902:, who lived dispersed in more than five hundred small settlements, subsisted by farming and by herding llamas. Their tribute responsibilities included rotating labor service at the nearby silver mines of Chilete. During one of his many long trips down from the highlands to visit the nearest Spanish city, Trujillo, don Melchior was stricken by a serious illness. He prudently dictated his last will and testament before the local Spanish notary, Juan de Mata, on 20 June 1565. Coming as he did from a relatively remote area where very few Spaniards resided, his will reflects traditional Andean conceptions of society and values before they were fundamentally and forever changed. This is evident in the care he took to list all of his retainers. He claimed ten potters in the place of Cajamarca, a mayordomo or overseer from the parcialidad of Lord Santiago, a retainer from the parcialidad of don Francisco Angasnapon, and a beekeeper who lived near a river. In the town of Chulaquys, his followers included a lesser lord (mandoncillo) with jurisdiction over seven native families. At the mines of Chilete, he listed twenty workers who served him. Don Melchior also claimed
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Guaento, whose inhabitants guarded his coca and chili peppers; Cunchamalca, whose householders took care of his corn; and another town called
Churcan de Cayanbi. Finally, he mentioned two towns that he was disputing with a native lord whose Christian name was don Pedro. In total, don Melchior claimed jurisdiction over a minimum of 102 followers and six towns, including the two in dispute. This preoccupation of don Melchior with listing all of his retainers shows how strong Andean traditions remained in the Cajamarca region, even thirty years after the Spanish invasion. Among the indigenous peoples, numbers of followers denoted tangible wealth and power. An Andean chronicler, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, wrote that lords "will gain rank if the numbers multiply according to the law of the dominion over Indians. And, if their numbers decline, they too lose ". This concept of status was the same one held in the Inca system. The hatun curaca or huno apo, lord of ten thousand households, ranked higher than a
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Inca, Atahualpa. Although
Caruatongo left an heir (named Alonso Chuplingon, after his Christian baptism), his brother, Caruarayco, succeeded him as headman following local customs. Pizarro himself recognized Caruarayco and confirmed his right to assume the authority of his father. Caruarayco took the name Felipe at his baptism, becoming the first Christian kuraka of Cajamarca. He remained a steadfast ally of the Spaniards during his lifetime, helping to convince the lords of the Chachapoyas people to submit to Spanish rule. Felipe Caruarayco was paramount lord of the people of Guzmango, in the province of Cajamarca, under the authority of the Spaniard, Melchior Verdugo. Pizarro had awarded Verdugo an encomienda in the region in 1 535. Documentation from that year described Felipe as the cacique principal of the province of Cajamarca and lord of Chuquimango, one of seven large lineages or
810:-kuna from the towns nearby, however, there were also notable Tawantinsuyu's nobles among them, there were the prominent rulers known as the "Lord of Cajamarca" and the "Lord of Chicha", both descendants of kings and owners of huge accumulations of wealth and lands in the Inca Empire, each one accompanied with its own sumptuous court, moreover, both were carried on litters in the same manner of Atahualpa. The Lord of Chicha's court was so opulent, even more than Atahualpa's, that the Spanish, most of them who did not meet Atahualpa until then, at first thought the Lord of Chicha was the Inca Emperor.
1564:. Carnival celebrations are full of parades, autochthonous dances and other cultural activities. A local Carnival custom is to spill water and/or some paint among friends or bypassers. During late January and early February this turns into an all-out water war between men and women (mostly between the ages of 6 and 25) who use buckets of water and water balloons to douse members of the opposite sex. Stores everywhere carry packs of water balloons during this time, and it is common to see wet spots on the pavement and groups of young people on the streets looking for "targets".
799:, with two of his concubines on both sides holding a veil that made only his silhouette recognizable. Atahualpa, impressed by the Spanish horses, asked Hernando de Soto to do an equestrian demonstration. In the final act of his demonstration, Hernando De Soto rode on horseback directly up to Atahualpa to intimidate him stopping at the last moment, however Atahualpa did not move or change his expression in the slightest. Nevertheless, some of Atahualpa's retainers drew back and for it they were executed that day, after the Spanish committee returned to Cajamarca.
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733:, Chuptongo accompanied the new sovereign to Quito for the northern campaigns. After years of service, he asked Guayna Capac to allow him to return to his native people. His wish was granted; and, as a sign of his esteem, Guayna Capac made him a gift of one hundred women, one of the highest rewards possible in the Inca empire. In this way, Chuptongo established his house and lineage in the old town of Guzmango, fathered many children, and served as paramount lord until his death.
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878:(an administrative unit of one thousand households) that made up the polity. By 1543, however, Felipe was old and sick. His son, don Melchior Caruarayco, whom he favored to succeed him, was still too young to rule, so two relatives were designated as interim governors or regents: don Diego Zublian and don Pedro Angasnapon. Zublian kept this position until death in 1560, and then don Pedro appropriated for himself the title "cacique principal of the seven
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690:'s supply line of troops and supplies wasn't optimal and thus put at risk the Inca control over the newly acquired city of Cajamarca. Ccapac Yupanqui left part of his troops garrisoned at Cajamarca, and then he returned to Tawantinsuyu in order to ask for reinforcements and conducted a more extensive campaign in the territories of central Peru, building a great quantity of infrastructure (such as
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number of fine ceramics than any earlier sites. It is clear that they are top ranked settlements in the region. At least the centers of the upper sections of the coastal valleys to the west probably benefited from their strategic location in relation first to Sican and later to Chimu. Scholars interpret the changes of the
825:, where they also massacred several thousand unarmed Inca civilians and soldiers in an audacious surprise attack of cannon, cavalry, lances and swords. The rest of the army of 40,000–80,000 (Conquistadors' estimates) was stationed some kilometers away from Cajamarca in a large military camp, near the Inca resort town of
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In recent years, the city has experienced a high rate of immigration from other provinces in the region and elsewhere in Peru, mainly due to the mining boom. This phenomenon has caused the city's population to increase considerably, from an estimated 80,931 in 1981 to an estimated 283,767 in 2014, an
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In 2004 a large building erected in Cerro Chepen mountain was excavated, said structure follows high-altitude Andean architectural models, which is tentatively interpreted as an elite residential structure. Excavations have shown an unexpected association between Late Moche domestic ceramics and fine
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The unbroken stylistic continuity (i.e., autonomy) of
Cajamarca art from its inception around 200-100 BC up to the Spanish conquest is remarkable, given the presence of powerful neighbors and the series of imperial expansions that reached this area. It is known essentially only from its fine ceramics
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phase (AD 850–1200). Scholars interpret this reduction in the number of settlements as the result of population reduction and/or dispersion, probably linked to the end of Wari influence in the region and the collapse of the EIP/MH regional polity organized around the center of Coyor in the
Cajamarca
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of
Guzmango and two more parcialidades (lineages or other groupings of a larger community): Colquemarca (later Espiritu Santo de Chuquimango) and Malcaden (later San Lorenzo de Malcadan. This charge involved approximately five thousand adult males, under various lesser caciques; and, counting their
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Caruatongo, the "Lord of
Cajamarca", who was privileged enough to have been carried into the plaza of Cajamarca on a litter, a sure sign of the Inca's favor, died there on 16 November 1532, when Francisco Pizarro and his followers ambushed and killed many of the emperor's retainers and captured the
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The first was called
Concacax, who was followed by Cosatongo. After Concacax died, his son, Chuptongo, was sent south to serve the emperor, Tupac Inca Yupanqui. There he received an education at court and, as a young adult, became the tutor of one of Inca Yupanqui's sons, Guayna Capac. Oral history
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In 1998, cheese makers in
Cajamarca joined forces to form a cheese-makers’ association. Thus in September 1999, a group of 39 small and medium-scale enterprises (SME) got together and created the Asociación de Productores de Derivados Lácteos (APDL), Cajamarca’s official cheese-makers’ association
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The facades of these three churches were left unfinished, most likely due to lack of funds. The façade of the
Cathedral is the most elegantly decorated, to the extent that it was completed. El Belén has a completed façade of the main building, but the tower is half finished. The San Antonio church
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Daily average temperatures have a great variation, being pleasant during the day but cold during the night and dawn. January is the warmest month, with an average maximum temperature of 72 °F (22 °C) and an average minimum of 45 °F (7 °C). The coldest months are June and July,
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Atahualpa agreed to meet with
Pizarro the next day, oblivious to the ploy Pizarro had prepared for him. The following day, Atahualpa arrives in procession with his court and soldiers, although unarmed, Spanish accounts tell of the splendor shown by Atahulpa's display, in addition to musicians and
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The struggle for the throne between the two half-brothers Huascar and Atahualpa, sons of Guayna Capac, also divided the sons of Chuptongo. During the civil war that broke out after Guayna Capac's death, Caruatongo, the oldest of Chuptongo's sons, sided with the northern forces of Atahualpa, while
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phase settlements like Guzmango Viejo or Tantarica in the western slopes of the cordillera to the coast, as well as Santa Delia in the Cajamarca Valley became particularly large (> 20ha). These centers have a larger number of clearly distinguishable elite residential units as well as a greater
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Construction began in 1699, with the original plans made by Matías Pérez Palomino. This church is similar in plan to the Cathedral, but the interiors are quite different. San Antonio is a significantly larger structure and has incorporated the large dome over the crossing. Features of the church
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Cajamarca has six Christian churches of Spanish colonial style: San José, La Recoleta, La Inmaculada Concepción, San Antonio, the Cathedral and El Belén. Although all were built in the seventeenth century, the latter three are the most outstanding due to their sculpted facades and ornamentation.
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six servants with no specific residence and at least twenty-four corn farmers and twenty- two pages in the town of Contumasa. Nine different subjects cared for his chili peppers and corn either in Cascas or near the town of Junba (now Santa Ana de Cimba?). He also listed the towns of Gironbi and
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zones on both the Amazonian and Pacific sides of the Andes. In fact, at least one Early Cajamarca high-prestige burial has been documented at the Moche site of San Jose de Moro (lower Jequetepeque), and a set of imported kaolin spoons has been found at the site of Moche, the city capital of the
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of Cajamarca", remaining in office until his death two years later. After his death, the people of Cajamarca asked the corregidor, don Pedro Juares de Illanez, to name don Melchior as their kuraka. After soliciting information from community elders, Illanez named him "natural lord and cacique
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Oral tradition records their title, Guzmango Capac – Guzmango being the name of the ethnic group or polity, while Capac signified a divine ruler whose forefathers displayed a special force, energy, and wisdom in ruling. By the time the Spaniards began to ask about their history, the polity's
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Cajamarca is surrounded by a fertile valley, which makes this city an important center of trade of agricultural goods. Its most renowned industry is that of dairy products. Of the 1.2 million tons of milk Peru produces a year, most of it comes from the Cajamarca department. There are 30,000
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The style of ecclesiastical architecture in the city differs from other Peruvian cities due to the geographic and climatic conditions. Cajamarca is further north with a milder climate; the colonial builders used available stone rather than the clay often used in the coastal desert cities.
1538:), a public university, while Universidad Antonio Guillermo Urrelo is a private one. Five other universities have branches in Cajamarca: Universidad Antenor Orrego, Universidad San Pedro, Universidad Alas Peruanas, Universidad Los Angeles de Chimbote and Universidad Privada del Norte.
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located in Cusco region. Moreover, the construction of the north coastal settlement of Cerro Chepen, a massive terraced mountain city-fortress in Moche territory is attributed to an apparent joint effort between Wari and Cajamarca polities to ruler over this area of Peru.
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Huacaloma is an archaeological site located 3.5 km southeast of the historic center of the city of Cajamarca (currently in the middle of the Metropolitan Area of Cajamarca). Its antiquity is calculated between 1500 and 1000 BC, that is to say, it belongs to the
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records that "he gained great fame and reputation in all the kingdom for his quality and admirable customs". It was also said that Guayna Capac respected Chuptongo as he would a father. Eventually, Tupac Inca Yupanqui named Chuptongo a governor of the empire.
920:, the lord of one thousand. The latter dominated the lord of one hundred Indians, a pachaca camachicoc, who in turn was superior to the overseers (mandones and mandoncillos) with responsibility for as few as five households. Don Melchior, as a chief of seven
1045:) which is characteristic of high elevations at tropical latitudes. This city presents a semi-dry, temperate, semi-cold climate with presence of rainfall mostly in spring and summer (from October to April) with little or no rainfall the rest of the year.
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Cajamarca is home of one of the oldest high schools in Peru: San Ramon School, founded in 1831. Some of the largest, most important schools in the city include Marcelino Champagnat School, Cristo Rey School, Santa Teresita School, and Juan XXIII School.
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archaeological culture. According to the chroniclers, Cuismanco, Guzmango or Kuismanku (modern Quechua spelling) was the political entity that ruled the Cajamarca area before the arrival of the Incas and was incorporated into the Inca dominion.
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ceramics from the Cajamarca mountains inside the patios, galleries and rooms that make up the structure. The evidence recovered in this building suggests the presence of highland officials in the heart of the Cerro Chepen Monumental Sector.
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Although Ccapac Yupanqui conquered the city of Cajamarca, the supply line was poorly made and controlled, as he traveled hastily to Cajamarca without building or conquering on much of the journey from central Peru, Ccapac Yupanqui believed
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Cajamarca is situated at 2750 m (8900 ft) above sea level on an inter-Andean valley irrigated by three main rivers: Mashcon, San Lucas and Chonta; the former two join together in this area to form the Cajamarca river.
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The kingdom or domain of Cuismanco belongs to the last phase of the Cajamarca Tradition and of all the nations of the northern mountains of Peru it was the one to achieve the highest social, political and cultural development.
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Façade: The façade is noted for the detailing of its sculptures and the artistry in carving. Decorative details include grapevines carved into the spiral columns of the cathedral, with little birds pecking at the grapes. The
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Side Portals: The side portals are made of pilasters on corbels. It also bears the royal escutcheon of Spain. The portal is considered to have a seventeenth-century character, found in the rectangular emphasis of the design.
1439:(which by 2014 has more than 20,000 inhabitants in the urban area) and with some populated centers close to these cities. According to INEI, projections exist for the urban conglomerate to reach 500,000 inhabitants by 2030.
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Originally designated to be a parish church, the cathedral took 80 years to construct (1682–1762); the façade remains unfinished. The Cathedral shows how colonial Spanish influence was introduced in the Incan territory.
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registered milk producers in Cajamarca and over 503,000 liters of milk are produced each day, which makes Cajamarca the most important dairy and cheese-making region in the country. The principal cheeses produced are:
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is a Central and Northern Quechua word for 'thorn' or 'thorny plant'. So the compound name meant originally 'town/ province of thorny plants'. Afterwards, a Spanish general sound change took place that transformed its
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both with an average maximum of 71 °F (21 °C) but with an average minimum of 38 °F (3 °C). Frosts may occur but are less frequent and less intense than in the southern Peruvian Andes.
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Among its tourist attractions, Cajamarca has numerous examples of Spanish colonial religious architecture, beautiful landscapes, pre-Hispanic archeological sites and hot springs at the nearby town of
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at approximately 2,750 m (8,900 ft) above sea level in the valley of the Mashcon river. Cajamarca had an estimated population of about 226,031 inhabitants in 2015, making it the
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dancers, Indians covered the Inca road on which their king would travel with hundreds of colorful flower petals, moreover, Atahualpa's retainers marched unison without speaking a word.
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2059:"Nuevas perspectivas acerca del colapso Moche en el Bajo Jequetepeque. Resultados preliminares de la segunda campaña de investigación del proyecto arqueológico Cerro Chepén"
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829:(currently known as "Baños del Inca"), with its thousands of tents as looking from afar "like a very beautiful and well-ordered city, because everyone had his own tent".
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476:ʃ > x, thus generating contemporary Spanish pronunciation of the place name. Confusion about the etymology has mainly originated from a false etymology offered by
706:. Incas remodeled Cajamarca following Inca canons of architecture, however, not much of it has survived since the Spanish did the same after conquering Cajamarca.
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Clockwise from top: Partial view of the city, Nuestra Señora de la Piedad Church, Santa Catalina Church, Main Square, Los Baños del Inca and Ventanillas de Otuzco.
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Cajamarca has a mild highland climate, and the area has very fertile soil. The city is well known for its dairy products and mining activity in the surroundings.
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This church consists of a single nave with no lateral chapels. Its facade is the most complete of the three, as it was the first to be designed and built.
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Cajamarca is also a centre of higher education in the northern Peruvian Andes. The city hosts two local universities: Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca (
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in the first story is composed of rectangular blocks carved with leaves. The detail of the main portal extends to flower pots and cherubs' heads next to
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ceramics (AD 200–450) have more complex and diverse decorations and extensive distribution. They are found in much of the North Highlands as well as in
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increase of almost three times the population for 33 years. Likewise, the city has recently entered into a conurbation process with the town of
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had already been founded by other ethnic groups almost a century before its incorporation into the Inca empire, approximately in the year 1320.
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852:"), within two months. Although having complied with the offering, Atahualpa was brought to trial and executed by the Spaniards. the Pizarros,
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plan, (with a single apse, barrel vaults in the nave, a transept and sanctuary), but the traditional dome over the crossing has been omitted.
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located 3.26 km northeast of the main square. Cajamarca is connected to other northern Peruvian cities by bus transport companies.
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residents (called Cajamarquinos today) could remember the names of only two brothers who had served as Guzmango Capac under the Incas.
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Cajamarca culture pottery has long been recognized as a prestige ware, given its distinctiveness and wide, if sporadic, distribution.
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Façade: This façade is the most incomplete. While designed in a style similar to that of the cathedral, it is a simplified version.
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After arriving at Atahualpa's camp, Hernando de Soto interviewed with Atahualpa. The Inca Emperor was seated on his gold throne or
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2). Cerrón-Palomino, R. (1997). El Diccionario quechua de los académicos: cuestiones lexicográficas, normativas y etimológicas.
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phase (1250–1532). Cajamarca maintained its prestige, as shown by the influence its ceramics still had on the coast. During the
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1470:(Andean Swiss-type cheese), a hard cheese derived from technology imported by a Swiss project supporting rural cheese dairies.
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Analysis of settlement patterns in the Cajamarca Valley shows a significant reduction in the number of settlements during the
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as well as an important cultural and commercial center in the northern Andes. It is located in the northern highlands of
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Several of the Incas drew back in terror, but Atahualpa did not budge an inch or change his expression in the slightest.
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The construction of a railway has been proposed to connect mining areas in the region to a harbor in the Pacific Ocean.
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is an active gold mining site 45 km north of Cajamarca, which has boosted the economy of the city since the 1990s.
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influence in the Cajamarca region the number of settlements first dropped, but then gradually increased by the
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The city and its surroundings have been occupied by several cultures for more than 2000 years. Traces of pre-
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Having taken Atahualpa captive, they held him in Cajamarca's main temple. Atahualpa offered his captors a
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Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población Total por Sexo de las Principales Ciudades, 2000 – 2015
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include large cruciform piers with Doric pilasters, a plain cornice, and stone carved window frames.
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1477:, a generic fresh cheese without a special identity. This is a curd, a little more salted than the
1013:. "The façade of Cajamarca Cathedral is one of the remarkable achievements of Latin American art."
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2583:"Colegio central de artes y ciencias de cajamarca: San ramón (1831) : Panorama Cajamarquino"
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of Cajamarca". As the paramount Andean lord of Cajamarca, don Melchior was responsible for the
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Pizarro and his 168 soldiers met Atahualpa in the Cajamarca plaza after weeks of marching from
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made with locally abundant white kaolin paste fired at high temperatures (over 1,000 °C).
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subphase B (700-900), coinciding with Moche demise and dominance of the Wari empire in Peru.
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etymology of the place name is pretty straightforward and transparent. Colonial spellings
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National Institute for the Defense of Competition and Protection of Intellectual Property
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state on the north coast around 900-1000 saw a notable reduction in the distribution of
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families, the total population that he ruled approached fifty thousand. Most of these
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Prescott, W.H., 2011, The History of the Conquest of Peru, Digireads.com Publishing,
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2501:"Quiénes Somos | Yanacocha: Minería en Cajamarca que respeta el medio ambiente"
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The Cajamarca culture began flourishing as a culture during the first millennium AD
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designated Cajamarca as a site of Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Americas.
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The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas edited by Frank Salomon
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Cajamarca ceramics achieved their greatest prestige and widest distribution during
1890:. Organization of American States – General Assembly. 17 December 1986. p. 19
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2675:"Historia de la Universidad San Pedro | Portal | Universidad San Pedro"
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Rituals of the Past: Prehispanic and Colonial Case Studies in Andean Archaeology
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662:-kuna or Inca generals, conquered the city of Cajamarca and brought it into the
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Colonial accounts tell of Cuismancu Kingdom, the historical counterpart of the
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2527:"Cifras | Yanacocha: Minería en Cajamarca que respeta el medio ambiente"
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1816:"Battle of Cajamarca: Pizarro's Conquistadores Ambush, Capture Incan Emperor"
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Several noble leaders from conquered nations were also present, mostly local
496:('frost', written here in contemporary Quechua orthography). Still nowadays,
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Cerrón-Palomino, R. (2009). Las etimologías toponímicas del Inca Garcilaso.
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2462:"Mantecoso cheese in Peru : organizing to conquer the national market"
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another son, Caruarayco, allied with Huascar, ruler of the south faction.
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2392:(in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 209. Archived from
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phase as evidence of a renewed prosperity and integration of the region.
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ceramics (200 BC to AD 200) are largely confined to the Cajamarca Basin.
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During the period between 1463 and 1471, Ccapac Yupanqui and his nephew
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2357:"World Weather Information Service (World Meteorological Organization)"
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1618:(José Alfonso Sánchez Urteaga):(1903–1985) Painter, and member of the "
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has become the ‘typical’ cheese and most popular cheese of the area.
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833:
807:
691:
579:
545:
2418:
2393:
1560:, a time when the locals celebrate Carnival before the beginning of
2553:"FERROCARRIL NORANDINA RAILROAD STARTS ITS JOURNEY COMING FEBRUARY"
1650::(1860–1925) Politician who served as minister, deputy and senator.
423:(Baths of the Inca). The history of the city is highlighted by the
3304:
3274:
3149:
3002:
2982:
2932:
1910:
Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (5 November 2013).
1545:
955:
942:
904:
814:
796:
763:
753:
749:
695:
598:
sites, as far as southern-frontier Wari sites such as the city of
497:
485:
432:
350:
19:
This article is about the city of Cajamarca. For other uses, see
3284:
3219:
3068:
2992:
2972:
2885:
2844:
2826:
1561:
837:
406:
227:
3032:
2853:
2839:
371:
756:
to claim the throne with his army, he stopped at Cajamarca.
540:. It presents enclosures with bonfires, similar to those of
2612:
1943:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
1459:
that has been manufactured for decades in rural Cajamarca.
2652:
459:(written here in contemporary Quechua orthography), where
1913:
The Americas: International Dictionary of Historic Places
1940:
Salomon, Frank; Schwartz, Stuart B. (28 December 1999).
1857:
Rosenfeld, Silvana; Bautista, Stefanie (15 March 2017).
618:
ceramics back to the extent seen during Moche Phase IV.
3381:
16th-century disestablishments in the Inca civilization
2344:
History of South American Colonial Art and Architecture
1485:
focusing on mantecoso cheese. APDL then applied to the
2476:"Linking Collective Marks with Growth and Development"
2198:
Volume 1. Mc Graw Hill, New York 2010, Chapter 1, p. 6
2240:
Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture: 2
1997:
Salomon, Frank; Schwartz, Stuart B. (December 1999).
594:
prestige ceramics have been found at a great deal of
463:
is a Quechua-Aymara word for 'town' or 'region', and
3371:
15th-century establishments in the Inca civilization
2326:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949), 129–139
2098:
Silverman, Helaine; Isbell, William (6 April 2008).
367:
357:
344:
334:
326:
318:
310:
305:
297:
289:
284:
272:
267:
257:
245:
233:
215:
40:
1752:
1750:
947:Partial view of Cajamarca from Santa Apolonia Hill
821:and their Indian allies captured Atahualpa in the
1780:
1778:
760:Capture of Atahualpa (1532 A.D.); Colonial period
3376:Populated places established in the 15th century
2063:Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines
650:15th century - Inca Empire and Cuismancu Kingdom
2196:After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection
1965:
1963:
1554:Cajamarca is home to the annual celebration of
2390:Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960)
2214:. University of California Press. p. 97.
997:Plan: The plan of the cathedral is based on a
3044:
2865:
2267:The Human Tradition in Colonial Latin America
1644::(1926–1867) Founder of the Cajamarca region.
1493:, “Poronguito,” and it was granted in 2000.
921:
915:
892:
886:
879:
873:
8:
1970:Salomon, Frank; Schwartz, Stuart B. (1999).
1418:(precipitation days and humidity 1931–1960)
784:received news that Atahualpa was resting in
2324:Colonial Architecture and Sculpture in Peru
1698:(in Spanish). Lima: INEI. 2012. p. 17.
3051:
3037:
3029:
2872:
2858:
2850:
1935:
1933:
1048:
729:When Guayna Capac succeeded his father as
37:
3386:1533 establishments in the Spanish Empire
2822:Cajamarca information, photos and travel
2211:The Epic of Latin America, Fourth Edition
2104:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2074:
455:match contemporary Quechua pronunciation
401:, is the capital and largest city of the
3356:Populated places in the Cajamarca Region
2888:cities with a population of over 100,000
2460:Gerz, Astrid; Boucher, François (2020).
1521:
868:, and many others shared in the ransom.
752:(in present-day Ecuador). On his way to
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2270:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
1710:"Municipalidad Provincial de Cajamarca"
1682:
1576::(1925–1998) Author and anthropologist.
1481:, and is sold in mounds of 2 or 3 kg.
366:
356:
343:
333:
304:
296:
293:392.47 km (151.53 sq mi)
283:
266:
256:
214:
179:
145:
117:
46:
2836:a charity that works in Cajamarca with
2633:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2626:
2346:(New York: Rizzoli Publications, 1992)
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2101:Handbook of South American Archaeology
1688:
1686:
508:according to the Garcilaso etymology.
261:c. 1320 by pre-Columbian ethnic groups
2125:Quilter, Jeffrey (17 December 2013).
2057:Rosas Rintel, Marco (1 August 2007).
386:
325:
317:
309:
288:
271:
244:
232:
7:
3391:Populated places established in 1533
2649:"Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego"
2152:Santisteban, Fernando Silva (2001).
2033:Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca
1733:
1731:
836:for his freedom: a room filled with
2435:"World Weather Information Service"
748:in a battle for the Inca throne in
502:Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua
2264:Andrien, Kenneth J. (2 May 2013).
1455:, made from a fresh curd known as
14:
2559:. 10 January 2011. Archived from
2439:World Weather Information Service
2208:Crow, John A. (17 January 1992).
1622:" intellectual community of Peru.
1526:Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca
1507:The only airport in Cajamarca is
1408:World Meteorological Organization
844:(possibly the place now known as
504:'s dictionary writes the name as
427:, which marked the defeat of the
159:
3059:
2880:
2804:
2793:
2030:Bauer, Brian S. (28 June 2010).
1863:. University Press of Colorado.
1536:National University of Cajamarca
470:voiceless postalveolar fricative
439:was captured and executed here.
220:
158:
151:
132:
122:
101:
90:
83:
72:
65:
54:
3396:Regional capital cities in Peru
2342:Damian Bayon and Murillo Marx,
1634::(1819–1866) War hero from the
1604:es:Andrés Zevallos de la Puente
1582::(1844–1885) Independence hero.
1416:Danish Meteorological Institute
792:to invite the Inca to a feast.
553:Organization of American States
520:cultures can be seen in nearby
488:. Trying to find an etymon for
2651:. 12 July 2007. Archived from
2381:Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens.
1976:. Cambridge University Press.
1946:. Cambridge University Press.
670:, at the time it was ruled by
435:invaders as the Incan emperor
1:
2827:Miracle Village International
2155:Cajamarca, historia y paisaje
2036:. University of Texas Press.
1820:The American Legion's Burnpit
1628::(1866–1963) Writer and poet.
1568:Notable people from Cajamarca
1241:Average rainfall mm (inches)
1043:Köppen climate classification
2801:travel guide from Wikivoyage
2441:. World Weather Organization
2423:. SENAMHI. 2008. p. 57.
1743:. SENAMHI. 2008. p. 55.
1600::(1929–2006) Anthropologist.
973:was left mostly incomplete.
678:. Nevertheless, the city of
480:, who was not familiar with
301:2,750 m (9,020 ft)
1311:Average precipitation days
1171:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1101:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1052:Climate data for Cajamarca
319: • Estimate
276:Víctor Andrés Villar Narro
3412:
2726:"Directorio Institucional"
1758:"Mantecoso Cheese in Peru"
1598:Fernando Silva Santisteban
1413:
1405:
1051:
909:Igesia la Recoleta in 1920
263:Spanish settlement in 1532
25:
21:Cajamarca (disambiguation)
18:
3075:
2893:
2128:The Ancient Central Andes
2007:10.1017/CHOL9780521630757
1648:es:Aurelio Sousa y Matute
1588::(1892–1974) Philosopher.
1586:Mariano Ibérico Rodríguez
1357:
1310:
1240:
1170:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
610:However, the rise of the
478:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
411:13th largest city in Peru
330:510/km (1,300/sq mi)
180:
146:
118:
47:
2832:18 December 2014 at the
2701:"UAP – Filial Cajamarca"
1900:(Ag/Res. 810 (XVI-0/86))
1661:Spanish conquest of Peru
1509:Armando Revoredo Airport
26:Not to be confused with
1468:Queso andino tipo suizo
885:principal of the seven
780:On reaching Cajamarca,
583:Southern Moche polity.
559:Pre-Columbian Cajamarca
538:Andean Formative Period
2194:Davidson, James West.
1885:"Proceedings Volume I"
1610:Mario Urteaga Alvarado
1551:
1527:
985:Cathedral of Cajamarca
961:
948:
922:
916:
910:
893:
887:
880:
874:
777:
384:Spanish pronunciation:
2783:. John Hemming, 1973.
2781:Conquest of the Incas
2420:Tourist Climate Guide
1841:Summa Humanitatis, 3(
1762:Publications.cirad.fr
1740:Tourist Climate Guide
1632:José Gálvez Egúsquiza
1626:Amalia Puga de Losada
1612::(1875–1957) Painter.
1606::(1916–2017) Painter.
1594::(1924–1981) General.
1592:es:Rafael Hoyos Rubio
1550:Carnaval de Cajamarca
1549:
1525:
959:
946:
908:
846:El Cuarto del Rescate
767:
744:defeated his brother
629:With the collapse of
453:Caxamalca ~ Caxamarca
391:), also known by the
2813:at Wikimedia Commons
2361:Worldweather.wmo.int
1491:collective trademark
1035:subtropical highland
960:Street in Cajamarca
492:, Garcilaso offered
388:[kaxaˈmaɾka]
327: • Density
1642:es:Toribio Casanova
1580:es:Lorenzo Iglesias
823:Battle of Cajamarca
672:Tupac Inca Yupanqui
656:Tupac Inca Yupanqui
425:Battle of Cajamarca
196: /
3229:Department of Lima
2383:"Peru – Cajamarca"
2322:Harold E. Wethey,
2243:. Scribner. 1996.
2158:. BPR Publishers.
2076:10.4000/bifea.3835
1796:on 1 December 2009
1552:
1528:
962:
949:
911:
778:
702:, etc.) along the
311: • Total
290: • Total
273: • Mayor
3338:
3337:
3026:
3025:
2809:Media related to
2732:on 12 August 2014
2563:on 6 October 2014
2296:CajamarcaPeru.com
2292:"Datos Generales"
1786:"Cajamarca, Peru"
1489:(INDECOPI) for a
1422:
1421:
1360:relative humidity
782:Francisco Pizarro
572:Initial Cajamarca
484:dialects outside
377:
376:
280:
3403:
3361:Cajamarca Region
3245:Puerto Maldonado
3063:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3030:
2884:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2851:
2808:
2797:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2752:"Nuestras sedes"
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2728:. Archived from
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2677:. Archived from
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2611:. Archived from
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2585:. Archived from
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2529:. Archived from
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2503:. Archived from
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2399:on 27 April 2013
2398:
2387:
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2371:
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2347:
2340:
2327:
2320:
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2304:
2302:
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2282:
2281:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2235:
2229:
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2205:
2199:
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2186:
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2169:
2149:
2143:
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2122:
2116:
2115:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1854:
1848:
1845:Revista Andina,
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1792:. Archived from
1782:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1712:. Archived from
1706:
1700:
1699:
1690:
1636:Battle of Callao
1574:Carlos Castaneda
1314:
1049:
1033:Cajamarca has a
925:
919:
896:
890:
883:
877:
790:Hernando De Soto
592:Middle Cajamarca
588:Middle Cajamarca
403:Cajamarca Region
390:
385:
278:
226:
224:
223:
211:
210:
208:
207:
206:
201:
200:7.167°S 78.517°W
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
172:Location in Peru
162:
161:
155:
136:
126:
105:
94:
87:
76:
69:
58:
38:
3411:
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3339:
3334:
3071:
3057:
3027:
3022:
2889:
2878:
2834:Wayback Machine
2790:
2777:
2775:Further reading
2772:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2749:
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2735:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
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2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2681:on 27 July 2014
2673:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2655:on 12 July 2007
2647:
2646:
2642:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2615:on 29 July 2014
2609:"Archived copy"
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2589:on 29 July 2014
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2557:Minerandina.com
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2097:
2096:
2092:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2017:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1893:
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1887:
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1737:
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1717:
1716:on 22 June 2014
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1019:
987:
979:
977:Church of Belén
954:
941:
932:
917:guaranga curaca
900:mountain people
850:The Ransom Room
762:
711:Final Cajamarca
652:
644:Final Cajamarca
639:Final Cajamarca
635:Final Cajamarca
576:Early Cajamarca
561:
524:sites, such as
514:
445:
383:
277:
262:
221:
219:
205:-7.167; -78.517
204:
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11:
5:
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3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Cities in Peru
3363:
3358:
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3343:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3312:
3302:
3292:
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3265:Cerro de Pasco
3262:
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2789:
2788:External links
2786:
2785:
2784:
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2769:
2758:. 18 June 2014
2743:
2717:
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2574:
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2533:on 11 May 2014
2518:
2507:on 30 May 2014
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2110:
2090:
2069:(2): 221–240.
2065:(in Spanish).
2049:
2042:
2022:
2015:
1989:
1982:
1959:
1952:
1929:
1922:
1902:
1876:
1869:
1849:
1847:(29), 151-205.
1832:
1807:
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1727:
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1639:
1629:
1623:
1616:es:Camilo Blas
1613:
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1504:
1503:Transportation
1501:
1444:
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1437:Baños del Inca
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817:. The Spanish
761:
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651:
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623:Late Cajamarca
616:Late Cajamarca
560:
557:
522:archaeological
513:
510:
444:
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421:Baños del Inca
375:
374:
372:municaj.gob.pe
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340:Cajamarquino/a
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2840:Villa Milagro
2838:
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2823:
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2818:
2817:Cajamarca map
2815:
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2464:. p. 42.
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2277:9781442213005
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2250:9780684197531
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2221:9780520077232
2217:
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2184:9781420941142
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2165:9789972828027
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2138:9781317935247
2134:
2131:. Routledge.
2130:
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2111:9780387749075
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2023:
2018:
2016:9781139053785
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1983:9780521333931
1979:
1975:
1974:
1973:South America
1966:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:9780521630757
1949:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1934:
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1923:9781134259304
1919:
1916:. Routledge.
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1870:9781607325963
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819:Conquistadors
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181:Coordinates:
154:
135:
125:
104:
93:
86:
75:
68:
57:
39:
35:Place in Peru
33:
29:
22:
3164:Huancavelica
3160:Huancavelica
3129:
3067:capitals of
2907:
2845:Davy College
2780:
2760:. Retrieved
2755:
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2730:the original
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2704:
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2679:the original
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2653:the original
2643:
2617:. Retrieved
2613:the original
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:the original
2577:
2567:29 September
2565:. Retrieved
2561:the original
2556:
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:the original
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:the original
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2480:www.wipo.int
2479:
2470:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2438:
2429:
2419:
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2394:the original
2389:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:
2351:
2343:
2323:
2301:25 September
2299:. Retrieved
2295:
2286:
2266:
2259:
2239:
2233:
2225:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2190:
2174:
2154:
2147:
2127:
2120:
2100:
2093:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2032:
2025:
1998:
1992:
1972:
1942:
1912:
1905:
1892:. Retrieved
1879:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1819:
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1794:the original
1789:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:
1739:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:the original
1704:
1694:
1555:
1553:
1533:
1529:
1513:
1506:
1495:
1483:
1478:
1475:Queso fresco
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1433:
1430:Demographics
1424:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1011:pomegranates
1003:
996:
992:
988:
980:
971:
967:
963:
952:Architecture
933:
912:
870:
845:
831:
812:
805:
801:
794:
779:
739:
735:
728:
724:
720:
716:
710:
708:
684:
679:
664:Tawantinsuyu
663:
653:
643:
638:
634:
628:
622:
620:
615:
612:Middle Sican
609:
605:
591:
587:
585:
575:
571:
569:
565:
562:
551:In 1986 the
550:
534:
515:
505:
493:
489:
464:
460:
456:
452:
446:
418:
415:
397:
396:
379:
378:
279:(2019–2022)
138:Coat of arms
32:
16:City in Peru
3204:La Libertad
3080:Chachapoyas
2445:1 September
1894:16 December
1790:Planeta.com
1620:Grupo Norte
1017:San Antonio
770:Ransom Room
680:Kasha Marka
674:'s father,
668:Inca Empire
530:Kuntur Wasi
429:Inca Empire
203: /
3345:Categories
3299:San Martín
3214:Lambayeque
3065:Department
2756:Upn.edu.pe
2705:Uap.edu.pe
2403:14 October
1800:18 January
1767:18 January
1677:References
1414:Source 2:
1406:Source 1:
1313:(≥ 0.1 mm)
827:Pultamarca
786:Pultumarca
731:Sapan Inka
676:Pachacutiq
660:Apuskispay
600:Pikillacta
542:La Galgada
526:Cumbe Mayo
457:Kashamarka
398:Kashamarka
306:Population
268:Government
3351:Cajamarca
3295:Moyobamba
3134:Cajamarca
3130:Cajamarca
2908:Cajamarca
2811:Cajamarca
2799:Cajamarca
2085:0303-7495
1666:Yanacocha
1518:Education
1497:Yanacocha
1461:Mantecoso
1453:Mantecoso
1041:, in the
1037:climate (
939:Cityscape
930:Geography
923:guarangas
888:guarangas
881:guarangas
875:guarangas
774:Atahualpa
768:Believed
742:Atahualpa
704:Inca road
688:Inca army
506:Qasamarka
474:velar one
443:Etymology
437:Atahualpa
380:Cajamarca
359:Area code
346:Time zone
298:Elevation
252:Cajamarca
240:Cajamarca
166:Cajamarca
42:Cajamarca
28:Catamarca
3325:Pucallpa
3259:Moquegua
3255:Moquegua
3210:Chiclayo
3200:Trujillo
3190:Huancayo
3124:Ayacucho
3120:Ayacucho
3114:Arequipa
3110:Arequipa
3104:Apurímac
3084:Amazonas
3018:Trujillo
3013:Tarapoto
2988:Pucallpa
2943:Huancayo
2923:Chimbote
2918:Chiclayo
2903:Ayacucho
2898:Arequipa
2886:Peruvian
2830:Archived
2629:cite web
2485:30 March
1671:Yanantin
1655:See also
1557:Carnaval
1479:quesillo
1457:quesillo
1358:Average
999:basilica
894:guaranga
740:In 1532
626:Valley.
247:Province
3329:Ucayali
3235:Iquitos
3174:Huánuco
3170:Huánuco
3100:Abancay
2998:Sullana
2968:Juliaca
2963:Iquitos
2948:Huánuco
2928:Chincha
2762:18 July
2736:29 July
2710:18 July
2685:29 July
2659:18 July
2619:29 July
2593:29 July
2537:29 July
2511:29 July
2366:2 April
1825:26 July
1720:29 July
1542:Culture
1443:Economy
1306:(27.2)
1301:(2.86)
1296:(2.88)
1291:(3.22)
1286:(1.29)
1281:(0.44)
1276:(0.25)
1266:(1.36)
1261:(3.16)
1256:(4.34)
1251:(3.80)
1246:(3.30)
1236:(41.6)
1231:(42.6)
1226:(42.3)
1221:(43.2)
1211:(38.5)
1206:(37.6)
1201:(38.1)
1196:(40.1)
1191:(43.2)
1186:(44.4)
1181:(44.1)
1176:(44.4)
1166:(70.7)
1161:(71.6)
1156:(71.4)
1151:(70.9)
1146:(71.1)
1141:(71.2)
1136:(70.5)
1131:(70.5)
1126:(70.9)
1121:(70.3)
1116:(69.6)
1111:(70.0)
1106:(70.7)
1029:Climate
862:De Soto
854:Almagro
746:Huáscar
700:pukaras
658:, both
512:History
500:-based
482:Quechua
472:into a
449:Quechua
433:Spanish
393:Quechua
368:Website
336:Demonym
322:245,137
314:201,329
258:Founded
216:Country
191:78°31′W
3319:Tumbes
3315:Tumbes
3239:Loreto
3225:Huacho
3144:Callao
3140:Callao
3094:Ancash
3090:Huaraz
3008:Talara
2953:Huaraz
2938:Huacho
2913:Callao
2274:
2247:
2218:
2182:
2162:
2135:
2108:
2083:
2040:
2013:
1980:
1950:
1920:
1867:
1271:(0.3)
1057:Month
1007:frieze
866:Estete
858:Candia
842:silver
834:ransom
808:kuraka
696:colcas
692:tambos
546:Kotosh
518:Chavín
395:name,
235:Region
225:
188:7°10′S
3309:Tacna
3305:Tacna
3279:Piura
3275:Piura
3269:Pasco
3194:Junín
3154:Cuzco
3150:Cusco
3003:Tacna
2983:Piura
2978:Pisco
2933:Cusco
2397:(PDF)
2386:(PDF)
1888:(PDF)
1304:690.6
1254:110.3
1216:(41)
1096:Year
815:Piura
754:Cusco
750:Quito
580:yunka
498:Cuzco
486:Cuzco
465:kasha
461:marka
353:(PET)
351:UTC-5
3289:Puno
3285:Puno
3220:Lima
3069:Peru
2993:Puno
2973:Lima
2764:2018
2738:2014
2712:2018
2687:2014
2661:2018
2635:link
2621:2014
2595:2014
2569:2014
2539:2014
2513:2014
2487:2023
2447:2014
2405:2019
2368:2015
2303:2014
2272:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2216:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2081:ISSN
2038:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1918:ISBN
1896:2015
1865:ISBN
1827:2017
1802:2010
1769:2010
1722:2014
1562:Lent
1362:(%)
1353:115
1299:72.6
1294:73.2
1289:81.9
1284:32.8
1279:11.3
1264:34.6
1259:80.3
1249:96.4
1244:83.9
1164:21.5
1159:22.0
1154:21.9
1149:21.6
1144:21.7
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