Calcium - Knowledge (XXG)

46: 3815:. However, because calcium is absorbed rather inefficiently by the intestines, high serum calcium is more likely caused by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or possibly by excessive intake of vitamin D, both of which facilitate calcium absorption. All these conditions result in excess calcium salts being deposited in the heart, blood vessels, or kidneys. Symptoms include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, memory loss, confusion, muscle weakness, increased urination, dehydration, and metabolic bone disease. 2796: 2240: 1409: 1465: 3543: 3910: 3977: 8961: 8870: 3973: 1903: 8910: 8944: 2631: 3457:(ULs) for combined dietary and supplemental calcium. From the IOM, people of ages 9–18 years are not to exceed 3 g/day combined intake; for ages 19–50, not to exceed 2.5 g/day; for ages 51 and older, not to exceed 2 g/day. EFSA set the UL for all adults at 2.5 g/day, but decided the information for children and adolescents was not sufficient to determine ULs. 2758:

the form of oxyds, are confounded with earths. It is extremely probable that barytes, which we have just now arranged with earths, is in this situation; for in many experiments it exhibits properties nearly approaching to those of metallic bodies. It is even possible that all the substances we call earths may be only metallic oxyds, irreducible by any hitherto known process.

2033:, in the paper industry as bleaches, as components in cement and electrical insulators, and in the manufacture of soaps. On the other hand, the metal in pure form has few applications due to its high reactivity; still, in small quantities it is often used as an alloying component in steelmaking, and sometimes, as a calcium–lead alloy, in making automotive batteries. 8927: 3976: 8882: 3333:

explanation of these changes. More recent papers have confirmed this observation, demonstrating that seawater Ca concentration is not constant, and that the ocean is never in a "steady state" with respect to calcium input and output. This has important climatological implications, as the marine calcium cycle is closely tied to the

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We are probably only acquainted as yet with a part of the metallic substances existing in nature, as all those which have a stronger affinity to oxygen than carbon possesses, are incapable, hitherto, of being reduced to a metallic state, and consequently, being only presented to our observation under

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plate which was used as the anode, the cathode being a platinum wire partially submerged into mercury. Electrolysis then gave calcium–mercury and magnesium–mercury amalgams, and distilling off the mercury gave the metal. However, pure calcium cannot be prepared in bulk by this method and a workable

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In humans, changes in the calcium isotopic composition of urine have been shown to be related to changes in bone mineral balance. When the rate of bone formation exceeds the rate of bone resorption, the Ca/Ca ratio in soft tissue rises and vice versa. Because of this relationship, calcium isotopic

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promote the formation of bone by allowing and enhancing the deposition of calcium ions there, allowing rapid bone turnover without affecting bone mass or mineral content. When plasma calcium levels fall, cell surface receptors are activated and the secretion of parathyroid hormone occurs; it then

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A similar system exists in seawater, where Ca/Ca tends to rise when the rate of removal of Ca by mineral precipitation exceeds the input of new calcium into the ocean. In 1997, Skulan and DePaolo presented the first evidence of change in seawater Ca/Ca over geologic time, along with a theoretical

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Because calcium reacts exothermically with water and acids, calcium metal coming into contact with bodily moisture results in severe corrosive irritation. When swallowed, calcium metal has the same effect on the mouth, oesophagus, and stomach, and can be fatal. However, long-term exposure is not

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Calcium isotope fractionation during mineral formation has led to several applications of calcium isotopes. In particular, the 1997 observation by Skulan and DePaolo that calcium minerals are isotopically lighter than the solutions from which the minerals precipitate is the basis of analogous

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from solution. Lighter isotopes are preferentially incorporated into these minerals, leaving the surrounding solution enriched in heavier isotopes at a magnitude of roughly 0.025% per atomic mass unit (amu) at room temperature. Mass-dependent differences in calcium isotope composition are

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Sosa Torres, Martha; Kroneck, Peter M.H; "Introduction: From Rocks to Living Cells" pp. 1–32 in "Metals, Microbes and Minerals: The Biogeochemical Side of Life" (2021) pp. xiv + 341. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. Editors Kroneck, Peter M.H. and Sosa Torres, Martha.

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and sulfide inclusions in steel which float out; on treatment, these inclusions disperse throughout the steel and become small and spherical, improving castability, cleanliness and general mechanical properties. Calcium is also used in maintenance-free

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by volume, it is a better conductor by mass than both due to its very low density. While calcium is infeasible as a conductor for most terrestrial applications as it reacts quickly with atmospheric oxygen, its use as such in space has been considered.

2551:, but this has likewise never been observed. Calcium is the only element with two primordial doubly magic isotopes. The experimental lower limits for the half-lives of Ca and Ca are 5.9 × 10 years and 2.8 × 10 years respectively. 4654:

Arrowsmith, Merle; Crimmin, Mark R.; Barrett, Anthony G. M.; Hill, Michael S.; Kociok-Köhn, Gabriele; Procopiou, Panayiotis A. (2011). "Cation Charge Density and Precatalyst Selection in Group 2-Catalyzed Aminoalkene Hydroamination".

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is sometimes also incorporated into these alloys. These lead–calcium alloys are also used in casting, replacing lead–antimony alloys. Calcium is also used to strengthen aluminium alloys used for bearings, for the control of graphitic

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applications in medicine and in paleoceanography. In animals with skeletons mineralized with calcium, the calcium isotopic composition of soft tissues reflects the relative rate of formation and dissolution of skeletal mineral.

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molecule from the surficial system (atmosphere, ocean, soils and living organisms), storing it in carbonate rocks where it is likely to stay for hundreds of millions of years. The weathering of calcium from rocks thus scrubs

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Many other calcium radioisotopes are known, ranging from Ca to Ca. They are all much shorter-lived than Ca, the most stable being Ca (half-life 163 days) and Ca (half-life 4.54 days). Isotopes lighter than Ca usually undergo

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Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04).

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Fantle, M.; Depaolo, D. (2007). "Ca isotopes in carbonate sediment and pore fluid from ODP Site 807A: The Ca(aq)–calcite equilibrium fractionation factor and calcite recrystallization rates in Pleistocene sediments".

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use both the first and the second. Direct activation of enzymes by binding calcium is common; some other enzymes are activated by noncovalent association with direct calcium-binding enzymes. Calcium also binds to the

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are very widely used throughout chemistry, organocalcium compounds are not similarly widespread because they are more difficult to make and more reactive, though they have recently been investigated as possible

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are also among the minor producers. In 2005, about 24000 tonnes of calcium were produced; about half of the world's extracted calcium is used by the United States, with about 80% of the output used each year.

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Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D Calcium; Ross, A. C.; Taylor, C. L.; Yaktine, A. L.; Del Valle, H. B. (2011). "ch 6. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels".

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Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D Calcium; Ross, A. C.; Taylor, C. L.; Yaktine, A. L.; Del Valle, H. B. (2011). "ch. 5. Dietary Reference Intakes".

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Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). "Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes".

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The chemistry of calcium is that of a typical heavy alkaline earth metal. For example, calcium spontaneously reacts with water more quickly than magnesium and less quickly than strontium to produce

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conventionally expressed by the ratio of two isotopes (usually Ca/Ca) in a sample compared to the same ratio in a standard reference material. Ca/Ca varies by about 1- 2‰ among organisms on Earth.

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Ca and Ca are the first "classically stable" nuclides with a 6-neutron or 8-neutron excess respectively. Although extremely neutron-rich for such a light element, Ca is very stable because it is a

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machining and other standard metallurgical techniques are suitable for calcium. In the United States and Canada, calcium is instead produced by reducing lime with aluminium at high temperatures.

3621:, nerve conduction, and the clotting of blood. As a result, intra- and extracellular calcium levels are tightly regulated by the body. Calcium can play this role because the Ca ion forms stable 3799:

proceeds to stimulate the entry of calcium into the plasma pool by taking it from targeted kidney, gut, and bone cells, with the bone-forming action of parathyroid hormone being antagonised by

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The other four natural isotopes, Ca, Ca, Ca, and Ca, are significantly rarer, each comprising less than 1% of all natural calcium. The four lighter isotopes are mainly products of the

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Calcium metal melts at 842 °C and boils at 1494 °C; these values are higher than those for magnesium and strontium, the neighbouring group 2 metals. It crystallises in the

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Many calcium compounds are used in food, as pharmaceuticals, and in medicine, among others. For example, calcium and phosphorus are supplemented in foods through the addition of

4082: 3838:, often caused also by inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone or defective PTH receptors in cells. Symptoms include neuromuscular excitability, which potentially causes 5218:"Electro-chemical researches on the decomposition of the earths; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths, and on the amalgam procured from ammonia" 2267:. When finely divided, it spontaneously burns in air to produce the nitride. Bulk calcium is less reactive: it quickly forms a hydration coating in moist air, but below 30% 1661: 5932: 5884: 1967:, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues 8663: 2532:. While two excited states of Sc are available for decay as well, they are also forbidden due to their high spins. As a result, when Ca does decay, it does so by 1937: 5368:

Walker, James C. G.; Hays, P. B.; Kasting, J. F. (1981-10-20). "A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature".

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Ca can also theoretically undergo double beta decay to Ti, but this has never been observed. The most common isotope Ca is also doubly magic and could undergo

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Some calcium compounds were known to the ancients, though their chemistry was unknown until the seventeenth century. Pure calcium was isolated in 1808 via

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Like other elements, a variety of processes alter the relative abundance of calcium isotopes. The best studied of these processes is the mass-dependent

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Calcium is a very ductile silvery metal (sometimes described as pale yellow) whose properties are very similar to the heavier elements in its group,

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in the outermost s-orbital, which are very easily lost in chemical reactions to form a dipositive ion with the stable electron configuration of a

1504: 4627:-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)iminomethyl}pyrrolyl Complexes of the Heavy Alkaline Earth Metals: Synthesis, Structures, and Hydroamination Catalysis". 2729:. In his table of the elements, Lavoisier listed five "salifiable earths" (i.e., ores that could be made to react with acids to produce salts ( 2493:, as its formation requires a rather high neutron flux to allow short-lived Ca to capture a neutron. Ca is produced by electron capture in the 2298:, is a strong base, though not as strong as the hydroxides of strontium, barium or the alkali metals. All four dihalides of calcium are known. 8898: 4551:

Harder, S.; Feil, F.; Knoll, K. (2001). "Novel Calcium Half-Sandwich Complexes for the Living and Stereoselective Polymerization of Styrene".

2456:, with a half-life of about 4.3 × 10 years). Calcium is the first (lightest) element to have six naturally occurring isotopes. 5925: 5720: 5650: 5165: 5134: 5107: 4870:) (2016). "Measurement of the double-beta decay half-life and search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of Ca with the NEMO-3 detector". 4362: 4150: 4062: 3392: 5752:

Balk EM, Adam GP, Langberg VN, Earley A, Clark P, Ebeling PR, Mithal A, Rizzoli R, Zerbini CA, Pierroz DD, Dawson-Hughes B (December 2017).

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Russell, W. A.; Papanastassiou, D. A.; Tombrello, T. A. (1978). "Ca isotope fractionation on the earth and other solar system materials".

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Structure of the polymeric center in hydrated calcium chloride, illustrating the high coordination number typical for calcium complexes.

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and is vital to the health of the muscular, circulatory, and digestive systems; is indispensable to the building of bone in the form of

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Skulan, J.; Depaolo, D. J.; Owens, T. L. (June 1997). "Biological control of calcium isotopic abundances in the global calcium cycle".

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to chemical weathering and releases Ca into surface water. These ions are transported to the ocean where they react with dissolved CO

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and is the heaviest stable nuclide with equal proton and neutron numbers; its occurrence is also supplemented slowly by the decay of

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noted that the lime that resulted was lighter than the original limestone, attributing this to the boiling of the water. In 1755,

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Garfinkel, Yosef (1987). "Burnt Lime Products and Social Implications in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Villages of the Near East".

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By far the most common isotope of calcium in nature is Ca, which makes up 96.941% of all natural calcium. It is produced in the

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Most of these compounds can only be prepared at low temperatures; bulky ligands tend to favor stability. For example, calcium di

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Calcium compounds were known for millennia, though their chemical makeup was not understood until the 17th century. Lime as a

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Rumack BH. POISINDEX. Information System Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2010; CCIS Volume 143. Hall AH and Rumack BH (Eds)

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is a reduction in mineral content of bone per unit volume, and can be treated by supplementation of calcium, vitamin D, and

2282:, can be made by direct oxidation of calcium metal under a high pressure of oxygen, and there is some evidence for a yellow 1921: 8860: 4008: 2974: 9006: 8414: 3946: 3454: 4586:

Crimmin, Mark R.; Casely, Ian J.; Hill, Michael S. (2005). "Calcium-Mediated Intramolecular Hydroamination Catalysis".

2961:. Since calcium is less reactive than strontium or barium, the oxide–nitride coating that results in air is stable and 8950: 8093: 3952: 5843: 45: 8991: 7221: 2521: 9001: 7873: 5602: 2452:(Ca, Ca, Ca, Ca, and Ca) and one isotope with a half-life so long that it is for all practical purposes stable ( 2029:, who named the element. Calcium compounds are widely used in many industries: in foods and pharmaceuticals for 9011: 5548: 4962:"Calcium isotope fractionation between soft and mineralized tissues as a monitor of calcium use in vertebrates" 2375: 2314:) are particularly abundant minerals. Like strontium and barium, as well as the alkali metals and the divalent 1914: 1211: 21: 3909: 3270:

impurities from lead. Calcium metal is found in some drain cleaners, where it functions to generate heat and

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deposits pervade the Earth's surface as fossilized remains of past marine life; they occur in two forms, the

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As calcium is required for bone development, many bone diseases can be traced to the organic matrix or the

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of soft tissue and its serious consequences: for example, calcification can cause loss of elasticity of

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Skulan, J.; Bullen, T.; Anbar, A. D.; Puzas, J. E.; Shackelford, L.; Leblanc, A.; Smith, S. M. (2007).

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Due to the large size of the calcium ion (Ca), high coordination numbers are common, up to 24 in some

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measurements of urine or blood may be useful in the early detection of metabolic bone diseases like

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In Russia and China, Davy's method of electrolysis is still used, but is instead applied to molten

2525: 2443: 2212: 2208: 2061: 1975:. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust, and the third most abundant metal, after 1647: 1618: 1221: 3385: 2383:. Organocalcium compounds tend to be more similar to organoytterbium compounds due to the similar 8600: 8514: 8489: 8459: 8316: 8200: 8180: 8155: 8116: 8027: 7890: 7813: 7659: 5734: 5664: 5584: 5328: 5245: 5080: 4907: 4881: 4771: 4740: 3862:. Inadequate amounts of calcium, vitamin D, or phosphates can lead to softening of bones, called 3740: 3618: 3466: 3432: 3239: 3216: 2855: 2571: 2567: 2478:

to stable Ca; this makes up 2.806% of all natural calcium and is the second-most common isotope.

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ligand on the other hand increases the compound's solubility, volatility, and kinetic stability.

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but can be cut with a knife with effort. While calcium is a poorer conductor of electricity than

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Because of concerns for long-term adverse side effects, including calcification of arteries and

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Berner, Robert (2003). "The long-term carbon cycle, fossil fuels and atmospheric composition".

4354: 4348: 3022:), which in turn settles to the sea floor where it is incorporated into new rocks. Dissolved CO 2778:, Davy isolated calcium and magnesium by putting a mixture of the respective metal oxides with 8504: 8238: 7995: 7951: 7930: 7634: 7626: 7488: 7404: 7383: 7244: 6812: 5897: 5783: 5726: 5716: 5656: 5646: 5576: 5493: 5320: 5203: 5193: 5171: 5161: 5153: 5130: 5103: 5001: 4872: 4799: 4706: 4605: 4568: 4439: 4358: 4206: 4183: 4146: 4114: 4058: 3827: 3772: 3764: 3688: 3606: 3365: 3271: 3226: 2833: 2830: 2779: 2722: 2591: 2533: 2498: 2299: 2268: 2248: 1984: 1714: 1694: 1685: 1439: 1344: 1334: 1131: 719: 5347: 8986: 8874: 8529: 8439: 8247: 8043: 7833: 7754: 7746: 7667: 7583: 7578: 7428: 7375: 7290: 7274: 7266: 6876: 6581: 6410: 6239: 6158: 6077: 6050: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5889: 5802: 5773: 5765: 5708: 5638: 5610: 5568: 5529: 5483: 5449: 5385: 5312: 5237: 5217: 5072: 4991: 4981: 4942: 4899: 4848: 4763: 4698: 4664: 4636: 4597: 4560: 4387: 4242: 4175: 4106: 4046: 3938: 3435: 3377: 2958: 2726: 2599: 2583: 2529: 2475: 2391: 2361: 2275: 2199:, which is why the traditional definition of the term "alkaline earth metal" excludes them. 2134: 2069: 2065: 1949: 1907: 1817: 1757: 1457: 1326: 1077: 3629:; it also forms compounds with a wide range of solubilities, enabling the formation of the 2894:

are mostly made up of calcium carbonate. Among the other important minerals of calcium are

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Calcium, along with its congeners magnesium, strontium, and barium, was first isolated by

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is much higher than those of the hypothetical MX. This occurs because of the much greater

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Smith, J. F.; Carlson, O. N.; Vest, R. W. (1956). "Allotropic Modifications of Calcium".

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This article is about the chemical element. For the use of calcium as a medication, see

8584: 8539: 8283: 7679: 7342: 7334: 5941: 5778: 5753: 4825: 4282:. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 1 September 2017 4227: 3859: 3851: 3752: 3721: 3642: 3614: 3275: 2715: 2474:. Adding another alpha particle leads to unstable Ti, which decays via two successive 2464: 2239: 2211:

arrangement like strontium and barium; above 443 °C (716 K), it changes to a

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has been inferred from excesses of K: traces of Ca also still exist today, as it is a

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afforded by the more highly charged Ca cation compared to the hypothetical Ca cation.

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is a white powder that is used as a suspending agent for pharmaceuticals. In baking,

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4s. Like the other elements placed in group 2 of the periodic table, calcium has two

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the fats and liquefies the proteins (for example, those in hair) that block drains.

8625: 8135: 7089: 6918: 6623: 6023: 5956: 5472:"Natural calcium isotopic composition of urine as a marker of bone mineral balance" 5332: 4279: 3863: 3855: 3835: 3737: 3693: 3442: 3334: 3326: 2999: 2991: 2875: 2867: 2844: 2837: 2775: 2763: 2711: 2650: 2639: 2609:

of calcium isotopes that accompanies the precipitation of calcium minerals such as

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Age-adjusted daily calcium recommendations (from U.S. Institute of Medicine RDAs)

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for oxygen and nitrogen. It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of

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with a half-life of about 10 years. Its existence in the early Solar System as an

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commercial process for its production was not found until over a century later.

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and silicon-burning processes, leaving the two heavier ones to be produced via

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Hluchan, Stephen E.; Pomerantz, Kenneth (2005). "Calcium and Calcium Alloys".

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from the ocean and atmosphere, exerting a strong long-term effect on climate.

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Calcium is the most abundant metal and the fifth-most abundant element in the

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The actual reaction is more complicated and involves the bicarbonate ion (HCO

2215:. Its density of 1.526 g/cm (at 20 °C) is the lowest in its group. 8771: 8717: 8690: 8630: 8579: 8509: 8484: 8454: 8424: 8376: 8361: 8356: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8210: 8165: 7161: 7134: 7125: 6972: 6954: 6945: 6936: 6722: 6632: 6605: 6553: 6499: 6481: 6445: 6425: 6364: 6301: 6245: 6184: 6173: 6092: 6043: 6033: 6028: 5572: 5389: 5076: 3795: 3669: 3665: 3298: 3263: 3254: 3234: 3027: 3007: 2983: 2907: 2887: 2851: 2847: 2818: 2803: 2707: 2693: 2654: 2614: 2559: 2494: 2490: 2322: 2227: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2138: 2118: 1996: 1988: 1980: 1968: 1699: 1514: 1379: 1018: 1011: 999: 987: 966: 959: 840: 826: 819: 812: 649: 579: 558: 521: 479: 465: 437: 419: 375: 326: 282: 238: 229: 169: 8933: 5787: 5730: 5702: 5660: 5632: 5607:

World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019

5580: 5551:(2008). "A Dynamic marine calcium cycle during the past 28 million years". 5497: 5324: 5241: 5005: 4710: 4702: 4609: 4572: 4187: 8916: 4565:

10.1002/1521-3773(20011119)40:22<4261::AID-ANIE4261>3.0.CO;2-J

4205:. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. 4110: 2364:, smaller group 2 cations tend to form stronger complexes, but when large 8464: 8444: 8381: 8341: 8326: 8220: 7116: 7017: 6900: 6882: 6857: 6848: 6821: 6794: 6758: 6749: 6731: 6659: 6650: 6544: 6416: 6382: 6292: 6283: 6274: 6265: 6220: 6139: 6121: 6056: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3959: 3743:, but the composition of calcium complexes in supplements may affect its 3661: 3630: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3247: 2915: 2783: 2658: 2587: 2537: 2513: 2501:, where high neutron excess and low enough entropy ensures its survival. 2380: 2318: 2256: 2149: 2000: 1026: 952: 875: 784: 770: 754: 747: 726: 705: 677: 670: 656: 600: 593: 514: 412: 389: 319: 312: 305: 298: 266: 206: 192: 144: 8641: 5615: 5316: 5084: 2753:(silica, silicon dioxide)). About these "elements", Lavoisier reasoned: 2540:

instead, being the lightest nuclide known to undergo double beta decay.

1165:

1757 K (1484 °C, 2703 °F)

8610: 8564: 8494: 8474: 8321: 8195: 8185: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7071: 7062: 7044: 6999: 6927: 6909: 6839: 6785: 6767: 6740: 6713: 6695: 6677: 6587: 6517: 6490: 6454: 6436: 6400: 6391: 6373: 6355: 6193: 6083: 6038: 4767: 4099:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 3673: 3626: 3416: 3357: 3310: 3302: 3267: 2987: 2923: 2879: 2871: 2840: 2618: 2610: 2449: 2341: 2326: 2101: 2073: 2004: 1170: 917: 910: 896: 861: 805: 791: 740: 698: 684: 663: 642: 628: 614: 544: 493: 472: 444: 430: 403: 396: 382: 368: 245: 162: 8085: 5547:

Griffith, Elizabeth M.; Paytan, Adina; Caldeira, Ken; Bullen, Thomas;

4668: 4640: 4601: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4391: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4179: 1407: 8825: 8798: 8605: 8469: 8391: 8386: 8346: 8336: 8331: 8274: 8265: 6963: 6891: 6776: 6704: 6614: 6596: 6562: 6526: 6508: 6337: 6328: 6319: 6211: 6164: 6130: 6112: 6067: 5862: 5860: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5403: 5401: 5399: 3839: 3780: 3657: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3290: 3281:

Besides metallurgy, the reactivity of calcium is exploited to remove

3259: 3230: 2995: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2895: 2859: 2850:(forming in more temperate seas). Minerals of the first type include 2807: 2669: 2252: 2223: 2126: 2122: 2085: 1992: 1972: 1152: 833: 777: 691: 635: 565: 551: 528: 500: 486: 354: 347: 340: 259: 222: 199: 185: 153: 7213: 4078: 3834:. Conversely, inadequate calcium or vitamin D intakes may result in 3708:

As an example of the wide range of solubility of calcium compounds,

2582:

to isotopes of potassium, and those heavier than Ca usually undergo

5712: 5642: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 4886: 4824:

Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017).

4226:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

3803:, whose secretion increases with increasing plasma calcium levels. 3250:–lead alloys leads to lower water loss and lower self-discharging. 2684:. This material would later be used for the plaster in the tomb of 2508:, having 20 protons and 28 neutrons arranged in closed shells. Its 2195:

respectively and have some of the weaker metallic character of the

2175:

Calcium, strontium, barium, and radium are always considered to be

6866: 6571: 6229: 6103: 4457: 4455: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 3541: 3286: 2962: 2934: 2930: 2891: 2883: 2863: 2794: 2629: 2548: 2238: 2142: 1139: 1105: 761: 535: 273: 178: 5910: 5754:"Global dietary calcium intake among adults: a systematic review" 5126:

Lime and Limestone: Chemistry and Technology, Production and Uses

3164:{\displaystyle {\ce {Ca^2+ + 2 HCO3- -> CaCO3_v + CO2 + H2O}}} 8574: 8396: 8351: 6830: 6803: 6346: 6310: 6148: 5707:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. pp. 345–402. 5175: 3775:. The intestine absorbs about one-third of calcium eaten as the 3428: 3243: 2822: 2718:, which as a gas had not been recognised by the ancient Romans. 2219: 2192: 1976: 733: 712: 361: 333: 213: 8645: 8089: 7217: 5914: 5637:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. pp. 403–56. 4684:"Early Main Group Metal Catalysis: How Important is the Metal?" 4623:

Jenter, Jelena; Köppe, Ralf; Roesky, Peter W. (2011). "2,5-Bis{

3190:. The reaction results in a net transport of one molecule of CO 2092:. Calcium ions outside cells are important for maintaining the 6535: 5160:. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 505–10. 4143:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

3641:

Calcium ions may be complexed by proteins through binding the

3424: 507: 8892: 5196:. The original passage appears in: Lavoisier, Antoine (1789) 3712:

is very soluble in water, 85% of extracellular calcium is as

2653:

was used as far back as around 7000 BC. The first dated

1155: (842 °C, 1548 °F) 3055: 3376:

is used as a bleach in papermaking and as a disinfectant,

2558:

of calcium is Ca. It decays by electron capture to stable

5950: 5222:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

3971: 3388:

and is used to make metallic soaps and synthetic resins.

3233:. Its oxides and sulfides, once formed, give liquid lime 3154: 3138: 3117: 2700:). The name "calcium" itself derives from the Latin word 5619:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 2554:

Apart from the practically stable Ca, the longest lived

5684:

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals

4796:

Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos: Hydrogen to Gallium

3700:, anchoring proteins associated with the cell surface. 3393:

World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

2725:

suspected that lime might be an oxide of a fundamental

2406:, must be made by directly reacting calcium metal with 3787:

Hormonal regulation of bone formation and serum levels

3317:, from which the hydrogen can easily be re-extracted. 8858: 5188:

Lavoisier, Antoine; Kerr, Robert (translator) (1799)

3546:

Global dietary calcium intake among adults (mg/day).

3067: 2825:. It is also the fourth most abundant element in the 2374:

Though calcium is in the same group as magnesium and

2160:

to the divalent salts and calcium metal, because the

9027:

Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure

3779:, and plasma calcium level is then regulated by the 8593: 8405: 8194: 8123: 7766: 7727: 7603: 7437: 7363: 7251: 5704:

Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D

5634:

Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D

3826:and disruption of laminar blood flow—and thence to 2271:it may be stored indefinitely at room temperature. 2007:are also sources of calcium. The name derives from 1646: 1632: 1627: 1617: 1607: 1597: 1587: 1573: 1563: 1553: 1543: 1526: 1513: 1503: 1493: 1476: 1456: 1438: 1428: 1423: 1396: 1386: 1372: 1343: 1333: 1313: 1308: 1220: 1210: 1196: 1182: 1169: 1159: 1145: 1125: 1120: 1112: 1098: 1083: 1071: 1059: 1040: 122: 85: 69: 57: 52: 5350:. National Council for Science and the Environment 3842:and disruption of conductivity in cardiac tissue. 3609:needed in large quantities. The Ca ion acts as an 3163: 2516:is very hindered because of the gross mismatch of 5279: 5262: 5025: 4826:"The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" 4723: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4497: 4485: 4473: 4334: 4228:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 3747:which varies by solubility of the salt involved: 5866: 5830: 5407: 4461: 4413: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 3854:in molecular structure or organization of bone. 3352:. The last is also used as a polishing agent in 5192:, 4th ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: William Creech. 4798:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–98. 4741:"Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System" 3975: 2755: 1991:and the fossilised remnants of early sea life; 1983:. The most common calcium compound on Earth is 1472: = 558.8 pm (at 20 °C) 8300:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) 5885:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 4309:"Calcium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals" 3380:is used as a reinforcing agent in rubber, and 2941:(about 6000 to 8000 tonnes per year), and the 2018:", which was obtained from heating limestone. 1509:33.6 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) 9022:World Health Organization essential medicines 8657: 8101: 7229: 5926: 5465: 5463: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4438:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 3676:, a digestive enzyme, uses the first method; 2602:begin to be significant decay modes as well. 2325:, calcium metal dissolves directly in liquid 1922: 1583:3810 m/s (at 20 °C) 1089: 8: 4682:Penafiel, J.; Maron, L.; Harder, S. (2014). 3763:is less. Other calcium preparations include 2657:dates back to 2500 BC and was found in 2489:processes. Ca is mostly produced in a "hot" 2448:Natural calcium is a mixture of five stable 2129:. A calcium atom has twenty electrons, with 32: 4145:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 3253:Due to the risk of expansion and cracking, 2817:, and the third most abundant metal behind 29:Chemical element with atomic number 20 (Ca) 8681: 8664: 8650: 8642: 8108: 8094: 8086: 7236: 7222: 7214: 5933: 5919: 5911: 5844:"Calcium turnings, 99% trace metals basis" 4789: 4787: 4785: 4734: 4732: 3878: 3818:Chronic hypercalcaemia typically leads to 3221:The largest use of metallic calcium is in 2815:most abundant element in the Earth's crust 2692:instead used lime mortars made by heating 2387:of Yb (102 pm) and Ca (100 pm). 2251:and hydrogen gas. It also reacts with the 1929: 1915: 1662: 1655: 1463: 135: 61:dull gray, silver; with a pale yellow tint 44: 5777: 5614: 5487: 5418: 5416: 5290: 5288: 4995: 4985: 4885: 3680:, a bone matrix protein, uses the third. 3153: 3148: 3137: 3132: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3073: 3068: 3066: 2340:. Calcium is readily complexed by oxygen 5148: 5146: 4589:Journal of the American Chemical Society 4168:Journal of the American Chemical Society 4027:known to have distinct adverse effects. 3683:Some other bone matrix proteins such as 3625:with many organic compounds, especially 3470: 3174:At seawater pH, most of the dissolved CO 2714:proved that this was due to the loss of 2524:, while Sc has spin 6+, so the decay is 1678: 1237: 131: 8905: 8865: 7033: 5370:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 4038: 3672:by γ-carboxylated amino acid residues. 7087: 6916: 6621: 5690:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006 4424: 4422: 4380:Journal of the Electrochemical Society 4203:CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 2945:(about 2000 to 4000 tonnes per year). 31: 7141: 7105: 7096: 7006: 6988: 6979: 5609:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 4436:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 1871: 1868: 1846: 1843: 1835: 1832: 1810: 1805: 1797: 1794: 1786: 1783: 1775: 1772: 1746: 1741: 1731: 1728: 7: 7150: 7078: 7051: 7024: 6684: 6666: 6639: 6470: 6461: 2371:are involved the trend is reversed. 2152:in its compounds, which are usually 1066:group 2 (alkaline earth metals) 7159: 7132: 7123: 6970: 6952: 6943: 6934: 6720: 6630: 6603: 6551: 6497: 6479: 6443: 6423: 6362: 6299: 6200: 6182: 6171: 6090: 4960:Skulan, J.; Depaolo, D. J. (1999). 3811:Excess intake of calcium may cause 3759:are highly bioavailable, while the 3736:Calcium is a common constituent of 3728:with a solubility of 1000 μM. 3653:residues; through interacting with 3242:, in which the use of 0.1% calcium– 3194:from the ocean/atmosphere into the 3178:is immediately converted back into 2929:The major producers of calcium are 1273: 7177: 7114: 7015: 6898: 6880: 6855: 6846: 6819: 6792: 6747: 6729: 6657: 6648: 6542: 6414: 6380: 6290: 6272: 6263: 6243: 6218: 4079:"Standard Atomic Weights: Calcium" 2520:: Ca has zero nuclear spin, being 1358:3rd: 4912.4 kJ/mol 1355:2nd: 1145.4 kJ/mol 14: 7069: 7060: 7042: 6997: 6907: 6837: 6810: 6783: 6765: 6756: 6738: 6711: 6693: 6675: 6585: 6515: 6488: 6452: 6398: 6389: 6371: 6353: 6281: 6252: 6191: 6137: 6119: 6081: 6054: 5202:. Paris, France: Cuchet. Vol. 1. 5045:. United States Geological Survey 3724:of bones in an organic matrix is 1352:1st: 589.8 kJ/mol 8959: 8942: 8925: 8908: 8880: 8868: 6961: 6925: 6889: 6774: 6702: 6612: 6594: 6524: 6506: 6434: 6335: 6326: 6317: 6162: 6065: 3908: 3461:Biological and pathological role 2749:(alumina, aluminium oxide), and 2668:About the same time, dehydrated 2570:, continuously produced through 2148:Hence, calcium is almost always 1902: 1901: 1241: 6864: 6569: 6560: 6227: 6209: 6128: 6110: 5434:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 5156:; Leichester, Henry M. (1968). 3716:with a solubility of 2.00 2766:in 1808. Following the work of 2356:and removing calcium ions from 2104:synthesis, and bone formation. 6828: 6801: 6344: 6308: 6146: 6101: 3451:European Food Safety Authority 3403:Foods rich in calcium include 3121: 3104: 3054:reacts with water at seawater 2329:to give a dark blue solution. 2274:Besides the simple oxide CaO, 2048:(Ca) play a vital role in the 1339:Pauling scale: 1.00 1: 6533: 5894:10.1002/14356007.a04_515.pub2 5454:10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00047-1 5280:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 5263:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 5102:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 4. 5026:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4853:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001 4724:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4539:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4527:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4515:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4498:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4486:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4474:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 4335:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997 3455:Tolerable Upper Intake Levels 2870:; aragonite beds make up the 2741:(magnesia, magnesium oxide), 2064:pathways where they act as a 1528:Molar magnetic susceptibility 5867:Hluchan & Pomerantz 2005 5831:Hluchan & Pomerantz 2005 5489:10.1373/clinchem.2006.080143 5408:Hluchan & Pomerantz 2005 5348:"Marine carbonate chemistry" 5199:Traité Élémentaire de Chimie 4947:10.1016/0016-7037(78)90105-9 4462:Hluchan & Pomerantz 2005 4414:Hluchan & Pomerantz 2005 3246:alloys instead of the usual 2813:At 3%, calcium is the fifth 2259:in air to form a mixture of 5846:. Sigma-Aldrich. 2021-02-24 5100:Lime Kilns and Lime Burning 4353:. London: Longman. p. 4141:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 2056:processes of organisms and 1226:25.929 J/(mol·K) 9043: 8420:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate 8310:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K) 6432: 6261: 6180: 6099: 6063: 5965: 5758:Osteoporosis International 5098:Williams, Richard (2004). 4904:10.1103/PhysRevD.93.112008 4739:Cameron, A. G. W. (1973). 4103:Pure and Applied Chemistry 3464: 3214: 3036:dissolved inorganic carbon 2972: 2441: 2294:.Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 1184:when liquid (at 427: 295: 235: 175: 150: 15: 8815:Specific mass: 3.594 g/cm 8734:Specific mass: 1.738 g/cm 8679: 8295:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 7175: 6875: 6580: 6409: 6238: 6157: 6076: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5960: 5955: 5948: 5807:10.1515/9783110589771-001 5770:10.1007/s00198-017-4230-x 5603:World Health Organization 5534:10.1016/j.gca.2007.03.006 5158:Discovery of the Elements 5038:Apodaca, Lori E. (2021). 4866:Arnold, R.; et al. ( 4434:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). 4051:Chemistry of the Elements 4049:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 3889: 3884: 2926:(, X = OH, Cl, or F).gre 2791:Occurrence and production 2680:O) was being used in the 2422:ligand with the bulkier C 2376:organomagnesium compounds 1900: 1896: 1863: 1840: 1829: 1802: 1791: 1780: 1769: 1738: 1725: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1406: 1378:empirical: 197 1230: 1017: 130: 118: 65: 43: 8838:Melting Point: 973.15 K 8811:Melting Point: 1002.15 K 8788:Specific mass: 2.64 g/cm 8784:Melting Point: 1042.15 K 8761:Specific mass: 1.54 g/cm 8757:Melting Point: 1112.15 K 8707:Specific mass: 1.85 g/cm 8703:Melting Point: 1560.15 K 8701:Atomic Weight: 9.012182 4987:10.1073/pnas.96.24.13709 4794:Clayton, Donald (2003). 4247:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 3947:Precautionary statements 2982:provides a link between 2975:Carbonate–silicate cycle 2076:; in contraction of all 22:Calcium (disambiguation) 9017:Sodium channel blockers 8842:Specific mass: 5.5 g/cm 8817:Electronegativity: 0.89 8809:Atomic Weight: 137.327 8790:Electronegativity: 0.95 8736:Electronegativity: 1.31 8730:Melting Point: 923.15 K 8728:Atomic Weight: 24.3050 8709:Electronegativity: 1.57 8131:Bodybuilding supplement 7252:Hydrogen & halogens 5888:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 5573:10.1126/science.1163614 5390:10.1029/JC086iC10p09776 5123:Oates, J. A. H (2008). 5077:10.3406/paleo.1987.4417 5040:"Commodity report:Lime" 2772:Magnus Martin af Pontin 2545:double electron capture 2528:by the conservation of 2461:silicon-burning process 2414:itself; replacing the C 2334:intermetallic compounds 2218:Calcium is harder than 2031:calcium supplementation 1489:/K (at 20 °C) 1216:154.7 kJ/mol 8844:Electronegativity: 0.9 8840:Boiling Point: 2010 K 8755:Atomic Weight: 40.078 8305:Tocopherol (Vitamin E) 5514:Geochim Cosmochim Acta 5242:10.1098/rstl.1808.0023 4966:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 4927:Geochim Cosmochim Acta 4703:10.1002/anie.201408814 4347:Parish, R. V. (1977). 4201:Weast, Robert (1984). 3982: 3769:calcium citrate malate 3668:residues; or by being 3623:coordination complexes 3619:contraction of muscles 3597: 3165: 2933:(about 10000 to 12000 2843:(more common) and the 2810: 2760: 2642: 2352:, which are useful in 2244: 2197:post-transition metals 2131:electron configuration 1613:170–416 MPa 1505:Electrical resistivity 1499:201 W/(m⋅K) 1412: 1178:1.526 g/cm 1100:Electron configuration 71:Standard atomic weight 20:. For other uses, see 8997:Alkaline earth metals 8897:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 8813:Boiling Point: 2170 K 8786:Boiling Point: 1655 K 8782:Atomic Weight: 87.62 8759:Boiling Point: 1757 K 8732:Boiling Point: 1363 K 8705:Boiling Point: 2742 K 8673:Alkaline earth metals 5190:Elements of Chemistry 4748:Space Science Reviews 4350:The Metallic Elements 4111:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 4055:Butterworth-Heinemann 4047:Greenwood, Norman N. 3981: 3807:Abnormal serum levels 3710:monocalcium phosphate 3545: 3447:Institute of Medicine 3166: 2798: 2682:Great Pyramid of Giza 2633: 2242: 2177:alkaline earth metals 2162:enthalpy of formation 1411: 1192:1.378 g/cm 8763:Electronegativity: 1 8505:Japanese honeysuckle 4868:NEMO-3 Collaboration 4691:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 4553:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 3964:(fire diamond) 3726:tricalcium phosphate 3362:Calcium lactobionate 3350:tricalcium phosphate 3240:automotive batteries 3225:, due to its strong 3065: 3050:) that forms when CO 2768:Jöns Jakob Berzelius 2564:extinct radionuclide 2506:doubly magic nucleus 2360:. In the absence of 2094:potential difference 1965:alkaline earth metal 1495:Thermal conductivity 1398:Van der Waals radius 1392:176±10 pm 1233:Vapour pressure 1212:Heat of vaporisation 1174:(at 20° C) 9007:Dietary supplements 8430:Chondroitin sulfate 8248:Pantothenic acid (B 8211:Retinol (Vitamin A) 8181:Protein supplements 8117:Dietary supplements 5565:2008Sci...322.1671G 5526:2007GeCoA..71.2524F 5446:1997GeCoA..61.2505S 5382:1981JGR....86.9776W 5317:10.1038/nature02131 5309:2003Natur.426..323B 5234:1808RSPT...98..333D 4978:1999PNAS...9613709S 4939:1978GeCoA..42.1075R 4896:2016PhRvD..93k2008A 4845:2017ChPhC..41c0001A 4760:1973SSRv...15..121C 4174:(35): 12492–12501. 3881: 3792:Parathyroid hormone 3741:dietary supplements 3714:dicalcium phosphate 3473: 3346:calcium diphosphate 3156: 3140: 3119: 3103: 2969:Geochemical cycling 2733:= salt, in Latin): 2651:plaster for statues 2636:'Ain Ghazal Statues 2444:Isotopes of calcium 2235:Chemical properties 2213:body-centered cubic 2209:face-centered cubic 2203:Physical properties 2062:signal transduction 1648:Isotopes of calcium 1636:and first isolation 1345:Ionisation energies 1222:Molar heat capacity 1121:Physical properties 1113:Electrons per shell 40: 8834:Atomic Number: 88 8807:Atomic Number: 56 8780:Atomic Number: 38 8753:Atomic Number: 20 8726:Atomic Number: 12 8685: 8601:Codex Alimentarius 8490:Grape seed extract 8151:Herbal supplements 5869:, pp. 487–89. 5833:, pp. 489–94. 5476:Clinical Chemistry 5410:, pp. 485–87. 5154:Weeks, Mary Elvira 4768:10.1007/BF00172440 4726:, pp. 136–37. 4517:, pp. 122–15. 4337:, pp. 112–13. 3983: 3879: 3598: 3471: 3467:Calcium in biology 3391:Calcium is on the 3384:is a component of 3217:Calcium supplement 3161: 3144: 3128: 3107: 3089: 3034:ions, are termed " 2811: 2745:(barium sulfate), 2643: 2592:nuclear drip lines 2590:, though near the 2572:neutron activation 2568:cosmogenic nuclide 2499:type Ia supernovae 2354:analytic chemistry 2245: 2158:disproportionation 1559:7.4 GPa 1446:face-centred cubic 1429:Natural occurrence 1419: 1413: 1024: 1007: 18:Calcium supplement 8992:Chemical elements 8856: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8818: 8791: 8764: 8737: 8710: 8699:Atomic Number: 4 8639: 8638: 8284:Cyanocobalamin (B 8201:chemical elements 8083: 8082: 7604:Group 13 & 14 7245:Calcium compounds 7211: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7170: 7169: 5722:978-0-309-16394-1 5652:978-0-309-16394-1 5216:Davy, H. (1808). 5167:978-0-7661-3872-8 5136:978-3-527-61201-7 5109:978-0-7478-0596-0 4873:Physical Review D 4833:Chinese Physics C 4669:10.1021/om101063m 4641:10.1021/om100937c 4602:10.1021/ja043576n 4392:10.1149/1.2430364 4364:978-0-582-44278-8 4235:Chinese Physics C 4180:10.1021/ja105534w 4152:978-1-62708-155-9 4064:978-0-08-037941-8 4023:Chemical compound 4021: 4020: 3933:Hazard statements 3773:calcium gluconate 3765:calcium carbonate 3689:bone sialoprotein 3607:essential element 3540: 3539: 3480:Calcium (mg/day) 3436:breakfast cereals 3366:calcium phosphate 3285:from high-purity 3272:calcium hydroxide 3227:chemical affinity 3159: 3147: 3131: 3110: 3092: 3072: 2834:calcium carbonate 2780:mercury(II) oxide 2737:(calcium oxide), 2723:Antoine Lavoisier 2647:building material 2534:double beta decay 2476:electron captures 2300:Calcium carbonate 2269:relative humidity 2249:calcium hydroxide 2135:valence electrons 2096:across excitable 1985:calcium carbonate 1943: 1942: 1908:Category: Calcium 1892: 1891: 1569:17 GPa 1549:20 GPa 1515:Magnetic ordering 1478:Thermal expansion 1440:Crystal structure 1414: 1402:231 pm 1335:Electronegativity 1325:(a strongly 1309:Atomic properties 1303: 1302: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1022: 1005: 995: 994: 721:Mercury (element) 9034: 9002:Dietary minerals 8972: 8971:from Wikiversity 8964: 8963: 8962: 8955: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8938: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8921: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8901: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8864: 8836:Atomic Weight: 8833: 8806: 8779: 8752: 8725: 8698: 8682: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8643: 8594:Related articles 8500:Iron supplements 8440:Copper gluconate 8110: 8103: 8096: 8087: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7215: 7180: 7179: 7166: 7164: 7157: 7155: 7148: 7146: 7139: 7137: 7130: 7128: 7121: 7119: 7112: 7110: 7103: 7101: 7094: 7092: 7085: 7083: 7076: 7074: 7067: 7065: 7058: 7056: 7049: 7047: 7040: 7038: 7031: 7029: 7022: 7020: 7013: 7011: 7004: 7002: 6995: 6993: 6986: 6984: 6977: 6975: 6968: 6966: 6959: 6957: 6950: 6948: 6941: 6939: 6932: 6930: 6923: 6921: 6914: 6912: 6905: 6903: 6896: 6894: 6887: 6885: 6871: 6869: 6862: 6860: 6853: 6851: 6844: 6842: 6835: 6833: 6826: 6824: 6817: 6815: 6808: 6806: 6799: 6797: 6790: 6788: 6781: 6779: 6772: 6770: 6763: 6761: 6754: 6752: 6745: 6743: 6736: 6734: 6727: 6725: 6718: 6716: 6709: 6707: 6700: 6698: 6691: 6689: 6682: 6680: 6673: 6671: 6664: 6662: 6655: 6653: 6646: 6644: 6637: 6635: 6628: 6626: 6619: 6617: 6610: 6608: 6601: 6599: 6592: 6590: 6576: 6574: 6567: 6565: 6558: 6556: 6549: 6547: 6540: 6538: 6531: 6529: 6522: 6520: 6513: 6511: 6504: 6502: 6495: 6493: 6486: 6484: 6477: 6475: 6468: 6466: 6459: 6457: 6450: 6448: 6441: 6439: 6430: 6428: 6421: 6419: 6405: 6403: 6396: 6394: 6387: 6385: 6378: 6376: 6369: 6367: 6360: 6358: 6351: 6349: 6342: 6340: 6333: 6331: 6324: 6322: 6315: 6313: 6306: 6304: 6297: 6295: 6288: 6286: 6279: 6277: 6270: 6268: 6259: 6257: 6250: 6248: 6234: 6232: 6225: 6223: 6216: 6214: 6207: 6205: 6198: 6196: 6189: 6187: 6178: 6176: 6169: 6167: 6153: 6151: 6144: 6142: 6135: 6133: 6126: 6124: 6117: 6115: 6108: 6106: 6097: 6095: 6088: 6086: 6072: 6070: 6061: 6059: 5951: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5912: 5907: 5870: 5864: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5809: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5491: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5411: 5405: 5394: 5393: 5376:(C10): 9776–82. 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5303:(6964): 323–26. 5292: 5283: 5277: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5213: 5207: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5150: 5141: 5140: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5044: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5010: 5009: 4999: 4989: 4972:(24): 13709–13. 4957: 4951: 4950: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4889: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4830: 4821: 4810: 4809: 4791: 4780: 4779: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4688: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4663:(6): 1493–1506. 4651: 4645: 4644: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4450: 4449: 4426: 4417: 4411: 4396: 4395: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4305: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4276: 4251: 4250: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4138: 4123: 4122: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4053:(2nd ed.). 4043: 4012: 4011: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3974: 3954: 3940: 3912: 3882: 3875:Metallic calcium 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3474: 3445:, both the U.S. 3378:calcium silicate 3266:, and to remove 3189: 3188: 3187: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3108: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3081: 3080: 3070: 3049: 3048: 3021: 3020: 3019: 2959:calcium chloride 2727:chemical element 2600:neutron emission 2584:beta minus decay 2530:angular momentum 2392:cyclopentadienyl 2362:steric hindrance 2276:calcium peroxide 2070:neurotransmitter 2066:second messenger 2025:of its oxide by 1950:chemical element 1931: 1924: 1917: 1905: 1904: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1854: 1849: 1820: 1813: 1760: 1753: 1751: 1711: 1679: 1669: 1664: 1657: 1609:Brinell hardness 1580: 1538: 1536: 1488: 1486: 1467: 1458:Lattice constant 1424:Other properties 1324: 1315:Oxidation states 1281: 1277: 1249: 1245: 1238: 1189: 1175: 1136: 1135: 1091: 1052: 1051: 990: 983: 976: 969: 962: 955: 948: 941: 934: 927: 920: 913: 906: 899: 892: 885: 878: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 822: 815: 808: 801: 794: 787: 780: 773: 764: 757: 750: 743: 736: 729: 722: 715: 708: 701: 694: 687: 680: 673: 666: 659: 652: 645: 638: 631: 624: 617: 610: 603: 596: 589: 582: 575: 568: 561: 554: 547: 538: 531: 524: 517: 510: 503: 496: 489: 482: 475: 468: 461: 454: 447: 440: 433: 422: 415: 406: 399: 392: 385: 378: 371: 364: 357: 350: 343: 336: 329: 322: 315: 308: 301: 292: 285: 276: 269: 262: 255: 248: 241: 232: 225: 216: 209: 202: 195: 188: 181: 172: 165: 156: 147: 141: 140: 136: 132: 106: 104: 97: 95: 81: 48: 41: 39: 9042: 9041: 9037: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9012:Reducing agents 8977: 8976: 8975: 8965: 8960: 8958: 8948: 8943: 8941: 8931: 8926: 8924: 8920:from Wiktionary 8914: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8900:sister projects 8899: 8891: 8881: 8879: 8869: 8867: 8859: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8828: 8820: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8801: 8793: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8774: 8766: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8747: 8739: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8712: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8675: 8670: 8640: 8635: 8589: 8407: 8401: 8287: 8278: 8269: 8260: 8251: 8242: 8233: 8224: 8202: 8199: 8190: 8175:Bifidobacterium 8119: 8114: 8084: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7793: 7789: 7781: 7777: 7762: 7758: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7663: 7650: 7646: 7638: 7630: 7622: 7614: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7496: 7492: 7484: 7480: 7472: 7468: 7460: 7452: 7448: 7433: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7400: 7387: 7379: 7359: 7350: 7346: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7286: 7278: 7270: 7262: 7247: 7242: 7212: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7171: 7162: 7160: 7153: 7151: 7144: 7142: 7135: 7133: 7126: 7124: 7117: 7115: 7108: 7106: 7099: 7097: 7090: 7088: 7081: 7079: 7072: 7070: 7063: 7061: 7054: 7052: 7045: 7043: 7036: 7034: 7027: 7025: 7018: 7016: 7009: 7007: 7000: 6998: 6991: 6989: 6982: 6980: 6973: 6971: 6964: 6962: 6955: 6953: 6946: 6944: 6937: 6935: 6928: 6926: 6919: 6917: 6910: 6908: 6901: 6899: 6892: 6890: 6883: 6881: 6867: 6865: 6858: 6856: 6849: 6847: 6840: 6838: 6831: 6829: 6822: 6820: 6813: 6811: 6804: 6802: 6795: 6793: 6786: 6784: 6777: 6775: 6768: 6766: 6759: 6757: 6750: 6748: 6741: 6739: 6732: 6730: 6723: 6721: 6714: 6712: 6705: 6703: 6696: 6694: 6687: 6685: 6678: 6676: 6669: 6667: 6660: 6658: 6651: 6649: 6642: 6640: 6633: 6631: 6624: 6622: 6615: 6613: 6606: 6604: 6597: 6595: 6588: 6586: 6572: 6570: 6563: 6561: 6554: 6552: 6545: 6543: 6536: 6534: 6527: 6525: 6518: 6516: 6509: 6507: 6500: 6498: 6491: 6489: 6482: 6480: 6473: 6471: 6464: 6462: 6455: 6453: 6446: 6444: 6437: 6435: 6426: 6424: 6417: 6415: 6401: 6399: 6392: 6390: 6383: 6381: 6374: 6372: 6365: 6363: 6356: 6354: 6347: 6345: 6338: 6336: 6329: 6327: 6320: 6318: 6311: 6309: 6302: 6300: 6293: 6291: 6284: 6282: 6275: 6273: 6266: 6264: 6255: 6253: 6246: 6244: 6230: 6228: 6221: 6219: 6212: 6210: 6203: 6201: 6194: 6192: 6185: 6183: 6174: 6172: 6165: 6163: 6149: 6147: 6140: 6138: 6131: 6129: 6122: 6120: 6113: 6111: 6104: 6102: 6093: 6091: 6084: 6082: 6068: 6066: 6057: 6055: 5944: 5939: 5904: 5881: 5878: 5873: 5865: 5858: 5849: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5829: 5812: 5799: 5795: 5764:(12): 3315–24. 5751: 5750: 5746: 5723: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5653: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5559:(12): 1671–74. 5546: 5545: 5541: 5520:(10): 2524–46. 5510: 5509: 5505: 5469: 5468: 5461: 5440:(12): 2505–10. 5431: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5397: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5353: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5294: 5293: 5286: 5278: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5187: 5183: 5168: 5152: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5013: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4813: 4806: 4793: 4792: 4783: 4743: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4657:Organometallics 4653: 4652: 4648: 4629:Organometallics 4622: 4621: 4617: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4559:(22): 4261–64. 4550: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4433: 4427: 4420: 4412: 4399: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4254: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4140: 4139: 4126: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4057:. p. 112. 4045: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3949: 3935: 3921: 3905: 3877: 3872: 3860:bisphosphonates 3848: 3809: 3789: 3749:calcium citrate 3745:bioavailability 3734: 3706: 3643:carboxyl groups 3639: 3603: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3469: 3463: 3401: 3382:calcium acetate 3374:Calcium sulfite 3370:leavening agent 3342:calcium lactate 3315:calcium hydride 3229:for oxygen and 3219: 3213: 3206: 3201: 3193: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3025: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3005: 2980:Calcium cycling 2977: 2971: 2921: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2827:lunar highlands 2793: 2699: 2679: 2675: 2628: 2596:proton emission 2586:to isotopes of 2580:beta plus decay 2574:of natural Ca. 2487:neutron capture 2465:alpha particles 2463:from fusion of 2446: 2440: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412:cyclopentadiene 2405: 2401: 2397: 2339: 2313: 2308:calcium sulfate 2305: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2265:calcium nitride 2237: 2205: 2167: 2141:, in this case 2115: 2110: 2108:Characteristics 1935: 1910: 1881: 1874: 1872: 1852: 1847: 1816: 1811: 1756: 1749: 1747: 1709: 1702: 1695:abundance 1668: 1650: 1623:7440-70-2 1578: 1545:Young's modulus 1534: 1532: 1484: 1482: 1468: 1388:Covalent radius 1368: 1320: 1304: 1279: 1247: 1183: 1173: 1129: 1045: 1041: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1002: 996: 988: 981: 974: 967: 960: 953: 946: 939: 932: 925: 918: 911: 904: 897: 890: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 848: 841: 834: 827: 820: 813: 806: 799: 792: 785: 778: 771: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 608: 601: 594: 587: 580: 573: 566: 559: 552: 545: 536: 529: 522: 515: 508: 501: 494: 487: 480: 473: 466: 459: 452: 445: 438: 431: 420: 413: 404: 397: 390: 383: 376: 369: 362: 355: 348: 341: 334: 327: 320: 313: 306: 299: 290: 283: 274: 267: 260: 253: 246: 239: 230: 223: 214: 207: 200: 193: 186: 179: 170: 163: 154: 145: 123:Calcium in the 114: 102: 100: 93: 91: 79: 73: 37: 33: 30: 25: 12: 11: 5: 9040: 9038: 9030: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8979: 8978: 8974: 8973: 8956: 8954:from Wikibooks 8939: 8922: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8877: 8854: 8853: 8849: 8848: 8823: 8821: 8796: 8794: 8769: 8767: 8742: 8740: 8715: 8713: 8688: 8686: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8646: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8597: 8595: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8585:Zinc gluconate 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8560:St John's wort 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8540:Red yeast rice 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8263: 8258: 8254: 8249: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8231: 8227: 8222: 8213: 8207: 8205: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8172: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8113: 8112: 8105: 8098: 8090: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7218: 7209: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7158: 7149: 7140: 7131: 7122: 7113: 7104: 7095: 7086: 7077: 7068: 7059: 7050: 7041: 7032: 7023: 7014: 7005: 6996: 6987: 6978: 6969: 6960: 6951: 6942: 6933: 6924: 6915: 6906: 6897: 6888: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6863: 6854: 6845: 6836: 6827: 6818: 6809: 6800: 6791: 6782: 6773: 6764: 6755: 6746: 6737: 6728: 6719: 6710: 6701: 6692: 6683: 6674: 6665: 6656: 6647: 6638: 6629: 6620: 6611: 6602: 6593: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6568: 6559: 6550: 6541: 6532: 6523: 6514: 6505: 6496: 6487: 6478: 6469: 6460: 6451: 6442: 6433: 6431: 6422: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6397: 6388: 6379: 6370: 6361: 6352: 6343: 6334: 6325: 6316: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6280: 6271: 6262: 6260: 6251: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6226: 6217: 6208: 6199: 6190: 6181: 6179: 6170: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6145: 6136: 6127: 6118: 6109: 6100: 6098: 6089: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6064: 6062: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5942:Periodic table 5940: 5938: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5903:978-3527306732 5902: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5856: 5835: 5810: 5793: 5744: 5721: 5713:10.17226/13050 5693: 5674: 5651: 5643:10.17226/13050 5622: 5594: 5539: 5503: 5482:(6): 1155–58. 5459: 5424: 5412: 5395: 5360: 5346:Zeebe (2006). 5338: 5284: 5282:, p. 110. 5267: 5265:, p. 109. 5255: 5208: 5181: 5166: 5142: 5135: 5115: 5108: 5090: 5055: 5030: 5028:, p. 108. 5011: 4952: 4933:(8): 1075–90. 4917: 4880:(11): 112008. 4858: 4811: 4804: 4781: 4728: 4716: 4674: 4646: 4635:(6): 1404–13. 4615: 4596:(7): 2042–43. 4578: 4543: 4541:, p. 115. 4531: 4529:, p. 112. 4519: 4502: 4500:, p. 117. 4490: 4488:, p. 121. 4478: 4476:, p. 119. 4466: 4464:, p. 483. 4451: 4444: 4432:(pp. 4–35) in 4428:C. R. Hammond 4418: 4416:, p. 484. 4397: 4370: 4363: 4339: 4322: 4293: 4252: 4218: 4211: 4193: 4158: 4151: 4124: 4088: 4070: 4063: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3887: 3886: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3852:hydroxyapatite 3847: 3844: 3828:plaque rupture 3824:vascular walls 3808: 3805: 3788: 3785: 3733: 3730: 3722:hydroxyapatite 3705: 3702: 3655:phosphorylated 3638: 3635: 3615:hydroxyapatite 3605:Calcium is an 3602: 3599: 3594: >1000 3590: 3588: 900–1000 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3465:Main article: 3462: 3459: 3449:(IOM) and the 3405:dairy products 3400: 3397: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3191: 3184: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3151: 3143: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3076: 3051: 3045: 3023: 3016: 3003: 2973:Main article: 2970: 2967: 2919: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2792: 2789: 2716:carbon dioxide 2697: 2690:ancient Romans 2677: 2673: 2627: 2624: 2483:oxygen-burning 2442:Main article: 2439: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2350:polyphosphates 2337: 2311: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2236: 2233: 2204: 2201: 2179:; the lighter 2170:lattice energy 2165: 2114: 2113:Classification 2111: 2109: 2106: 2098:cell membranes 1941: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1926: 1919: 1911: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1879: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1682:Main isotopes 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1651: 1644: 1643: 1637: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1575:Speed of sound 1571: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1462: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1444: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1416:Spectral lines 1404: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1236: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1200: 1198:Heat of fusion 1194: 1193: 1190: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1015: 1014: 997: 993: 992: 985: 978: 971: 964: 957: 950: 943: 936: 929: 922: 915: 908: 901: 894: 887: 880: 873: 866: 859: 852: 845: 838: 831: 824: 817: 810: 803: 796: 789: 782: 775: 767: 766: 759: 752: 745: 738: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 612: 605: 598: 591: 584: 577: 570: 563: 556: 549: 541: 540: 533: 526: 519: 512: 505: 498: 491: 484: 477: 470: 463: 456: 449: 442: 435: 428: 426: 424: 417: 409: 408: 401: 394: 387: 380: 373: 366: 359: 352: 345: 338: 331: 324: 317: 310: 303: 296: 294: 287: 279: 278: 271: 264: 257: 250: 243: 236: 234: 227: 219: 218: 211: 204: 197: 190: 183: 176: 174: 167: 159: 158: 151: 149: 139: 128: 127: 125:periodic table 120: 119: 116: 115: 113: 112: 98: 88: 86: 83: 82: 77: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 50: 49: 35: 34:Calcium, 28: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9039: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8970: 8969: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8923: 8919: 8918: 8906: 8902: 8896: 8888: 8878: 8876: 8866: 8862: 8846: 8831: 8827: 8822: 8819: 8804: 8800: 8795: 8792: 8777: 8773: 8768: 8765: 8750: 8746: 8741: 8738: 8723: 8719: 8714: 8711: 8696: 8692: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8674: 8667: 8662: 8660: 8655: 8653: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8621:Nutraceutical 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8450:Dietary fiber 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8435:Cod liver oil 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8406:Other common 8404: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8289: 8282: 8280: 8275:Folic acid (B 8273: 8271: 8264: 8262: 8257:Pyridoxine (B 8255: 8253: 8246: 8244: 8237: 8235: 8230:Riboflavin (B 8228: 8226: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8170:Lactobacillus 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8111: 8106: 8104: 8099: 8097: 8092: 8091: 8088: 8076: 8058: 8056: 8042: 8040: 8026: 8024: 8010: 8008: 7994: 7992: 7974: 7972: 7950: 7948: 7929: 7927: 7909: 7907: 7889: 7887: 7872: 7870: 7848: 7846: 7832: 7830: 7812: 7810: 7796: 7794: 7784: 7782: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7751: 7745: 7743: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7706: 7704: 7694: 7692: 7678: 7676: 7666: 7664: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7625: 7623: 7617: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7596: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7561: 7559: 7545: 7543: 7537: 7535: 7521: 7519: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7487: 7485: 7475: 7473: 7463: 7461: 7455: 7453: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7436: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7419: 7417: 7403: 7401: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7333: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7313: 7311: 7301: 7299: 7289: 7287: 7281: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7239: 7234: 7232: 7227: 7225: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7174: 7165: 7156: 7147: 7138: 7129: 7120: 7111: 7102: 7093: 7084: 7075: 7066: 7057: 7048: 7039: 7030: 7021: 7012: 7003: 6994: 6985: 6976: 6967: 6958: 6949: 6940: 6931: 6922: 6913: 6904: 6895: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6861: 6852: 6843: 6834: 6825: 6816: 6807: 6798: 6789: 6780: 6771: 6762: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6726: 6717: 6708: 6699: 6690: 6681: 6672: 6663: 6654: 6645: 6636: 6627: 6618: 6609: 6600: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6566: 6557: 6548: 6539: 6530: 6521: 6512: 6503: 6494: 6485: 6476: 6467: 6458: 6449: 6440: 6429: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6395: 6386: 6377: 6368: 6359: 6350: 6341: 6332: 6323: 6314: 6305: 6296: 6287: 6278: 6269: 6258: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6224: 6215: 6206: 6197: 6188: 6177: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6143: 6134: 6125: 6116: 6107: 6096: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6060: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5931: 5929: 5924: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5905: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5697: 5694: 5686: 5685: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5626: 5623: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5549:Thomas, Ellen 5543: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5361: 5349: 5342: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5119: 5116: 5111: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5056: 5041: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4862: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4839:(3): 030001. 4838: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4805:9780521530835 4801: 4797: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4754:(1): 121–46. 4753: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4697:(1): 201–06. 4696: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4445:0-8493-0486-5 4441: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4371: 4366: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4281: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4241:(3): 030001. 4240: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4212:0-8493-0464-4 4208: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4013: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3820:calcification 3816: 3814: 3813:hypercalcemia 3806: 3804: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3698:cell membrane 3696:layer of the 3695: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3651:aspartic acid 3648: 3647:glutamic acid 3644: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3582: 800–900 3576: 700–800 3570: 600–700 3564: 500–600 3558: 400–500 3552: <400 3544: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3517:>51 years 3516: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3443:kidney stones 3439: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368:is used as a 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3289:gas and as a 3288: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3210: 3208: 3197: 3149: 3141: 3133: 3125: 3112: 3099: 3094: 3085: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3026:, along with 3009: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943:United States 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2917: 2909: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607:fractionation 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2437: 2435: 2413: 2409: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2309: 2301: 2285: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:calcium oxide 2258: 2254: 2250: 2241: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2090:fertilization 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2072:release from 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050:physiological 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961:atomic number 1958: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1936: | 1932: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1899: 1895: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1839: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1790: 1779: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1724: 1721: 1720:product 1718: 1716: 1713: 1706: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1599:Mohs hardness 1596: 1592: 1590: 1589:Poisson ratio 1586: 1582: 1579:thin rod 1576: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1555:Shear modulus 1552: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1374:Atomic radius 1371: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1161:Boiling point 1158: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1147:Melting point 1144: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1078:period 4 1076: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1043:Atomic number 1039: 1028: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1001: 998: 991: 986: 984: 979: 977: 972: 970: 965: 963: 958: 956: 951: 949: 944: 942: 937: 935: 930: 928: 923: 921: 916: 914: 909: 907: 902: 900: 895: 893: 891:Rutherfordium 888: 886: 881: 879: 874: 872: 867: 865: 860: 858: 853: 851: 846: 844: 839: 837: 832: 830: 825: 823: 818: 816: 811: 809: 804: 802: 797: 795: 790: 788: 783: 781: 776: 774: 769: 768: 765: 760: 758: 753: 751: 746: 744: 739: 737: 732: 730: 725: 723: 718: 716: 711: 709: 704: 702: 697: 695: 690: 688: 683: 681: 676: 674: 669: 667: 662: 660: 655: 653: 648: 646: 641: 639: 634: 632: 627: 625: 620: 618: 613: 611: 606: 604: 599: 597: 592: 590: 585: 583: 578: 576: 571: 569: 564: 562: 557: 555: 550: 548: 543: 542: 539: 534: 532: 527: 525: 520: 518: 513: 511: 506: 504: 499: 497: 492: 490: 485: 483: 478: 476: 471: 469: 464: 462: 457: 455: 450: 448: 443: 441: 436: 434: 429: 425: 423: 418: 416: 411: 410: 407: 402: 400: 395: 393: 388: 386: 381: 379: 374: 372: 367: 365: 360: 358: 353: 351: 346: 344: 339: 337: 332: 330: 325: 323: 318: 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Retrieved 5838: 5796: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5703: 5696: 5683: 5677: 5633: 5625: 5616:10665/325771 5606: 5597: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5479: 5475: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5352:. Retrieved 5341: 5300: 5296: 5258: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5197: 5189: 5184: 5157: 5125: 5118: 5099: 5093: 5071:(1): 69–76. 5068: 5064: 5058: 5047:. Retrieved 5033: 4969: 4965: 4955: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4877: 4871: 4861: 4836: 4832: 4795: 4751: 4747: 4719: 4694: 4690: 4677: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4534: 4522: 4493: 4481: 4469: 4435: 4430:The elements 4429: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4349: 4342: 4313:. Retrieved 4284:. Retrieved 4238: 4234: 4221: 4202: 4196: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4142: 4102: 4091: 4073: 4050: 4041: 4029: 4025: 3960: 3924: 3891: 3864:osteomalacia 3856:Osteoporosis 3849: 3846:Bone disease 3836:hypocalcemia 3817: 3810: 3790: 3738:multivitamin 3735: 3707: 3694:phospholipid 3682: 3640: 3604: 3509:19–50 years 3440: 3402: 3399:Food sources 3390: 3386:liming rosin 3339: 3335:carbon cycle 3331: 3327:osteoporosis 3323: 3319: 3280: 3252: 3220: 3211:Applications 3173: 3040: 3000:granodiorite 2992:carbon cycle 2978: 2956: 2928: 2876:Florida Keys 2868:iceland spar 2845:orthorhombic 2838:rhombohedral 2812: 2802:terraces in 2776:electrolysis 2764:Humphry Davy 2761: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2712:Joseph Black 2706: 2701: 2667: 2644: 2640:lime plaster 2638:, made from 2604: 2576: 2556:radioisotope 2553: 2542: 2518:nuclear spin 2503: 2480: 2458: 2447: 2389: 2373: 2336:such as CaZn 2331: 2273: 2246: 2217: 2206: 2174: 2147: 2116: 2046:calcium ions 2042:electrolytes 2035: 2027:Humphry Davy 2023:electrolysis 2020: 2011: 1956: 1945: 1944: 1704: 1642: (1808) 1640:Humphry Davy 1565:Bulk modulus 1539: cm/mol 1469: 1448:(fcc) ( 1321: 1274: 1242: 1232: 1047: 933:Darmstadtium 800:Protactinium 574:Praseodymium 289: 74: 26: 8917:Definitions 8545:Royal jelly 8525:Lipoic acid 8520:Linseed oil 8480:Glucosamine 8408:ingredients 8221:Thiamine (B 8146:Fatty acids 3919:Signal word 3685:osteopontin 3678:osteocalcin 3611:electrolyte 3501:9–18 years 3453:(EFSA) set 3223:steelmaking 3196:lithosphere 3032:bicarbonate 2937:per year), 2831:Sedimentary 2686:Tutankhamun 2663:Mesopotamia 2634:One of the 2408:mercurocene 2385:ionic radii 2369:macrocycles 2366:polydentate 2316:lanthanides 2078:muscle cell 2054:biochemical 1987:, found in 1520:diamagnetic 1267:100 k 975:Livermorium 947:Copernicium 940:Roentgenium 870:Mendelevium 856:Einsteinium 849:Californium 8981:Categories 8616:Herbal tea 8570:Wheatgrass 8470:Folic acid 8372:Phosphorus 8367:Molybdenum 8216:B vitamins 8166:Probiotics 8161:Prebiotics 8141:Energy bar 7438:Pnictogens 7364:Chalcogens 5850:2021-12-22 5354:2010-03-13 5228:: 333–70. 5065:Paléorient 5049:2012-03-06 4887:1604.01710 4386:(7): 409. 4034:References 3903:Pictograms 3832:thrombosis 3801:calcitonin 3720:, and the 3704:Solubility 3533:Lactation 3525:Pregnancy 3493:4–8 years 3485:1–3 years 3427:products, 3354:toothpaste 3276:saponifies 3215:See also: 2990:, and the 2888:sea shells 2878:, and the 2800:Travertine 2510:beta decay 2469:primordial 2358:hard water 2284:superoxide 2080:types; as 2038:human body 1963:20. As an 1938:references 1848:4.5 d 1812:163 d 1619:CAS Number 1603:1.75 1593:0.31 1433:primordial 1418:of calcium 1264:10 k 1202:8.54 1151:1115 1116:2, 8, 8, 2 982:Tennessine 926:Meitnerium 905:Seaborgium 884:Lawrencium 623:Dysprosium 609:Gadolinium 588:Promethium 460:Technetium 453:Molybdenum 254:Phosphorus 80:°(Ca) 58:Appearance 8968:Resources 8951:Textbooks 8875:Chemistry 8772:Strontium 8718:Magnesium 8691:Beryllium 8631:Nutrition 8580:Yohimbine 8575:Wolfberry 8555:Spirulina 8535:Melatonin 8510:Krill oil 8485:Glutamine 8455:Echinacea 8425:Carnitine 8377:Potassium 8362:Manganese 8357:Magnesium 8266:Biotin (B 8239:Niacin (B 5589:206515318 5129:. Wiley. 4776:120201972 4315:31 August 4286:31 August 4280:"Calcium" 4119:1365-3075 3953:P231+P232 3894:labelling 3796:vitamin D 3732:Nutrition 3666:threonine 3433:fortified 3299:zirconium 3264:cast iron 3255:aluminium 3235:aluminate 3122:↓ 3105:⟶ 3100:− 3038:" (DIC). 3028:carbonate 3008:limestone 2984:tectonics 2908:anhydrite 2852:limestone 2848:aragonite 2819:aluminium 2804:Pamukkale 2721:In 1789, 2708:Vitruvius 2694:limestone 2655:lime kiln 2615:aragonite 2526:forbidden 2522:even–even 2495:r-process 2491:s-process 2381:catalysts 2323:ytterbium 2228:aluminium 2189:aluminium 2185:magnesium 2181:beryllium 2139:noble gas 2119:strontium 2088:; and in 2082:cofactors 1997:anhydrite 1989:limestone 1981:aluminium 1969:strontium 1952:; it has 1877:10 y 1752:10 y 1700:half-life 1634:Discovery 1261:1 k 1019:potassium 989:Oganesson 968:Moscovium 961:Flerovium 842:Berkelium 828:Americium 821:Plutonium 814:Neptunium 651:Ytterbium 581:Neodymium 560:Lanthanum 523:Tellurium 481:Palladium 467:Ruthenium 439:Zirconium 421:Strontium 377:Germanium 328:Manganese 284:Potassium 240:Aluminium 231:Magnesium 171:Beryllium 8887:Medicine 8465:Fish oil 8445:Creatine 8382:Selenium 8342:Fluorine 8327:Chromium 8196:Vitamins 8186:Vitamins 8156:Minerals 7767:Organics 5788:29026938 5739:58721779 5731:21796828 5669:58721779 5661:21796828 5605:(2019). 5581:19074345 5498:17463176 5325:14628061 5250:96364168 5176:68-15217 5085:41492234 5006:10570137 4912:55485404 4711:25376952 4610:15713071 4573:29712082 4188:20718434 3961:NFPA 704 3885:Hazards 3880:Calcium 3777:free ion 3670:chelated 3662:tyrosine 3631:skeleton 3627:proteins 3601:Function 3417:sardines 3407:such as 3358:antacids 3307:vanadium 3295:chromium 3283:nitrogen 3248:antimony 3006:to form 2916:fluorite 2882:basins. 2856:dolomite 2784:platinum 2739:magnésie 2704:"lime". 2659:Khafajah 2588:scandium 2450:isotopes 2438:Isotopes 2344:such as 2342:chelates 2319:europium 2257:nitrogen 2150:divalent 2084:in many 2001:fluorite 1272:at 1130:at 1108:] 4s 1027:scandium 954:Nihonium 877:Nobelium 786:Actinium 772:Francium 756:Astatine 749:Polonium 728:Thallium 707:Platinum 679:Tungsten 672:Tantalum 658:Lutetium 602:Europium 595:Samarium 516:Antimony 414:Rubidium 391:Selenium 321:Chromium 314:Vanadium 307:Titanium 300:Scandium 268:Chlorine 208:Fluorine 194:Nitrogen 146:Hydrogen 109:abridged 8987:Calcium 8895:Calcium 8861:Portals 8745:Calcium 8611:Hadacol 8565:Taurine 8515:Lingzhi 8495:Guarana 8475:Ginseng 8460:Ephedra 8322:Choline 8317:Calcium 7283:Ca(ClO) 7199:p-block 7194:d-block 7189:f-block 7184:s-block 5779:5684325 5561:Bibcode 5553:Science 5522:Bibcode 5442:Bibcode 5378:Bibcode 5333:4420185 5305:Bibcode 5230:Bibcode 4974:Bibcode 4935:Bibcode 4892:Bibcode 4841:Bibcode 4756:Bibcode 4085:. 1983. 3781:kidneys 3761:oxalate 3757:lactate 3674:Trypsin 3637:Binding 3356:and in 3311:uranium 3303:thorium 3268:bismuth 2988:climate 2924:apatite 2922:), and 2880:Red Sea 2872:Bahamas 2841:calcite 2747:alumine 2649:and as 2626:History 2619:apatite 2611:calcite 2327:ammonia 2102:protein 2086:enzymes 2074:neurons 2005:apatite 1946:Calcium 1869:0.187% 1836:stable 1833:0.004% 1798:stable 1787:stable 1784:0.135% 1776:stable 1773:0.647% 1628:History 1577: 1365:) 1171:Density 1093:s-block 1023:calcium 919:Hassium 912:Bohrium 898:Dubnium 863:Fermium 807:Uranium 793:Thorium 742:Bismuth 700:Iridium 686:Rhenium 665:Hafnium 644:Thulium 630:Holmium 616:Terbium 546:Caesium 495:Cadmium 474:Rhodium 446:Niobium 432:Yttrium 405:Krypton 398:Bromine 384:Arsenic 370:Gallium 291:Calcium 247:Silicon 164:Lithium 107: ( 53:Calcium 8826:Radium 8799:Barium 8606:Enzyte 8392:Sulfur 8387:Sodium 8347:Iodine 8337:Copper 8332:Cobalt 7786:Ca(HCO 7735:Ca(MnO 7643:Ca(HCO 7619:Ca(CN) 7384:Ca(OH) 7323:Ca(BrO 7303:Ca(ClO 7291:Ca(ClO 5900: 5786: 5776: 5737: 5729: 5719: 5667: 5659: 5649: 5587: 5579: 5496: 5331: 5323: 5297:Nature 5248: 5204:p. 174 5194:p. 218 5174: 5164: 5133: 5106: 5083: 5004: 4994: 4910: 4802: 4774: 4709: 4608: 4571: 4442: 4361: 4209: 4186: 4149: 4117: 4061: 3925:Danger 3870:Safety 3840:tetany 3771:, and 3755:, and 3753:malate 3658:serine 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3431:, and 3421:salmon 3413:cheese 3409:yogurt 3348:, and 3291:getter 3260:carbon 3231:sulfur 2996:basalt 2951:France 2947:Canada 2939:Russia 2935:tonnes 2896:gypsum 2892:pearls 2890:, and 2884:Corals 2874:, the 2866:, and 2860:marble 2808:Turkey 2751:silice 2743:baryte 2688:. The 2670:gypsum 2394:, Ca(C 2306:) and 2253:oxygen 2224:copper 2127:radium 2125:, and 2123:barium 2003:, and 1993:gypsum 1973:barium 1954:symbol 1906: 1844:synth 1795:2.09% 1733:stable 1729:96.9% 1522: 1382: 1329:oxide) 1278: 1246: 1206: 1204:kJ/mol 1090: 1073:Period 835:Curium 779:Radium 693:Osmium 637:Erbium 567:Cerium 553:Barium 530:Iodine 502:Indium 488:Silver 356:Copper 349:Nickel 342:Cobalt 261:Sulfur 224:Sodium 201:Oxygen 187:Carbon 155:Helium 101:40.078 92:40.078 8934:Media 8124:Types 7798:Ca(CH 7755:CaTiO 7747:CaCrO 7539:CaHPO 7477:Ca(NO 7465:Ca(NO 7343:Ca(IO 5735:S2CID 5688:(PDF) 5665:S2CID 5585:S2CID 5329:S2CID 5246:S2CID 5081:JSTOR 5043:(PDF) 4997:24129 4908:S2CID 4882:arXiv 4829:(PDF) 4772:S2CID 4744:(PDF) 4687:(PDF) 4231:(PDF) 4083:CIAAW 3664:, or 3536:1000 3528:1000 3520:1000 3512:1000 3504:1300 3496:1000 3287:argon 3274:that 2963:lathe 2931:China 2910:(CaSO 2898:(CaSO 2864:chalk 2782:on a 2735:chaux 2731:salis 2696:(CaCO 2672:(CaSO 2310:(CaSO 2302:(CaCO 2278:, CaO 2164:of MX 2154:ionic 2143:argon 2068:; in 2060:: in 2058:cells 2040:. As 2009:Latin 1948:is a 1807:synth 1743:trace 1686:Decay 1533:+40.0 1483:22.27 1327:basic 1299:1755 1296:1443 1293:1227 1290:1071 1140:solid 1127:Phase 1104:[ 1085:Block 1061:Group 763:Radon 537:Xenon 275:Argon 180:Boron 105:0.004 96:0.004 8415:AAKG 8397:Zinc 8352:Iron 7911:Ca(C 7891:Ca(C 7814:Ca(C 7696:CaAl 7660:CaSi 7655:CaSi 7635:CaCO 7627:CaCN 7588:(AsO 7579:CaAs 7547:Ca(H 7429:CaSe 7421:CaSO 7397:CaSO 7355:CaCl 7315:CaBr 7275:CaCl 5898:ISBN 5784:PMID 5727:PMID 5717:ISBN 5657:PMID 5647:ISBN 5577:PMID 5494:PMID 5321:PMID 5172:LCCN 5162:ISBN 5131:ISBN 5104:ISBN 5002:PMID 4800:ISBN 4707:PMID 4606:PMID 4569:PMID 4440:ISBN 4359:ISBN 4317:2019 4288:2019 4207:ISBN 4184:PMID 4147:ISBN 4115:ISSN 4059:ISBN 3939:H261 3830:and 3794:and 3687:and 3488:700 3477:Age 3429:kale 3411:and 3309:and 3244:lead 3109:CaCO 3030:and 3012:CaCO 2998:and 2949:and 2918:(CaF 2906:O), 2823:iron 2821:and 2770:and 2702:calx 2617:and 2598:and 2348:and 2346:EDTA 2321:and 2286:Ca(O 2263:and 2255:and 2220:lead 2193:zinc 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