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its characteristic yellow hue (in fact it is poisonous to cows and other livestock). A popular children's game involves holding a buttercup up to the chin; a yellow reflection is supposed to indicate a fondness for butter. In ancient Rome, a species of buttercup was held to the skin by slaves
663:, aquatic or terrestrial plants, often with leaves in a rosette at the base of the stem. In many perennial species runners are sent out that will develop new plants with roots and rosettes at the distanced nodes.
544:
Buttercups are found in both hemispheres on all continents aside from
Antarctica, and are primarily found in temperate or montane habitats. They likely originated in northern Eurasia during the late
1079:
can occur where buttercups are abundant in overgrazed fields where little other edible plant growth is left, and the animals eat them out of desperation. Symptoms of poisoning include bloody
471:
Buttercups usually flower in the spring, but flowers may be found throughout the summer, especially where the plants are growing as opportunistic colonizers, as in the case of garden weeds.
737:, especially in yellow species, owing to a special coloration mechanism: the petal's upper surface is very smooth causing a mirror-like reflection. The flash aids in attracting
552:
and rapidly radiated up to the present, dispersing worldwide. Fossil evidence suggests that despite no longer occurring there, they inhabited
Antarctica up to the mid-late
2149:
412:
2188:
1702:
Emadzade, K.; Lehnebach, C.; Lockhart, P.; Hörandl, E. (2010). "A molecular phylogeny, morphology and classification of genera of
Ranunculeae (Ranunculaceae)".
1848:
1511:
2097:
768:
977:
into several genera has thus been published in a 2010 classification for the tribe
Ranunculeae. The split (and often re-recognized) genera include
2162:
2110:
1075:
when eaten fresh, but their acrid taste and the blistering of the mouth caused by their poison means they are usually left uneaten. Poisoning in
2237:
442:
The genus is distributed worldwide, primarily in temperate and montane regions. The familiar and widespread buttercup of gardens throughout
2350:
1036:
917:
was tossing his eyes up in the air and catching them again when Eagle snatched them. Unable to see, Coyote made eyes from the buttercup.
2006:
702:
that are sometimes flushed with red, purple or pink (but the petals may be absent or have a different, sometimes much higher number).
2011:
1686:
1661:
1536:
751:
500:, "frog"). They have two different leaf types, thread-like leaves underwater and broader floating leaves. In some species, such as
1023:
Tamura. Not all taxonomists and users accept this splitting of the genus, and it can alternatively be treated in the broad sense.
678:, entire, more or less deeply incised, or compound, and leaflets or leaf segments may be very fine and linear in aquatic species.
2312:
2136:
786:
2286:
1597:
1588:
Roadside Plants and
Flowers: A Traveler's Guide to the Midwest and Great Lakes Area: With a Few Familiar Off-Road Wildflowers
1107:
in humans and care should therefore be exercised in extensive handling of the plants. The toxins are degraded by drying, so
2167:
1566:
804:
2345:
2175:
1227:"The biogeographical history of the cosmopolitan genus Ranunculus L. (Ranunculaceae) in the temperate to meridional zones"
604:
1980:
1957:
1781:
1754:
152:
2291:
2250:
1365:
Huang, Yong-Jiang; Zhu, Hai; Su, Tao; Spicer, Robert A.; Hu, Jin-Jin; Jia, Lin-Bo; Zhou, Zhe-Kun (September 2022).
1120:
275:
35:
1059:, may justify the uses of these species against fever, rheumatism and rubefacient in Asian traditional medicines.
2193:
1147:
2255:
624:
608:
138:
452:, which has extremely tough and tenacious roots. Two other species are also widespread, the bulbous buttercup
2084:
1532:
1367:"Rise of herbaceous diversity at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: First insight from fossils"
2058:
1900:
776:
1985:
2224:
2089:
2063:
1867:
1280:
893:
In the interior of the
Pacific Northwest of the United States, the buttercup is called "Coyote's eyes"—
2115:
1309:"Neogene vegetation of the Meyer Desert Formation (Sirius Group) Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica"
2317:
2203:
2019:
1425:
1320:
1238:
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may be few, but often many are arranged in a spiral, are yellow or sometimes white, and with yellow
2340:
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847:
722:
635:
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environment. The oldest potential fossil is from the Late Eocene (initially identified as
Miocene)
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2211:
2154:
1993:
1682:
1657:
1626:
1593:
1493:
1441:
1386:
1346:
Mai, Dieter Hans (2007). "The floral change in the tertiary of the Rhön mountains (Germany)".
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1938:
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is not monophyletic with respect to a number of other recognized genera in the family—e.g.
2076:
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841:
443:
420:
190:
128:
1821:. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area
2050:
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Phylogenetic
Affinities, Species Delimitation and Adaptive Radiation of New Zealand
2304:
945:
529:
482:), which grow in still or running water, are sometimes treated in a separate genus
268:
213:
1998:
1949:
1462:
Van der Kooi, Casper; Elzenga, Theo; Dijksterhuis, Jan; Stavenga, Doekele (2017).
825:
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are not fused and are also arranged in a spiral, mostly on a globe or dome-shaped
1962:
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Emadzade, Khatere; Gehrke, Berit; Peter Linder, H.; Hörandl, Elvira (2011).
1076:
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652:
549:
111:
2268:
1497:
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878:. This probably refers to many species being found near water, like frogs.
694:, have usually five (but occasionally as few as three or as many as seven)
17:
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Aslam, M.S.; Choudhari, B.S.; Uzair, M.; Ijaz, A.S. (2012). "The genus
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1656:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 641, 1007.
2037:
1885:
1512:"Buttercups focus light to heat their flowers and attract insects"
699:
695:
634:
513:
164:
1841:
1681:. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. pp. 54, 275.
1615:"A corpus of inscriptions: Representing slave marks in antiquity"
465:
1898:
858:) may be smooth or hairy, winged, nobby or have hooked spines.
27:
2024:
1108:
556:, even while glaciations were rapidly altering the landscape.
1737:
International
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
490:
1861:
890:
attempting to remove forehead tattoos made by their owners.
1158:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022
400:
385:
30:"Buttercup" redirects here. For the variety of squash, see
464:. In ornamental gardens, all three are often regarded as
394:
1782:"Are buttercups poisonous to horses? We ask the experts…"
391:
382:
373:
925:
Molecular investigation of the genus has revealed that
599:
of China. Indeterminate achenes have been found from
446:(and introduced elsewhere) is the creeping buttercup
403:
388:
379:
1735:: A phytochemical and ethnopharmacological review".
1592:. North Coast Books. University of Wisconsin Press.
885:
may derive from a false belief that the plants give
717:. The sometimes few but mostly many green or yellow
397:
370:
1907:
376:
1585:
536:selected for large and brightly coloured flowers.
1313:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
528:. Some species are popular ornamental flowers in
1464:"Functional optics of glossy buttercup flowers"
1302:
1300:
894:
1819:Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
904:
8:
1527:
1525:
709:that is naked or may be covered by a scale.
698:and usually, five yellow, greenish or white
1565:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879).
1035:species in traditional medicines are as an
1895:
733:The petals of buttercups are often highly
506:, a third, intermediate leaf type occurs.
127:
42:
1487:
705:At the base of each petal is usually one
1095:plants are handled, naturally occurring
840:
824:
1619:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
1457:
1455:
1307:Ashworth, A; Cantrill, D (2004-10-07).
1136:
747:
1468:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1142:
1140:
1852:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.
1231:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1192:. World Flora Online Consortium. 2022
1177:
1175:
1173:
1111:containing dried buttercups is safe.
874:for "little frog", the diminutive of
745:of the flower's reproductive organs.
458:and the much taller meadow buttercup
7:
2292:1e2b993b-1a98-4e75-99d6-3e86dd1227ae
2204:72252b5a-8169-45a1-b887-53437cfbc764
1371:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
427:. Members of the genus are known as
1780:Bateman, Stephanie (May 25, 2021).
611:, which appear to have inhabited a
2256:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30002060-2
1103:, which is known to cause contact
595:is known from the Pliocene of the
25:
1761:. Botanical Dermatology Database
1548:, New Zealand: Massey University
854:The fruits (in this case called
803:
785:
767:
750:
512:species are used as food by the
366:
151:
1152:L., Sp. Pl. : 548 (1753)"
1:
1333:10.1016/S0031-0182(04)00359-1
1001:Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray,
655:, but occasionally annual or
625:Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell
575:have been described from the
1412:Cockerell, T. D. A. (1922).
605:Meyer Desert Formation biota
2351:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1251:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.002
2367:
1584:Edsall, Marian S. (1985).
1573:. Perseus Digital Library.
1212:Sunset Western Garden Book
1156:Plants of the World Online
1121:List of Ranunculus species
1118:
997:(Prantl) Beurl. ex Rydb.,
491:
36:Buttercup (disambiguation)
29:
1811:"GRIN Species Records of
1214:. 1995. pp. 606–607.
1051:species of, for example,
579:Borsoni Formation in the
288:
281:
274:
267:
148:Scientific classification
146:
136:Eschscholtz's buttercup (
135:
126:
45:
1890:) Fields of Carlsbad, CA
1071:(buttercup) species are
1031:The most common uses of
1027:Pharmacological activity
609:Transantarctic Mountains
593:Ranunculus cf. tachiroei
139:Ranunculus eschscholtzii
1857:Jepson Manual treatment
1849:Encyclopædia Britannica
1613:Kamen, Deborah (2010).
1099:is broken down to form
1047:. The findings in some
905:
895:
1480:10.1098/rsif.2016.0933
973:. A proposal to split
921:Splitting of the genus
851:
838:
777:Ranunculus glaberrimus
743:temperature regulation
651:Buttercups are mostly
643:
641:Ranunculus glaberrimus
520:species including the
34:. For other uses, see
2225:Paleobiology Database
844:
828:
774:Sagebrush buttercup (
688:hermaphrodite flowers
638:
569:Ranunculus tanaiticus
474:The water crowfoots (
2346:Ranunculaceae genera
1654:Nez Perce dictionary
1652:Aoki, Haruo (1994).
1414:"A Fossil Buttercup"
812:Ranunculus asiaticus
792:Creeping buttercup (
760:Ranunculus glacialis
617:Florissant Formation
565:Ranunculus gailensis
1679:Umatilla dictionary
1677:Rude, Noel (2014).
1518:. 25 February 2017.
1430:1922Natur.109...42C
1325:2004PPP...213...65A
1243:2011MolPE..58....4E
848:Ranunculus arvensis
833:showing developing
815:, a cultivated form
690:are single or in a
455:Ranunculus bulbosus
276:About 1,700 species
1870:2016-02-16 at the
1843:"Ranunculus"
1718:10.1002/tax.593011
1571:A Latin Dictionary
1348:Acta Paleobotanica
1190:World Flora Online
1045:intermittent fever
852:
839:
757:Glacier buttercup
644:
597:Hengduan Mountains
526:small angle shades
2328:
2327:
2212:Open Tree of Life
1901:Taxon identifiers
1786:Horse & Hound
1474:(127): 20160933.
1383:10.1111/jse.12755
913:. In the legend,
845:Infrutescence of
795:Ranunculus repens
729:Reflective petals
449:Ranunculus repens
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989:Callianthemoides
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896:ʔiceyéeyenm sílu
881:The common name
807:
789:
771:
754:
676:palmately veined
666:The leaves lack
623:, identified by
603:strata from the
522:Hebrew character
499:
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51:Temporal range:
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32:Buttercup squash
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906:spilyaynmí áčaš
866:The genus name
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1862:All about the
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1835:External links
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1281:"Ranunculales"
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1119:Main article:
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415:of about 1750
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2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
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2177:
2173:
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2078:
2073:
2069:
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2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1925:
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1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
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1734:
1727:
1724:
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1688:9780295994284
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1663:9780520097636
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1516:New Scientist
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1358:
1354:(1): 135–143.
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1349:
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1330:
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1106:
1102:
1101:protoanemonin
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1094:
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1053:protoanemonin
1050:
1046:
1042:
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1037:antirheumatic
1034:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1021:Peltocalathos
1018:
1017:
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1011:
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995:
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986:
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965:
964:Paroxygraphis
960:
959:
954:
953:
948:
947:
942:
941:
936:
932:
931:Ceratocephala
928:
920:
918:
916:
912:
907:
902:
897:
891:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
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857:
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829:Seed head of
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736:
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707:nectary gland
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566:
560:Fossil record
559:
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511:
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425:Ranunculaceae
422:
418:
414:
408:
364:
363:
349:
346:
341:
338:
333:
330:
325:
324:Glossophyllum
322:
317:
316:Ceratocephala
314:
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301:
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293:
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280:
277:
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235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:Ranunculaceae
222:
219:
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212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
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189:
186:
183:
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179:
178:Tracheophytes
176:
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134:
130:
125:
118:
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108:
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98:
93:
88:
83:
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41:
37:
33:
19:
1908:
1887:
1886:The Flower (
1878:
1863:
1847:
1823:. Retrieved
1818:
1812:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1756:
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1740:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1678:
1672:
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1622:
1618:
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1579:
1570:
1567:"rānuncŭlus"
1560:
1550:, retrieved
1541:
1537:
1515:
1506:
1471:
1467:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1351:
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1288:. Retrieved
1284:
1275:
1234:
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1189:
1184:
1160:. Retrieved
1155:
1149:
1092:
1083:, excessive
1068:
1066:
1048:
1032:
1030:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
999:Cyrtorhyncha
998:
992:
988:
982:
979:Arcteranthis
978:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
946:Laccopetalum
944:
938:
934:
930:
926:
924:
892:
882:
880:
875:
867:
865:
853:
846:
830:
810:
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775:
758:
741:insects and
732:
704:
685:
665:
650:
640:
592:
568:
564:
563:
543:
540:Distribution
532:, with many
530:horticulture
509:
508:
503:R. aquatilis
501:
496:
483:
479:
475:
473:
470:
459:
453:
447:
441:
436:
432:
428:
361:
360:
359:
347:
340:Laccopetalum
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
299:
292:Aphanostemma
291:
254:
253:
214:Ranunculales
197:
184:
171:
137:
46:
40:
2124:iNaturalist
1933:Wikispecies
1765:October 18,
1743:(5): 15–22.
1237:(1): 4–21.
1041:rubefacient
935:Halerpestes
739:pollinating
631:Description
613:periglacial
518:Lepidoptera
413:large genus
244:Ranunculeae
230:Subfamily:
191:Angiosperms
55:Late Eocene
2341:Ranunculus
2335:Categories
2142:30002060-2
2077:Ranunculus
2012:Ranunculus
1939:Ranunculus
1909:Ranunculus
1888:Ranunculus
1879:Ranunculus
1864:Ranunculus
1813:Ranunculus
1757:Ranunculus
1733:Ranunculus
1625:: 95–110.
1599:0299097048
1552:2024-06-26
1540:Ranunculus
1290:2024-03-26
1196:6 November
1185:Ranunculus
1162:6 November
1150:Ranunculus
1126:References
1105:dermatitis
1097:ranunculin
1093:Ranunculus
1085:salivation
1069:Ranunculus
1049:Ranunculus
1033:Ranunculus
984:Beckwithia
975:Ranunculus
958:Oxygraphis
927:Ranunculus
872:Late Latin
868:Ranunculus
831:Ranunculus
723:receptacle
661:herbaceous
639:Flower of
583:, central
510:Ranunculus
484:Batrachium
480:Batrachium
476:Ranunculus
433:spearworts
429:buttercups
362:Ranunculus
308:Beckwithia
303:(DC.) Gray
300:Batrachium
295:A.St.-Hil.
255:Ranunculus
47:Ranunculus
18:Buttercups
2046:FloraBase
1881:home page
1825:8 January
1791:March 24,
1631:0065-6801
1446:1476-4687
1399:235550327
1391:1674-4918
1259:1055-7903
1077:livestock
1073:poisonous
1016:Kumlienia
994:Coptidium
940:Hamadryas
901:Nez Perce
883:buttercup
653:perennial
627:in 1922.
591:labelled
550:Oligocene
534:cultivars
497:bátrakhos
478:subgenus
332:Kumlienia
269:Diversity
161:Kingdom:
2287:VicFlora
2276:VASCAN:
2269:40022595
2264:Tropicos
2007:eFloraSA
1970:BioLib:
1918:Wikidata
1868:Archived
1639:41419689
1535:(2008),
1498:28228540
1267:21078403
1081:diarrhea
1063:Toxicity
1057:anemonin
1007:Guett.,
991:Tamura,
981:Greene,
952:Myosurus
911:Sahaptin
735:lustrous
672:petioles
668:stipules
657:biennial
621:Colorado
577:Pliocene
554:Pliocene
516:of some
492:βάτραχος
348:Myosurus
283:Synonyms
220:Family:
204:Eudicots
57:–present
2155:1256294
2103:3033294
1924:Q146130
1489:5332578
1426:Bibcode
1321:Bibcode
1239:Bibcode
1115:Species
1039:, as a
1010:Krapfia
1004:Ficaria
987:Jeps.,
856:achenes
835:achenes
719:carpels
711:Anthers
682:Flowers
670:, have
607:in the
601:Neogene
589:Achenes
585:Germany
573:fossils
417:species
319:Moench.
250:Genus:
240:Tribe:
210:Order:
165:Plantae
2318:416215
2238:PLANTS
2230:331065
2217:387812
2201:NZOR:
2090:127971
2064:127971
1986:121196
1950:194285
1947:APDB:
1685:
1660:
1637:
1629:
1596:
1496:
1486:
1444:
1418:Nature
1397:
1389:
1265:
1257:
915:Coyote
887:butter
862:Naming
715:pollen
700:petals
696:sepals
674:, are
546:Eocene
514:larvae
486:(from
335:Greene
327:Fourr.
2313:WoRMS
2243:RANUN
2168:18558
2150:IRMNG
2129:48230
2116:10248
2072:FoAO2
2051:21436
2038:1RANG
2025:37662
1973:38386
1963:93224
1705:Taxon
1635:JSTOR
1395:S2CID
1131:Notes
1089:colic
1013:DC.,
821:Fruit
647:Plant
571:seed
488:Greek
466:weeds
411:is a
343:Ulbr.
311:Jeps.
198:Clade
185:Clade
172:Clade
2279:1610
2251:POWO
2194:3445
2189:NCBI
2163:ITIS
2137:IPNI
2111:GRIN
2098:GBIF
2033:EPPO
1999:774N
1981:BOLD
1958:APNI
1877:The
1827:2008
1793:2022
1767:2013
1683:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1627:ISSN
1594:ISBN
1494:PMID
1442:ISSN
1387:ISSN
1263:PMID
1255:ISSN
1198:2022
1164:2022
1067:All
967:and
903:and
876:rana
692:cyme
686:The
567:and
524:and
435:and
62:PreꞒ
2300:WFO
2176:NBN
2085:FoC
2059:FNA
2020:EoL
1994:CoL
1714:doi
1484:PMC
1476:doi
1434:doi
1422:109
1379:doi
1329:doi
1317:213
1247:doi
1187:L."
1109:hay
909:in
899:in
870:is
619:of
548:or
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