27:
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1055:, on both sides of the Atlantic. A new generation, nostalgic for the spectacle and perceived glamour of the classic American burlesque, developed a cult following for the art in the early 1990s at Billie Madley's "Cinema" and later at the "Dutch Weismann's Follies" revues in New York City, "The Velvet Hammer" troupe in Los Angeles and The Shim-Shamettes in New Orleans. Ivan Kane's Royal Jelly Burlesque Nightclub at
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838:. From about 1880, Victorian burlesques grew longer, until they were a whole evening's entertainment rather than part of a double- or triple-bill. In the early 1890s, these burlesques went out of fashion in London, and the focus of the Gaiety and other burlesque theatres changed to the new more wholesome but less literary genre of
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clamped down on burlesque, effectively putting it out of business by the early 1940s. It lingered on elsewhere in the US, increasingly neglected, and by the 1970s, with nudity commonplace in theatres, reached "its final shabby demise." Both during its declining years and afterwards there have been
360:
Beginning in the early 18th century, the term burlesque was used throughout Europe to describe musical works in which serious and comic elements were juxtaposed or combined to achieve a grotesque effect. As derived from literature and theatre, "burlesque" was used, and is still used, in music to
903:
showed off their figures while singing and dancing; some were less active but compensated by appearing in elaborate stage costumes. The strippers gradually supplanted the singing and dancing soubrettes; by 1932 there were at least 150 strip principals in the US. Star strippers included
877:
and male acts, such as acrobats, magicians and solo singers; and third, chorus numbers and sometimes a burlesque in the
English style on politics or a current play. The entertainment was usually concluded by an exotic dancer or a wrestling or boxing match.
689:
text or music from the original work. The comedy often stemmed from the incongruity and absurdity of the classical subjects, with realistic historical dress and settings, being juxtaposed with the modern activities portrayed by the actors.
795:: Macbeth and Banquo enter under an umbrella, and the witches greet them with "Hail! hail! hail!" Macbeth asks Banquo, "What mean these salutations, noble thane?" and is told, "These showers of 'Hail' anticipate your 'reign
684:
in which a well-known opera, play or ballet was adapted into a broad comic play, usually a musical play, often risqué in style, mocking the theatrical and musical conventions and styles of the original work, and quoting or
864:
American burlesque shows were originally an offshoot of
Victorian burlesque. The English genre had been successfully staged in New York from the 1840s, and it was popularised by a visiting British burlesque troupe,
260:
Burlesque was intentionally ridiculous in that it imitated several styles and combined imitations of certain authors and artists with absurd descriptions. In this, the term was often used interchangeably with
364:
In this sense of farce and exaggeration rather than parody, it appears frequently on the German-language stage between the middle of the 19th century and the 1920s. Burlesque operettas were written by
50:
is a literary, dramatic or musical work intended to cause laughter by caricaturing the manner or spirit of serious works, or by ludicrous treatment of their subjects. The word derives from the
Italian
475:
220:
in his honour. "Burlesque" as a literary term became widespread in 17th century Italy and France, and subsequently
England, where it referred to a grotesque imitation of the dignified or pathetic.
940:. By the late 1930s, burlesque shows would have up to six strippers supported by one or two comics and a master of ceremonies. Comics who appeared in burlesque early in their careers included
891:
The entertainments were given in clubs and cabarets, as well as music halls and theatres. By the early 20th century, there were two national circuits of burlesque shows competing with the
785:
Some of the most frequent subjects for burlesque were the plays of
Shakespeare and grand opera. The dialogue was generally written in rhyming couplets, liberally peppered with bad
172:. Some Hollywood films attempted to recreate the spirit of these performances from the 1930s to the 1960s, or included burlesque-style scenes within dramatic films, such as 1972's
466:
1969:
280:
refers to a burlesque imitation where a literary, elevated manner was applied to a commonplace or comically inappropriate subject matter as, for example, in the literary
1147:... developed at will into a small independent 'turn', the characters returning at its conclusion to the main theme of the plot". See Hartnoll, Phyllis and Peter Found.
2003:
766:, and some of the more ambitious shows had original music composed for them. This English style of burlesque was successfully introduced to New York in the 1840s.
89:. The word "burlesque" has been used in English in this literary and theatrical sense since the late 17th century. It has been applied retrospectively to works of
474:
273:". Burlesque depended on the reader's (or listener's) knowledge of the subject to make its intended effect, and a high degree of literacy was taken for granted.
2204:
1237:
574:
Burlesque can be used to describe particular movements of instrumental musical compositions, often involving dance rhythms. Examples are the
Burlesca, in
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1791:
1949:
1692:, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Winter, 1965), pp. 49–61, Folger Shakespeare Library in association with George Washington University, accessed 2 February 2011
1524:
1143:
In theatrical use, a burla was "a comic interlude or practical joke introduced, usually extempore, into a performance by the servant masks of the
621:
2051:
DiNardo, Kelly. "Gilded Lili: Lili St. Cyr and the
Striptease Mystique"; Archive of articles, video, pictures and interviews about neo-burlesque.
216:
of the early 16th century, works that had circulated widely in manuscript before they were printed. For a time, burlesque verses were known as
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and the "British
Blondes", beginning in 1868. New York burlesque shows soon incorporated elements and the structure of the popular
232:
1908:
26:
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Some orchestral and chamber works have also been designated as burlesques, of which two early examples are the
Ouverture-Suite
1528:, "the various genre terms were always applied freely", and by the 1860s their use had become "arbitrary and capricious": see
1013:
The uninhibited atmosphere of burlesque establishments owed much to the free flow of alcoholic liquor, and the enforcement of
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1415:
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from the 1860s to the early 1890s. Until the 1870s, burlesques were often one-act pieces running less than an hour and using
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2295:
2152:
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32:
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verse, using a colloquial idiom. Butler's addition to his comic poem of an ethical subtext made his caricatures into
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1223:, Oxford University Press, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press, accessed 16 February 2011
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incorporated political satire and performance art into their burlesque shows. Annual conventions such as the
2014:
Allan, Kirsty L. and Charms, G. 'Diamonds From the Rough – The Darker Side of
American Burlesque striptease'
1128:
803:, dressed in tights to show off their legs, but the plays themselves were seldom more than modestly risqué.
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583:
873:. They consisted of three parts: first, songs and ribald comic sketches by low comedians; second, assorted
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at the Winter Garden. The transition from burlesque on the old lines to striptease was gradual. At first,
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1629:, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Autumn, 1973), pp. 365–82, University of California Press, accessed 2 February 2011
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1797:, ed. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast, Gale Virtual Reference Library, accessed 16 February 2011
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1669:, Vol. 15, No. 1 (March 2003), pp. 33–66, Cambridge University Press, accessed 2 February 2011
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750:, the words of the songs were written to popular music; later burlesques mixed the music of
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746:"with the addition of gags and 'turns'." In the early burlesques, following the example of
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1953:
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695:
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409:
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184:, among others. There has been a resurgence of interest in this format since the 1990s.
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680:", was popular in London theatres between the 1830s and the 1890s. It took the form of
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1266:"Burlesque: Then and now, a timeline of performers from Lili St. Cyr to Dita VonTeese"
2239:
2209:
2054:
1973:
1543:, the three terms are used interchangeably: see Adams, W. Davenport. "Burlesque: Old
1196:
1155:, Oxford University Press, 1996. Oxford Reference Online, accessed 16 February 2011
1097:
1052:
993:
913:
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442:
328:
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1817:, Oxford University Press, 1996. Oxford Reference Online, accessed 16 February 2011
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and other music that the audience would readily recognize. The house stars included
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681:
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In more recent times, burlesque true to its literary origins is still performed in
253:
published in 1615. The term burlesque has been applied retrospectively to works of
243:
ridiculed medieval romance in his many satirical works. Among Cervantes' works are
161:
82:
2011:
Allan, Kirsty L. 'A Guide to Classical Burlesque – Funny Ha Ha or Funny Peculiar?'
2230:
1380:
was so popular that it became the subject of parody itself. See Sanders, p. 255.
473:
97:
and to the Graeco-Roman classics. Contrasting examples of literary burlesque are
78:
1014:
989:
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937:
933:
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921:
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a "burlesque in four scenes". A later example is the 1927 burlesque operetta by
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270:
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indicate a bright or high-spirited mood, sometimes in contrast to seriousness.
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743:
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Victorian burlesque related to and in part derived from traditional English
643:
532:
400:, 1911). French references to burlesque are less common than German, though
2215:
2102:
1967:"This ain't your granddad's burlesque – but he sure wouldn't mind watching"
1663:"Verdian Opera Burlesqued: A Glimpse into Mid-Victorian Theatrical Culture"
1497:
1051:
In recent decades, there has been a revival of burlesque, sometimes called
2218:
at Musicals101.com, The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre, TV and Film
2183:
1176:, Vol. 62, No. 31, September 12, 1914, p. 18 (accessed February 28, 2017,
806:
Burlesque became the speciality of certain London theatres, including the
602:
The use of burlesque has not been confined to classical music. Well-known
1068:
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815:
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686:
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482:
313:
308:
302:
applied an irreverent, mocking style to a serious subject; an example is
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122:
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2199:
1873:
341:
is an example of a full-length play drawing on the burlesque tradition.
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1685:
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165:
1642:
1622:
1120:
729:
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317:
281:
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and clubs, as well as theatres, and featured bawdy comedy and female
74:
2196:
Ruckus! American Entertainments at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
1999:. Seventh edition. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers
2066:
The Petite Commande of 1664: Burlesque in the gardens of Versailles
312:, which described the misadventures of a Puritan knight in satiric
1047:
The "Stage Door Johnnies", Burlesque Hall of Fame, Las Vegas, 2011
1042:
998:
880:
855:
768:
763:
751:
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659:
490:. Performed by Neal O'Doan with the Seattle Philharmonic Orchestra
324:
191:
2222:"A Guide to Classical Burlesque – Funny Ha Ha or Funny Peculiar?"
1895:, Schirmer Reference, New York, 1997, accessed 16 February 2010
164:
format. These were popular from the 1860s to the 1940s, often in
1909:"Burlesque ventures out of the West End and into... Camden Town"
819:
799:". A staple of burlesque was the display of attractive women in
288:. One of the most commonly cited examples of high burlesque is
1643:"Public Music Performances in New York City from 1800 to 1850"
1238:"Burlesque Is Back and Here Is What You Need to Know About It"
932:, who was celebrated enough to be mentioned in song lyrics by
786:
230:
and the general mocking of romance in Beaumont and Fletcher's
2200:
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
1298:
895:
circuit, as well as resident companies in New York, such as
564:
1956: Burlesque for Piano and Chamber Orchestra, Op. 13g by
455:
276:
17th and 18th century burlesque was divided into two types:
1022:
films that sought to capture American burlesque, including
1725:, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 3 February 2011
537:
1904: Scherzo Burlesque, Op. 2 for piano and orchestra by
1059:
opened in 2012. Notable Neo-burlesque performers include
1498:"Dmitri Shostakovich Violin Concertos 1 & 2 Review"
676:
Victorian burlesque, sometimes known as "travesty" or "
531:
1901: Six Burlesques, Op. 58 for piano four hands by
1771:, Online Library Edition, accessed 16 February 2011
1739:"Desperately Seeking Lydia" and "Appreciating Lydia"
1649:, Vol. 6 (1970), pp. 5–50, accessed 2 February 2011
2149:Wilson, Frederic Woodbridge (1992), 'Burlesque' in
2021:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
2019:
Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American Culture
570:
1982: Burlesque for Wind Quintet, Op. 76b by Hummel
1878:Internet Movie Database, accessed 17 February 2011
543:1911: Three Burlesques, Op. 8c for piano by BartĂłk
257:and Shakespeare and to the Graeco-Roman classics.
2079:Good Old Gaiety: An Historiette & Remembrance
1484:. Oxford Music Online, accessed 24 February 2011
1926:"Burlesque Is the Word at Atlantic City's Revel"
1609:. Oxford Music Online, accessed 3 February 2011
1535:. Oxford Music Online, accessed 3 February 2011
1203:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 68 and 96
1647:Anuario Interamericano de Investigacion Musical
552:1931: Ronde burlesque, Op. 78 for orchestra by
269:", and the 17th and 18th century genre of the "
2109:The Short Oxford History of English Literature
58:, which, in turn, is derived from the Italian
1760:
1758:
1750:The Friends of Kensal Green Cemetery Magazine
1627:Journal of the American Musicological Society
1477:Charlton, David and M. Elizabeth C. Bartlet,
412:called his 1916 one-act chamber opera-ballet
8:
1980:, 31 January 2008, accessed 24 February 2011
1815:The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre
1153:The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre
239:In 17th century Spain, playwright and poet
16:Literary, dramatic or musical work or genre
2121:Stanton, Sarah and Banham, Martin (1996).
1574:
1572:
1570:
1431:Lamb, Andrew (1992), "Strauss, Johann" in
1411:
1409:
1407:
1353:Speaight, George. "All froth and bubble",
1297:ed. L. Macy (Accessed December 04, 2008),
1168:"Burlesque News – The Growth of Burlesque"
1077:Vancouver International Burlesque Festival
860:Advertisement for a burlesque troupe, 1898
2125:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1842:, 18 May 2008, accessed 19 September 2009
1795:St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture
1454:Lamb, Andrew (1992), "Ziehrer, C. M." in
1315:
1313:
1211:
1209:
590:, and the "Burlesque" fourth movement of
582:, the "Rondo-Burleske" third movement of
519:(1760). Another often-performed piece is
1956:, 21 May 2005, accessed 24 February 2011
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1680:
1678:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1293:Fredric Woodbridge Wilson: "Burlesque",
789:. A typical example from a burlesque of
558:1932: Fantaisie burlesque, for piano by
527:. Other examples include the following:
25:
1723:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1525:Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
1389:Stanton, p. 50; and Hunter, Jim (1982)
1221:The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms
1113:
1017:was a serious blow. In New York, Mayor
706:. Other authors of burlesques included
636:, 'Chi mi frena in tal momento?', from
386:Cleopatra, oder Durch drei Jahrtausende
251:Eight Comedies and Eight New Interludes
236:were early examples of such imitation.
1828:
1826:
1578:"Theatrical Humour in the Seventies",
1539:. In an 1896 article on Burlesque in
1500:, BBC Music, accessed 24 February 2011
1479:"Grétry, André-Ernest-Modeste: Works,"
1236:Sankar-Gorton, Eliza (30 April 2015).
497:
2135:Warrack, John and West, Ewan (1992),
2061:Princeton: Princeton University Press
1719:"Edwardes, George Joseph (1855–1915)"
1511:Rachmaninoff: Life, Works, Recordings
818:and parodies of popular songs, opera
424:"Histoire burlesque chantée et jouée"
208:The word first appears in a title in
117:. An example of musical burlesque is
7:
2123:Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre
1623:"Popular Music and the Ballad Opera"
1564:(London: Henry and Co., 1891), p. 44
592:Shostakovich's Violin Concerto No. 1
576:Partita No. 3 for keyboard (BWV 827)
81:, and, in its theatrical form, with
2139:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2111:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2091:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1809:Hartnoll, Phyllis and Peter Found.
1264:Petkovic, John (28 November 2010).
2205:Classic Burlesque: We Aim to Tease
2103:A History of The Musical Burlesque
2059:Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays.
2033:Burlesque and the New Bump-n-Grind
1704:"Mr. D'Auban's 'Startrap' Jumps".
404:composed for a "drame burlesque" (
14:
1737:Hoffos, Signe and Moulder, Bob.
158:particularly in the United States
2226:The Curious Adventures of Kittie
2002:Adams, William Davenport (1904)
1401:, pp. 23–33, 141–146 and 237–242
525:Burleske for piano and orchestra
498:Problems playing this file? See
471:
233:The Knight of the Burning Pestle
188:Literary origins and development
123:Burleske for piano and orchestra
1752:, Vol. 43, Autumn 2006, pp. 1–7
224:'s Pyramus and Thisbe scene in
66:– a joke, ridicule or mockery.
2137:The Oxford Dictionary of Opera
2089:The Oxford Dictionary of Music
1420:The Oxford Dictionary of Music
1037:The Night They Raided Minsky's
650:Victorian theatrical burlesque
546:1920: Burlesque for Piano, by
428:burlesque tale sung and played
292:'s "sly, knowing and courtly"
160:, refers to performances in a
1:
2156:, ed. Stanley Sadie (London)
2153:New Grove Dictionary of Opera
1461:, ed. Stanley Sadie (London)
1458:New Grove Dictionary of Opera
1438:, ed. Stanley Sadie (London)
1435:New Grove Dictionary of Opera
1356:The Times Literary Supplement
515:and the Sinfonia Burlesca by
37:
2170:. Hawthorn Books, Inc 1967,
2017:Allen, Robert Clyde (1991).
1997:A Glossary of Literary Terms
1661:Marvin, Roberta Montemorra.
1131:, accessed 16 February 2011
370:Die lustigen Weiber von Wien
2286:Nudity in theatre and dance
2198:From the collection of the
2168:The American Burlesque Show
2039:Burlesque: A Living History
2008:London: Chatto & Windus
1893:Baker's Dictionary of Music
1393:. London: Faber and Faber,
779:Ruy Blas and the Blasé Roué
694:produced burlesques at the
150:Ruy Blas and the Blasé Roué
2314:
1686:"Shakespearian Burlesques"
1551:, 1 March 1896, pp. 144–45
849:
653:
348:
85:, as presented during the
21:Burlesque (disambiguation)
18:
2041:. BearManor Media, 2009.
2005:A dictionary of the drama
1359:, 1 October 1976, p. 1233
1125:Oxford English Dictionary
1081:Miss Exotic World Pageant
156:A later use of the term,
2231:The History of Burlesque
2107:Sanders, Andrew (1994).
2081:London: Gaity Theatre Co
2064:Hedin, Thomas F. (2001)
1584:, 20 February 1914, p. 9
840:Edwardian musical comedy
622:Prelude in C-sharp minor
69:Burlesque overlaps with
2037:Briggeman, Jane (2009)
1932:, accessed 18 June 2012
1897:(subscription required)
1860:"New Films In London",
1834:"The Almost Naked City"
1819:(subscription required)
1799:(subscription required)
1773:(subscription required)
1769:Encyclopædia Britannica
1727:(subscription required)
1694:(subscription required)
1671:(subscription required)
1667:Cambridge Opera Journal
1651:(subscription required)
1631:(subscription required)
1611:(subscription required)
1537:(subscription required)
1486:(subscription required)
1335:, accessed 18 June 2012
1225:(subscription required)
1157:(subscription required)
1133:(subscription required)
1129:Oxford University Press
698:beginning in 1831 with
227:Midsummer Night's Dream
1864:, 2 August 1943, p. 8
1708:, 17 April 1922, p. 17
1509:Harrison, Max (2006):
1048:
1019:Fiorello H. La Guardia
1010:
888:
861:
782:
739:
682:musical theatre parody
673:
460:
430:) and his 1911 ballet
205:
60:
52:
43:
1978:Winston-Salem Journal
1887:Slonimsky, Nicholas,
1811:"Burlesque, American"
1690:Shakespeare Quarterly
1560:Adams, W. Davenport.
1299:(subscription access)
1046:
1002:
884:
859:
772:
732:
663:
509:Burlesque de Quixotte
459:
394:Bruno Granichstaedten
195:
127:theatrical burlesques
29:
2296:Burlesque performers
2216:History of Burlesque
1621:Moss, Harold Gene.
1391:Tom Stoppard's Plays
1201:Modern English Usage
812:Royal Strand Theatre
616:, which is based on
398:Casimirs Himmelfahrt
295:The Rape of the Lock
202:The Rape of the Lock
104:The Rape of the Lock
19:For other uses, see
2031:Baldwin, Michelle.
1924:Oliverie, Kristin.
1562:A Book of Burlesque
1368:Sanders, pp. 290–91
1243:The Huffington Post
1057:Revel Atlantic City
954:Abbott and Costello
656:Victorian burlesque
639:Lucia di Lammermoor
606:travesties include
382:Das Orakel zu Delfi
241:Miguel de Cervantes
2276:History of theatre
2075:Hollingshead, John
1952:2008-07-20 at the
1915:, 18 February 2012
1839:The New York Times
1745:2011-05-13 at the
1641:Rogers, Delmer D.
1607:Grove Music Online
1533:Grove Music Online
1496:McGregor, Andrew,
1482:Grove Music Online
1304:2008-05-16 at the
1295:Grove Music Online
1145:commedia dell'arte
1049:
1011:
889:
862:
852:American burlesque
846:American burlesque
783:
740:
674:
461:
378:Mahomed's Paradies
206:
44:
2266:Theatrical genres
2166:Zeidman, Irving:
2131:978-0-521-44654-9
2047:978-1-59393-469-9
1965:Clodfelter, Tim.
1947:New York Magazine
1522:According to the
1270:www.cleveland.com
1197:Sir Ernest Gowers
1073:Cabaret Red Light
1025:Lady of Burlesque
1008:Miss Exotic World
733:Sheet music from
670:Carmen up to Data
665:Florence St. John
476:
390:In fĂĽnfzig Jahren
366:Johann Strauss II
147:shows, including
2303:
2085:Kennedy, Michael
2070:The Art Bulletin
1981:
1963:
1957:
1939:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1907:Newman, Martin.
1905:
1899:
1898:
1889:"Burlesque show"
1885:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1832:Caldwell, Mark.
1830:
1821:
1820:
1807:
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1071:groups like
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1034:(1953), and
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978:Phil Silvers
966:Danny Thomas
958:W. C. Fields
950:Eddie Cantor
918:Lili St. Cyr
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832:Edward Terry
828:John D'Auban
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678:extravaganza
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618:Rachmaninoff
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83:extravaganza
68:
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51:
47:
45:
31:
2224:Allan, K.,
1941:Sohn, Amy.
1603:"Burlesque"
1549:The Theatre
1541:The Theatre
1333:MSN Encarta
1217:"Burlesque"
1121:"Burlesque"
1015:Prohibition
990:Red Skelton
942:Fanny Brice
938:Cole Porter
934:Lorenz Hart
930:Margie Hart
922:Blaze Starr
836:Fred Leslie
724:Fred Leslie
708:H. J. Byron
609:Russian Rag
539:BĂ©la BartĂłk
448:Heavyweight
286:mock-heroic
271:mock-heroic
222:Shakespeare
178:and 1979's
95:Shakespeare
41: 1900
2240:Categories
1987:References
1913:The Mirror
1875:Striporama
1181:MyHeritage
1103:Striptease
1083:are held.
1031:Striporama
986:Danny Kaye
982:Sid Caesar
906:Sally Rand
901:soubrettes
893:vaudeville
760:music hall
712:G. R. Sims
687:pastiching
548:Arnold Bax
500:media help
450:) (1927).
410:Stravinsky
349:See also:
338:Travesties
170:striptease
145:Meyer Lutz
141:A. C. Torr
71:caricature
2246:Burlesque
2184:493184629
2077:. (1903)
2057:. (1957)
1862:The Times
1706:The Times
1581:The Times
1329:Burlesque
974:Bert Lahr
970:Al Jolson
926:Ann Corio
816:pastiches
774:Programme
744:pantomime
644:Donizetti
533:Max Reger
440:entitled
433:Petrushka
408:, 1777).
372:, 1868),
48:burlesque
2087:(2006),
1970:Archived
1950:Archived
1743:Archived
1422:, p. 134
1418:(2006),
1378:Hudibras
1302:Archived
1199:(1965).
1087:See also
1079:and the
1069:Agitprop
1040:(1968).
1028:(1943),
946:Mae West
897:Minsky's
756:operetta
523:'s 1890
513:Telemann
483:Burleske
467:Burleske
388:, 1875;
384:, 1872;
380:, 1866;
345:In music
329:sketches
314:doggerel
309:Hudibras
306:'s poem
284:and the
263:pastiche
249:and the
166:cabarets
139:and the
129:include
121:'s 1890
114:Hudibras
79:travesty
54:burlesco
1995:(1999)
1601:et al.
1195:, rev.
1149:"Burla"
1093:Cabaret
1006:, 2005
792:Macbeth
604:ragtime
420:The Fox
406:Matroco
374:Ziehrer
255:Chaucer
175:Cabaret
91:Chaucer
33:Ben-Hur
2291:Satire
2182:
2176:192808
2174:
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1465:
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1063:, and
808:Gaiety
634:sextet
624:, and
588:Mahler
415:Renard
402:Grétry
325:revues
318:satire
282:parody
267:parody
75:parody
1513:p 229
1279:7 May
1249:7 May
1109:Notes
875:olios
820:arias
764:revue
752:opera
612:, by
62:burla
2180:OCLC
2172:OCLC
2158:ISBN
2151:The
2141:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2113:ISBN
2093:ISBN
2043:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1456:The
1440:ISBN
1433:The
1395:ISBN
1281:2015
1251:2015
1067:and
992:and
936:and
928:and
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810:and
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762:and
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598:Jazz
580:Bach
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327:and
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368:(
261:"
23:.
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