58:
66:
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42:
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20:
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levels (<1 km) between 150 and 350 °C, when seismic or volcanic activity causes a void to open along a fault deep underground. The void draws in hot water, and as pressure in the cavity drops, the water violently boils. In addition, the sudden opening of a cavity causes rock at the sides
219:
because the rock fragments have sharp edges that have not been worn down. These indicate that the gravel was deposited very close to its source area, since otherwise the edges would have been rounded during transport. Most of the rounding of rock fragments takes place within the first few kilometers
1124:
Longhitano, S.G.; Sabato, L.; Tropeano, M.; Murru, M.; Carannante, G.; Simone, L.; Cilona, A.; Vigorito, M. (November 2015). "Outcrop reservoir analogous and porosity changes in continental deposits from an extensional basin: The case study of the upper
Oligocene Sardinia Graben System, Italy".
625:
of the fault to destabilise and implode inwards, and the broken rock gets caught up in a churning mixture of rock, steam and boiling water. Rock fragments collide with each other and the sides of the void, and the angular fragments become more rounded. Volatile gases are lost to the steam
431:
pipes, where they are transitional with volcanic breccias. Intrusive rocks can become brecciated in appearance by multiple stages of intrusion, especially if fresh magma is intruded into partly consolidated or solidified magma. This may be seen in many granite intrusions where later
400:
Within the volcanic conduits of explosive volcanoes the volcanic breccia environment merges into the intrusive breccia environment. There the upwelling lava tends to solidify during quiescent intervals only to be shattered by ensuing eruptions. This produces an
1771:
Sherlock, Ross L.; Tosdal, Richard M.; Lehrman, Norman J.; Graney, Joseph R.; Losh, Steven; Jowett, E. Craig; Kesler, Stephen E. (1 December 1995). "Origin of the McLaughlin Mine sheeted vein complex; metal zoning, fluid inclusion, and isotopic evidence".
386:. This occurs when the thick, nearly solid lava breaks up into blocks and these blocks are then reincorporated into the lava flow again and mixed in with the remaining liquid magma. The resulting breccia is uniform in rock type and chemical composition.
392:
collapse leads to the formation of megabreccias, which are sometimes mistaken for outcrops of the caldera floor. These are instead blocks of precaldera rock, often coming from the unstable oversteepened rim of the caldera. They are distinguished from
227:
is a breccia containing very large rock fragments, from at least a meter in size to greater than 400 meters. In some cases, the clasts are so large that the brecciated nature of the rock is not obvious. Megabreccias can be formed by
1274:
Lopes, Tuane V.; Rocha, Aline C.; Murad, Marcio A.; Garcia, Eduardo L. M.; Pereira, Patricia A.; Cazarin, Caroline L. (February 2020). "A new computational model for flow in karst-carbonates containing solution-collapse breccias".
1437:
Olianti, Camille A.E.; Harris, Chris (February 2018). "A low-δ18O intrusive breccia from Koegel
Fontein, South Africa: Remobilisation of basement that was hydrothermally altered during global glaciation?".
255:
deposited at the base of a cliff may become cemented to form a talus breccia without ever experiencing transport that might round the rock fragments. Thick sequences of sedimentary (
366:
Volcanic pyroclastic rocks are formed by explosive eruption of lava and any rocks which are entrained within the eruptive column. This may include rocks plucked off the wall of the
156:
The word has its origins in the
Italian language, in which it means "rubble". A breccia may have a variety of different origins, as indicated by the named types including
1799:八幡, 正弘; 黒沢, 邦彦; 大津, 直; 高橋, 徹哉; 戸間替, 修一; 川森, 博史; 毛利, 元躬 (1994). "Hydrothermal alteration and sedimentation at the formative period of a hot spring gold deposit".
730:
can be released during seismic activity associated with mountain building. The pressurised fluids ascend towards shallower crustal levels that are under lower
397:
whose clasts are less than a meter in size and which form layers in the caldera floor. Some clasts of caldera megabreccias can be over a kilometer in length.
558:
Impact breccia may be identified by its occurrence in or around a known impact crater, and/or an association with other products of impact cratering such as
1603:
1853:
Cartwright, Joe; Santamarina, Carlos (August 2015). "Seismic characteristics of fluid escape pipes in sedimentary basins: Implications for pipe genesis".
458:
consumption and melt-mingling with wall rocks, where the wall rocks are softened and gradually invaded by the hotter ultramafic intrusion (producing
1959:
Lazzarini, Lorenzo (January 2010). "Six
Coloured Types of Stone from Asia Minor Used by the Romans, and Their Specific Deterioration Problems".
1883:
Jébrak, Michel (December 1997). "Hydrothermal breccias in vein-type ore deposits: A review of mechanisms, morphology and size distribution".
1203:
Moore, P. R. (June 1989). "Kirks
Breccia: a late cretaceous submarine channelised debris flow deposit, Raukumara Peninsula, New Zealand".
2116:
1544:
Nurmi, P.A.; Haapala, I. (1986). "The
Proterozoic granitoids of Finland: granite types, metallogeny and relation to crustal evolution".
1936:
1673:
1251:
896:
742:
breccia. Rounding of rock fragments is less common in the mesothermal regime, as the formational event is brief. If boiling occurs,
220:
of transport, though complete rounding of pebbles of very hard rock may take up to 300 kilometers (190 mi) of river transport.
1996:"Selected examples of natural stones from Italy and Germany used in architectural objects in Krakow – a short geological excursion"
1744:
Michel Jébrak (1997). "Hydrothermal breccias in vein-type ore deposits: A review of mechanisms, morphology and size distribution".
1604:"Constraints on the origin of intrusion breccias: Observations from the Paleoproterozoic Boundary Intrusions in the Flin Flon area"
673:
1394:
1319:
1069:
1044:
1926:
1925:
Henderson, Julian; Morkot, Robert; Peltenberg, E.J.; Quirke, Stephen; Serpico, Margaret; Tait, John; White, Raymond (2000).
1162:
Mason, J.; Schneiderwind, S.; Pallikarakis, A.; Wiatr, T.; Mechernich, S.; Papanikolaou, I.; Reicherter, K. (27 July 2017).
916:
1689:
Robins, Brian (March 1998). "The mode of emplacement of the
Honningsvåg Intrusive Suite, Magerøya, northern Norway".
1231:
310:
or tectonic breccia results from the grinding action of two fault blocks as they slide past each other. Subsequent
50:
994:
Goff, Fraser; Gardner, Jamie N.; Reneau, Steven L.; Kelley, Shari A.; Kempter, Kirt A.; Lawrence, John R. (2011).
642:
443:
through earlier phases of the granite mass. When particularly intense, the rock may appear as a chaotic breccia.
1826:
Norton, Denis L.; Cathles, Lawrence M. (1 July 1973). "Breccia Pipes, Products of
Exsolved Vapor from Magmas".
177:
2048:
1573:"Multistage Intrusion, Brecciation, and Veining at El Teniente, Chile: Evolution of a Nested Porphyry System"
1423:
2169:
2149:
2109:
2594:
216:
208:
1910:
2559:
750:
may be lost to the steam phase, and ore may precipitate. Mesothermal deposits are often mined for gold.
311:
187:
is a breccia composed of very large rock fragments, sometimes kilometers across, which can be formed by
146:
57:
2075:
2036:
1698:
1443:
1348:
1007:
962:
727:
207:
Breccia is composed of coarse rock fragments held together by cement or a fine-grained matrix. Like
782:
551:. Breccia of this type may be present on or beneath the floor of the crater, in the rim, or in the
496:
465:
accumulation of rocks which fall through the magma chamber from the roof, forming chaotic remnants;
2844:
598:
Hydrothermal breccia in the
Cloghleagh Iron Mine, near Blessington in Ireland, composed mainly of
2390:
2102:
1976:
1714:
1364:
1292:
1185:
950:
839: – Circular depression in a solid astronomical body formed by the impact of a smaller object
716:
354:
691:), or even some synsedimentary diatremes formed solely by the overpressure of pore fluid within
3113:
2345:
2052:
1932:
1669:
1572:
1390:
1315:
1247:
1065:
1040:
892:
692:
679:
The morphology of breccias associated with ore deposits varies from tabular sheeted veins and
371:
2027:
Sibson, R.H. (1987). "Earthquake rupturing as a mineralizing agent in hydrothermal systems".
3042:
2754:
2541:
2410:
2083:
2044:
2003:
1968:
1892:
1862:
1835:
1808:
1781:
1753:
1706:
1644:
1584:
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1239:
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1175:
1142:
1134:
995:
747:
579:
504:
417:
339:
278:
150:
91:
773:
For thousands of years, the striking visual appearance of breccias has made them a popular
65:
2854:
2614:
2467:
1631:
Barnes, Stephen J.; Cruden, Alexander R.; Arndt, Nicholas; Saumur, Benoit M. (July 2016).
825:
707:
ore environment and are intimately associated with intrusive-related ore deposits such as
657:
621:
583:
571:
451:
307:
161:
1972:
1410:
Wright, A. E.; Bowes, D. R. (1963). "Classification of
Volcanic Breccias: A Discussion".
2079:
2040:
1702:
1447:
1352:
1011:
966:
3047:
2889:
2482:
2405:
851:
630:
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563:
469:
436:
143:
27:
2087:
1896:
1812:
1757:
3107:
3092:
3007:
2972:
2819:
2380:
2285:
1980:
1718:
1296:
1189:
836:
797:
793:
785:
763:
735:
696:
532:
524:
413:
302:
1866:
1649:
1632:
1368:
1138:
594:
41:
3017:
2997:
2869:
2516:
2494:
2435:
2335:
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2131:
1216:
842:
805:
778:
700:
688:
680:
559:
512:
233:
192:
173:
78:
46:
2008:
1995:
492:
1455:
1232:"Karst breccias in the Madison limestone (Mississippian), Garland field, Wyoming"
2906:
2797:
2777:
2767:
2694:
2644:
2569:
2415:
2350:
2320:
2275:
2233:
2206:
2201:
2191:
2154:
1785:
1588:
1336:
917:"The Early Miocene Markagunt Megabreccia: Utah's largest catastrophic landsline"
866: – A layer of loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock
731:
665:
615:
603:
319:
267:
157:
1839:
1530:
1288:
3072:
3057:
3032:
3027:
2937:
2922:
2839:
2807:
2772:
2762:
2744:
2724:
2669:
2649:
2604:
2526:
2511:
2487:
2447:
2420:
2400:
2370:
2330:
2305:
2295:
2290:
2270:
2179:
1710:
1360:
1064:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 135.
857:
704:
669:
428:
31:
2056:
1633:"The mineral system approach applied to magmatic Ni–Cu–PGE sulphide deposits"
1557:
251:
Sedimentary breccia is breccia formed by sedimentary processes. For example,
3087:
3077:
3067:
3052:
3022:
3002:
2987:
2982:
2947:
2942:
2901:
2894:
2859:
2829:
2814:
2792:
2734:
2714:
2709:
2699:
2684:
2664:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2584:
2549:
2462:
2430:
2375:
2365:
2340:
2315:
2310:
2250:
2211:
2174:
1095:
1093:
830:
774:
661:
536:
528:
440:
420:
350:
346:
290:
271:
256:
229:
215:-sized particles (particles over 2mm in size), but it is distinguished from
188:
165:
74:
19:
1243:
683:
associated with overpressured sedimentary strata, to large-scale intrusive
3062:
3037:
2962:
2932:
2927:
2849:
2834:
2802:
2782:
2679:
2654:
2531:
2506:
2499:
2477:
2472:
2425:
2360:
2245:
2196:
2186:
2144:
1314:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 546, 577.
863:
809:
684:
548:
516:
500:
480:
476:
375:
334:
Broken, fragmental rocks associated with volcanic eruptions, both of the
282:
1180:
1163:
1147:
1039:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
274:
occur as fine-grained peripheral deposits to sedimentary breccia flows.
3082:
3012:
2977:
2952:
2884:
2719:
2659:
2599:
2457:
2385:
2300:
2260:
2228:
2223:
2139:
1668:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
1571:
Vry, V. H.; Wilkinson, J. J.; Seguel, J.; Millan, J. (1 January 2010).
949:
McEwen, A. S.; Tornabene, L.; Grant, J.; Wray, J.; Mustard, J. (2008).
801:
789:
767:
743:
712:
652:
607:
567:
424:
389:
315:
237:
196:
169:
139:
70:
35:
1164:"A Multidisciplinary Investigation at the Lastros-Sfaka Graben, Crete"
289:
development. Collapse breccias also form by dissolution of underlying
2992:
2967:
2864:
2824:
2787:
2689:
2554:
2452:
2442:
2395:
2355:
2325:
2255:
2240:
2218:
2164:
2159:
813:
720:
599:
575:
552:
544:
433:
379:
260:
212:
23:
314:
of these broken fragments may occur by means of the introduction of
812:
and was often used in high-profile public buildings. Many types of
758:
61:
Tertiary breccia at Resting Springs Pass, Mojave Desert, California
2957:
2879:
2874:
2739:
2704:
2624:
2579:
2574:
757:
708:
651:
634:
593:
540:
520:
491:
447:
367:
252:
64:
56:
40:
18:
2094:
996:"Geologic map of the Valles caldera, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico"
382:
flows, tend to form clastic volcanic rocks by a process known as
243:
Breccias are further classified by their mechanism of formation.
2729:
2674:
2589:
2521:
726:
In the mesothermal regime, at much greater depths, fluids under
570:
evidence of contamination with extraterrestrial material (e.g.,
335:
286:
2098:
734:
pressure. On their journey, high-pressure fluids crack rock by
1380:
1378:
800:; one of the best-known examples is the statue of the goddess
646:
638:
2066:
Sibson, R.H. (2000). "Fluid involvement in normal faulting".
1000:
New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Map Series
854: – Sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock
281:, a collapse breccia may form due to collapse of rock into a
106:
1310:
Blatt, Harvey; Middletone, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
454:
intrusions have been found and form via several processes:
127:
112:
109:
103:
1337:"Classification of fault breccias and related fault rocks"
138:) is a rock composed of large angular broken fragments of
130:
2049:
10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<701:ERAAMA>2.0.CO;2
656:
Silicified and mineralized breccia. Light gray is mostly
1424:
10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[79:COVBAD]2.0.CO;2
847:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
330:
Igneous clastic rocks can be divided into two classes:
259:) breccia are generally formed next to fault scarps in
860: – Igneous rock which sometimes contains diamonds
1931:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
1230:
Demiralin, A.S.; Hurley, N.F.; Oesleby, T.W. (1993).
891:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
845: – Circulation of water driven by heat exchange
124:
121:
100:
97:
2915:
2753:
2540:
2130:
804:in the British Museum. Breccia was regarded by the
781:material. Breccia was used for column bases in the
578:anomalies). An example of an impact breccia is the
511:Impact breccias are thought to be diagnostic of an
479:within a feeder conduit or vent conduit, forming a
118:
94:
1517:Mitcham, T. W. (1974). "Origin of breccia pipes".
944:
942:
910:
908:
833: – Greenish Breccia found in British Columbia
719:-related mineralisation. Epithermal deposits are
989:
987:
985:
983:
668:. Veinlet along lower edge of specimen contains
370:conduit, or physically picked up by the ensuing
1666:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
1492:
660:with a little translucent quartz. Dark gray is
266:Sedimentary breccia may be formed by submarine
695:. Hydrothermal breccias are usually formed by
620:Hydrothermal breccias usually form at shallow
2110:
1878:
1876:
1731:
1546:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland
1385:Fisher, Richard V.; Schmincke, H.-U. (1984).
1030:
1028:
882:
880:
796:. Breccia was used on a limited scale by the
523:striking the Earth and are normally found at
8:
1664:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
1238:. Society for Sedimentary Geology: 101–118.
1168:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece
1062:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
1389:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 89–92.
1205:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
2117:
2103:
2095:
1035:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "breccia".
889:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
816:are brecciated, such as Breccia Oniciata.
211:, breccia contains at least 30 percent of
2007:
1928:Ancient Egyptian materials and technology
1648:
1236:Paleokarst Related Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
1179:
1146:
1114:, "sedimentary breccia", "talus breccia".
616:Ore genesis § Hydrothermal processes
955:American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting
887:Allaby, Michael, ed. (2013). "Breccia".
1480:
1111:
1099:
876:
468:autobrecciation of partly consolidated
1504:
1468:
1412:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1335:Woodcock, N. H.; Mort, K. (May 2008).
1084:
543:impact with the Earth or other rocky
345:Broken, fragmental rocks produced by
7:
1973:10.1179/sic.2010.55.Supplement-2.140
633:. As a result, the chemistry of the
629:as boiling continues, in particular
610:activity about 12 million years ago
416:are also commonly found in shallow
349:processes, usually associated with
672:in carbonates. Pend Oreille mine,
16:Rock composed of angular fragments
14:
1813:10.11456/shigenchishitsu1992.44.1
1602:Ansdell, K.; Normore, N. (2020).
503:, Frasnian) near Hancock Summit,
703:fluids. They are typical of the
90:
1867:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.03.023
1650:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.06.012
1139:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.05.022
674:Pend Oreille County, Washington
1217:10.1080/03036758.1989.10426448
951:"Noachian Megabreccia on Mars"
531:, forms during the process of
1:
2088:10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00042-3
2009:10.7494/geotour.2009.16-17.61
1897:10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00009-7
1758:10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00009-7
723:for copper, silver and gold.
699:of rocks by highly pressured
1855:Marine and Petroleum Geology
1456:10.1016/j.lithos.2017.12.006
1127:Marine and Petroleum Geology
921:Utah Geological Survey Notes
915:Biek, Robert F. (May 2013).
555:expelled beyond the crater.
527:. Impact breccia, a type of
69:Unusual breccia cemented by
1914:, Modern Antiquarian (2007)
1786:10.2113/gsecongeo.90.8.2156
1589:10.2113/gsecongeo.105.1.119
1519:American Journal of Science
1493:Fisher & Schmincke 1984
1312:Origin of sedimentary rocks
649:deposits are quite common.
149:together by a fine-grained
3130:
1840:10.2113/gsecongeo.68.4.540
1531:10.2113/gsecongeo.69.3.412
1289:10.1007/s10596-019-09894-9
613:
582:, which was formed in the
472:by fresh magma injections;
300:
51:Death Valley National Park
1732:Philpotts & Ague 2009
1711:10.1017/S0016756898008395
1361:10.1017/S0016756808004883
1277:Computational Geosciences
423:such as porphyry stocks,
1994:Górny, Zbigniew (2009).
1471:, "Autobrecciated lava".
843:Hydrothermal circulation
2170:Basaltic trachyandesite
2150:Alkali feldspar granite
2000:Geotourism/Geoturystyka
1961:Studies in Conservation
792:on Crete in about 1800
2068:Journal of Geodynamics
1558:10.17741/bgsf/58.1.014
1244:10.2110/cor.93.18.0101
770:
762:Breccia statue of the
676:
611:
508:
82:
62:
54:
45:Megabreccia (left) at
38:
2560:Banded iron formation
761:
738:, forming an angular
655:
597:
495:
68:
60:
44:
22:
728:lithostatic pressure
374:. Lavas, especially
2080:2000JGeo...29..469S
2041:1987Geo....15..701S
1885:Ore Geology Reviews
1746:Ore Geology Reviews
1703:1998GeoM..135..231R
1691:Geological Magazine
1637:Ore Geology Reviews
1448:2018Litho.300...33O
1353:2008GeoM..145..435W
1341:Geological Magazine
1181:10.12681/bgsg.11704
1060:Boggs, Sam (2006).
1037:Glossary of geology
1012:2011AGUFM.V13C2606G
967:2008AGUFM.P43D..03M
566:, and chemical and
497:Alamo bolide impact
2916:Specific varieties
1912:Knossos fieldnotes
1909:C. Michael Hogan,
1442:. 300–301: 33–50.
771:
693:sedimentary basins
677:
612:
509:
439:form a late-stage
405:volcanic breccia.
83:
63:
55:
39:
3101:
3100:
2346:Nepheline syenite
2002:. 16–17 (1): 61.
1967:(sup2): 140–146.
1734:, pp. 89–93.
1387:Pyroclastic rocks
808:as an especially
798:ancient Egyptians
645:. Breccia-hosted
641:minerals rapidly
446:Clastic rocks in
372:pyroclastic surge
3121:
3043:Rapakivi granite
2755:Metamorphic rock
2542:Sedimentary rock
2411:Quartz monzonite
2119:
2112:
2105:
2096:
2091:
2074:(3–5): 469–499.
2060:
2014:
2013:
2011:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1828:Economic Geology
1823:
1817:
1816:
1801:Shigen-Chishitsu
1796:
1790:
1789:
1780:(8): 2156–2181.
1774:Economic Geology
1768:
1762:
1761:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1577:Economic Geology
1568:
1562:
1561:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1483:, "mesobreccia".
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1183:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1102:, "megabreccia".
1097:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
991:
978:
977:
975:
973:
946:
937:
936:
934:
932:
912:
903:
902:
884:
848:
764:Ancient Egyptian
748:hydrogen sulfide
606:, the result of
604:manganese oxides
580:Neugrund breccia
564:shocked minerals
562:, impact glass,
533:impact cratering
505:Pahranagat Range
475:accumulation of
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
2911:
2855:Pseudotachylite
2749:
2536:
2468:Tephriphonolite
2126:
2123:
2065:
2026:
2023:
2021:Further reading
2018:
2017:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1908:
1904:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1016:
1014:
993:
992:
981:
971:
969:
948:
947:
940:
930:
928:
914:
913:
906:
899:
886:
885:
878:
873:
846:
826:Crackle breccia
822:
756:
754:Ornamental uses
736:hydrofracturing
697:hydrofracturing
618:
592:
584:Neugrund impact
490:
460:taxitic texture
411:
384:autobrecciation
364:
328:
305:
299:
249:
205:
117:
93:
89:
34:is composed of
26:breccia in the
17:
12:
11:
5:
3127:
3125:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3048:Rhomb porphyry
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2890:Talc carbonate
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2483:Trachyandesite
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:Quartz diorite
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:Types of rocks
2124:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2062:
2061:
2035:(8): 701–704.
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
1986:
1951:
1937:
1917:
1902:
1891:(3): 111–134.
1872:
1845:
1834:(4): 540–546.
1818:
1791:
1763:
1752:(3): 111–134.
1736:
1724:
1697:(2): 231–244.
1681:
1674:
1656:
1623:
1594:
1583:(1): 119–153.
1563:
1552:(1): 203–233.
1536:
1525:(3): 412–413.
1509:
1507:, "Alloclast".
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1429:
1402:
1395:
1374:
1347:(3): 435–440.
1327:
1320:
1302:
1266:
1252:
1222:
1211:(2): 195–203.
1195:
1154:
1116:
1104:
1089:
1077:
1070:
1052:
1045:
1024:
979:
938:
904:
897:
875:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
861:
855:
852:Vein (geology)
849:
840:
834:
828:
821:
818:
810:precious stone
755:
752:
631:carbon dioxide
614:Main article:
591:
588:
525:impact craters
499:breccia (Late
489:
486:
485:
484:
473:
466:
463:
410:
407:
363:
360:
359:
358:
343:
327:
324:
301:Main article:
298:
295:
248:
245:
204:
201:
28:Canary Islands
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3126:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Litchfieldite
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Hyaloclastite
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Litchfieldite
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Phonotephrite
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Hyaloclastite
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1940:
1938:9780521452571
1934:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1675:9780521880060
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1612:
1611:GeoConvention
1605:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1495:, p. 89.
1494:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1267:
1255:
1253:1-56576-004-2
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:, p. 68.
1086:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
988:
986:
984:
980:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
943:
939:
926:
922:
918:
911:
909:
905:
900:
898:9780199653065
894:
890:
883:
881:
877:
870:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
844:
841:
838:
837:Impact crater
835:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
784:
780:
779:architectural
776:
769:
765:
760:
753:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:breccia pipes
686:
682:
681:clastic dikes
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
617:
609:
605:
601:
596:
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:shatter cones
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
502:
498:
494:
487:
483:breccia pipe.
482:
478:
474:
471:
467:
464:
461:
457:
456:
455:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
435:
430:
426:
422:
419:
415:
414:Clastic rocks
408:
406:
404:
398:
396:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
332:
331:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
303:Fault breccia
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:karst terrain
275:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
246:
244:
241:
239:
235:
234:impact events
231:
226:
221:
218:
214:
210:
202:
200:
198:
194:
193:impact events
190:
186:
181:
179:
176:breccia, and
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
145:
141:
135:
87:
80:
76:
72:
67:
59:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3018:Luxullianite
2998:Lapis lazuli
2943:Blue Granite
2870:Serpentinite
2845:Metapsammite
2595:Conglomerate
2564:
2517:Trondhjemite
2495:Trachybasalt
2436:Pantellerite
2336:Monzogranite
2281:Hornblendite
2266:Granodiorite
2132:Igneous rock
2071:
2067:
2032:
2028:
1999:
1989:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1927:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1888:
1884:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1727:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1665:
1659:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:
1597:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1481:Jackson 1997
1476:
1464:
1439:
1432:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1386:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1311:
1305:
1283:(1): 61–87.
1280:
1276:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1235:
1225:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1148:11586/139746
1130:
1126:
1119:
1112:Jackson 1997
1107:
1100:Jackson 1997
1080:
1061:
1055:
1036:
1015:. Retrieved
1003:
999:
970:. Retrieved
958:
954:
929:. Retrieved
924:
920:
888:
772:
739:
725:
701:hydrothermal
678:
666:ore minerals
637:changes and
619:
590:Hydrothermal
557:
513:impact event
510:
459:
445:
412:
402:
399:
395:mesobreccias
394:
388:
383:
365:
329:
306:
276:
268:debris flows
265:
250:
242:
224:
222:
217:conglomerate
209:conglomerate
206:
184:
182:
178:hydrothermal
155:
85:
84:
79:Morenci Mine
53:, California
47:Titus Canyon
2907:Whiteschist
2798:Greenschist
2778:Cataclasite
2768:Amphibolite
2695:Phosphorite
2645:Itacolumite
2570:Calcarenite
2416:Quartzolite
2351:Nephelinite
2321:Lamprophyre
2276:Harzburgite
2234:Napoleonite
2207:Charnockite
2202:Carbonatite
2192:Blairmorite
2155:Anorthosite
1861:: 126–140.
1643:: 296–316.
1505:Allaby 2013
1469:Allaby 2013
1133:: 439–459.
961:: P43D–03.
732:hydrostatic
643:precipitate
535:when large
515:such as an
418:subvolcanic
403:alloclastic
340:pyroclastic
320:groundwater
312:cementation
247:Sedimentary
225:megabreccia
185:megabreccia
158:sedimentary
3073:Teschenite
3058:Shonkinite
3033:Pietersite
3028:Novaculite
2938:Borolanite
2923:Adamellite
2840:Metapelite
2808:Calcflinta
2773:Blueschist
2763:Anthracite
2745:Wackestone
2725:Travertine
2670:Lumachelle
2650:Jaspillite
2605:Diamictite
2527:Websterite
2512:Troctolite
2488:Benmoreite
2448:Shonkinite
2421:Rhyodacite
2401:Pyroxenite
2371:Peridotite
2331:Lherzolite
2306:Kimberlite
2296:Ignimbrite
2291:Icelandite
2271:Granophyre
2180:Shoshonite
1396:3540127569
1321:0136427103
1085:Boggs 2006
1071:0131547283
1046:0922152349
871:References
858:Kimberlite
775:sculptural
705:epithermal
687:breccias (
670:sphalerite
537:meteorites
452:ultramafic
429:kimberlite
421:intrusions
318:matter in
272:Turbidites
240:collapse.
230:landslides
199:collapse.
189:landslides
32:groundmass
3088:Variolite
3078:Theralite
3068:Tachylite
3053:Rodingite
3023:Mangerite
3003:Larvikite
2988:Jasperoid
2983:Jadeitite
2948:Epidosite
2902:Tectonite
2895:Soapstone
2860:Quartzite
2830:Migmatite
2815:Itabirite
2793:Granulite
2735:Turbidite
2715:Sylvinite
2710:Siltstone
2700:Sandstone
2685:Oil shale
2665:Limestone
2640:Gritstone
2635:Greywacke
2630:Geyserite
2620:Evaporite
2610:Diatomite
2585:Claystone
2550:Argillite
2463:Tachylyte
2431:Comendite
2376:Phonolite
2366:Pegmatite
2341:Monzonite
2316:Lamproite
2311:Komatiite
2251:Foidolite
2212:Enderbite
2175:Mugearite
2057:0091-7613
1981:194088642
1719:129955208
1418:(1): 79.
1297:208144669
1190:134862302
1174:(1): 85.
831:Dallasite
662:jasperoid
549:asteroids
529:impactite
477:xenoliths
441:stockwork
409:Intrusive
347:intrusive
291:evaporite
257:colluvial
180:breccia.
172:breccia,
168:breccia,
160:breccia,
81:, Arizona
75:malachite
49:Narrows,
3114:Breccias
3108:Category
3063:Taconite
3038:Pyrolite
2963:Ganister
2933:Aphanite
2928:Appinite
2850:Phyllite
2835:Mylonite
2803:Hornfels
2783:Eclogite
2680:Mudstone
2655:Laterite
2615:Dolomite
2532:Wehrlite
2507:Trachyte
2500:Hawaiite
2478:Tonalite
2473:Tephrite
2426:Rhyolite
2391:Porphyry
2361:Obsidian
2246:Essexite
2197:Boninite
2187:Basanite
2145:Andesite
1369:55133319
864:Regolith
820:See also
766:goddess
717:porphyry
713:greisens
685:diatreme
658:dolomite
568:isotopic
517:asteroid
507:, Nevada
501:Devonian
481:diatreme
470:cumulate
425:granites
376:rhyolite
362:Volcanic
355:porphyry
283:sinkhole
166:tectonic
147:cemented
140:minerals
30:; green
3083:Unakite
3013:Llanite
2978:Ijolite
2953:Felsite
2885:Suevite
2720:Tillite
2660:Lignite
2600:Coquina
2565:Breccia
2458:Syenite
2386:Picrite
2301:Ijolite
2261:Granite
2229:Diorite
2224:Diabase
2140:Adakite
2076:Bibcode
2037:Bibcode
2029:Geology
1944:2 April
1699:Bibcode
1616:2 April
1444:Bibcode
1349:Bibcode
1259:2 April
1008:Bibcode
972:28 July
963:Bibcode
931:28 July
802:Tawaret
790:Knossos
768:Tawaret
744:methane
740:in situ
622:crustal
608:seismic
572:iridium
545:planets
390:Caldera
357:stocks.
351:plutons
326:Igneous
316:mineral
261:grabens
238:caldera
197:caldera
170:igneous
86:Breccia
71:azurite
36:epidote
2993:Kenyte
2968:Gossan
2865:Schist
2825:Marble
2788:Gneiss
2690:Oolite
2555:Arkose
2453:Sovite
2443:Scoria
2396:Pumice
2356:Norite
2326:Latite
2256:Gabbro
2241:Dunite
2219:Dacite
2165:Basalt
2160:Aplite
2055:
1979:
1935:
1717:
1672:
1440:Lithos
1393:
1367:
1318:
1295:
1250:
1188:
1068:
1043:
1017:18 May
895:
814:marble
806:Romans
786:palace
783:Minoan
709:skarns
635:fluids
600:quartz
576:osmium
553:ejecta
541:comets
488:Impact
434:aplite
380:dacite
293:beds.
285:or in
213:gravel
174:impact
151:matrix
24:Basalt
2958:Flint
2880:Slate
2875:Skarn
2740:Varve
2705:Shale
2625:Flint
2580:Chert
2575:Chalk
1977:S2CID
1715:S2CID
1607:(PDF)
1365:S2CID
1293:S2CID
1186:S2CID
721:mined
627:phase
521:comet
448:mafic
437:veins
368:magma
342:type;
308:Fault
297:Fault
277:In a
253:scree
236:, or
203:Types
195:, or
162:fault
144:rocks
2730:Tufa
2675:Marl
2590:Coal
2522:Tuff
2053:ISSN
1946:2022
1933:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1618:2022
1391:ISBN
1316:ISBN
1261:2022
1248:ISBN
1066:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1019:2020
974:2020
959:2008
933:2020
893:ISBN
777:and
746:and
715:and
664:and
602:and
574:and
450:and
427:and
378:and
338:and
336:lava
287:cave
73:and
3093:Wad
2084:doi
2045:doi
2004:doi
1969:doi
1893:doi
1863:doi
1836:doi
1809:doi
1782:doi
1754:doi
1707:doi
1695:135
1645:doi
1585:doi
1581:105
1554:doi
1527:doi
1452:doi
1420:doi
1357:doi
1345:145
1285:doi
1240:doi
1213:doi
1176:doi
1143:hdl
1135:doi
927:(2)
788:of
647:ore
639:ore
547:or
539:or
519:or
353:or
164:or
142:or
3110::
2082:.
2072:29
2070:.
2051:.
2043:.
2033:15
2031:.
1998:.
1975:.
1965:55
1963:.
1889:12
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1859:65
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1234:.
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1027:^
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1004:79
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998:.
982:^
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925:45
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907:^
879:^
794:BC
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