:
5112:
5077:
5054:
5044:
5029:
4968:
4925:
4885:
4862:
4632:
4564:
4455:
4197:
3784:
3108:
3102:
3028:
3020:
3008:
3007:, commonly known as Kerguelen cabbage, is edible, containing high levels of
2580:
2567:
2406:
1341:
932:
905:
901:
877:
869:
866:
841:
798:
726:
460:
371:
8291:
8100:
7499:
4139:
3846:
3803:
3654:
3515:
3507:
2797:
3924:
https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/grants/documents/wpfgrantreports/1998l06w.pdf
3899:
981:, which are toxic to many organisms, and so help guard against herbivory.
8286:
8170:
8095:
7782:
7645:
7616:
7611:
7553:
7262:
7184:
7094:
7076:
6825:
6762:
6714:
6704:
6561:
6378:
6264:
6239:
6201:
6042:
5911:
5896:
5682:
5672:
5647:
5604:
5571:
5480:
5407:
5204:
5187:
5039:
4955:
4809:
4624:
4614:
4526:
3613:
3078:
3072:
3054:
2931:
2882:
2856:
2832:
2820:
2768:
2637:
2488:
2429:
for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from the
2411:
1020:
in 1948 and again in 1964 thought the Brassicaceae to stem from near the
1013:
1008:
in their system published from 1862 to 1883, assigned it to their cohort
857:, but these are always present opposite the base of the lateral stamens.
742:
732:
690:
666:
589:
482:
435:
411:
407:
365:
359:
104:
2519:. A chemical mechanism in the pollen is active in many species to avoid
8216:
7707:
7558:
7224:
6890:
5989:
5944:
5639:
5591:
5558:
5472:
5196:
5142:
4650:
4231:
4062:
3873:
https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/pdfs/FS_garlicmustard.pdf
3593:
3557:
3300:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 521.
3270:
3096:
3060:
3042:
2860:
2828:
2724:
2649:
2440:
978:
917:
889:
885:
775:
720:
603:
581:
573:
395:
377:
348:
309:
3885:
https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/manage/control-methods/biological-control/
7960:
7691:
7686:
5495:
5462:
5069:
4880:
3084:
3048:
3012:
2990:
2946:
2926:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2744:
2592:
2426:
1049:
873:
854:
823:
792:
779:
771:
714:
585:
577:
445:
421:
344:
333:
305:
117:
7973:
7934:
7759:
3537:
Su, Jun-Xia; Wang, Wei; Zhang, Li-Bing; Chen, Zhi-Duan (June 2012).
3447:
The Plant Family Brassicaceae: Contribution Towards Phytoremediation
4023:
Davis, S., 2015. Evaluating threats to the rare butterfly, Pieris "
2719:
plants did not lead to a particularly significant recovery of that
876:
that may either sit directly above the base of the stamens or on a
8069:
7869:
3450:. Environmental Pollution. Springer Science & Business Media.
2809:
2796:
2772:
2708:
2690:
2456:
881:
819:
815:
811:
807:
753:
635:
602:), and some species lack stems altogether. The leaves do not have
561:
528:
518:
353:
337:
329:
325:
321:
301:
65:
3419:"Brassicaceae: Characters, Distribution and Types (With Diagram)"
3289:
904:
are entire or have a notch at the tip. The seed does not contain
4203:
3722:
2980:
2840:
2779:
native. Garlic mustard is toxic to several rarer North American
2752:
2728:
2712:
2588:
920:
and have simple (although sometimes deeply incised) leaves. The
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
565:
399:
7763:
7503:
4242:
3034:
The Brassicaceae also includes ornamentals, such as species of
580:
that may have few or many branches, some have thin or tuberous
2614:
inside their cells. When the cell is damaged, the myrosinases
265:
211:
205:
7856:
2715:. Research has found that removing 80% of the garlic mustard
250:
268:
226:
220:
199:
3883:
UF IFAS, 2017. Biological Control. University of Florida.
3150:, such as certain wild mustard and cress species, such as
4206:, an online Brassicaceae Tree of Life viewer and explorer
308:
are simple (although are sometimes deeply incised), lack
259:
190:
184:
2451:, meaning "cross-bearing", describes the four petals of
568:. Although generally terrestrial, a few species such as
340:
has seeds in rows, divided by a thin wall (or septum).
2989:) was used in the past to produce a blue textile dye (
2823:
to the midlatitude mountains of western North America.
2707:
is also drastically reduced, particularly in terms of
3964:"FHTET Biological Control Program—Sponsored Projects"
634:, rarely apparently opposite. The stomata are of the
262:
256:
244:
223:
217:
208:
202:
196:
187:
175:
3861:
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/Biological-Control
2549:. Most species reproduce sexually through seed, but
247:
181:
178:
8160:
7772:
7700:
7625:
7572:
7535:
7441:
7423:
7400:
7377:
7309:
7271:
7223:
7212:
7075:
7037:
7019:
7001:
6963:
6940:
6922:
6899:
6888:
6761:
6713:
6702:
6650:
6447:
6424:
6413:
6339:
6321:
6263:
6200:
6167:
6144:
6096:
5998:
5987:
5935:
5742:
5719:
5696:
5638:
5590:
5557:
5504:
5493:
5471:
5460:
5368:
5357:
5330:
5312:
5294:
5246:
5213:
5195:
5186:
5164:
5155:
5068:
5015:
4977:
4954:
4871:
4808:
4770:
4742:
4724:
4641:
4623:
4608:
4586:
4577:
4525:
4482:
4454:
4431:
4422:
4411:
4379:
4351:
4333:
4322:
4200:, a collection of resources on Brassicaceae biology
3912:
https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2009/jul/weevil/
3894:
3892:
3764:Broadhurst, Catherine L.; Chaney, Rufus L. (2016).
2483:. The area of origin of the family is possibly the
957:species, which have a hybrid system between C3 and
896:that connects the ovary to the globular or conical
253:
193:
3476:Ecological and Environmental Physiology of Insects
3023:. It was essential to the diets of the whalers on
2689:of most competing plants and kill beneficial soil
2583:. Over a hundred species in the family accumulate
614:. The leaf may be seated or have a leafstalk. The
4111:"The development of Arabidopsis as a model plant"
1344:. Although a substantial effort was made through
541:Species belonging to the Brassicaceae are mostly
2681:has been shown to be extremely successful as an
2618:the glucosinolates, leading to the synthesis of
606:, but there may be a pair of glands at base of
572:live submerged in fresh water. They may have a
276:) is a medium-sized and economically important
2658:, which is used as a wide spectrum biological
712:is not unusual in Brassicaceae, especially in
7515:
4254:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3326:UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines Cole Crops.
888:if at least three times longer than wide, or
806:. Each flower has four free or seldom merged
804:ovary positioned above the other floral parts
746:species native to Australia and New Zealand.
8:
2677:Since its introduction in the 19th century,
3394:Renate Schmidt; Ian Bancroft, eds. (2010).
3146:Some species are useful as food plants for
1024:. In 1994, a group of scientists including
7760:
7522:
7508:
7500:
7220:
6896:
6885:
6710:
6699:
6421:
5995:
5501:
5490:
5468:
5457:
5365:
5354:
5192:
5161:
4620:
4583:
4428:
4419:
4330:
4261:
4247:
4239:
4109:Koornneef, Maarten; Meinke, David (2010).
4086:The Gardener's Wise Words and Country Ways
588:. Few species have multi-cellular glands.
29:
20:
4129:
3793:
3783:
3644:
3634:
3396:Genetics and Genomics of the Brassicaceae
3269:
3259:
3735:
3733:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3248:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2595:, which is a record percentage. Several
312:, and appear alternately on stems or in
3900:http://wiki.bugwood.org/Archive:BCIPEUS
3692:Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
3487:
3485:
3234:
3173:
2539:. Although it can be cross-pollinated,
2523:. Two notable exceptions are exclusive
2463:that are authorized alternative names.
969:, that convert the glucosinolates into
3469:
3467:
3328:UC ANR Publication 3442. Oakland, CA.
2771:on it, although it is toxic to their
515:invasive species in the United States
7:
8266:1533d833-4fdf-409d-acd8-986de88e1e17
8124:43df5424-e705-43ad-885f-eb62692bcc6e
8075:EAAF1841-E151-CB97-C682-4EEA7DFBAF44
8036:2783651e-7790-4175-bd54-f034b2218b1e
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
2955:), white, Indian and black mustard (
2515:Brassicaceae are almost exclusively
939:, and a variable number of stamens.
481:and other butterflies of the family
3242:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
3015:, hence the species name's epithet
2731:on the plant has been approved for
2403:international scientific vocabulary
2235:
2184:
2164:
2157:
2137:
2086:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2003:
1872:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1796:
1776:
1734:
1727:
1707:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1565:
1501:
1494:
1452:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1369:
1361:
1232:
1209:
1186:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1068:
965:. They also contain enzymes called
8088:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000087-2
3370:Metcalfe, C.R.; Chalk, L. (1950).
3019:, which means "against scurvy" in
2525:self-pollination in closed flowers
1340:, these do not provide a reliable
336:and four longer free stamens. The
14:
3695:, Merriam-Webster, archived from
1016:). Following Bentham and Hooker,
912:Differences with similar families
7484:
7483:
4131:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04086.x
4013:from the original on 2017-09-04.
3971:FHTET Biological Control Program
3567:from the original on 2017-08-03.
3261:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
3210:
3193:
3176:
951:. The only exceptions are a few
240:
171:
52:
4149:from the original on 2022-10-09
3980:from the original on 2022-10-09
3839:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.016
2624:compounds toxic to most animals
2505:Rocky Mountain Floristic Region
1332:Relationships within the family
996:placed the family in the order
664:varies from four (n=4) in some
513:(garlic mustard), an extremely
2501:North American Atlantic Region
2491:. Next in abundance comes the
2447:. The alternative older name,
1346:molecular phylogenetic studies
1:
3183:Coast/sand-loving wallflower
3162:that are utilized by several
947:Almost all Brassicaceae have
853:carries a variable number of
676:species, five (n=5) in other
618:is usually simple, entire or
324:. The flowers have four free
4027:". Wright State University.
3676:. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
3636:10.1371/journal.pone.0101341
2632:(bittercress) also produces
388:, including species such as
7747:
3943:. Michigan State University
2806:with dry walls of the fruit
2381:List of Brassicaceae genera
770:Flowers may be arranged in
158:list of Brassicaceae genera
8369:
7669:Fluorescein isothiocyanate
3941:Integrated Pest Management
3771:Frontiers in Plant Science
3673:Plants of the World Online
3495:American Journal of Botany
3347:"Neotropical Brassicaceae"
3164:North American butterflies
2790:
2703:). The overall herb layer
2533:, and wind pollination in
2455:flowers, which resemble a
2387:Plants of the World Online
2378:
662:homologous chromosome sets
16:Family of flowering plants
7721:
7479:
5489:
4282:
3345:Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2012).
2767:, as they preferentially
2342:
2302:
2253:
2240:
2233:
2202:
2189:
2182:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2142:
2135:
2104:
2091:
2084:
2062:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2008:
2001:
1979:
1921:
1890:
1877:
1870:
1848:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1801:
1794:
1781:
1774:
1752:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1712:
1705:
1674:
1652:
1639:
1617:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1570:
1563:
1541:
1519:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1470:
1457:
1450:
1428:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1374:
1367:
1305:
1253:
1237:
1230:
1214:
1207:
1191:
1184:
1159:
1134:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1028:suggested to include the
458:), but also a cut-flower
351:. The largest genera are
154:
149:
49:Scientific classification
47:
37:
28:
23:
7743:Cruciferous Biochemistry
7681:Phenethyl isothiocyanate
7530:Cruciferous biochemistry
3125:The small Eurasian weed
2935:) and a few spices like
2747:, including one that is
2530:Cardamine chenopodifolia
750:Inflorescence and flower
517:, can be toxic to their
384:The family contains the
343:The family contains 372
328:, four free alternating
8309:Watson & Dallwitz:
4088:. David & Charles.
3973:. USDA Forest Service.
3785:10.3389/fpls.2016.00451
3373:Anatomy of Dicotyledons
3297:Encyclopædia Britannica
3004:Pringlea antiscorbutica
2559:and in others, such as
2536:Pringlea antiscorbutica
2477:Maritime Southeast Asia
7732:Cruciferous vegetables
3508:10.3732/ajb.89.11.1826
2824:
2807:
2793:Cruciferous vegetables
2700:Toxicodendron radicans
2662:against caterpillars.
2655:Bacillus thuringiensis
2562:Cardamine pentaphyllos
2445:cruciferous vegetables
1072:core Brassicales
767:
538:
386:cruciferous vegetables
320:are terminal and lack
284:commonly known as the
8274:Paleobiology Database
8057:Paleobiology Database
7701:Bioactive metabolites
7675:Phenyl isothiocyanate
7663:Benzyl isothiocyanate
7657:Methyl isothiocyanate
4084:Binney, Ruth (2012).
3474:Woods, Harry Arthur.
3139:of flowering plants (
2922:Nasturtium officinale
2813:
2800:
2672:Brevicoryne brassicae
2634:triterpenoid saponins
2606:Brassicaceae contain
2517:pollinated by insects
2497:Saharo-Arabian Region
2485:Irano-Turanian Region
929:bilateral symmetrical
872:that consists of two
861:Ovary, fruit and seed
757:
576:or a sometimes woody
532:
501:butterflies, such as
8353:Brassicales families
7651:Allyl isothiocyanate
4173:Illinois Wildflowers
4167:Hilty, John (2017).
3937:"Management Options"
3668:Brassicaceae Burnett
3135:in the study of the
3128:Arabidopsis thaliana
3027:when pork, beef, or
2996:Indigofera tinctoria
2897:rocket salad/arugula
2816:Smelowskia americana
2761:butterflies such as
2603:or even bio-mining.
2545:(garlic mustard) is
2493:Mediterranean Region
2389:accepts 346 genera.
1338:convergent evolution
1006:Joseph Dalton Hooker
994:Alfred Barton Rendle
686:Arabidopsis thaliana
645:Arabidopsis thaliana
632:alternately arranged
584:, or rarely develop
504:P. virginiensis
497:methods. Some rarer
470:Arabidopsis thaliana
7543:Phenylthiocarbamide
4169:"Smooth Rock Cress"
3999:Becker, R. (2017).
3831:2011PChem..72.1566W
3627:2014PLoSO...9j1341E
3217:Western wallflower
3186:Erysimum ammophilum
2942:Armoracia rusticana
2646:Plutella xylostella
2552:Cardamine bulbifera
2385:As of October 2023
1026:Walter Stephen Judd
762:of a Brassicaceae (
451:Armoracia rusticana
375:(233 species), and
347:and 4,060 accepted
332:, two shorter free
7536:Types of compounds
7329:Pentaphragmataceae
6547:Stegnospermataceae
6439:Berberidopsidaceae
6063:Pentadiplandraceae
4550:Atherospermataceae
4232:10.1002/tax.615005
4063:10.1007/bf02864789
4034:2017-08-20 at the
3962:Reardon, Richard.
3594:10.1002/tax.615002
3558:10.1002/tax.613009
3291:"Cruciferae"
3220:Erysimum capitatum
3159:Boechera laevigata
3131:is widely used as
2825:
2808:
2733:biological control
2679:Alliaria petiolata
2542:Alliaria petiolata
1163:Pentadiplandraceae
959:C4 carbon fixation
949:C3 carbon fixation
768:
654:spp., to 2375 Mbp
628:pinnately compound
539:
510:Alliaria petiolata
8335:
8334:
8044:Open Tree of Life
7766:Taxon identifiers
7757:
7756:
7713:Indole-3-carbinol
7497:
7496:
7475:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7286:Cardiopteridaceae
7208:
7207:
7085:Plocospermataceae
6884:
6883:
6698:
6697:
6637:Anacampserotaceae
6497:Ancistrocladaceae
6426:Berberidopsidales
6409:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6349:Biebersteiniaceae
6230:Sphaerosepalaceae
6116:Strasburgeriaceae
6033:Setchellanthaceae
5983:
5982:
5456:
5455:
5398:Cercidiphyllaceae
5353:
5352:
5182:
5181:
5151:
5150:
4604:
4603:
4573:
4572:
4407:
4406:
4389:Austrobaileyaceae
4118:The Plant Journal
3502:(11): 1826–1842.
3423:biologydiscussion
3314:. The Plant List.
3137:molecular biology
2952:Eutrema japonicum
2866:Brassica oleracea
2629:Barbarea vulgaris
2425:, a standardized
2371:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2073:
2072:
1990:
1989:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1859:
1858:
1763:
1762:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1663:
1662:
1628:
1627:
1552:
1551:
1530:
1529:
1481:
1480:
1439:
1438:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1173:
1172:
1148:
1147:
1123:
1122:
836:Cardamine hirsuta
657:Bunias orientalis
554:herbaceous plants
391:Brassica oleracea
300:, while some are
298:herbaceous plants
234:) or (the older)
164:
163:
145:
41:Barbarea vulgaris
8360:
8328:
8327:
8315:
8314:
8305:
8304:
8295:
8294:
8282:
8281:
8269:
8268:
8259:
8258:
8246:
8245:
8233:
8232:
8220:
8219:
8207:
8206:
8194:
8193:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8153:
8152:
8140:
8139:
8127:
8126:
8114:
8113:
8104:
8103:
8091:
8090:
8078:
8077:
8065:
8064:
8052:
8051:
8039:
8038:
8029:
8028:
8016:
8015:
8013:NBNSYS0000002798
8003:
8002:
7990:
7989:
7977:
7976:
7964:
7963:
7951:
7950:
7938:
7937:
7925:
7924:
7912:
7911:
7899:
7898:
7886:
7885:
7873:
7872:
7860:
7859:
7847:
7846:
7834:
7833:
7821:
7820:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7761:
7524:
7517:
7510:
7501:
7487:
7486:
7221:
7170:Thomandersiaceae
7160:Lentibulariaceae
7120:Scrophulariaceae
7100:Tetrachondraceae
6897:
6886:
6876:Mitrastemonaceae
6806:Pentaphylacaceae
6781:Tetrameristaceae
6728:Hydrostachyaceae
6711:
6700:
6502:Rhabdodendraceae
6492:Dioncophyllaceae
6422:
6255:Dipterocarpaceae
6192:Dipentodontaceae
6136:Crossosomataceae
6111:Geissolomataceae
5996:
5857:Chrysobalanaceae
5762:Ctenolophonaceae
5729:Lepidobotryaceae
5519:Anisophylleaceae
5502:
5491:
5469:
5458:
5433:Tetracarpaeaceae
5428:Aphanopetalaceae
5403:Daphniphyllaceae
5366:
5355:
5304:Trochodendraceae
5266:Circaeasteraceae
5193:
5174:Ceratophyllaceae
5162:
4838:Alstroemeriaceae
4701:Potamogetonaceae
4676:Scheuchzeriaceae
4671:Hydrocharitaceae
4621:
4584:
4464:Aristolochiaceae
4429:
4420:
4381:Austrobaileyales
4331:
4327:
4325:Basalangiosperms
4309:Acrogymnospermae
4271:flowering plants
4263:
4256:
4249:
4240:
4235:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4175:. Dr. John Hilty
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4148:
4133:
4115:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4044:
4038:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4005:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3979:
3968:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3797:
3787:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3683:
3677:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3638:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3543:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3415:
3400:
3399:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3342:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3293:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3263:
3239:
3214:
3197:
3180:
2986:Isatis tinctoria
2912:Lepidium sativum
2845:Brussels sprouts
2764:P. oleracea
2683:invasive species
2660:plant protection
2642:diamondback moth
2601:soil remediation
2255:Crucihimalayeae
2236:
2185:
2165:
2158:
2138:
2087:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2004:
1873:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1797:
1777:
1735:
1728:
1708:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1566:
1502:
1495:
1453:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1370:
1362:
1233:
1210:
1187:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1069:
790:(zygomorphic in
788:star symmetrical
766:"Bowles' Mauve")
740:is surmised for
738:polyploidisation
660:. The number of
464:(stock) and the
441:Raphanus sativus
282:flowering plants
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
141:
57:
56:
33:
21:
8368:
8367:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8357:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8331:
8323:
8318:
8310:
8308:
8300:
8298:
8290:
8285:
8277:
8272:
8264:
8262:
8254:
8249:
8241:
8236:
8228:
8223:
8215:
8210:
8202:
8197:
8189:
8184:
8175:
8174:
8169:
8156:
8148:
8143:
8135:
8130:
8122:
8117:
8109:
8107:
8099:
8094:
8086:
8081:
8073:
8068:
8060:
8055:
8047:
8042:
8034:
8032:
8024:
8019:
8011:
8006:
7998:
7993:
7985:
7980:
7972:
7967:
7959:
7954:
7946:
7941:
7933:
7928:
7920:
7915:
7907:
7902:
7894:
7889:
7881:
7876:
7868:
7863:
7855:
7850:
7842:
7837:
7829:
7824:
7816:
7811:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7768:
7758:
7753:
7752:
7717:
7696:
7627:Isothiocyanates
7621:
7602:Glucotropaeolin
7597:Gluconasturtiin
7568:
7531:
7528:
7498:
7493:
7455:
7451:Paracryphiaceae
7437:
7419:
7396:
7373:
7305:
7267:
7238:Torricelliaceae
7217:
7204:
7105:Calceolariaceae
7090:Carlemanniaceae
7071:
7033:
7015:
6997:
6959:
6936:
6918:
6893:
6880:
6757:
6707:
6694:
6670:Balanophoraceae
6646:
6557:Lophiocarpaceae
6537:Achatocarpaceae
6532:Caryophyllaceae
6522:Macarthuriaceae
6487:Drosophyllaceae
6443:
6418:
6393:
6335:
6317:
6303:Crypteroniaceae
6298:Melastomataceae
6259:
6196:
6163:
6140:
6098:Crossosomatales
6092:
6068:Gyrostemonaceae
6038:Koeberliniaceae
5992:
5979:
5931:
5922:Picrodendraceae
5887:Lacistemataceae
5847:Dichapetalaceae
5822:Centroplacaceae
5812:Lophopyxidaceae
5772:Erythroxylaceae
5738:
5715:
5692:
5634:
5586:
5553:
5524:Corynocarpaceae
5498:
5485:
5465:
5452:
5413:Grossulariaceae
5362:
5349:
5326:
5308:
5296:Trochodendrales
5290:
5271:Lardizabalaceae
5242:
5209:
5178:
5166:Ceratophyllales
5157:Ceratophyllidae
5147:
5138:Ecdeiocoleaceae
5128:Flagellariaceae
5064:
5011:
4973:
4950:
4921:Tecophilaeaceae
4891:Blandfordiaceae
4867:
4833:Petermanniaceae
4818:Campynemataceae
4804:
4766:
4738:
4720:
4681:Aponogetonaceae
4637:
4612:
4600:
4569:
4521:
4507:Himantandraceae
4478:
4450:
4416:
4414:Mesangiospermae
4403:
4375:
4347:
4323:
4318:
4299:Marchantiophyta
4278:
4267:
4216:
4213:
4211:Further reading
4194:
4189:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4050:Economic Botany
4046:
4045:
4041:
4036:Wayback Machine
4022:
4018:
4010:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3909:
3905:
3897:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3825:(13): 1566–75.
3816:
3815:
3811:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3702:
3700:
3687:Merriam-Webster
3685:
3684:
3680:
3666:
3662:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3381:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3355:
3353:
3344:
3343:
3332:
3323:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3198:
3189:
3181:
3172:
3153:Turritis glabra
2964:Brassica juncea
2795:
2789:
2620:isothiocyanates
2587:, particularly
2513:
2469:
2439:, referring to
2431:Classical Latin
2395:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2223:
2214:
2125:
2116:
2074:
1991:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1911:
1902:
1879:Dontostemoneae
1860:
1764:
1695:
1686:
1664:
1629:
1553:
1543:Schizopetaleae
1531:
1482:
1459:Coluteocarpeae
1440:
1334:
1329:
1320:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1174:
1149:
1138:Gyrostemonaceae
1124:
1018:John Hutchinson
1012:(now the class
987:
971:isothiocyanates
945:
935:, sometimes an
914:
863:
752:
651:Sphaerocardamum
564:, and very few
535:Ricotia lunaria
527:
487:Trichoplusia ni
473:(thale cress).
426:Chinese cabbage
394:(cultivated as
381:(207 species).
369:(234 species),
363:(261 species),
357:(440 species),
243:
239:
216:
174:
170:
140:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8366:
8364:
8356:
8355:
8350:
8340:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8325:wfo-7000000713
8316:
8306:
8296:
8283:
8270:
8260:
8247:
8234:
8221:
8208:
8195:
8182:
8166:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8141:
8137:wfo-7000000082
8128:
8115:
8105:
8092:
8079:
8066:
8053:
8040:
8030:
8017:
8004:
7991:
7978:
7965:
7952:
7939:
7926:
7913:
7900:
7887:
7874:
7861:
7848:
7835:
7822:
7809:
7794:
7778:
7776:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7755:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7723:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7710:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7678:
7672:
7666:
7660:
7654:
7648:
7643:
7636:
7634:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7582:Glucobrassicin
7578:
7576:
7574:Glucosinolates
7570:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7539:
7537:
7533:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7519:
7512:
7504:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7447:
7445:
7443:Paracryphiales
7439:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7433:Escalloniaceae
7429:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7415:Caprifoliaceae
7412:
7406:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7387:Columelliaceae
7383:
7381:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7349:Argophyllaceae
7346:
7341:
7339:Alseuosmiaceae
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7315:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7291:Phyllonomaceae
7288:
7283:
7277:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7258:Myodocarpaceae
7255:
7250:
7248:Pittosporaceae
7245:
7243:Griseliniaceae
7240:
7235:
7229:
7227:
7218:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7165:Schlegeliaceae
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7115:Plantaginaceae
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7081:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7062:Sphenocleaceae
7059:
7054:
7049:
7047:Convolvulaceae
7043:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7025:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7007:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6969:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6952:
6946:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6932:Metteniusaceae
6928:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6905:
6903:
6894:
6889:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6846:Sarraceniaceae
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6786:Fouquieriaceae
6783:
6778:
6776:Marcgraviaceae
6773:
6767:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6719:
6717:
6708:
6703:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6680:Misodendraceae
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6656:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6582:Phytolaccaceae
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6517:Asteropeiaceae
6514:
6509:
6507:Simmondsiaceae
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6467:Plumbaginaceae
6464:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6449:Caryophyllales
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6419:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6269:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6250:Sarcolaenaceae
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6177:Gerrardinaceae
6173:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6004:
6002:
5993:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5965:Elaeocarpaceae
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5927:Phyllanthaceae
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5882:Passifloraceae
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5817:Putranjivaceae
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5792:Calophyllaceae
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5767:Rhizophoraceae
5764:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5711:Zygophyllaceae
5708:
5702:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5644:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5625:Ticodendraceae
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5499:
5494:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5466:
5461:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5393:Hamamelidaceae
5390:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5363:
5358:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5340:Myrothamnaceae
5336:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5276:Menispermaceae
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5170:
5168:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5133:Joinvilleaceae
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5025:Strelitziaceae
5021:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
5002:Pontederiaceae
4999:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4964:Dasypogonaceae
4960:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4941:Amaryllidaceae
4938:
4933:
4931:Xeronemataceae
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4734:Petrosaviaceae
4730:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4618:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4596:Chloranthaceae
4592:
4590:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4535:Calycanthaceae
4531:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4399:Schisandraceae
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4328:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4304:Polypodiophyta
4301:
4296:
4291:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4226:(5): 980–988.
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4201:
4193:
4192:External links
4190:
4187:
4186:
4159:
4124:(6): 909–921.
4101:
4095:978-0715334232
4094:
4076:
4057:(3): 395–400.
4039:
4016:
3991:
3954:
3935:Landis, Doug.
3927:
3915:
3903:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3852:
3819:Phytochemistry
3809:
3756:
3729:
3709:
3678:
3660:
3621:(7): e101341.
3599:
3588:(5): 931–954.
3570:
3552:(3): 601–611.
3529:
3481:
3463:
3456:
3436:
3401:
3379:
3362:
3330:
3317:
3312:"Brassicaceae"
3303:
3288:, ed. (1911).
3286:Chisholm, Hugh
3277:
3254:(2): 105–121.
3233:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:var. capitatum
3216:
3209:
3207:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3133:model organism
3017:antiscorbutica
2976:Brassica napus
2849:collard greens
2791:Main article:
2788:
2785:
2608:glucosinolates
2512:
2509:
2468:
2465:
2394:
2391:
2379:Main article:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
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2350:
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2341:
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2333:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2298:
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2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:Oreophytoneae
2188:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:Descurainieae
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:
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1815:
1813:
1810:
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1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
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1733:
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1711:
1706:
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1701:
1700:
1697:
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1682:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1670:
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1626:
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1622:
1621:
1616:
1613:
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1609:
1608:
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1598:
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1582:
1579:
1578:
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1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
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1554:
1550:
1549:
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1545:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1062:APG III system
1002:George Bentham
986:
983:
963:glucosinolates
944:
943:Phytochemistry
941:
937:androgynophore
913:
910:
862:
859:
760:floral diagram
751:
748:
526:
523:
491:cabbage looper
466:model organism
431:Brassica napus
318:inflorescences
294:cabbage family
162:
161:
152:
151:
147:
146:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
108:
107:
102:
95:
94:
89:
82:
81:
76:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
38:Winter cress,
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8365:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8326:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8307:
8303:
8297:
8293:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8261:
8257:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8187:
8183:
8178:
8172:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8159:
8151:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8106:
8102:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8031:
8027:
8022:
8018:
8014:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7814:
7810:
7805:
7799:
7795:
7790:
7784:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7762:
7749:
7748:genera (list)
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7735:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7724:
7720:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7673:
7670:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7592:Glucoraphanin
7590:
7588:
7587:Glucocapparin
7585:
7583:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7525:
7520:
7518:
7513:
7511:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7490:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7425:Escalloniales
7422:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7354:Menyanthaceae
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7324:Campanulaceae
7322:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7308:
7302:
7301:Aquifoliaceae
7299:
7297:
7296:Helwingiaceae
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7281:Stemonuraceae
7279:
7278:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7233:Pennantiaceae
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7219:
7216:
7211:
7201:
7200:Orobanchaceae
7198:
7196:
7195:Paulowniaceae
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7130:Linderniaceae
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7036:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6924:Metteniusales
6921:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6909:Oncothecaceae
6907:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6887:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6856:Actinidiaceae
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6836:Diapensiaceae
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6796:Lecythidaceae
6794:
6792:
6791:Polemoniaceae
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6771:Balsaminaceae
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6733:Hydrangeaceae
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6701:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6685:Schoepfiaceae
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6632:Portulacaceae
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6622:Halophytaceae
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6602:Molluginaceae
6600:
6598:
6597:Nyctaginaceae
6595:
6593:
6592:Sarcobataceae
6590:
6588:
6587:Petiveriaceae
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6542:Amaranthaceae
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6457:Frankeniaceae
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6434:Aextoxicaceae
6432:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6416:Superasterids
6412:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6384:Simaroubaceae
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6369:Anacardiaceae
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6331:Picramniaceae
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6235:Thymelaeaceae
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6215:Muntingiaceae
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6131:Stachyuraceae
6129:
6127:
6126:Guamatelaceae
6124:
6122:
6121:Staphyleaceae
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6053:Emblingiaceae
6051:
6049:
6048:Salvadoraceae
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6028:Limnanthaceae
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6013:Tropaeolaceae
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5986:
5976:
5975:Brunelliaceae
5973:
5971:
5970:Cephalotaceae
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5917:Ixonanthaceae
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5907:Euphorbiaceae
5905:
5903:
5902:Rafflesiaceae
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5852:Euphroniaceae
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5832:Malpighiaceae
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5807:Caryocaraceae
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5797:Podostemaceae
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5698:Zygophyllales
5695:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5620:Casuarinaceae
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5600:Nothofagaceae
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5539:Tetramelaceae
5537:
5535:
5534:Cucurbitaceae
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5514:Apodanthaceae
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5459:
5449:
5448:Cynomoriaceae
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:Saxifragaceae
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:Peridiscaceae
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5356:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5286:Ranunculaceae
5284:
5282:
5281:Berberidaceae
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5228:Nelumbonaceae
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5098:Eriocaulaceae
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5060:Zingiberaceae
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5035:Heliconiaceae
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5007:Haemodoraceae
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:Commelinaceae
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:Asphodelaceae
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:Ixioliriaceae
4914:
4912:
4911:Doryanthaceae
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:Melanthiaceae
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4795:Cyclanthaceae
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4762:Dioscoreaceae
4760:
4758:
4757:Burmanniaceae
4755:
4753:
4752:Nartheciaceae
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4726:Petrosaviales
4723:
4717:
4716:Cymodoceaceae
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4706:Posidoniaceae
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:Juncaginaceae
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Tofieldiaceae
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4588:Chloranthales
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:Chloranthidae
4576:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:Hernandiaceae
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4545:Gomortegaceae
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Eupomatiaceae
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4502:Degeneriaceae
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:Myristicaceae
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4410:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:Hydatellaceae
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4343:Amborellaceae
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4252:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4204:BrassiToL app
4202:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4160:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3955:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3760:
3757:
3746:
3742:
3741:"Brassicales"
3736:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3699:on 2020-05-25
3698:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3457:9789400739123
3453:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3437:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3366:
3363:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:Lunaria annua
3196:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3119:Lunaria annua
3115:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3031:was used up.
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:B. nigra
2966:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2892:Brassica rapa
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2804:
2803:Lunaria annua
2799:
2794:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:North America
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:cabbage aphid
2665:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:and tropical
2478:
2474:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2374:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:Halimolobeae
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:Smelowskieae
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:Chorisporeae
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:Anastaticeae
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:Cochlearieae
1779:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:Biscutelleae
1737:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:Thelypodieae
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:Heliophileae
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:Megacarpaeae
1413:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1365:Brassicaceae
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:Emblingiaceae
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:Carl Linnaeus
984:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
950:
942:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
922:sister family
919:
911:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
868:
865:There is one
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:
839:, and two in
838:
837:
832:
831:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
765:
761:
756:
749:
747:
745:
744:
739:
735:
734:
729:
728:
723:
722:
717:
716:
711:
710:Hybridisation
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
669:
668:
663:
659:
658:
653:
652:
647:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:flower stalks
609:
605:
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:water awlwort
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
548:
544:
537:
536:
531:
524:
522:
520:
516:
512:
511:
506:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
474:
472:
471:
467:
463:
462:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
442:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
419:
418:
417:Brassica rapa
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:
387:
382:
380:
379:
374:
373:
368:
367:
362:
361:
356:
355:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
273:
237:
231:
168:
160:
159:
153:
148:
144:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
79:Tracheophytes
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
43:
42:
36:
32:
27:
24:Brassicaceae
22:
19:
8348:Brassicaceae
8161:
7909:Brassicaceae
7831:Brassicaceae
7804:Brassicaceae
7774:Brassicaceae
7773:
7728:Brassicaceae
7727:
7726:
7640:Sulforaphane
7631:mustard oils
7549:Thiocyanates
7364:Calyceraceae
7359:Goodeniaceae
7344:Phellinaceae
7334:Stylidiaceae
7273:Aquifoliales
7155:Bignoniaceae
7140:Martyniaceae
7110:Gesneriaceae
7067:Hydroleaceae
7057:Montiniaceae
7011:Boraginaceae
6988:Gelsemiaceae
6978:Gentianaceae
6950:Eucommiaceae
6851:Roridulaceae
6831:Symplocaceae
6801:Sladeniaceae
6743:Curtisiaceae
6690:Loranthaceae
6612:Didiereaceae
6567:Barbeuiaceae
6527:Microteaceae
6482:Nepenthaceae
6472:Polygonaceae
6462:Tamaricaceae
6354:Nitrariaceae
6323:Picramniales
6288:Vochysiaceae
6273:Combretaceae
6187:Tapisciaceae
6182:Petenaeaceae
6088:Brassicaceae
6087:
5842:Trigoniaceae
5837:Balanopaceae
5802:Hypericaceae
5782:Bonnetiaceae
5757:Irvingiaceae
5744:Malpighiales
5734:Celastraceae
5706:Krameriaceae
5663:Elaeagnaceae
5658:Dirachmaceae
5615:Juglandaceae
5582:Polygalaceae
5567:Quillajaceae
5529:Coriariaceae
5506:Cucurbitales
5443:Haloragaceae
5438:Penthoraceae
5423:Crassulaceae
5388:Altingiaceae
5370:Saxifragales
5322:Dilleniaceae
5261:Papaveraceae
5256:Eupteleaceae
5248:Ranunculales
5156:
5123:Restionaceae
5083:Bromeliaceae
5017:Zingiberales
4997:Philydraceae
4987:Hanguanaceae
4979:Commelinales
4946:Asparagaceae
4906:Hypoxidaceae
4853:Ripogonaceae
4848:Philesiaceae
4843:Colchicaceae
4785:Velloziaceae
4780:Triuridaceae
4744:Dioscoreales
4661:Alismataceae
4609:
4578:
4540:Siparunaceae
4497:Magnoliaceae
4394:Trimeniaceae
4371:Nymphaeaceae
4335:Amborellales
4314:Angiospermae
4269:Families of
4223:
4219:
4177:. Retrieved
4172:
4162:
4151:. Retrieved
4121:
4117:
4104:
4085:
4079:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4025:virginiensis
4019:
3994:
3984:10 September
3982:. Retrieved
3970:
3957:
3947:10 September
3945:. Retrieved
3940:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3879:
3867:
3855:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3778:(451): 451.
3775:
3769:
3759:
3748:. Retrieved
3744:
3721:
3718:"Article 18"
3712:
3701:, retrieved
3697:the original
3691:
3681:
3671:
3663:
3618:
3612:
3602:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3549:
3545:
3532:
3499:
3493:
3475:
3446:
3439:
3427:. Retrieved
3425:. 2016-08-30
3422:
3395:
3372:
3365:
3354:. Retrieved
3350:
3325:
3320:
3306:
3295:
3280:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3218:
3201:
3184:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3141:Angiospermae
3126:
3124:
3117:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3016:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2984:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2958:Sinapis alba
2956:
2950:
2940:
2930:
2920:
2910:
2907:garden cress
2902:Eruca sativa
2900:
2890:
2875:napa cabbage
2864:
2826:
2814:
2801:
2780:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2705:biodiversity
2698:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2653:
2645:
2627:
2622:, which are
2605:
2596:
2585:heavy metals
2566:
2560:
2550:
2547:self-fertile
2540:
2534:
2528:
2514:
2470:
2467:Distribution
2460:
2434:
2420:
2410:
2399:Brassicaceae
2398:
2396:
2384:
2343:
2304:Cardamineae
2303:
2254:
2241:
2203:
2190:
2170:
2144:Camelinieae
2143:
2105:
2093:Yinshanieae
2092:
2063:
2050:
2009:
1980:
1922:
1891:
1878:
1849:
1837:Hesperideae
1836:
1802:
1782:
1753:
1740:
1713:
1675:
1653:
1640:
1619:Sisymbrieae
1618:
1605:
1572:Thlaspideae
1571:
1542:
1520:
1507:
1472:Conringieae
1471:
1458:
1429:
1416:
1376:Aethionemae
1375:
1349:
1335:
1306:
1257:Brassicaceae
1256:
1254:
1238:
1215:
1192:
1160:
1135:
1110:
1053:
1034:paraphyletic
1022:Papaveraceae
988:
975:thiocyanates
952:
946:
915:
864:
840:
834:
828:
797:
791:
769:
763:
741:
731:
725:
719:
713:
703:
699:
689:
685:
682:Stenopetalum
681:
677:
673:Stenopetalum
671:
665:
655:
649:
643:
624:trifoliolate
597:
558:dwarf shrubs
540:
533:
508:
502:
498:
495:pest control
486:
478:Pieris rapae
476:
475:
468:
459:
449:
439:
429:
415:
389:
383:
376:
370:
364:
358:
352:
342:
293:
289:
285:
235:
167:Brassicaceae
166:
165:
155:
138:Brassicaceae
137:
111:
98:
85:
72:
39:
18:
7956:iNaturalist
7798:Wikispecies
7564:Gibberellin
7319:Rousseaceae
7215:Campanulids
7175:Verbenaceae
7150:Acanthaceae
7145:Pedaliaceae
7135:Byblidaceae
7003:Boraginales
6993:Apocynaceae
6983:Loganiaceae
6965:Gentianales
6914:Icacinaceae
6866:Cyrillaceae
6861:Clethraceae
6841:Styracaceae
6821:Primulaceae
6748:Grubbiaceae
6675:Santalaceae
6617:Basellaceae
6572:Gisekiaceae
6512:Physenaceae
6477:Droseraceae
6374:Sapindaceae
6364:Burseraceae
6308:Alzateaceae
6220:Neuradaceae
6159:Francoaceae
6154:Geraniaceae
6106:Aphloiaceae
6078:Capparaceae
6058:Tovariaceae
6018:Moringaceae
6000:Brassicales
5960:Cunoniaceae
5955:Oxalidaceae
5950:Connaraceae
5867:Achariaceae
5862:Humiriaceae
5827:Elatinaceae
5721:Celastrales
5678:Cannabaceae
5653:Barbeyaceae
5577:Surianaceae
5549:Begoniaceae
5544:Datiscaceae
5383:Paeoniaceae
5360:Superrosids
5345:Gunneraceae
5314:Dilleniales
5233:Platanaceae
5108:Thurniaceae
5088:Rapateaceae
5050:Marantaceae
4901:Lanariaceae
4896:Asteliaceae
4881:Orchidaceae
4873:Asparagales
4858:Smilacaceae
4800:Pandanaceae
4790:Stemonaceae
4696:Zosteraceae
4691:Maundiaceae
4643:Alismatales
4560:Monimiaceae
4484:Magnoliales
4469:Saururaceae
4446:Winteraceae
4441:Canellaceae
4424:Magnoliidae
4366:Cabombaceae
4353:Nymphaeales
4286:Supergroup
3271:10654/18083
3148:Lepidoptera
3067:Cheiranthus
2937:horseradish
2837:cauliflower
2749:monophagous
2741:allelopathy
2717:infestation
2695:monoculture
2687:germination
2612:myrosinases
2610:as well as
2481:Australasia
2473:Congo basin
2242:Physarieae
2171:Boechereae
1923:Euclidieae
1803:Anchonieae
1714:Calepineae
1641:Brassiceae
1218:Capparaceae
1195:Tovariaceae
1046:Brassicales
1030:Capparaceae
967:myrosinases
902:seed leaves
830:Megacarpaea
705:C. diphylla
640:genome size
608:leaf stalks
556:, some are
525:Description
456:horseradish
404:cauliflower
296:. Most are
128:Brassicales
92:Angiosperms
8342:Categories
8162:Cruciferae
7974:30000087-2
7607:Progoitrin
7402:Dipsacales
7392:Bruniaceae
7369:Asteraceae
7253:Araliaceae
7190:Phrymaceae
7125:Stilbaceae
7052:Solanaceae
7029:Vahliaceae
6955:Garryaceae
6901:Icacinales
6811:Sapotaceae
6665:Opiliaceae
6652:Santalales
6627:Talinaceae
6607:Montiaceae
6359:Kirkiaceae
6341:Sapindales
6313:Penaeaceae
6283:Onagraceae
6278:Lythraceae
6210:Cytinaceae
6169:Huerteales
6146:Geraniales
6083:Cleomaceae
6073:Resedaceae
6023:Caricaceae
6008:Akaniaceae
5937:Oxalidales
5892:Salicaceae
5877:Goupiaceae
5787:Clusiaceae
5688:Urticaceae
5668:Rhamnaceae
5630:Betulaceae
5610:Myricaceae
5332:Gunnerales
5238:Proteaceae
5118:Cyperaceae
5103:Mayacaceae
5093:Xyridaceae
4823:Corsiaceae
4772:Pandanales
4711:Ruppiaceae
4666:Butomaceae
4517:Annonaceae
4474:Piperaceae
4433:Canellales
4198:BrassiBase
4153:2017-08-12
3750:2017-07-18
3703:2016-07-28
3356:2017-07-12
3229:References
3037:Aethionema
2917:watercress
2664:Parasitoid
2573:serpentine
2449:Cruciferae
2443:and other
2417:type genus
2051:Lepidieae
2010:Erysimeae
1981:Iberideae
1754:Arabideae
1676:Eutremeae
1606:Isatideae
1521:Kernereae
1508:Buniadeae
1351:Aethionema
1241:Cleomaceae
1113:Resedaceae
1058:Cleomaceae
1042:Capparales
1038:Cleomaceae
1010:Parietales
998:Rhoeadales
954:Moricandia
925:Cleomaceae
851:receptacle
847:tricolpate
833:, four in
802:) and the
702:, such as
696:polyploidy
638:type. The
636:anisocytic
616:leaf blade
599:Caulanthus
236:Cruciferae
8177:Q10261839
7878:FloraBase
7545:(PTC/PTU)
7410:Adoxaceae
7379:Bruniales
7311:Asterales
7180:Lamiaceae
7039:Solanales
7021:Vahliales
6973:Rubiaceae
6942:Garryales
6871:Ericaceae
6816:Ebenaceae
6753:Cornaceae
6738:Loasaceae
6723:Nyssaceae
6660:Olacaceae
6642:Cactaceae
6577:Aizoaceae
6552:Limeaceae
6389:Meliaceae
6293:Myrtaceae
6245:Cistaceae
6225:Malvaceae
5872:Violaceae
5777:Ochnaceae
5752:Pandaceae
5223:Sabiaceae
5215:Proteales
5113:Juncaceae
5078:Typhaceae
5055:Costaceae
5045:Cannaceae
5030:Lowiaceae
4969:Arecaceae
4926:Iridaceae
4886:Boryaceae
4863:Liliaceae
4633:Acoraceae
4565:Lauraceae
4456:Piperales
4294:Bryophyta
3109:Matthiola
3103:Malcolmia
3091:Lobularia
3029:seal meat
3025:Kerguelen
3021:Low Latin
3009:potassium
2783:species.
2721:diversity
2616:hydrolise
2581:magnesium
2568:Cardamine
2555:produces
2407:Neo-Latin
2401:comes to
2397:The name
2393:Etymology
2344:Alysseae
1342:phylogeny
933:gynophore
906:endosperm
855:nectaries
842:Coronopus
799:Teesdalia
727:Cardamine
700:Cardamine
684:species,
622:, rarely
620:dissected
551:perennial
461:Matthiola
438:, etc.),
428:, etc.),
372:Cardamine
292:, or the
290:crucifers
62:Kingdom:
8312:crucifer
8299:VASCAN:
8292:50304902
8287:Tropicos
8171:Wikidata
8119:VicFlora
8108:VASCAN:
8101:42000136
8096:Tropicos
7783:Wikidata
7738:Brassica
7646:Raphanin
7617:Sinalbin
7612:Sinigrin
7554:Nitriles
7489:Category
7263:Apiaceae
7185:Mazaceae
7095:Oleaceae
7077:Lamiales
6826:Theaceae
6763:Ericales
6715:Cornales
6705:Asterids
6562:Kewaceae
6379:Rutaceae
6265:Myrtales
6240:Bixaceae
6202:Malvales
6043:Bataceae
5912:Linaceae
5897:Peraceae
5683:Moraceae
5673:Ulmaceae
5648:Rosaceae
5605:Fagaceae
5572:Fabaceae
5481:Vitaceae
5408:Iteaceae
5205:Buxaceae
5188:Eudicots
5040:Musaceae
4956:Arecales
4810:Liliales
4625:Acorales
4615:Monocots
4527:Laurales
4179:17 April
4144:Archived
4140:20409266
4071:42741171
4032:Archived
4008:Archived
3975:Archived
3847:21316065
3804:27092164
3655:24984034
3614:PLOS One
3562:Archived
3524:39584525
3516:21665611
3200:Honesty
3079:Hesperis
3073:Erysimum
3055:Aubrieta
2932:Raphanus
2883:bok choy
2857:kohlrabi
2833:broccoli
2769:oviposit
2650:nitriles
2638:Pieridae
2579:rich in
2577:dolomite
2503:and the
2489:endemics
2436:brassica
2412:Brassica
1014:Violales
1000:, while
985:Taxonomy
979:nitriles
918:stipules
867:superior
784:bisexual
776:panicles
764:Erysimum
758:Typical
743:Lepidium
733:Boechera
691:Mathiola
678:Physaria
667:Physaria
604:stipules
582:rhizomes
547:biennial
483:Pieridae
444:(common
436:rapeseed
412:collards
408:broccoli
366:Lepidium
360:Erysimum
314:rosettes
310:stipules
286:mustards
134:Family:
105:Eudicots
8217:4272650
7789:Q156888
7708:Goitrin
7683:(PEITC)
7559:Indoles
7225:Apiales
6891:Lamiids
5990:Malvids
5945:Huaceae
5640:Rosales
5592:Fagales
5559:Fabales
5473:Vitales
5197:Buxales
5143:Poaceae
4651:Araceae
4610:Lilidae
3827:Bibcode
3795:4824781
3646:4077792
3623:Bibcode
3429:12 July
3170:Gallery
3114:Honesty
3097:Lunaria
3061:Aurinia
3043:Alyssum
2861:gai lan
2829:cabbage
2821:endemic
2745:weevils
2725:species
2597:Alyssum
2521:selfing
2511:Ecology
2453:mustard
2441:cabbage
2409:, from
1307:family
1255:family
1239:family
1216:family
1193:family
1161:family
1136:family
1111:family
1048:). The
890:silicle
886:silique
874:carpels
824:stamens
780:corymbs
772:racemes
721:Rorippa
586:runners
574:taproot
396:cabbage
378:Alyssum
349:species
334:stamens
150:Genera
143:Burnett
124:Order:
66:Plantae
8263:NZOR:
8243:117873
8191:214611
8150:382437
8049:309271
8033:NZOR:
7987:115130
7692:Erucin
7687:6-MITC
7677:(PITC)
7671:(FITC)
7665:(BITC)
7659:(MITC)
7653:(AITC)
7629:(ITC,
5496:Fabids
5463:Rosids
5070:Poales
4275:APG IV
4138:
4092:
4069:
3845:
3802:
3792:
3653:
3643:
3522:
3514:
3454:
3106:, and
3085:Iberis
3049:Arabis
3013:scurvy
2991:indigo
2947:wasabi
2927:radish
2925:) and
2887:rapini
2879:mizuna
2871:turnip
2859:, and
2781:Pieris
2773:larvae
2758:Pieris
2751:. The
2709:sedges
2593:nickel
2557:gemmae
2461:-aceae
2427:suffix
2422:-aceae
2415:, the
2375:Genera
1356:sister
1060:. The
1054:Cleome
1050:APG II
898:stigma
882:ovules
870:pistil
849:. The
818:and a
812:petals
808:sepals
793:Iberis
715:Arabis
688:and a
578:caudex
562:shrubs
543:annual
519:larvae
499:Pieris
446:radish
422:turnip
345:genera
330:petals
326:sepals
322:bracts
316:. The
306:leaves
304:. The
302:shrubs
288:, the
278:family
118:Rosids
8302:21909
8279:55652
8256:22670
8238:IRMNG
8204:20422
8145:WoRMS
8070:Plazi
8062:55908
8000:22669
7982:IRMNG
7961:47204
7922:10120
7904:FoAO2
7896:10120
7883:22823
7870:1CRUF
7818:54448
7642:(SFN)
4288:Plant
4220:Taxon
4147:(PDF)
4114:(PDF)
4067:S2CID
4011:(PDF)
4004:(PDF)
3978:(PDF)
3967:(PDF)
3745:MOBOT
3581:Taxon
3565:(PDF)
3546:Taxon
3542:(PDF)
3520:S2CID
2853:Savoy
2727:that
2713:forbs
2691:fungi
2457:cross
2433:word
2405:from
894:style
878:stalk
816:blade
778:, or
594:stems
590:Hairs
566:vines
549:, or
354:Draba
338:fruit
112:Clade
99:Clade
86:Clade
73:Clade
8251:ITIS
8225:GRIN
8212:GBIF
8186:APNI
8083:POWO
8026:3700
8021:NCBI
7995:ITIS
7969:IPNI
7943:GRIN
7935:3112
7930:GBIF
7865:EPPO
7857:4219
7826:ATRF
7813:APNI
4181:2018
4136:PMID
4090:ISBN
3986:2017
3949:2017
3843:PMID
3800:PMID
3723:ICBN
3651:PMID
3512:PMID
3452:ISBN
3431:2017
3156:and
2981:Woad
2967:and
2885:and
2841:kale
2787:Uses
2753:USDA
2729:prey
2711:and
2591:and
2589:zinc
2575:and
2419:, +
1354:are
1004:and
977:and
927:has
820:claw
796:and
730:and
680:and
670:and
648:and
610:and
410:and
400:kale
156:See
8320:WFO
8230:307
8199:FNA
8132:WFO
8008:NBN
7948:166
7917:FoC
7891:FNA
7852:EoL
7844:7DN
7839:CoL
4228:doi
4126:doi
4059:doi
3835:doi
3790:PMC
3780:doi
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