Knowledge (XXG)

1078: 3014:"The published editions of these buranjis have various paginations. The preface, editors’ not and table of content consist of one section and the text of the buranji generally constitutes a separate section. Each chapter has a separate heading and within the chapter sub-titles marks the change of subject or event. Further, each paragraph is numbered. This method is followed throughout in all the buranjis. The continuous numbering of paragraphs enable quick and easy search of reference points on any given subject matter. However, a researcher has to recheck the original manuscript before making citations and understandably in reading the original manuscript one finds folio numbers and not paragraph numbers like in the published version." ( 1842:"Oblong strips of Sanchi bark were used to prepare these manuscripts. The size and numbers of folios varied. Normally both sides of the folios contained written lines. The manuscript of one such buranji of 1804 was enclosed in a painted wooden box made of one piece of wood.22 It contained 85 folios or 170 pages, and each folio measured four inches by 12½ inches.23 Folios were packed with ten lines of ‘closely packed writing on each page’.24 Another buranji contained 59 folios. Each of them measured 2½ inches by 10¼ inches, and contained five to seven lines.25 In most instances the text begins with narratives, encapsulated in a few legends, of the early days of the establishment of the Ahom kingdom." ( 899:(DHAS) was established in 1928 for historical research following a government grant sanctioned by J R Cunningham. Among its many primary goals, one was to acquire and archive manuscripts and copies of original documents for further historical research. S K Bhuyan, who was earlier with the KAS, joined DHAS as an honorary assistant director; and under his leadership the DHAS began to systematically collect Buranjis. A team of DHAS office assistants either procured documents by correspondence, or toured local regions to collect, transcribe and archive manuscripts and documents. By 1978 the DHAS had collected 2000 original manuscripts and 300 transcripts. 2774:"Bhattacharya presents in the main body of the book a completely edited reading of the charters so as to make the text free from orthographical irregularities...with indication of the corrupt forms in the footnotes. This modification of the text is much resented by B M Barua and D Neog... This survey would suffice to show that in Ancient Assam there were three languages viz. (1) Sanskrit as the official language and the language of the learned few, (2) Non-Aryan tribal languages of the Austric and Tibeto-Burman families, and (3) a local variety of Prakrit (ie a MIA) wherefrom, in course of time, the modern Assamese language as a MIL, emerged.( 3001:"The chronological arrangement of the buranjis in Professor Bhuyan’s editions does not mean that the editor attempted to date the text. The buranjis were simply arranged in the chronology of their narration of events and incidents. This method was followed systematically throughout in all publications. In comparing the original manuscripts with the published editions, I have found that Professor Bhuyan’s published editions were generally re-productions of the original manuscripts with nearly no changes in the original orthography and syntax. His editions are, therefore, very useful and dependable for research." ( 2644:"The details of KAS members are mentioned in a prospectus published by KAS in 1916. The majority of members were dominated by Bengali scholars. Amongst them were Dhireswaraacharya Kabiratna, Ananda Chandra Vedantabagish, Sibnath Smrititirtha, Padmanath Bhattacharya Bidyabinode, and Taranath Kabyabinode. Amongst the Assamese were Pratap Chandra Goswami, Uttam Chandra Barooah and Govinda Chandra Sarma. The proposal for such a platform came from Khan Chowdhuri Amanat Ulla Ahmed of Cooch Behar. Years later, Ahmed pioneered local research by publishing the well-known Cooch Beharor Itihas." ( 3135:"The three Buranjis – the Ahom Buranji from Khunlung and Khunlai, the Ahom Buranji and the Purani Asam Buranji are equally important. Their ac. counts of the prolonged Ahom-Mughal conflicts are exhaustive and minute. The authorship and the dates of composition of these Buranjis are not mentioned, but from internal evidence (e.g. style and textual references) scholars ascribe these to late seventeenth to early nineteenth century. Their value and authenticity are proved by the touchstone of mutual corroboration as well as of occasional agreement with the Persian chronicles." ( 2988:"As a research scholar in University of Wisconsin-Madison, I translated to English a few of the edited Assamese buranjis, namely the Satasari Assam Buranji and Deodhai Assam Buranji, I found that Professor Bhuyan’s method of compilation was simple and well set up. He followed the same methodology in organizing all the edited buranjis. The text is presented in the model of western historical books that is in a linear chronological pattern. Especially, in the case of the Satsari buranji the edited publication is a narrative." ( 3092:"In a work of this nature, generally, different chapters are allotted to scholars who have specialised in specific fields. The dearth of such scholars with necessary linguistic equipment made it incumbent on the editor to entrust the writing of majority of the chapters to Professor J.N. Sarkar, the doyen of Medieval Indian history, who has several outstanding works to his credit. Well-versed in Persian, Sanskrit, Assamese, Hindi, Urdu apart from Bengali he has made extensive and intensive studies on the history of Assam." ( 2553:"Regarding the historicity of the buranjis, he suggested 'it was proved not only by the way in which they support each other, but also by the confirmation which is afforded by the narratives of Muhamaddan writers wherever these are available for comparison.' Gait noted that he preferred to accept the dates given in the buranjis because they 'are the original records, and are all in complete accord.' Other archaeological records, such as coins and rock inscriptions, also proved, he said, the historicity of buranjis." ( 2826:"Among its ten stated objectives, the primary objective of the DHAS was to search for the recovery and acquisition of modern historical works or ancient historical classics; the compilation of historical works; receiving and collation of historical information from various sources; and editing historical works. Another objective formed a crucial dimension in the professionalisation of historical research, that is, the supervision and guidance of students’ dissertations on historical matters." ( 3066:"How one could overcome these inconsistencies? Bhuyan did not provide any significant answer, but he often reproduced different texts or provided his own judgement. As a scholar uncomfortable with textual criticism, Bhuyan drew inferences from other buranjis to give a complete picture to a buranji. He was more interested in the internal flow of the central narrative in buranjis.111 A lacuna in the central narrative was overcome by interpolation from other contemporary buranjis." ( 2631:"The Kamarupa Anusandhan Samiti (KAS) pioneered a collective pursuit of the past. A scholarly body, it comprised a number of amateur scholars with a passion for historical subjects."; "Their credentials as scholars of Sanskrit were well-known, and they were familiar faces in the social life of Assam. Their continued interest in antiquarian studies was derived from their interest in the study of Sanskrit, as well as the textual study of copper-plate inscriptions." ( 417:) who led a group of Shans into the Brahmaputra valley in 1228. On the other hand, the tradition of writing family Buranjis began in the 16th century. The tradition of writing Buranjis survived more than six hundred years well into the British period till the last decade of 1890s, more than a half century after the demise of the Ahom kingdom, when Padmeswar Naobaisha Phukan wrote a Buranji in the old style incorporating substantial details from the colonial times. 2007:"private buranjis were treated at par with government buranjis in terms of authenticity. Since the buranjis were regarded as authentic records, they came to acquire social authority in themselves...certain pages in buranjis bear testimony to the disgracing of an Ahom minister, Kirtichandra Barbarua. Ultimately, the buranjis became his target: the minister burnt a large number of buranjis that stamped him as jalambata (net-maker), indicating his low ancestry." ( 465: 2462:"In July 1894 Charles Lyall, the area's chief commissioner, while preparing a note on the future of historical research in Assam, spelled out the fear within the colonial administration of losing historical documents belonging primarily to the Ahom period: various natural conditions were hostile. Edward Gait had already prepared a synopsis of books in the possession of the Deodhais—the Ahom royal priests— and this attracted the attention of Lyall." ( 2936:"From 1930 to 1936 Bhuyan compiled, collated, and edited seven buranjis: namely, Assam Buranji by Harakanta Sharma Barua (1930), Kamrupar Buranji (1930), Tungkhungia Buranji (1932), Deodhai Assam Buranji (1932), Assamar Padya Buranji (1932), Padshah Buranji (1935), and Kachari Buranji (1936). The Jayantia Buranji, Tripura Buranji, and Assam Buranji from Sukumar Mahanta's family, and the Satsari Assam Buranji were edited in 1937, 1945, and 1960." ( 1094:, New Delhi, the Publication Board, Assam, engaged H K Barpujari to edit a multi-volume comprehensive history of Assam covering the prehistoric times to 1947. Barpujari envisioned "that in a project of national importance the best talents of the country need be utilised, and that the volumes should represent the latest researchers on the subject on the model adopted in Indian historical series published by the Cambridge University Press." 2579:"Gait's sympathetic appreciation and appropriation of vernacular historical sources is remarkable in being sharply opposed to the powerful colonial mode of history writing of the time. His historical periodization differed from that in the existing colonial model. In fact, Gait completely discarded Mill's notion of the temporal phases of Indian history and avoided periodization in terms of ancient, medieval, and modern." ( 1910:"The system of compilation of buranjis continued to be practised till the last decades of the nineteenth century. The content and form of the later buranjis did not change substantially. In the 1890s, Padmeswar Naobaisha Phukan, a successor of the Ahom nobility, wrote an Assam buranji. The text was a careful reproduction of the pre-colonial chronicles, to which Phukan added substantial narratives of contemporary events." ( 3169:"Asam Buranji, the Ms. of which was obtained from the family of Sukumar Mahanta of North Guwahati, is an important chronicle of Assam from earliest Ahom Kings to Gadadhar Simha (1681–96). Besides accounts of the Muslim invasions of Turbak, Allahyyar Khan, Allauddin Hussain Shah, Mir Jumla and Ram Singh, the chronicle throws light on introduction of social and religious changes and administrative measures of the period." ( 2878:"From its inception, the DHAS was engaged in the collection of manuscripts and making transcripts of historical material. Manuscripts of the buranjis were collected either by correspondence or through tours by workers of the department. Manuscripts were also procured locally on loan. The pre-editing phase of such buranjis was marked by the hazardous task of collection and transcription by office assistants..." ( 2904:"Anyone interested in reading a buranji would try and get hold of a copy of a printed buranji that mostly belongs to the post-Bhuyan period. For the reader, there is hardly any difference between the pre-print and the post-print text. The buranjis began appearing in the print domain since the middle of the nineteenth century, when the American Baptist Missionaries published them in their journal Orunodoi." ( 3040:"A contemporary reader interested in reading the buranjis could easily fall back on one of Bhuyan’s edited volumes. Very few would actually have access to the original buranjis, as only few came to be printed in their original forms. In post-independence Assam, due to their easy availability, Bhuyan’s buranjis became the standard buranjis, and served as equivalents to the manuscript buranjis." ( 2289:"Again the Buranjis were the records not so much of the people as of the kings and their courtiers, their wars and conquests, successes and failures. King Siva Simha (1714-44) directed the chronicler that ‘histories of his predecessors should be compiled, that succession of Ahom monarch mentioned in detail (and) that history should only contain the names and transactions of the Swargadeos." ( 2488:"Gait had requisitioned the service of many of his juniors to help him in the collection and translation of local historical records. Hem Chandra Goswami, Golap Chandra Barua, Gunahash Goswami, Madhab Chandra Bordoloi, and Rajani Kanta Bordoloi were some of these close associates. Most collaborators worked in the colonial administration, but had a very different social 'commitment'." ( 2839:"For Bhuyan, the most durable relationship with Assamese historical scholarship was formed when he was elected Secretary of the KAS. Bhuyan frequently attended the KAS meetings. It was here that Bhuyan redirected his attention to this highly debated subject in contemporary Assam. In 1922 he was entrusted with the task of secretary of KAS, a position he served again during 1926–27." ( 1201:) and his minister Radhanath Barbarua. Kashinath Tamuli Phukan's Buranji was further expanded, in the Buranji tradition, by Harakanta Baruah (1818–1900) when he was an officer of the British colonial government using material from his personal manuscript library. The Harakanta Baruah version was edited in its near-original form by S K Bhuyan and published by DHAS in 1930 as 2384:"In 1829 Haliram Dhekial Phukan, the first Assamese historian of modern times, had published his history of Assam under the title Assam Desher Itihashyani Assam Buranji. Thus, in the first half of the nineteenth century the Assamese intelligentsia faced an etymological dilemma which finally ended with the general acceptance of buranji as the local vernacular equivalent of 1156:, edited by H C Goswami and published by KAS in 1922, too provided information not found elsewhere; it uniquely provides details on the economic aspects of Mughal imperialism. These three Buranjis together provide exhaustive and minute details in the Ahom-Mughal relationship—that agree with each other and also with the Persian sources generally. Among other Buranjis, the 1994:"It was a tradition of the Ahoms that one who belonged to the nobility should possess a buranji. In order to prove noble ancestry, the Ahoms wrote buranjis for themselves. Newly entering groups thus followed their royal counterparts and also had buranjis written. These then made them free from the official narrative constraints of the Gandhia Bharal (royal archives)." ( 31: 2423:"But even as he drew profusely from the prevalent buranji tradition of Assam and the Ahom period, Haliram was attentive to the cultural world of contemporary Bengal. The arrangement of his themes came closer to the buranji, but his treatment of the distant past rested undoubtedly on the foundations of the early-nineteenth-century historical tradition." ( 63: 2670:"Padmanath Bhattacharya was one of the first critics of A History of Assam. The importance of critiques such as his is, first, that it represented the early phase of the critique of coloniality. Some of the basic flaws in Gait's use of evidence were pinpointed. The critique also refuted some of Gait's fundamental historical assumptions." ( 775:, a colonial officer and a keen historian, to research Assam's pre-colonial past. Gait implemented an elaborate plan to collect local historical sources: coins, inscriptions, historical documents, quasi-historical writings, religious works and traditions; and created a team of native collaborators from among his junior colonial officers— 844:(1933) a seminal work that emerged as an authoritative alternative to Gait's historiography. Ignoring the tribal genealogy of Assam, this work focused on myths and legends from Sanskrit epics and inscriptions and Assam's Hindu past, departed strongly from Gait's work, and placed Assam in the cultural and political history of India. 1226:. S K Bhuyan reports that this translation was believed to have been done by an Ahom scholar named Jajnaram Deodhai Barua who flourished soon after 1826. The American Baptist Mission copy was supplemented by another that was an even earlier translation of the same original Ahom manuscript. The first copy has 2306::117); "By 1792, Wade decided to move to Calcutta to practise medicine. A year later he was asked to accompany Captain Welsh to Assam as a physician and naturalist. Company officials expected that a physician trained in the basic sciences would be competent to report on the natural resources of the region." ( 2345:"Wade’s search for local texts written in the Ahom language led him to discover the buranjis of the Ahom kingdom. It is possible that Wade was shown copies of a buranji by one of the Ahom ministers in Guwahati... So he took the help of Ahom priests to translate the preambles of the buranji into English." ( 2761:"In 1931 he published Kamarupa Sasawanli, embodying the texts of several copper-plate inscriptions found in Assam and neighbouring regions, but central to the polity and society of ancient Kamarupa. Bhattacharya made several corrections to the script, incurring severe condemnation from later scholars." ( 2147:"Because Tai-Ahom, like other older "Shan" writing systems, was never fully developed...there are no written diacritics to indicate tones, as in Standard Thai, and a single Ahom consonant can represent both proto-Tai voiceless and voiced distinctions made in the Thai, Lanna,and Lao writing systems." ( 907: 851: 1109: 451: 3232: 787: 353: 1077: 2605:"The confidence in buranji both as a source of national pride and as a true representative of the past was markedly different from the intellectual experience of such pre-colonial texts in Bengal. This was particularly true for the kulagranthas—the pre-colonial Bengali genealogical manuscripts." ( 799: 608:, is dated 1526 and considered as the oldest Assamese Buranji. The language of the Assamese Buranjis, on the other hand, formed the template for the standard literary language in the late-19th century. Assamese Buranjis used the Garhgaya style of writing—one of three different styles of the 464: 1800:"However, the question of traditions of history writing in eastern India is complicated by the presence of a distinctly north-eastern genre called the buranji...Yet it is present not only in Assam, where it has become a central source for the writing of the history of pre-colonial Assam." ( 669: 2962:"To sum it, I would like to emphasize that the editorial quality of Professor Bhuyan’s work was superior and his publications were products of thorough, incisive research. His attempt was to produce direct and simple expositions of the original manuscripts and here he did a fine job." ( 2302:"In the early 1790s, the Ahom kingdom was in the midst of a series of civil wars. Dethroned in the uprising, the Ahom king turned to the EIC for help. Lord Cornwallis, as Governor General of Bengal, accepted the request and sent Captain Welsh to control the civil war in the province." ( 452: 2735:"It marked a departure from the representation of the history of Assam found in the pages of Gait's History. Thee book not only claimed to rectify the wrongs done by Gait but also gave Assam a long-awaited place in the larger narrative of Indian cultural and political history." ( 2722:"The tribal genealogy of the region remained outside the purview of this historical reconstruction. Rather, the chronology on which it focused implied the linear growth of a Hindu past. Myths and legends culled from the Mahabharata gave credence to the ancient past of Kamrup." ( 1964:"One of the three principal functionaries of the Ahom ministry supervised the function of chronicling royal events. From the middle of the eighteenth century, another superior executive called Barbaruah and ranked below a minister, usurped the function of producing buranjis." ( 2514:"A committee of five Deodhais was appointed to teach the Tai Ahom language to Golap Chandra Barua and assist him in translating the buranjis. Baruah also acknowledged the help of Deodhais in teaching him the Tai language. See Golap Chandra Barua, 'Preface', in Ahom Buranji." ( 852: 3027:"Bhuyan’s buranjis could be arranged into three distinct types: buranjis which essentialised the Ahom polity; those which focused on the Ahom–Mughal diplomatic arrangement; and those which gave an outline of Ahom and neighbouring tribal kingdoms’ political relationships." ( 580: 2709:"Early History of Kamarupa (EHK) was an authoritative work that contested many of the claims made by Gait. Brought up within the ethos of satras, Kanaklal Baruah, who held the rank of extra-assistant commissioner, worked on this project for many years before his death." ( 2475:"Armed with official sanction, Gait created an elaborate scheme to collect Assam's historical documents. He divided the historical sources into six categories, viz. coins, inscriptions, historical documents, quasi-historical writings, religious works, and traditions." ( 731: 2527:"Having no knowledge of the Ahom language myself I have had to rely entirely on the translation made by this Assamese gentleman, but I have every confidence in the accuracy of his work. I tested his knowledge in Ahom in various ways and found it satisfactory..." ( 2224:"The prose of the Burañjīs is a standardized literary prose in the true sense of the term. It is through this prose that Arabic and Persian elements crept into the language in abundance. This prose comes very near to the literary language of the modern period." ( 2949:"Bhuyan, like his contemporary Assamese scholars began to regard the buranji as an important element of Assamese past. He soon took up the task of studying and editing these buranjis for the benefit of those 'who would love to know about Assam’s antiquity'." ( 2975:"Quite often Bhuyan’s edition of buranji is finer version of several contemporary buranjis from which a single narrative was given a shape. Bhuyan himself disclosed how he carried out various editorial tasks in bringing out an edited version of a buranji." ( 828:, professor of Sanskrit and History at Cotton College, who critiqued Gait on coloniality, his basic flaws in the use of historical evidence, and his fundamental historical assumptions, primarily Gait's ignoring the pre-Ahom period. Bhattacharya's 1931 work 723: 2696:"The political structure of ancient Kamrup had been the subject of scholarly evaluation ever since the publication of Kamarupa Sasanawali by Padmanath Bhattacharya. Published in 1931, this work presented the rationale for studying the history of Kamrup." ( 1691:"With the coming of the Ahoms, begins a procedure of keeping records of all events of the time, in a class of documents called Buranjis which are so numerous and voluminous that they overshadow the other primary sources like archaeology and numismatics." ( 2800:"In his review of the Koch-Mughal relations (Aurangzib, iii, 1916) in the pre-Mir Jumla period, Jadunath Sarkar has improved upon Gait by making an independent and synthetic study of the then available Buranjis and contemporary Persian sources." ( 2409: 1858:, p41: "Quantitatively, Buranjis comprise a very large volume of texts or chronicles. Today, they are preserved in different museums and archives across Assam. However, a large number of Buranjis are still in private possession of families.". 1148:; further it provides additional details on the quick changes in the Ahom and Mughal fortunes in the post Mir Jumla period which are not available in the Persian sources. The information in this manuscript is supplemented by those in the 783: 1879:"The official type trace their genesis to the appearance of the Tai-Mau chieftain Sukapha and a band of some 10,000 followers in Sadyia, a point in the northern reaches of the Bhramaputra Valley in the reputed year of 1228 A.D." ( 2332:"Wade, a medical practitioner with the East India Company, complied a history of Assam based on his study of Assamese buranjis in the early decade of the nineteenth century. The manuscript was never published in his lifetime." ( 2276:"The Buranjis possess both strong and weak points. As regards their excellence, we may first note that the conception of historiography among the Buranji-writers was quite high as is clear from the norms which they followed." ( 788: 3461: 2618:"In 1912, in the annual general conference of the Uttar Bangia Sahitya Parisad, a group of Assamese scholars formed the Kamrup Anusandhan Samiti, whose primary responsibility was to unearth the golden past of Assam." ( 1981:. Rarely was any mention made of the author, who was indicated only at a later period. (This absence did not deter modern historians from accepting the legitimacy of these texts as fundamental historical evidence)." ( 2813:"The DHAS owed its origin to a sanction of grant by British official J.R. Cunningham who as Director of Public Instructions in January 1928 to establish an institute to take up historical research in the province." ( 2319:"It was only in 1796 that he could arrange his notes into a manuscript entitled Memories of the Reign of Swargee Deo Gowrinath Singh, Late Monarch of Assam. The manuscript was published after a couple of years." ( 824:(English: North Bengal Literary Society). The society consisted of mostly Sanskrit scholars interested in the study of old inscriptions, and a dominant section of it was Bengali. Foremost among these scholars was 690: 740:—written in a hybrid Assamese, Sanskrit, and Bengali language, it drew deeply from the traditional Buranji material and format, but broke away from it by being mindful of early Indian historiographic traditions. 3105:"It gives not only additional details as to Mir Jumla's invasion but throws light on the quick changes in the fortunes of the two sides in the post-Mir Jumla period, about which the Persian annals are silent." ( 3211:"This was later edited for the benefit of a wider audience by S.K. Bhuyan without making much changes in the original form and published by the Department of History and Antiquarian Studies of Assam in 1930." ( 915: 2079: 2787:"In 1981, the influential Assam Publication Board published another version of Kamarupa Sasawanli, complied and edited by Dimbeswar Sarma; however, no acknowledgement was made of Bhattachayra’s edition." ( 3250: 1829:"The most general use of these works was within the limited elites of the Ahom administration. The nobility, apart from the king, consulted them to arrive at decisions relating to affairs of the state." ( 2134:"Ahom written history covered a span of some 400-600 years; it effectively ended with the dying off of the last speakers two centuries ago and has remained fossilized in the pages of their chronicles." ( 3195:"The enlarged version of this chronicle was written by Sadaramin Harkanta Barua (1818–1900) who was a witness to the last phase of Ahom rule and consolidation of the British administration in Assam." ( 390: 1194: 394: 665: 3053:"His attention to the internal criticism of sources was superficial. The extent to which Bhuyan relied on contemporary methods of textual criticism in his reading of buranjis is unknown." ( 406: 3182:"The earlier Assam Buranji of Kashinath Tamuli was penned under the instruction and supervision of the Ahom king, Swargadeo Purandar Singh and his official Radhanath Barbarua." ( 2852:"The break came in 1928 with the establishment of the Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies (DHAS). Bhuyan was appointed an honorary Assistant Director of the DHAS." ( 2748:"Bhattacharya was strongly criticised by Lakshminath Bezbarua for his alleged failure to make a correct appraisal of the difference between the Assamese and Bengali languages." ( 424:, and these were based on state papers, such as diplomatic correspondences, spy reports, etc. The Buranjis and the state papers were usually secured in a store or library called 3520: 1082: 1787: 719: 612: 1171:, etc.—and specifically has information on social, religious, and administrative changes during the period this Buranji covered, which was from the earliest rulers to 3587: 2046:"The official chronicles from that early period were subsequently "refreshed" with chronicles of Tai-Mau and Khamti, with whom the Tai-Ahom maintained contact." ( 2920:"The first ever buranji to acquire a modern print form was Kashi Nath Tamuli Phukan’s Assom Buranji, published by the American Baptist Missionaries in 1848." ( 2020:"In the Ahom system of chaklang marriages, for instance, pages from buranjis were read out publicly to confirm the social status of the families concerned." ( 2250:"Thus under Rajeswar Simha. (1751-69), Kirtichandra Barbarua ordered the destruction of innumerable Buranjis as some of these recorded his low origin." ( 1779:"(T)he primary sources of information of medieval Assam from the thirteenth century onward may broadly be classified under the heads: Ahom and Assamese 2592:"Gait transformed the pre-colonial buranjis into trusted and reliable historical documents on the basis of which any European historian could work." ( 695: 800: 653: 298: 1892:"According to Wichasin, there are two types of Tai-Ahom chronicles: official and family. The latter were begun in the sixteenth century A.D." ( 3596: 3577: 3529: 3410: 3382: 3363: 2436:"Writing in a hybrid of Assamese, Sanskrit, and Bengali, Haliram drew heavily from the contemporary oral traditions of Assam and Bengal..." ( 3624: 2683:"His main contention was that Gait had ignored a rich legacy of state formation in Assam prior to the establishment of the Ahom dynasty." ( 1195: 3678: 3606: 3156: 3633: 3431: 2371:"On the other hand, the new colonial elites produced by the colonial state also began to write about the past—but in a new style." ( 398:. Though many such Buranjis have been collected, compiled and published, an unknown number of Buranjis are still in private hands. 2401:"One of the prominent officials who successfully shifted from Ahom to British service, Haliram Dhekial Phukan, wrote a work called 2566:"Gait completed the book at the turn of the twentieth century. First published in London by Thacker, Spink and Company in 1906" ( 1766:"A number of Buranjis written in Assamese have been published by the Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Assam." ( 3451: 261: 1732:"The oft-repeated complaint of the absence of any historical literature in India has to be qualified not only by Kalhana's 572: 2263:"These official records were kept in Ahom archives, most of which were lost or destroyed by natural forces or in wars." ( 2237:"The etymological meaning of 'buranji' came to be represented as synonymous with that of both 'history' and 'itihash'." ( 2160:"There are Tai-Ahom Buranji chronicles written primarily in a Tai language called Ahom, not spoken for some 200 years" ( 3644: 3539: 3401: 291: 2657:"Born in Sylhet in 1868, Padmanath Bhattacharya was a professor of Sanskrit and History in Cotton College, Assam." ( 1208: 3688: 3668: 1929:... Official communications, letters of ambassadors or spy reports were significant parts of these state papers." ( 867: 1130: 716: 654: 346: 266: 46: 3377:(in Assamese and English). Translated by Mahesh Chandra, Bora (5th  ed.). Guwahati, Assam: DVS Publishers. 1167: 541: 342: 708: 609: 271: 130: 825: 647: 284: 1222:. The text from Orunodoi was later compiled and edited by S K Bhuyan and included in the 1931 published 3673: 355: 237: 350:), a number of these manuscripts have been compiled and published especially in the Assamese language. 3683: 1168: 1098: 868: 780: 77: 2865:"The DHAS, mostly under the stewardship of S.K. Bhuyan, began to collect buranjis systematically" ( 1943:"(B)uranjis were closely guarded, at least the official ones, the reason why they were kept in the 1348: 768: 364: 3420: 1753: 3650: 3556: 3508: 3479: 2084: 1273: 776: 712: 704: 683: 679: 178: 3329: 682:, accompanied Captain Welsh in his expedition into the Ahom kingdom (1792–1794) to put down the 650: 1129:, the Buranji used in 1916 by Jadunath Sarkar, provides accurate details and chronology of the 3629: 3592: 3573: 3525: 3447: 3427: 3406: 3378: 3359: 3224:"Many years ago I was told by Raisahib Golapchandra Barua that he came upon the original Ahom 1079: 557: 339: 125: 3548: 3500: 3471: 928:, a bilingual Ahom-English Buranji translated by Golap Chandra Barua and published in 1930. 820:(English: Assam Research Society), that emerged in 1912 amidst the annual convention of the 741: 54: 1384: 1172: 1110: 1044: 872: 636: 3568: 1609: 837: 441: 343: 219: 201: 196: 158: 153: 148: 115: 87: 82: 3323: 3662: 3560: 3512: 3483: 1977:"Quite often, the actual participants in events were fortunate enough to write these 1477: 749: 577: 569: 553: 470: 359: 335: 315: 92: 2186:"It was in the reign of Suhungmung that Buranjis in Assamese were first written." ( 1234: 880: 856:, compiled and edited by Dimbeswar Sharma, without acknowledging the 1931 edition. 666: 395: 331: 168: 163: 3152:(1681-96) is the most important (among newly discovered BUranjis). It follows the 1152: 3441: 3421: 382:; and they also provide additional details not found in these Mughal chronicles. 1139: 772: 573: 532:(architectural plans and estimates from engineers, dealing with construction of 506: 433: 370: 173: 3552: 911: 3504: 3491: 3475: 1209: 1135: 590: 327: 2075:"Numali Borgohain in the reign of Rajeswar Singha wrote a chronicle entitled 1227: 437: 323: 688: 512: 62: 30: 3589: 2173:"...reading today is really an exhausting exercise in reconstruction." ( 1214: 1102: 833: 556:, but since the 16th century they came to be increasingly written in the 466: 445: 407: 110: 3290:, the English translation of which by Golap Chandra Barua is unpublished 3322: 1947:(store house/library) under the supervision of an Ahom official called 771:, the then Chief Commissioner of Assam and a keen ethnologist, charged 620: 1212: 1164: 779:, Golap Chandra Barua, Gunahash Goswami, Madhab Chandra Bordoloi, and 536:, bridges, temples, roads, ramparts, excavation of tanks, etc.), and 533: 120: 2891:"Till 1978, DHAS collected 2,000 manuscripts and 300 transcripts." ( 3317:, vol. II, Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam, pp. vii–xi 1615: 3308:, vol. I, Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam, pp. ix–xii 1564: 1091: 420: 3277: 879:, to fill in details of the Koch-Mughal relations during the pre- 481: 444:, was in command of producing Buranjis, but the junior office of 748:(1887) too departed significantly from the Buranji style though 686:. He wrote his report, and from his notes, published his work 1716: 1714: 1597: 432:. Generally one of the three ministers of the Ahom state, the 3615: 589: 489:) that are expansive and deal with political histories, and 3313: 3304: 2104: 2102: 2058: 2056: 728: 524:(reports on neighbouring polities from frontier officers), 3356: 1812: 1810: 816: 3392: 1736: 3628:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 166–194. 3619:. Vol. II. Assam: Publication Board. pp. 1–34. 627: 528:(reports from ambassadors or envoys to other polities), 3443: 2916: 2914: 1105: 1133: 615: 1090: 3207: 3205: 1561: 23: 2932: 2930: 619:derived from the class of written records called 3591:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–127. 3328:. Guwahati: Gauhati University, Assam. pp.  1553:, from Gait's Introduction to the first edition: 920:, edited by Hemchandra Goswami and published by 897:Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies 891:Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies 883:period and to crosscheck and facts given in the 560:—and Ahom Buranji manuscripts have become rare. 3572:. Ranikhet: Permanent Black. pp. 142–171. 3524:. Ranikhet: Permanent Black. pp. 172–208. 808:Nationalist response—Kamarupa Anusandhan Samiti 3626:The Politics of Cultural Mobilization in India 3396:. Calcutta and Simla: Thacker, Spink & Co. 3541:The Indian Economic and Social History Review 2225: 1720: 1218:from 1850-1852 in serial form under the name 292: 8: 3405:. Ranikhet: Permanent Black. pp. 1–24. 3150:Asam Buranji from Khunlung to Gadadhar Simha 1906: 1904: 1902: 1158:Asam Buranji from Khunlung to Gadadhar Simha 1101:, among others, to write on the period when 501:. In the 18th century a third class called 2937: 2879: 2389: 2021: 2008: 1995: 1606:An account of the tribute paid to Mir Jumla 1585:From the earliest times to end of Ahom rule 1370:Dutiram Hazarika and Visvesvar Vaidyadhipa 428:under the supervision of an officer called 3608:Dr. Surya Kumar Bhuyan: A Centenary Volume 3288:Tai-Ahom Buranji from Khunlung and Khunlai 1801: 1241: 1097:Subsequently, Barpujari engaged primarily 935: 832:formed the standard for studying pre-Ahom 678:John Peter Wade, a medical officer of the 299: 285: 41: 29: 3093: 3080: 2801: 1635:Manuscript obtained from: Sukumar Mahanta 497:) which deal with single events, such as 448:took over the power in the 18th century. 2264: 2174: 2161: 2148: 2135: 2047: 1893: 1880: 1867: 1667: 604:, included in the published compilation 3212: 3196: 3183: 2736: 2723: 2710: 2697: 2671: 2658: 2619: 2593: 2580: 2567: 2554: 2515: 2489: 2476: 2463: 2437: 2424: 2372: 1952: 1783:, contemporary chronicles, memoirs and 1674:is cognate with the Standard Thai word 1660: 1542: 1230:equivalents in parentheses to the Ahom 477:Traditional classifications of Buranjis 252: 53: 3265: 3252: 3234: 3170: 3157: 3136: 3123: 3119: 3106: 3067: 3054: 3041: 3028: 2976: 2950: 2921: 2905: 2892: 2866: 2853: 2840: 2827: 2814: 2788: 2775: 2762: 2749: 2684: 2645: 2632: 2606: 2450: 2411: 2359: 2346: 2333: 2320: 2307: 2303: 2290: 2277: 2251: 2238: 2212: 2200: 2187: 2122: 2109: 2093: 2063: 2034: 1982: 1965: 1930: 1927:emerged after consulting state papers. 1923:"Information and facts mentioned in a 1911: 1855: 1843: 1830: 1817: 1788: 1767: 1754: 1737: 1692: 1186:Textual relationships of some Buranjis 1127:Ahom Buranji from Khunlung and Khunlai 1122: 692: 334:. There were written initially in the 20: 1705: 1461:Golap Chandra Barua (trans. English) 836:. This effort ultimately resulted in 7: 3325:Aspects of Early Assamese Literature 2541: 2528: 2502: 2088:treating Ahom lineage was styled as 1190:The first Buranji to be printed was 3493:History and Sociology of South Asia 1389:Ratna Kandali and Arjun Das (1724) 576:used in these Buranjis is an older 3617:The Comprehensive History of Assam 3464:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3315:The Comprehensive History of Assam 3306:The Comprehensive History of Assam 3015: 3002: 2989: 2963: 1749:"The established fact is that the 1670:, p. 227: "The Tai-Ahom term 875:used the Buranjis, especially the 759: 14: 877:Buranji from Khunlung and Khunlai 35:A folio from a Buranji manuscript 3643:Sharma, Mukunda Madhava (1978). 3347:A Comprehensive History of Assam 61: 3426:, Routledge, pp. 429–484, 1576:From the earliest times to 1810 1573:From the earliest times to 1681 1570:From the earliest times to 1764 1567:From the earliest times to 1695 1177: 792:was finally published in 1906. 641: 602:Swarga Narayan Maharajar Akhyan 595: 412: 1678:(ancient). Buranji, then, are 1116:Comprehensive History of Assam 937:Buranjis edited by S K Bhuyan 847:Padmanath Bhattacharya's 1931 16:Class of historical chronicles 1: 3646:Inscriptions of Ancient Assam 932:Published Buranjis—S K Bhuyan 822:Uttar Bangia Sahitya Parishad 552:Buranjis were written in the 1626:Author: Harakanta Sadar Amin 1243:A selected list of Buranjis 887:and the Persian chronicles. 703:The Ahom kingdom came under 322:) are a class of historical 1612:An account of the Moamarias 1549:The chief Buranjis used in 1238:A selected list of Buranjis 707:rule in 1826 following the 530:Chang-rung Phukonor Buranji 3705: 3553:10.1177/001946460804500401 3373:Bhuyan, S K, ed. (2022) . 3246:"The second manuscript of 1107:Kamarupa Anusandhan Samiti 922:Kamarupa Anusandhan Samita 818:Kamarupa Anusandhan Samiti 661:Buranjis in historiography 460:Textual updating practices 3679:Diplomatic correspondence 3570:History in the Vernacular 3522:History in the Vernacular 3505:10.1177/22308075221077716 3476:10.1017/S002246340001554X 3446:. Duke University Press. 3403:History in the Vernacular 2226:Goswami & Tamuli 2007 1721:Goswami & Tamuli 2007 842:Early History of Kamarupa 734:Assam Desher Itihash yani 655:Burmese invasion of Assam 520:, or outpost, officers), 499:Ram Singhar Yuddhar Katha 402:Buranji writing tradition 28: 3423:The Indo-Aryan Languages 3354:Baruah, Manjeet (2012). 2403:Assam Desher Itihas yani 1644:Collection of seven old 1439:Kashinath Tamuli Phukan 1131:Ahom-Mughal interactions 568:Buranjis written in the 505:emerged that dealt with 358:agree with those in the 3440:Saikia, Yasmin (2004). 1353:Srinath Duara Barbarua 709:First Anglo-Burmese War 610:Bengali-Assamese script 600:). A manuscript called 3349:, Munshiram Manoharlal 3233:British connection." ( 1503:Satsari Assam Buranji 1476:Renu Wichasin (trans. 1332:Deodhai Assam Buranji 1000:Assamar Padya Buranji 989:Deodhai Assam Buranji 978:Tunkgkhungiya Buranji 826:Padmanath Bhattacharya 648:Kirti Chandra Borbarua 1367:Asamar Padya Buranji 1302:Harakanta Sadar Amin 1160:follows the style of 456:marriage ceremonies. 356:Ahom-Mughal conflicts 238:Kamarupa inscriptions 3375:Deodhai Asam Buranji 3345:Baruah, S L (1986), 3248:Deodhai Asam Buranji 2090:Chakaripheti buranji 2077:Chakaripheti Buranji 1495:Hem Chandra Goswami 1487:Purani Asam Buranji 1224:Deodhai Asam Buranji 1169:Alauddin Husain Shah 869:History of Aurangzib 862:History of Aurangzib 854:Kamarupa Sasanawvali 781:Rajanikanta Bordoloi 635:During the reign of 606:Deodhai Asam Buranji 503:Chakaripheti Buranji 330:associated with the 78:Pragjyotisha kingdom 3649:. Guwahati, Assam: 3154:Purani Asam Buranji 1436:Assam Buranji Sara 1349:Tungkhungia Buranji 1244: 1220:Purani Asam Buranji 1162:Purani Asam Buranji 1154:Purani Asam Buranji 938: 918:Purani Asam Buranji 849:Kamarupa Sasanavali 830:Kamarupa Sasanawali 756:hewed much closer. 578:Shan writing system 362:chronicles such as 3651:Gauhati University 3394:A History of Assam 1551:A History of Assam 1422:(Sukumar Mahanta) 1257:Editor/Translator 1242: 936: 903:Published Buranjis 814:A History of Assam 812:The Buranji-based 797:A History of Assam 790:A History of Assam 777:Hemchandra Goswami 762:A History of Assam 754:Buranji-Bibekratna 713:Treaty of Yandaboo 705:East India Company 684:Moamoria rebellion 680:East India Company 179:Moamoria rebellion 3689:Indian chronicles 3669:Indian literature 3610:. pp. 31–32. 3598:978-1-108-48129-8 3579:978-81-7824-301-6 3531:978-81-7824-301-6 3412:978-81-7824-301-6 3384:978-93-85839-60-3 3365:978-0-415-50080-7 1603:From 1790 to 1806 1600:From 1681 to 1790 1594:From 1497 to 1714 1591:From 1228 to 1714 1588:From 1228 to 1660 1534: 1533: 1316:Kamrupar Buranji 1283:Jayantia Buranji 1080:textual criticism 1075: 1074: 1033:Jayantia Buranji 967:Kamrupar Buranji 585:Assamese buranjis 558:Assamese language 522:Datiyalia Buranji 514:Chakialar Buranji 340:Assamese language 338:and later in the 309: 308: 126:Mlechchha dynasty 93:Sonitpura kingdom 40: 39: 3696: 3654: 3639: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3583: 3564: 3535: 3516: 3487: 3457: 3436: 3416: 3397: 3388: 3369: 3350: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3318: 3309: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3244: 3238: 3222: 3216: 3209: 3200: 3193: 3187: 3180: 3174: 3167: 3161: 3146: 3140: 3133: 3127: 3116: 3110: 3103: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3077: 3071: 3064: 3058: 3051: 3045: 3038: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3012: 3006: 2999: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2967: 2960: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2938:Purkayastha 2008 2934: 2925: 2918: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2889: 2883: 2880:Purkayastha 2008 2876: 2870: 2863: 2857: 2850: 2844: 2837: 2831: 2824: 2818: 2811: 2805: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2772: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2746: 2740: 2733: 2727: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2701: 2694: 2688: 2681: 2675: 2668: 2662: 2655: 2649: 2642: 2636: 2629: 2623: 2616: 2610: 2603: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2577: 2571: 2564: 2558: 2551: 2545: 2538: 2532: 2525: 2519: 2512: 2506: 2499: 2493: 2486: 2480: 2473: 2467: 2460: 2454: 2447: 2441: 2434: 2428: 2421: 2415: 2399: 2393: 2390:Purkayastha 2008 2382: 2376: 2369: 2363: 2356: 2350: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2311: 2300: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2261: 2255: 2248: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2197: 2191: 2184: 2178: 2171: 2165: 2158: 2152: 2145: 2139: 2132: 2126: 2119: 2113: 2106: 2097: 2073: 2067: 2060: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2031: 2025: 2022:Purkayastha 2008 2018: 2012: 2009:Purkayastha 2008 2005: 1999: 1996:Purkayastha 2008 1992: 1986: 1975: 1969: 1962: 1956: 1941: 1935: 1921: 1915: 1908: 1897: 1890: 1884: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1834: 1827: 1821: 1814: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1777: 1771: 1764: 1758: 1747: 1741: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1709: 1702: 1696: 1689: 1683: 1680:ancient writings 1665: 1649: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1547: 1519:Padshah Buranji 1265:Kachari Buranji 1245: 1200: 1199: 1832–1838 1197: 1181: 1180: 1681–1696 1179: 1068:Satsari Buranji 1022:Kachari Buranji 1011:Padshah Buranji 939: 742:Gunabhiram Barua 717:invading Burmese 670:historiography. 645: 644: 1751–1769 643: 599: 598: 1497–1539 597: 416: 415: 1228–1268 414: 320:ancient writings 301: 294: 287: 111:Kamarupa kingdom 65: 55:History of Assam 42: 33: 21: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3599: 3586: 3580: 3567: 3538: 3532: 3519: 3490: 3460: 3454: 3439: 3434: 3419: 3413: 3400: 3391: 3385: 3372: 3366: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3333: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3245: 3241: 3223: 3219: 3210: 3203: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3164: 3147: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3117: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3061: 3052: 3048: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3022: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2928: 2919: 2912: 2903: 2899: 2890: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2864: 2860: 2851: 2847: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2782: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2747: 2743: 2734: 2730: 2721: 2717: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2691: 2682: 2678: 2669: 2665: 2656: 2652: 2643: 2639: 2630: 2626: 2617: 2613: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2587: 2578: 2574: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2535: 2526: 2522: 2513: 2509: 2500: 2496: 2487: 2483: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2457: 2448: 2444: 2435: 2431: 2422: 2418: 2400: 2396: 2383: 2379: 2370: 2366: 2357: 2353: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2314: 2301: 2297: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2198: 2194: 2185: 2181: 2172: 2168: 2159: 2155: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2129: 2120: 2116: 2107: 2100: 2074: 2070: 2061: 2054: 2045: 2041: 2032: 2028: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2002: 1993: 1989: 1976: 1972: 1963: 1959: 1942: 1938: 1922: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1887: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1841: 1837: 1828: 1824: 1815: 1808: 1802:Chatterjee 2008 1799: 1795: 1778: 1774: 1765: 1761: 1748: 1744: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1712: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1686: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1582: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1385:Tripura Buranji 1240: 1198: 1188: 1176: 1173:Gadadhar Singha 1119: 1088: 1045:Tripura Buranji 934: 905: 893: 873:Jadunath Sarkar 865: 810: 765: 715:, in which the 701: 676: 663: 640: 637:Rajeswar Singha 633: 594: 587: 566: 550: 540:(report on the 487:Barpahi Buranji 483:Lai-lik Buranji 479: 462: 411: 404: 388: 344:Southeast Asian 305: 276: 248: 247: 233: 225: 224: 215: 207: 206: 192: 184: 183: 144: 136: 135: 106: 98: 97: 73: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3702: 3700: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3640: 3634: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3597: 3584: 3578: 3565: 3547:(4): 473–507. 3536: 3530: 3517: 3488: 3470:(1): 227–229. 3458: 3452: 3437: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3398: 3389: 3383: 3370: 3364: 3351: 3342: 3319: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3279: 3270: 3257: 3239: 3217: 3201: 3188: 3175: 3162: 3141: 3128: 3111: 3098: 3094:Barpujari 1992 3085: 3081:Barpujari 1990 3072: 3059: 3046: 3033: 3020: 3007: 2994: 2981: 2968: 2955: 2942: 2926: 2910: 2897: 2884: 2871: 2858: 2845: 2832: 2819: 2806: 2802:Barpujari 1992 2793: 2780: 2767: 2754: 2741: 2728: 2715: 2702: 2689: 2676: 2663: 2650: 2637: 2624: 2611: 2598: 2585: 2572: 2559: 2546: 2533: 2520: 2507: 2494: 2481: 2468: 2455: 2442: 2429: 2416: 2394: 2377: 2364: 2351: 2338: 2325: 2312: 2295: 2282: 2269: 2256: 2243: 2230: 2217: 2205: 2192: 2179: 2166: 2153: 2140: 2127: 2114: 2098: 2068: 2052: 2039: 2026: 2013: 2000: 1987: 1970: 1957: 1945:Gandhia Bhoral 1936: 1916: 1898: 1885: 1872: 1870:, p. 228. 1860: 1848: 1835: 1822: 1806: 1793: 1772: 1759: 1742: 1725: 1723:, p. 436. 1710: 1697: 1684: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1637: 1628: 1619: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1537:Expanded Notes 1535: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1481: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445:P C Choudhury 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1419:Assam Buranji 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1403:Assam Buranji 1400: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1299:Assam Buranji 1296: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1239: 1236: 1187: 1184: 1142:, Alamgirnamah 1118: 1112: 1087: 1084: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057:Assam Buranji 1055: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 990: 987: 983: 982: 979: 976: 972: 971: 968: 965: 961: 960: 957: 956:Assam Buranji 954: 950: 949: 946: 943: 933: 930: 904: 901: 892: 889: 864: 858: 838:Kanaklal Barua 809: 806: 764: 758: 700: 697: 675: 672: 662: 659: 632: 629: 586: 583: 565: 562: 549: 546: 538:Satria Buranji 526:Kataki Buranji 516:(reports from 478: 475: 461: 458: 442:Borpatragohain 426:Gandhia Bhoral 422:Likhakar Barua 403: 400: 387: 384: 307: 306: 304: 303: 296: 289: 281: 278: 277: 275: 274: 269: 264: 258: 255: 254: 250: 249: 246: 245: 240: 234: 231: 230: 227: 226: 223: 222: 220:Assam Movement 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 202:Assam Province 199: 197:Colonial Assam 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 159:Kamata Kingdom 156: 154:Dimasa Kingdom 151: 149:Chutia Kingdom 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 134: 133: 128: 123: 121:Davaka dynasty 118: 116:Varman dynasty 113: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 96: 95: 90: 88:Bhauma dynasty 85: 83:Danava dynasty 80: 74: 72:Proto-historic 71: 70: 67: 66: 58: 57: 51: 50: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3701: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3641: 3637: 3635:0-19-566801-4 3631: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3499:(1–2): 7–27. 3498: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3433:9780203945315 3429: 3425: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3358:. Routledge. 3357: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3228:of which the 3227: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2407:Assam Buranji 2404: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2388:, history." ( 2387: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2265:Hartmann 2011 2260: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2175:Hartmann 2011 2170: 2167: 2163: 2162:Hartmann 2011 2157: 2154: 2150: 2149:Hartmann 2011 2144: 2141: 2137: 2136:Hartmann 2011 2131: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048:Hartmann 2011 2043: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949:Gandhia Barua 1946: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894:Hartmann 2011 1889: 1886: 1882: 1881:Hartmann 2011 1876: 1873: 1869: 1868:Hartmann 2011 1864: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734:Rajatarangini 1729: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668:Hartmann 2011 1664: 1661: 1655: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1536: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1468:Ahom Buranji 1467: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1453:Ahom Buranji 1452: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1203:Assam Buranji 1193: 1192:Assam Buranji 1185: 1183: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123:Sarkar (1992) 1121:According to 1117: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1086:Post-Colonial 1085: 1083: 1081: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1002: 999: 996: 995: 991: 988: 985: 984: 980: 977: 974: 973: 969: 966: 963: 962: 958: 955: 952: 951: 947: 944: 941: 940: 931: 929: 927: 923: 919: 914: 909: 902: 900: 898: 890: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 863: 859: 857: 855: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 807: 805: 803: 798: 793: 791: 785: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769:Charles Lyall 763: 757: 755: 751: 750:Maniram Dewan 747: 746:Assam Buranji 743: 739: 738:Assam Buranji 735: 729: 727: 726:Assam Buranji 722: 721:Assam Buranji 718: 714: 710: 706: 698: 696: 694: 693:Saikia (2019) 689: 685: 681: 673: 671: 668: 660: 658: 656: 651: 649: 638: 630: 628: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 592: 584: 582: 579: 575: 571: 570:Ahom language 564:Ahom buranjis 563: 561: 559: 555: 554:Ahom language 547: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 476: 474: 472: 468: 459: 457: 455: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 430:Gandhia Barua 427: 423: 418: 409: 401: 399: 397: 393: 385: 383: 381: 377: 373: 372: 367: 366: 361: 357: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 336:Ahom Language 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 316:Ahom language 313: 302: 297: 295: 290: 288: 283: 282: 280: 279: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 257: 256: 251: 244: 241: 239: 236: 235: 229: 228: 221: 218: 217: 211: 210: 203: 200: 198: 195: 194: 188: 187: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 143:Late Medieval 140: 139: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 102: 101: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 75: 69: 68: 64: 60: 59: 56: 52: 48: 44: 43: 32: 27: 22: 19: 3674:Ahom kingdom 3645: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3588: 3569: 3544: 3540: 3521: 3496: 3492: 3467: 3463: 3442: 3422: 3402: 3393: 3374: 3355: 3346: 3334:. Retrieved 3324: 3314: 3305: 3287: 3286:Also called 3282: 3273: 3260: 3247: 3242: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3213:Narzary 2021 3197:Narzary 2021 3191: 3184:Narzary 2021 3178: 3165: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3131: 3114: 3101: 3088: 3075: 3062: 3049: 3036: 3023: 3010: 2997: 2984: 2971: 2958: 2945: 2900: 2887: 2874: 2861: 2848: 2835: 2822: 2809: 2796: 2783: 2770: 2757: 2744: 2737:Saikia 2008b 2731: 2724:Saikia 2008b 2718: 2711:Saikia 2008b 2705: 2698:Saikia 2008b 2692: 2679: 2672:Saikia 2008b 2666: 2659:Saikia 2008b 2653: 2640: 2627: 2620:Saikia 2008b 2614: 2601: 2594:Saikia 2008b 2588: 2581:Saikia 2008b 2575: 2568:Saikia 2008b 2562: 2555:Saikia 2008b 2549: 2536: 2523: 2516:Saikia 2008b 2510: 2497: 2490:Saikia 2008b 2484: 2477:Saikia 2008b 2471: 2464:Saikia 2008b 2458: 2445: 2438:Saikia 2008b 2432: 2425:Saikia 2008b 2419: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2385: 2380: 2373:Saikia 2008b 2367: 2354: 2341: 2328: 2315: 2298: 2285: 2272: 2259: 2246: 2233: 2220: 2215:, p. 6. 2208: 2195: 2182: 2169: 2156: 2143: 2130: 2117: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2042: 2029: 2016: 2003: 1990: 1978: 1973: 1960: 1953:Narzary 2021 1948: 1944: 1939: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1888: 1875: 1863: 1851: 1838: 1825: 1796: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1762: 1750: 1745: 1733: 1728: 1700: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1645: 1640: 1631: 1622: 1579: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1254:1st Edition 1231: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1202: 1191: 1189: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150:Ahom Buranji 1149: 1145: 1134: 1126: 1120: 1115: 1114:Buranjis in 1106: 1096: 1089: 1076: 948:Manuscripts 926:Ahom Buranji 925: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 896: 894: 884: 881:Mir Jumla II 876: 866: 861: 853: 848: 846: 841: 829: 821: 817: 813: 811: 802:kulagranthas 801: 796: 794: 789: 786: 766: 761: 753: 745: 737: 733: 730: 725: 720: 702: 687: 677: 674:Pre-colonial 667:Ahom dynasty 664: 652: 634: 624: 616: 614: 605: 601: 588: 567: 551: 537: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 511: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 480: 463: 453: 450: 429: 425: 421: 419: 405: 396:Ahom kingdom 391: 389: 379: 376:Alamgirnamah 375: 369: 363: 352: 347: 332:Ahom kingdom 319: 311: 310: 262:Architecture 242: 214:Contemporary 169:Koch kingdom 164:Ahom kingdom 131:Pala dynasty 18: 3684:Tai history 3336:12 February 3266:Bhuyan 2022 3253:Bhuyan 2022 3235:Bhuyan 2022 3171:Sarkar 1992 3158:Sarkar 1992 3137:Sarkar 1992 3124:Sarkar 1992 3120:Sarkar 1992 3107:Sarkar 1992 3068:Saikia 2008 3055:Saikia 2008 3042:Saikia 2008 3029:Saikia 2008 2977:Saikia 2008 2951:Saikia 2008 2922:Saikia 2008 2906:Saikia 2008 2893:Saikia 2008 2867:Saikia 2008 2854:Saikia 2008 2841:Saikia 2008 2828:Saikia 2008 2815:Saikia 2008 2789:Saikia 2008 2778::0.24–0.28) 2776:Sharma 1978 2763:Saikia 2008 2750:Saikia 2008 2685:Saikia 2008 2646:Saikia 2008 2633:Saikia 2008 2607:Saikia 2008 2451:Saikia 2008 2412:Sharma 2004 2360:Saikia 2019 2347:Saikia 2019 2334:Saikia 2008 2321:Saikia 2019 2308:Saikia 2019 2304:Saikia 2019 2291:Sarkar 1992 2278:Sarkar 1992 2252:Sarkar 1992 2239:Saikia 2004 2213:Saikia 2004 2201:Baruah 1986 2188:Baruah 1986 2123:Sarkar 1992 2110:Baruah 1986 2094:Baruah 1986 2064:Baruah 1986 2035:Saikia 2004 1983:Saikia 2008 1966:Saikia 2008 1931:Saikia 2008 1912:Saikia 2008 1856:Baruah 2012 1844:Saikia 2004 1831:Saikia 2008 1818:Sarkar 1992 1789:Sarkar 1992 1768:Baruah 1986 1755:Saikia 2008 1738:Sarkar 1992 1693:Baruah 1986 1527:S K Bhuyan 1511:S K Bhuyan 1428:S K Bhuyan 1395:S K Bhuyan 1376:S K Bhuyan 1359:S K Bhuyan 1340:S K Bhuyan 1324:S K Bhuyan 1308:S K Bhuyan 1291:S K Bhuyan 1140:Padshahnama 804:of Bengal. 773:Edward Gait 623:, the word 574:Ahom script 493:(Assamese: 491:Lit Buranji 485:(Assamese: 434:Burhagohain 386:Description 371:Padshahnama 328:manuscripts 174:Baro-Bhuyan 3663:Categories 3453:082238616X 3297:References 1706:Barua 1953 1411:S K Dutta 1274:S K Bhuyan 1260:Publisher 1210:Sutingphaa 1136:Baharistan 1099:D C Sircar 591:Suhungmung 509:lineages. 473:polities. 365:Baharistan 324:chronicles 253:Categories 3561:144145900 3513:247544118 3484:162440951 2940::180–181) 2635::482–483) 2542:Gait 1926 2529:Gait 1926 2503:Gait 1926 1580:Assamese: 1146:Fathiyyah 1071:Multiple 1036:Multiple 1025:Multiple 1014:Multiple 1003:Multiple 992:Multiple 981:Multiple 970:Multiple 440:, or the 438:Borgohain 380:Fathiyyah 3230:Arunoday 3122::4–5); ( 2505::xi–xii) 2082:buranjis 1979:buranjis 1781:Buranjis 1646:Buranjis 1215:Orunodoi 1103:Kamarupa 913:Orunodoi 871:(1916), 834:Kamarupa 767:In 1894 744:'s work 711:and the 699:Colonial 548:Language 454:Chaklang 446:Borbarua 408:Sukaphaa 312:Buranjis 105:Medieval 47:a series 45:Part of 3148:"(T)he 2405:(‘or’) 2386:itihash 2086:buranji 1925:buranji 1785:farmans 1751:buranji 1251:Author 1060:Single 1049:Single 959:Single 908:order. 885:Buranji 860:Sarkar— 795:Gait's 760:Gait's 736:("or") 625:buranji 621:Itihasa 617:itihash 534:maidams 467:Tai-Mau 267:Palaces 243:Buranji 232:Sources 24:Buranji 3632:  3595:  3576:  3559:  3528:  3511:  3482:  3450:  3430:  3409:  3381:  3362:  3096::x–xi) 3016:Saikia 3003:Saikia 2990:Saikia 2964:Saikia 2924::499f) 2804::viii) 2791::484f) 2765::484f) 2752::484f) 2661::168f) 2648::482f) 2518::168f) 2336::481f) 1232:laklis 924:, and 542:Satras 518:chokey 471:Khamti 436:, the 392:Sanchi 360:Mughal 191:Modern 49:on the 3557:S2CID 3509:S2CID 3480:S2CID 3226:puthi 3109::3–4) 3070::500) 3057::499) 3044::499) 2979::497) 2953::496) 2908::495) 2895::494) 2869::160) 2856::491) 2843::490) 2830::493) 2817::492) 2739::162) 2726::162) 2713::161) 2700::161) 2687::484) 2674::158) 2622::160) 2609::496) 2570::151) 2557::150) 2544::xii) 2492::156) 2479::147) 2466::144) 2453::480) 2440::143) 2427::144) 2414::173) 2375::143) 2362::122) 2349::121) 2323::120) 2310::119) 2267::228) 2241::496) 2228::398) 2177::229) 2164::227) 2151::229) 2138::229) 2096::43f) 2050::228) 2037::478) 2024::181) 2011::181) 1998::180) 1985::477) 1968::478) 1933::477) 1914::479) 1896::228) 1883::228) 1846::477) 1833::478) 1804::6–7) 1757::477) 1708::132) 1676:boran 1672:buran 1656:Notes 1556:Ahom: 1524:1935 1508:1960 1492:1922 1473:1996 1458:1930 1448:DHAS 1442:1944 1431:DHAS 1425:1945 1414:DHAS 1408:1938 1398:DHAS 1392:1938 1379:DHAS 1373:1932 1362:DHAS 1356:1932 1343:DHAS 1337:1932 1327:DHAS 1321:1930 1311:DHAS 1305:1930 1294:DHAS 1288:1937 1278:DHAS 1270:1936 1248:Name 1092:ICSSR 1065:1960 1054:1945 1041:1937 1030:1937 1019:1936 1008:1935 997:1932 986:1932 975:1932 964:1930 953:1930 945:Name 942:Year 495:Katha 348:puthi 272:Forts 3630:ISBN 3593:ISBN 3574:ISBN 3526:ISBN 3448:ISBN 3428:ISBN 3407:ISBN 3379:ISBN 3360:ISBN 3338:2018 3332:–147 3268::xi) 3255::xi) 3237::xi) 3215::17) 3199::17) 3186::17) 3126::4f) 3083::ix) 2531::xi) 2203::48) 2190::44) 2112::47) 2092:." ( 2066::43) 1955::13) 1951:." ( 1770::45) 1695::43) 1530:KAS 1498:KAS 1478:Thai 1228:Saka 1144:and 1125:the 895:The 631:Loss 507:Ahom 469:and 378:and 326:and 3549:doi 3501:doi 3472:doi 3330:124 3173::5) 3160::5) 3139::5) 3031::2) 3018::2) 3005::2) 2992::1) 2966::3) 2293::3) 2280::2) 2254::3) 2125::2) 1820::4) 1791::1) 1740::1) 1514:GU 1196:fl. 1182:). 840:'s 752:'s 646:), 544:). 3665:: 3555:. 3545:45 3543:. 3507:. 3497:15 3495:. 3478:. 3468:28 3466:. 3204:^ 2929:^ 2913:^ 2101:^ 2055:^ 1901:^ 1809:^ 1713:^ 1682:." 1480:) 1205:. 1178:r. 1138:, 657:. 642:r. 596:r. 413:r. 374:, 368:, 318:: 3653:. 3638:. 3601:. 3582:. 3563:. 3551:: 3534:. 3515:. 3503:: 3486:. 3474:: 3456:. 3415:. 3387:. 3368:. 3340:. 3264:( 3251:( 3118:( 3079:( 2882:) 2596:) 2583:) 2540:( 2501:( 2449:( 2410:( 2392:) 2358:( 2199:( 2121:( 2108:( 2062:( 2033:( 1816:( 1704:( 1648:. 1175:( 639:( 593:( 410:( 314:( 300:e 293:t 286:v