1179:
3142:
3147:
147:
3170:
124:
704:
1465:
584:
624:
be relatively long and shallow, suggesting that the bite was not as powerful. The inside of the lower jaws also bore a complex series of ridges and toothlike processes, as well as a pair of horizontal, shelf-like structures. Furthermore, the jaws were unusual in being hollow and air filled, apparently being connected to the air sac system.
675:. While before 2010s only about two to six species were commonly recognized as belonging to the Caenagnathidae, currently that number may be much greater, with new discoveries and theories about older species that may inflate this number to up to ten. Much of this historical difference centers on the first caenagnathid to be described,
623:
Overall, the anatomy of the caenagnathids is similar to that of the closely related
Oviraptoridae, but there are a number of differences. In particular, caenagnathid jaws exhibited a distinct suite of specializations not seen in other oviraptorosaurs. Compared to the oviraptorids, the jaws tended to
627:
Analysis of oviraptorosaur functional morphology reveals that caenagnathids were not as well suited to herbivory as more primitive oviraptorosaurs, and their close relatives, the oviraptorids. Their mandibles have a lower mechanical advantage anteriorly but not posteriorly, similar to the
2040:
571:) based on features of the lower jaw. Since it would be unusual to find a recent group of birds in the Cretaceous, the name "recent jaws" was applied. Most paleontologists, however, now think that the birdlike features of the jaw were acquired
1219:
is long and shovel-shaped. This variation in size and beak shape suggests that caenagnathids evolved to exploit a range of ecological niches. Caenagnathids persisted up until the end of the
Cretaceous period, as shown by the presence of
538:. Like other oviraptorosaurs, caenagnathids had specialized beaks, long necks, and short tails, and would have been covered in feathers. The relationships of caenagnathids were long a puzzle. The family was originally named by
1194:. Caenagnathids likely dispersed to Asia from North America with some caenagnathids later reappearing in western North America, during the Campanian. Caenagnathids showed considerable variation in form. The tiny jaws of
542:
in 1940 as a family of flightless birds. The discovery of skeletons of the related oviraptorids revealed that they were in fact non-avian theropods, and the discovery of more complete caenagnathid remains revealed that
1240:
Roughly a dozen caenagnathid species have been named, but it remains unclear how many are valid. Many species are known from fragmentary remains, such as jaws, hands, or feet, making comparisons between them difficult.
691:
was recovered, but the discovery of a new specimen with both hands and feet preserved provided the support to combine them, while the later discovery of a partial skull with hands and feet suggested that
635:
Caenagnathids also tended to be more lightly built than the oviraptorids. They had slender arms and long, gracile legs, although they lacked the extreme cursorial specializations seen in avimimids and
1253:(described on the basis of a foot), but because no complete skeleton is known, it is difficult to be certain which animal it belongs to. The relationships of other species remain in doubt.
1208:
is a caenagnathid, then it would represent far and away the largest member of the group, measuring up to 8 meters (26 ft) in length and weighing up to 2 metric tons (2.2 short tons).
1540:
Osmólska, H., P. J. Currie, et al. (2004). Oviraptorosauria. The
Dinosauria. D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson and H. Osmolska. Berkeley, University of California Press: 165-183.
2135:
Longrich, N. R.; Barnes, K.; Clark, S.; Millar, L. (2013). "Caenagnathidae from the Upper
Campanian Aguja Formation of West Texas, and a Revision of the Caenagnathinae".
1858:
Pu, H.; Zelenitsky, D. K.; Lü, J.; Currie, P. J.; Carpenter, K.; Xu, L.; Koppelhus, E. B.; Jia, S.; Xiao, L.; Chuang, H.; Li, T.; Kundrát, M.; Shen, C. (2017).
1908:
1843:
1553:
Currie, P. J.; Godfrey, S. J.; et al. (1993). "New caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) specimens from the Upper
Cretaceous of North America and Asia".
2366:
Currie, P.J.; Godfrey, S.J.; Nesov, L.A. (1994). "New caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) specimens from the Upper
Cretaceous of North America and Asia".
2431:
2174:
3250:
1922:
3309:
608:, estimated around 7.5–8 m (25–26 ft) in length. Other caenagnathids were slightly smaller, such as the 3 m (9.8 ft) long
679:. Due to the poor preservation of most caenagnathid remains and resulting misidentifications, different bones and different specimens of
3163:
2078:
Sereno, Paul C. (1998-11-10). "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of
Dinosauria ".
1478:
1232:
in the late
Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation, before vanishing at the end of the Cretaceous along with all other non-avian dinosaurs.
1447:
Caenagnathids are only known from the Late
Cretaceous of North America and Asia. The earliest and most primitive known caenagnathid is
2309:
1940:
Zanno, L. E.; Sampson, S. D. (2005). "A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late
Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah".
563:(and hence Caenagnathidae) means "recent jaws"—when first discovered, it was thought that caenagnathids were close relatives of
2253:"Caenagnathids of the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada: anatomy, osteohistology, taxonomy, and evolution"
632:, and are less robust, which makes them more suited to quicker prey capture, with their pointed beaks aiding in slashing prey.
596:
Caenagnathids were some of the largest oviraptorosaurs that ever existed. The largest members are represented by the enormous
3141:
2424:
1595:
Sues, H. D. (1997). "On Chirostenotes, a Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America".
700:
were the same animal, and current studies of caenagnathid relationships continue to find them as closely related genera.
146:
3146:
2404:
1379:
1279:
2417:
1386:
1322:
1298:
1010:
842:
787:
1953:
3173:
2528:
1754:
Cracraft, J. (1971). "Caenagnathiformes: Cretaceous birds convergent in jaw mechanism to dicynodont reptiles".
1500:"A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the end-Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of North America"
1374:
1027:
353:
2252:
683:
have historically been assigned to a number of different species. For example, the feet of one species, named
539:
248:
1982:"A New Large-Bodied Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America"
1339:
1327:
1315:
3304:
3190:
1435:
3276:
2813:
1410:
1403:
1391:
1334:
1178:
1077:
665:
656:
268:
1245:, for example, was described on the basis of a jaw bone. It has been interpreted as either the jaws of
2327:"A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia"
3237:
2582:
2375:
2338:
1993:
1871:
1810:
1684:
1604:
1562:
1363:
1267:
979:
572:
3228:
2704:
2203:
1776:
1440:
1398:
1286:
859:
496:
1257:
was originally interpreted as an oviraptorid, but may in fact represent a primitive caenagnathid.
2555:
2233:
2152:
2113:
Sternberg, C. H. (1932). "Two new theropod dinosaurs from the Belly River Formation of Alberta".
1957:
1834:
1700:
1422:
1303:
1191:
892:
763:
483:
141:
3281:
1632:"New oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Mongolia: The first dinosaur with a pygostyle"
3263:
2732:
2697:
2305:
2274:
2095:
2060:
2021:
1899:
1860:"Perinate and eggs of a giant caenagnathid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of central China"
1826:
1631:
1204:, from the Hell Creek Formation is a much larger animal, considerably larger than a human. If
3268:
2917:
2650:
2628:
2594:
2440:
2383:
2346:
2297:
2264:
2223:
2199:
2144:
2087:
2052:
2011:
2001:
1949:
1889:
1879:
1818:
1772:
1736:
1692:
1612:
1570:
1521:
1511:
1470:
1428:
1351:
1346:
1291:
943:
811:
531:
441:
39:
1675:
Osmólska, H (1976). "New light on the skull anatomy and systematic position of Oviraptor".
551:, originally thought to be an ornithomimid, named from a foot, were caenagnathids as well.
2842:
2755:
2739:
2513:
1498:
Atkins-Weltman, K. L.; Simon, D. J.; Woodward, H. N.; Funston, G. F.; Snively, E. (2024).
1415:
1310:
926:
652:
629:
383:
230:
43:
2379:
2342:
1997:
1875:
1814:
1688:
1608:
1566:
1526:
1499:
3110:
3096:
2903:
2880:
2690:
2675:
2016:
1981:
1894:
1859:
1449:
421:
3298:
3082:
3060:
3001:
2985:
2932:
2806:
2792:
2716:
2351:
2326:
2156:
1961:
648:
604:
535:
523:
512:
333:
313:
81:
2237:
2091:
1182:
Comparison between the lower jaw of several oviraptorosaurs, including caenagnathids
3053:
3009:
2967:
2910:
2853:
2827:
2497:
1838:
1798:
1704:
1616:
1367:
564:
431:
363:
257:
123:
2006:
1516:
3222:
3103:
3036:
2974:
2896:
2889:
2725:
2567:
1273:
1262:
1200:
1060:
616:
589:
411:
401:
133:
56:
1630:
Barsbold, R.; Osmolska, H.; Watabe, M.; Currie, P. J.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2000).
3117:
3068:
2945:
2869:
2799:
2785:
2778:
2479:
2470:
2301:
2056:
1460:
1358:
598:
519:
471:
323:
303:
293:
204:
101:
66:
3213:
2278:
2099:
2064:
3075:
3024:
3017:
2952:
2820:
2682:
2540:
2488:
1727:(Saurischia, Theropoda) from the Judith River Oldman Formation of Alberta".
739:
703:
671:
610:
343:
217:
158:
106:
50:
17:
2228:
2207:
2025:
1903:
1830:
1656:
Sternberg, R.M. (1940). "A toothless bird from the Cretaceous of Alberta".
711:
Hendrickx and colleagues (2015) defined a subgroup of Caenagnathidae, the
583:
3207:
2994:
2959:
2834:
2668:
2464:
2148:
1224:
and another, unnamed species of elmisaurine (all caenagnathids closer to
515:
373:
191:
178:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
1884:
1822:
3255:
2862:
2269:
568:
461:
111:
86:
2458:
1696:
168:
3184:
2387:
1980:
Lamanna, M. C.; Sues, H.-D.; Schachner, E. R.; Lyson, T. R. (2014).
1740:
1723:
Currie, P.J.; Russell, D.A. (1988). "Osteology and relationships of
1574:
2409:
3089:
3045:
2175:"An overview of non-avian theropod discoveries and classification"
2173:
Hendrickx, Christophe; Hartman, Scott A.; Mateus, Octávio (2015).
2041:"Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress and New Frontiers"
1177:
702:
660:
582:
280:
3242:
1799:"A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China"
663:
Caenagnathidae is defined as the most inclusive group containing
527:
3188:
2451:
2413:
2325:
Nicholas R. Longrich; Philip J. Currie; Dong Zhi-Ming (2010).
647:
The family Caenagnathidae, together with its sister group the
2080:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
727:
is defined as including all species more closely related to
1954:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:anotmf]2.0.co;2
1779:, and Osmólska, H. (1990). "Oviraptorosauria." pg. 249-258
2296:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 67–162.
547:, originally named on the basis of a pair of hands, and
1797:
Xing, X.; Tan, Q.; Wang, J.; Zhao, X.; Tan, L. (2007).
1211:
Their beaks also show considerable variation; that of
1198:
suggest a small animal, perhaps the size of a turkey.
742:
below follows an analysis by Gregory Funston in 2020.
1548:
1546:
467:
457:
449:
437:
427:
417:
407:
397:
389:
379:
369:
359:
349:
339:
329:
319:
309:
299:
289:
264:
3197:
3035:
2984:
2931:
2879:
2852:
2764:
2753:
2715:
2648:
2593:
2566:
2539:
2512:
1718:
1716:
1714:
2045:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
2137:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History
2208:"New specimens of the crested theropod dinosaur
2130:
2128:
1923:"'Baby Dragon' Dinosaur Found Inside Giant Egg"
1270:, North Dakota and South Dakota, United States)
1249:(described on the basis of a pair of hands) or
715:, as all caenagnathids more closely related to
1975:
1973:
1971:
2425:
2182:PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology
1453:, from the Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan.
687:, were known from the same region from which
8:
2405:Overview of Caenagnathidae by Jaime Headden.
1787:, University of California Press (Berkeley).
1215:is relatively short and deep, while that of
2257:Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology
3185:
2937:
2770:
2761:
2660:
2656:
2645:
2572:
2545:
2518:
2509:
2448:
2432:
2418:
2410:
122:
31:
2350:
2268:
2227:
2039:Pittman, Michael; Xu, Xing (2020-08-21).
2015:
2005:
1893:
1883:
1853:
1851:
1525:
1515:
1783:Weishampel, Dodson, and Osmolska (eds.)
1490:
2294:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
2292:Paul, Gregory S. (2010). "Theropods".
614:, or the 3.5 m (11 ft) long
2168:
2166:
7:
1479:Timeline of oviraptorosaur research
1186:The earliest known caenagnathid is
1052:
1002:
995:
971:
918:
908:
884:
834:
827:
803:
779:
755:
745:
2368:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1942:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1729:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1597:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1555:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
25:
3169:
3168:
3145:
3140:
2352:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00968.x
1463:
145:
2251:Funston, Gregory (2020-07-27).
707:Caenagnathid skeletons to scale
1617:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011018
1:
3310:Prehistoric dinosaur families
2216:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2115:The Canadian Field-Naturalist
1639:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2007:10.1371/journal.pone.0092022
1517:10.1371/journal.pone.0294901
1443:, New Mexico, United States)
1190:, from the Early Cretaceous
651:, comprises the superfamily
587:Skeletal reconstruction of
530:. They are a member of the
27:Extinct family of dinosaurs
3326:
2222:(1): 143–157 (2014–2016).
1380:Horseshoe Canyon Formation
1280:Horseshoe Canyon Formation
3158:
3138:
2940:
2773:
2663:
2659:
2644:
2625:
2575:
2548:
2521:
2508:
2447:
2302:10.1515/9781400836154.67b
2092:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41
2057:10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1
1909:Supplementary Information
1844:Supplementary Information
1725:Chirostenotes pergracilis
1450:Caenagnathasia martinsoni
1387:Gigantoraptor erlianensis
1323:Chirostenotes pergracilis
1299:Caenagnathasia martinsoni
1247:Chirostenotes pergracilis
1206:Gigantoraptor erlianensis
1074:
1057:
1050:
1024:
1011:Caenagnathasia martinsoni
1007:
1000:
993:
976:
969:
940:
923:
916:
906:
889:
882:
856:
843:Chirostenotes pergracilis
839:
832:
825:
808:
801:
788:Gigantoraptor erlianensis
784:
777:
760:
753:
689:Chirostenotes pergracilis
685:Macrophalangia canadensis
677:Chirostenotes pergracilis
545:Chirostenotes pergracilis
489:
482:
286:
279:
263:
256:
142:Scientific classification
140:
130:
121:
34:
1929:. Culture & History.
1394:, Inner Mongolia, China)
1375:Epichirostenotes curriei
1028:Epichirostenotes curriei
540:Raymond Martin Sternberg
1921:Engelhaupt, E. (2017).
1756:Journal of Paleontology
1658:Journal of Paleontology
1418:, Texas, United States)
1340:Dinosaur Park Formation
1328:Dinosaur Park Formation
1316:Dinosaur Park Formation
1243:Caenagnathus sternbergi
672:Oviraptor philoceratops
534:, and relatives of the
511:is a family of derived
131:Reconstructed skull of
2229:10.4202/app.00130.2014
1436:Ojoraptorsaurus boerei
1406:, Utah, United States)
1183:
708:
593:
3277:Paleobiology Database
1864:Nature Communications
1411:Leptorhynchos gaddisi
1404:Kaiparowits Formation
1392:Iren Dabasu Formation
1359:Eoneophron infernalis
1335:Caenagnathus collinsi
1251:Chirostenotes elegans
1181:
1078:Caenagnathus collinsi
733:Caenagnathus collinsi
717:Caenagnathus collinsi
706:
666:Caenagnathus collinsi
657:phylogenetic taxonomy
586:
269:Caenagnathus collinsi
2149:10.3374/014.054.0102
1561:(10–11): 2255–2272.
1364:Hell Creek Formation
1275:Apatoraptor pennatus
1268:Hell Creek Formation
980:Apatoraptor pennatus
2705:Scansoriopterygidae
2380:1993CaJES..30.2255C
2343:2010Palgy..53..945L
1998:2014PLoSO...992022L
1927:National Geographic
1885:10.1038/ncomms14952
1876:2017NatCo...814952P
1823:10.1038/nature05849
1815:2007Natur.447..844X
1689:1976Natur.262..683O
1609:1997JVPal..17..698S
1567:1993CaJES..30.2255C
1441:Ojo Alamo Formation
1399:Hagryphus giganteus
1287:Beibeilong sinensis
860:Hagryphus giganteus
575:with modern birds.
567:birds (such as the
2270:10.18435/vamp29362
1423:Nomingia gobiensis
1382:, Alberta, Canada)
1342:, Alberta, Canada)
1330:, Alberta, Canada)
1318:, Alberta, Canada)
1304:Bissekty Formation
1192:Cloverly Formation
1188:Microvenator celer
1184:
893:Nomingia gobiensis
764:Microvenator celer
709:
594:
3292:
3291:
3264:Open Tree of Life
3191:Taxon identifiers
3182:
3181:
3154:
3153:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
2927:
2926:
2749:
2748:
2733:Similicaudipteryx
2698:Protarchaeopteryx
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2374:(10): 2255–2272.
2202:; Funston, G.F.;
1809:(7146): 844−847.
1683:(5570): 683–684.
1170:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1039:
1038:
955:
954:
871:
870:
506:
505:
500:
252:
16:(Redirected from
3317:
3285:
3284:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3186:
3172:
3171:
3149:
3144:
2938:
2918:Epichirostenotes
2771:
2762:
2661:
2657:
2651:Oviraptorosauria
2646:
2629:Oviraptorosauria
2595:Oviraptorosauria
2573:
2546:
2519:
2510:
2503:
2502:
2449:
2441:Oviraptorosauria
2434:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2392:
2391:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2210:Elmisaurus rarus
2196:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1912:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1870:(14952): 14952.
1855:
1846:
1842:
1794:
1788:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1720:
1709:
1708:
1697:10.1038/262683a0
1672:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1592:
1579:
1578:
1550:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1519:
1495:
1473:
1471:Dinosaurs portal
1468:
1467:
1466:
1429:Nemegt Formation
1352:Nemegt Formation
1347:Elmisaurus rarus
1292:Gaogou Formation
1053:
1003:
996:
972:
944:Elmisaurus rarus
919:
909:
885:
835:
828:
812:Anomalipes zhaoi
804:
780:
756:
746:
729:Elmisaurus rarus
721:Elmisaurus rarus
532:Oviraptorosauria
495:
469:
459:
451:
442:Epichirostenotes
439:
429:
419:
409:
399:
391:
381:
371:
361:
351:
341:
331:
321:
311:
301:
291:
266:
247:
242:
229:
150:
149:
126:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3267:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3193:
3183:
3178:
3150:
3124:
3031:
2980:
2923:
2875:
2848:
2843:Ojoraptorsaurus
2758:
2756:Caenagnathoidea
2745:
2740:Xingtianosaurus
2711:
2653:
2632:
2609:
2589:
2562:
2535:
2529:Avemetatarsalia
2514:Avemetatarsalia
2504:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2438:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2388:10.1139/e93-196
2365:
2364:
2360:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2038:
2037:
2033:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1771:
1767:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1741:10.1139/e88-097
1722:
1721:
1712:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1594:
1593:
1582:
1575:10.1139/e93-196
1552:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1510:(1). e0294901.
1497:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1416:Aguja Formation
1311:Citipes elegans
1238:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1040:
956:
927:Citipes elegans
872:
653:Caenagnathoidea
645:
581:
557:
549:Citipes elegans
384:Ojoraptorsaurus
275:
274:Sternberg, 1940
272:
246:
240:
231:Caenagnathoidea
227:
144:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
44:Late Cretaceous
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3273:
3260:
3247:
3234:
3229:Caenagnathidae
3219:
3203:
3201:
3199:Caenagnathidae
3195:
3194:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3097:Machairasaurus
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3050:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2904:Caenagnathasia
2900:
2893:
2885:
2883:
2881:Caenagnathinae
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2766:Caenagnathidae
2759:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2694:
2691:Ningyuansaurus
2687:
2679:
2676:Incisivosaurus
2672:
2664:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2399:External links
2397:
2394:
2393:
2358:
2337:(5): 945–960.
2317:
2310:
2284:
2243:
2212:from Mongolia"
2191:
2162:
2124:
2105:
2070:
2031:
1967:
1948:(4): 897–904.
1932:
1913:
1847:
1789:
1785:The Dinosauria
1765:
1746:
1735:(3): 972–986.
1710:
1667:
1648:
1622:
1603:(4): 698–716.
1580:
1542:
1533:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1458:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1432:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1237:
1234:
1213:Caenagnathasia
1196:Caenagnathasia
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
975:
970:
968:
966:Caenagnathinae
962:
961:
958:
957:
953:
952:
949:
948:
939:
936:
935:
932:
931:
922:
917:
915:
907:
905:
902:
901:
898:
897:
888:
883:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
869:
868:
865:
864:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
807:
802:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
783:
778:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
759:
754:
752:
750:Caenagnathidae
744:
713:Caenagnathinae
644:
643:Classification
641:
630:dromaeosaurids
580:
577:
556:
553:
509:Caenagnathidae
504:
503:
502:
501:
487:
486:
480:
479:
478:
477:
476:
475:
465:
447:
446:
445:
435:
425:
422:Caenagnathasia
415:
405:
393:Caenagnathinae
387:
377:
367:
357:
347:
337:
327:
317:
307:
297:
284:
283:
277:
276:
273:
261:
260:
254:
253:
244:Caenagnathidae
238:
234:
233:
225:
221:
220:
215:
208:
207:
202:
195:
194:
189:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3322:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Caenagnathids
3303:
3302:
3300:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3175:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3148:
3143:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:Jiangxisaurus
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:Ganzhousaurus
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:Corythoraptor
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2986:Oviraptorinae
2983:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Oviraptoridae
2930:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2814:Leptorhynchos
2811:
2809:
2808:
2807:Gigantoraptor
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2793:Chirostenotes
2790:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2717:Caudipteridae
2714:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:Palaeontology
2328:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2311:9781400836154
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:Osmólska, H.†
2201:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:(3): e92022.
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:Maryańska, T.
1774:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:, Uzbekistan)
1305:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:Gigantoraptor
1252:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1230:Caenagnathus)
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1004:
998:
997:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
981:
974:
973:
967:
964:
963:
960:
959:
951:
950:
947:
946:
945:
938:
937:
934:
933:
930:
929:
928:
921:
920:
914:
911:
910:
904:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
894:
887:
886:
880:
879:
876:
875:
867:
866:
863:
862:
861:
854:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
844:
837:
836:
830:
829:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
813:
806:
805:
799:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
789:
782:
781:
775:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
765:
758:
757:
751:
748:
747:
743:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
705:
701:
699:
695:
694:Chirostenotes
690:
686:
682:
681:Chirostenotes
678:
674:
673:
668:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:Oviraptoridae
642:
640:
638:
633:
631:
625:
621:
620:
618:
613:
612:
607:
606:
605:Gigantoraptor
601:
600:
592:
591:
585:
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
552:
550:
546:
541:
537:
536:Oviraptoridae
533:
529:
525:
524:North America
521:
517:
514:
513:caenagnathoid
510:
498:
494:
491:
490:
488:
485:
481:
474:
473:
466:
464:
463:
456:
455:
454:
448:
444:
443:
436:
434:
433:
426:
424:
423:
416:
414:
413:
406:
404:
403:
396:
395:
394:
388:
386:
385:
378:
376:
375:
368:
366:
365:
358:
356:
355:
354:Leptorhynchos
348:
346:
345:
338:
336:
335:
334:Gigantoraptor
328:
326:
325:
318:
316:
315:
314:Chirostenotes
308:
306:
305:
298:
296:
295:
288:
287:
285:
282:
278:
271:
270:
262:
259:
255:
250:
245:
239:
236:
235:
232:
226:
224:Superfamily:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
139:
136:
135:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
35:Caenagnathids
33:
30:
19:
3198:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3054:Conchoraptor
3052:
3044:
3023:
3016:
3010:Huanansaurus
3008:
3000:
2993:
2973:
2968:Tongtianlong
2966:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2916:
2911:Caenagnathus
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2868:
2861:
2854:Elmisaurinae
2841:
2833:
2828:Microvenator
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2765:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2627:
2498:Pennaraptora
2493:
2484:
2475:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2293:
2287:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2200:Currie, P.J.
2194:
2185:
2181:
2140:
2136:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2086:(1): 41–83.
2083:
2079:
2073:
2048:
2044:
2034:
1989:
1985:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1916:
1867:
1863:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1773:Barsbold, R.
1768:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1645:(2): 97–106.
1642:
1638:
1625:
1600:
1596:
1558:
1554:
1536:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1448:
1446:
1434:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1368:South Dakota
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1274:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:Caenagnathus
1216:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1076:
1075:
1059:
1058:
1026:
1025:
1009:
1008:
978:
977:
965:
942:
941:
925:
924:
913:Elmisaurinae
912:
891:
890:
858:
857:
841:
840:
810:
809:
786:
785:
762:
761:
749:
737:
732:
728:
725:Elmisaurinae
724:
723:. The group
720:
716:
712:
710:
698:Caenagnathus
697:
693:
688:
684:
680:
676:
670:
664:
646:
636:
634:
626:
622:
615:
609:
603:
597:
595:
588:
573:convergently
561:Caenagnathus
560:
558:
548:
544:
508:
507:
493:Elmisauridae
492:
470:
460:
453:Elmisaurinae
452:
440:
432:Caenagnathus
430:
420:
410:
400:
392:
382:
372:
364:Microvenator
362:
352:
342:
332:
322:
312:
302:
292:
267:
258:Type species
243:
211:
198:
185:
132:
49:110–66
29:
18:Caenagnathid
3223:Wikispecies
3104:Nemegtomaia
3037:Heyuanninae
2897:Apatoraptor
2726:Caudipteryx
2583:Maniraptora
2568:Maniraptora
2263:: 105–153.
1664:(1): 81–85.
1431:, Mongolia)
1354:, Mongolia)
1263:Anzu wyliei
1201:Anzu wyliei
1061:Anzu wyliei
637:Caudipteryx
579:Description
402:Apatoraptor
134:Anzu wyliei
3299:Categories
3162:See also:
3118:Shixinggia
3069:Gobiraptor
2946:Luoyanggia
2870:Elmisaurus
2800:Eoneophron
2786:Beibeilong
2779:Anomalipes
2604:see below↓
2480:Dinosauria
2471:Sauropsida
2188:(1): 1–73.
1762:: 805–809.
1485:References
1282:, Alberta)
1226:Elmisaurus
599:Beibeilong
565:paleognath
520:Cretaceous
472:Elmisaurus
324:Eoneophron
304:Beibeilong
294:Anomalipes
205:Saurischia
192:Dinosauria
3076:Heyuannia
3025:Rinchenia
3018:Oviraptor
2953:Nankangia
2821:Hagryphus
2556:Theropoda
2541:Theropoda
2489:Theropoda
2457:Kingdom:
2279:2292-1389
2157:128444961
2143:: 23–49.
2121:: 99–105.
2100:0077-7749
2065:0003-0090
1962:131302174
1174:Evolution
740:cladogram
611:Hagryphus
559:The name
555:Discovery
518:from the
516:dinosaurs
344:Hagryphus
249:Sternberg
218:Theropoda
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
3243:52570722
3208:Wikidata
3174:Category
3164:Timeline
2995:Citipati
2960:Nomingia
2835:Nomingia
2669:Avimimus
2465:Chordata
2463:Phylum:
2459:Animalia
2238:55254194
2206:(2015).
2051:(1): 1.
2026:24647078
1986:PLOS ONE
1904:28486442
1831:17565365
1527:10807829
1504:PLOS ONE
1457:See also
1294:, China)
1228:than to
731:than to
719:than to
669:but not
497:Osmólska
484:Synonyms
374:Nomingia
237:Family:
179:Chordata
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
3269:4126517
3256:4822717
3214:Q133539
2863:Citipes
2469:Class:
2376:Bibcode
2339:Bibcode
2017:3960162
1994:Bibcode
1895:5477524
1872:Bibcode
1839:6649123
1811:Bibcode
1705:4180155
1685:Bibcode
1605:Bibcode
1563:Bibcode
1236:Species
569:ostrich
462:Citipes
3111:Oksoko
2975:Yulong
2308:
2277:
2236:
2155:
2098:
2063:
2024:
2014:
1960:
1902:
1892:
1837:
1829:
1803:Nature
1703:
1677:Nature
1524:
659:, the
499:, 1981
281:Genera
251:, 1940
3282:54544
3090:Khaan
3046:Banji
2494:Clade
2485:Clade
2476:Clade
2234:S2CID
2178:(PDF)
2153:S2CID
1958:S2CID
1835:S2CID
1701:S2CID
1635:(PDF)
661:clade
655:. In
212:Clade
199:Clade
186:Clade
40:Early
3251:GBIF
2890:Anzu
2581:see
2554:see
2527:see
2306:ISBN
2275:ISSN
2096:ISSN
2061:ISSN
2022:PMID
1900:PMID
1827:PMID
1222:Anzu
738:The
696:and
617:Anzu
602:and
590:Anzu
528:Asia
526:and
412:Anzu
57:PreꞒ
3238:EoL
2683:Kol
2384:doi
2347:doi
2298:doi
2265:doi
2224:doi
2145:doi
2088:doi
2084:210
2053:doi
2049:440
2012:PMC
2002:doi
1950:doi
1890:PMC
1880:doi
1819:doi
1807:447
1737:doi
1693:doi
1681:262
1613:doi
1571:doi
1522:PMC
1512:doi
1439:- (
1414:- (
1402:- (
1390:- (
1378:- (
1362:- (
1350:- (
1338:- (
1326:- (
1314:- (
1302:- (
1290:- (
1278:- (
1266:- (
522:of
3301::
3279::
3266::
3253::
3240::
3225::
3210::
2496::
2487::
2478::
2382:.
2372:30
2370:.
2345:.
2335:53
2333:.
2329:.
2304:.
2273:.
2259:.
2255:.
2232:.
2220:61
2218:.
2214:.
2186:12
2184:.
2180:.
2165:^
2151:.
2141:54
2139:.
2127:^
2119:46
2117:.
2094:.
2082:.
2059:.
2047:.
2043:.
2020:.
2010:.
2000:.
1988:.
1984:.
1970:^
1956:.
1946:25
1944:.
1925:.
1898:.
1888:.
1878:.
1866:.
1862:.
1850:^
1833:.
1825:.
1817:.
1805:.
1801:.
1781:in
1775:,
1760:45
1758:.
1733:25
1731:.
1713:^
1699:.
1691:.
1679:.
1662:14
1660:.
1643:45
1641:.
1637:.
1611:.
1601:17
1599:.
1583:^
1569:.
1559:30
1557:.
1545:^
1520:.
1508:19
1506:.
1502:.
1366:,
735:.
639:.
619:'.
214::
201::
188::
107:Pg
51:Ma
46:,
3121:?
3064:?
3049:?
3028:?
3013:?
3005:?
2963:?
2838:?
2708:?
2686:?
2433:e
2426:t
2419:v
2390:.
2386::
2378::
2355:.
2349::
2341::
2314:.
2300::
2281:.
2267::
2261:8
2240:.
2226::
2159:.
2147::
2102:.
2090::
2067:.
2055::
2028:.
2004::
1996::
1990:9
1964:.
1952::
1911:.
1906:.
1882::
1874::
1868:8
1841:.
1821::
1813::
1743:.
1739::
1707:.
1695::
1687::
1619:.
1615::
1607::
1577:.
1573::
1565::
1530:.
1514::
1427:(
1425:-
1370:)
468:†
458:†
450:†
438:†
428:†
418:†
408:†
398:†
390:†
380:†
370:†
360:†
350:†
340:†
330:†
320:†
310:†
300:†
290:†
265:†
241:†
228:†
112:N
102:K
97:J
92:T
87:P
82:C
77:D
72:S
67:O
62:Ꞓ
42:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
