136:
366:, which determines the length of time that both the intake and exhaust valves are open. It is overlap which most affects idle quality, in as much as the "blow-through" of the intake charge immediately back out through the exhaust valve which occurs during overlap reduces engine efficiency, and is greatest during low RPM operation. In general, increasing a camshaft's duration typically increases the overlap, unless the Lobe Separation Angle is increased to compensate.
382:(i.e. how far open the valve is). The farther the valve rises from its seat the more airflow can be provided, thus increasing the power produced. Higher valve lift can have the same effect of increasing peak power as increased duration, without the downsides caused by increased valve overlap. Most overhead valve engines have a rocker ratio of greater than one, therefore the distance that the valve opens (the
432:) is the angle between the centreline of the intake lobes and the centreline of the exhaust lobes. A higher LSA reduces overlap, which improves idle quality and intake vacuum, however using a wider LSA to compensate for excessive duration can reduce power and torque outputs. In general, the optimal LSA for a given engine is related to the ratio of the cylinder volume to intake valve area.
359:
defines the RPM range in which the engine produces peak power. The power and idle characteristics of a camshaft with the same duration rating that has been determined using different lift points (for example 0.006 or 0.002 inches) could be much different to a camshaft with a duration rated using lift points of 0.05 inches.
393:
There are several factors which limit the maximum amount of lift possible for a given engine. Firstly, increasing lift brings the valves closer to the piston, so excessive lift could cause the valves to get struck and damaged by the piston. Secondly, increased lift means a steeper camshaft profile is
358:
The duration measurement for a camshaft is affected by the amount of lift that is chosen as the start and finish point of the measurement. A lift value of 0.050 in (1.3 mm) is often used as a standard measurement procedure, since this is considered most representative of the lift range that
289:
Accurate control of the position and speed of the camshaft is critically important in allowing the engine to operate correctly. The camshaft is usually driven either directly, via a toothed rubber "timing belt"' or via a steel roller "timing chain". Gears have also occasionally been used to drive the
398:
at high RPM, where the spring tension does not provide sufficient force to either keep the valve following the cam at its apex or prevent the valve from bouncing when it returns to the valve seat. This could be a result of a very steep rise of the lobe, where the cam follower separates from the cam
440:
Camshafts are integral components of internal combustion engines, responsible for controlling the opening and closing of the engine's intake and exhaust valves. As the camshaft rotates, its lobes push against the valves, allowing the intake of air and fuel and the expulsion of exhaust gases. This
251:
which transfers the motion to the top of the engine, where a rocker opens the intake/exhaust valve. Although largely replaced by SOHC and DOHC layouts in modern automobile engines, the older overhead valve layout is still used in many industrial engines, due to its smaller size and lower cost.
407:
The timing (phase angle) of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft can be adjusted to shift an engine's power band to a different RPM range. Advancing the camshaft (shifting it to ahead of the crankshaft timing) increases low RPM torque, while retarding the camshaft (shifting it to after the
369:
A lay person can readily spot a long duration camshaft by observing the broad surface of the lobe where the cam pushes the valve open for a large number of degrees of crankshaft rotation. This will be visibly greater than the more pointed camshaft lobe bump that is observed on lower duration
399:
lobe (due to the valvetrain inertia being greater than the closing force of the valve spring), leaving the valve open for longer than intended. Valve float causes a loss of power at high RPM and in extreme situations can result in a bent valve if it gets struck by the piston.
179:
27:
242:
layouts), whereby the camshaft is located within the engine block near the bottom of the engine. Early flathead engines locate the valves in the block and the cam acts directly on those valves. In an overhead valve engine, which came later, the
441:
synchronized process is crucial for optimizing engine performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions control. Without precisely engineered camshafts, the smooth and efficient operation of an engine would be compromised.
415:
are often able to adjust the timing of the camshaft to suit the RPM of the engine at any given time. This avoids the above compromise required when choosing a fixed cam timing for use at both high and low RPM.
80:
are one of the early uses of a form of cam to convert rotating motion, e.g. from a waterwheel, into the reciprocating motion of a hammer used in forging or to pound grain. Evidence for these exists back to the
270:
The valvetrain layout is defined according to the number of camshafts per cylinder bank. Therefore, a V6 engine with a total of four camshafts - two camshafts per cylinder bank - is usually referred to as a
456:, where the valves are positively closed by a cam and leverage system rather than springs. This system has been used on various Ducati racing and road motorcycles since it was introduced on the 1956
347:
The camshaft's duration determines how long the intake/exhaust valve is open for, therefore it is a key factor in the amount of power that an engine produces. A longer duration can increase
1302:
919:
96:. Camshafts more like those seen later in internal combustion engines were used in some steam engines, most commonly where high pressure steam (such as that generated from a
466:, which use electromagnetic, hydraulic, or pneumatic actuators. First used in turbocharged Renault Formula 1 engines in the mid-1980s and slated for road car use in the
324:
that uses a camshaft, each valve is opened once for every rotation of the crankshaft; in these engines, the camshaft rotates at the same speed as the crankshaft. In a
750:
449:
The most common methods of valve actuation involve camshafts and valve springs, however alternate systems have occasionally been used on internal combustion engines:
201:
is sometimes used. This is a much more time-consuming process, and is generally more expensive than other methods. The method of construction is usually either
166:) along its length, one for each valve. As the cam rotates, the lobe presses on the valve (or an intermediate mechanism), thus pushing it open. Typically, a
782:
190:
Camshafts are made from metal and are usually solid, although hollow camshafts are sometimes used. The materials used for a camshaft are usually either:
1295:
69:
Camshafts in piston engines are usually made from steel or cast iron, and the shape of the cams greatly affects the engine's characteristics.
1870:
661:
295:
194:
Cast iron: Commonly used in high volume production, chilled iron camshafts have good wear resistance since the chilling process hardens them.
1199:
1288:
521:
were switched in or out of the circuit to vary the speed of the main motor. This system was mainly used in electric train motors (i.e.
88:
Once the rotative version of the steam engine was developed in the late 18th century, the operation of the valve gear was usually by an
703:
1809:
734:
170:
is used to push the valve in the opposite direction, thus closing the valve once the cam rotates past the highest point of its lobe.
841:
267:(DOHC) engines in more recent years. For OHC and DOHC engines, the camshaft operates the valve directly or via a short rocker arm.
927:
678:
1487:
628:
198:
183:
39:
328:, the valves are opened only half as often, therefore the camshaft is geared to rotate at half the speed of the crankshaft.
1784:
1259:
568:
1368:
1964:
1311:
980:
408:
crankshaft) increases high RPM power. The required changes are relatively small, often in the order of 5 degrees.
1920:
1834:
1779:
1731:
1639:
774:
135:
1915:
1756:
1465:
264:
256:
139:
63:
1690:
494:
20:
1512:
522:
284:
1629:
1470:
1014:
463:
412:
89:
954:
1096:
92:, which turned the rotation of the crankshaft into reciprocating motion of the valve gear, normally a
1624:
1396:
618:
526:
101:
51:
796:
1959:
1774:
1672:
1402:
124:
476:, a rotary engine which uses neither pistons nor valves. Most notably used by Mazda from the 1967
1695:
1492:
1237:
821:
543:
325:
299:
711:
108:
steam cars, which also included axially sliding the camshaft to achieve variable valve timing.
1497:
1437:
1388:
1207:
1149:
1042:
730:
657:
634:
624:
518:
467:
453:
321:
116:
112:
105:
1789:
1746:
1705:
1654:
1619:
1540:
1527:
1124:
386:) is greater than the distance from the peak of the camshaft's lobe to the base circle (the
197:
Billet steel: For high-performance engines or camshafts produced in small quantities, steel
1067:
1900:
1611:
1460:
1417:
506:
231:
159:
59:
43:
1766:
1736:
1591:
1358:
502:
457:
894:
1953:
1938:
1829:
1822:
1799:
1644:
1576:
1571:
1535:
1452:
1392:
1353:
1343:
473:
314:
310:
275:
engine (although colloquially they are sometimes referred to as "quad-cam" engines).
260:
239:
155:
147:
55:
1555:
1550:
1517:
1422:
1412:
1348:
1332:
548:
337:
214:
151:
97:
394:
required, which increases the forces needed to open the valve. A related issue is
1933:
1817:
1634:
1586:
1545:
1502:
1432:
870:
477:
291:
93:
82:
77:
309:
at each end (e.g. pre-World War I Peugeot and
Mercedes Grand Prix Cars and the
178:
1905:
1865:
1844:
1839:
1741:
1726:
1649:
1581:
1507:
1447:
1378:
1229:
592:
538:
481:
379:
351:
at high engine speeds (RPM), however this can come with the trade-off of less
348:
306:
235:
115:
were the
Maudslay, designed by Alexander Craig and introduced in 1902 and the
26:
1280:
100:), required the use of poppet valves, or piston valves. For examples see the
1860:
1601:
1596:
1383:
1363:
1174:
510:
206:
1883:
1879:
1751:
1407:
1373:
514:
305:
Alternative drive systems used in the past include a vertical shaft with
120:
47:
16:
Mechanical component that converts rotational motion to reciprocal motion
1910:
1794:
248:
210:
202:
154:. The camshaft consists of a cylindrical rod running the length of the
378:
The camshaft's lift determines the distance between the valve and the
1721:
1700:
1477:
1427:
1125:"COMP Cams Effect of Changes In Cam Timing and Lobe Separation Angle"
352:
244:
263:
near the top of the engine— became increasingly common, followed by
58:(to operate the intake and exhaust valves), mechanically controlled
1230:"The Future of the Internal Combustion Engine – Inside Koenigsegg"
177:
134:
25:
313:
motorcycle) or a triple eccentric with connecting rods (e.g. the
1875:
797:"Custom Ground Cam - Affordable Custom Cam Grind - Circle Track"
638:
1284:
1091:
1089:
1322:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
656:. Poundbury, Dorchester, UK: Veloce Publishing. p. 210.
142:
cylinder head with intake camshaft lobe highlighted in blue
85:
in China, and they were widespread by the medieval period.
362:
A secondary effect of increased duration can be increased
259:(SOHC) engines— where the camshaft is located within the
150:, the camshaft is used to operate the intake and exhaust
1037:
1035:
623:(Third ed.). New York: E. P. Dutton. p. 407.
290:
camshaft. In some designs the camshaft also drives the
1260:"Electric Locomotives – The Railway Technical Website"
1119:
1117:
871:"DOHC Vs. SOHC - What's The Difference Between Them?"
775:"What kind of camshaft – made of steel or cast iron?"
620:
255:
As engine speeds increased through the 20th century,
111:
Among the first cars to utilize engines with single
1893:
1853:
1808:
1765:
1714:
1681:
1663:
1610:
1564:
1526:
1446:
1331:
864:
862:
19:For the fictional characters of the same name, see
654:The Complete Catalogue of British Cars 1895 – 1975
822:"Custom-made billet camshafts: – Moore Good Ink"
505:. A camshaft, driven by an electric motor or a
1200:"Koenigsegg Gemera - Technical specifications"
226:Many early internal combustion engines used a
1296:
949:
947:
945:
8:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
1303:
1289:
1281:
842:"Linamar Buying Mubea Camshaft Operations"
302:and occasionally the power steering pump.
684:(1). London, UK: Teesdale Publishing: 906
1369:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
652:Culshaw, David; Horrobin, Peter (2013).
727:Walter L Marr: Buick's Amazing Engineer
560:
1015:"Understanding Camshaft Fundamentals"
7:
501:were used to control the speed of
14:
785:from the original on 2020-09-20.
489:Electric motor speed controllers
64:electric motor speed controllers
1471:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1240:from the original on 2021-11-18
729:. Racemaker Press. p. 40.
677:Boddy, William (January 1964).
42:that contains a row of pointed
30:A camshaft operating two valves
920:"The V8: Birth and Beginnings"
679:"Random Thoughts About O.H.C."
1:
869:Sellén, Magnus (2019-07-24).
513:in sequence. By this means,
569:"The 4 Strokes of an Engine"
955:"Secrets Of Camshaft Power"
725:Kimes, Beverly Rae (2007).
355:being produced at low RPM.
332:Performance characteristics
1983:
1312:Internal combustion engine
1150:"Camshaft Lobe Separation"
895:"What is Quad-cam engine?"
751:"Lunati Cam Profile Terms"
411:Modern engines which have
335:
282:
18:
1929:
1780:Diesel particulate filter
1732:Idle air control actuator
1673:Engine control unit (ECU)
1318:
1264:www.railway-technical.com
484:was discontinued in 2012.
1845:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1757:Throttle position sensor
1466:Overhead camshaft layout
1068:"Be The Camshaft Expert"
617:Georgano, G. N. (1982).
273:double overhead camshaft
265:double overhead camshaft
257:single overhead camshaft
54:. Camshafts are used in
1384:Core plug (freeze plug)
846:www.forgingmagazine.com
704:"Marr Auto Car Company"
495:solid state electronics
182:Camshaft produced from
162:(discs with protruding
21:Camshaft (Transformers)
1097:"What is valve float?"
509:, was used to operate
285:Timing belt (camshaft)
187:
143:
31:
573:help.summitracing.com
493:Before the advent of
464:Camless piston engine
430:lobe centreline angle
426:lobe separation angle
420:Lobe separation angle
413:variable valve timing
181:
138:
29:
1625:Compression ignition
1154:www.summitracing.com
1101:www.summitracing.com
1047:www.summitracing.com
985:www.summitracing.com
981:"Camshaft RPM Range"
779:www.camshaftkits.com
593:"How Camshafts Work"
499:camshaft controllers
102:Uniflow steam engine
52:reciprocating motion
46:in order to convert
1775:Catalytic converter
1179:www.kelfordcams.com
1175:"Vehicle Camshafts"
755:www.lunatipower.com
714:on 8 February 2014.
708:www.marrautocar.com
125:Walter Lorenzo Marr
1901:Knocking / pinging
1493:Combustion chamber
1204:www.koenigsegg.com
899:www.carspector.com
544:List of auto parts
454:Desmodromic valves
428:(LSA, also called
326:four-stroke engine
222:Location in engine
188:
144:
113:overhead camshafts
98:flash steam boiler
32:
1965:Engine components
1947:
1946:
1916:Stratified charge
1683:Electrical system
1665:Engine management
1498:Compression ratio
1438:Starter ring gear
1337:rotating assembly
961:. 1 December 1998
663:978-1-845845-83-4
468:Koenigsegg Gemera
322:two-stroke engine
158:with a number of
106:Gardner-Serpollet
48:rotational motion
1972:
1790:Exhaust manifold
1655:Spark plug wires
1541:Boost controller
1528:Forced induction
1305:
1298:
1291:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1206:. Archived from
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1129:www.compcams.com
1121:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1064:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1011:
996:
995:
993:
991:
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
951:
940:
939:
937:
935:
930:on 15 March 2016
926:. Archived from
916:
910:
909:
907:
905:
891:
885:
884:
882:
881:
866:
857:
856:
854:
852:
838:
832:
831:
829:
828:
818:
812:
811:
809:
808:
793:
787:
786:
771:
765:
764:
762:
761:
747:
741:
740:
722:
716:
715:
710:. Archived from
700:
694:
693:
691:
689:
674:
668:
667:
649:
643:
642:
614:
608:
607:
605:
604:
589:
583:
582:
580:
579:
565:
458:Ducati 125 Desmo
60:ignition systems
1982:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1925:
1921:Top dead centre
1889:
1849:
1804:
1761:
1710:
1684:
1677:
1666:
1659:
1606:
1560:
1522:
1478:Tappet / lifter
1461:Flathead layout
1451:
1442:
1336:
1327:
1314:
1309:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1234:www.youtube.com
1228:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1210:on 3 March 2020
1198:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1054:
1043:"Camshaft Lift"
1041:
1040:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1012:
999:
989:
987:
979:
978:
974:
964:
962:
953:
952:
943:
933:
931:
924:www.rrec.org.uk
918:
917:
913:
903:
901:
893:
892:
888:
879:
877:
868:
867:
860:
850:
848:
840:
839:
835:
826:
824:
820:
819:
815:
806:
804:
795:
794:
790:
773:
772:
768:
759:
757:
749:
748:
744:
737:
724:
723:
719:
702:
701:
697:
687:
685:
676:
675:
671:
664:
651:
650:
646:
631:
616:
615:
611:
602:
600:
591:
590:
586:
577:
575:
567:
566:
562:
557:
535:
507:pneumatic motor
503:electric motors
491:
447:
438:
422:
405:
376:
345:
340:
334:
287:
281:
224:
176:
133:
75:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1810:Cooling system
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1767:Exhaust system
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Inlet manifold
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1592:Fuel injection
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:Connecting rod
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1251:
1221:
1191:
1166:
1141:
1113:
1085:
1074:. 14 June 2006
1072:www.hotrod.com
1052:
1031:
997:
972:
959:www.hotrod.com
941:
911:
886:
858:
833:
813:
788:
766:
742:
736:978-0976668343
735:
717:
695:
669:
662:
644:
629:
609:
584:
559:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
546:
541:
534:
531:
490:
487:
486:
485:
471:
461:
446:
443:
437:
434:
421:
418:
404:
401:
375:
372:
344:
341:
336:Main article:
333:
330:
283:Main article:
280:
277:
223:
220:
219:
218:
195:
175:
172:
148:piston engines
132:
131:Piston engines
129:
74:
71:
56:piston engines
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1978:
1977:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
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1800:Oxygen sensor
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1715:Intake system
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1706:Starter motor
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1577:Petrol engine
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1572:Diesel engine
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597:HowStuffWorks
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474:Wankel engine
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436:Functionality
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388:camshaft lift
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315:Leyland Eight
312:
311:Kawasaki W800
308:
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279:Drive systems
278:
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261:cylinder head
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247:presses on a
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230:layout (such
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156:cylinder bank
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117:Marr Auto Car
114:
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28:
22:
1830:Electric fan
1630:Coil-on-plug
1556:Turbocharger
1551:Supercharger
1482:
1423:Main bearing
1413:Firing order
1403:Displacement
1349:Block heater
1333:Engine block
1321:Part of the
1320:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1233:
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1203:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1178:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:
1076:. Retrieved
1071:
1046:
1022:. Retrieved
1019:www.jegs.com
1018:
988:. Retrieved
984:
975:
963:. Retrieved
958:
932:. Retrieved
928:the original
923:
914:
902:. Retrieved
898:
889:
878:. Retrieved
874:
849:. Retrieved
845:
836:
825:. Retrieved
816:
805:. Retrieved
803:. 2004-04-19
800:
791:
778:
769:
758:. Retrieved
754:
745:
726:
720:
712:the original
707:
698:
686:. Retrieved
681:
672:
653:
647:
619:
612:
601:. Retrieved
599:. 2000-12-13
596:
587:
576:. Retrieved
572:
563:
549:Sleeve valve
519:tap changers
498:
492:
460:racing bike.
448:
445:Alternatives
439:
429:
425:
423:
410:
406:
395:
392:
387:
383:
377:
368:
363:
361:
357:
346:
338:Valve timing
319:
304:
288:
272:
269:
254:
245:cam follower
228:cam-in-block
227:
225:
215:hydroforming
189:
174:Construction
168:valve spring
167:
163:
145:
119:designed by
110:
87:
78:Trip hammers
76:
68:
35:
33:
1854:Lubrication
1818:Air cooling
1635:Distributor
1587:Fuel filter
1565:Fuel system
1546:Intercooler
1513:Timing belt
1503:Head gasket
1433:Piston ring
682:Motor Sport
527:locomotives
478:Mazda Cosmo
396:valve float
370:camshafts.
307:bevel gears
292:distributor
94:slide valve
83:Han dynasty
1960:Valvetrain
1954:Categories
1906:Power band
1866:Oil filter
1840:Thermostat
1785:EGT sensor
1747:MAF sensor
1742:MAP sensor
1727:Air filter
1691:Alternator
1650:Spark plug
1582:Carburetor
1508:Rocker arm
1448:Valvetrain
1379:Crankshaft
1323:Automobile
880:2020-06-10
827:2020-06-10
807:2020-06-10
760:2020-06-10
630:0525932542
603:2020-06-10
578:2020-06-10
555:References
539:Crankshaft
511:contactors
482:Mazda RX-8
480:until the
384:valve lift
380:valve seat
104:, and the
62:and early
1640:Glow plug
1602:Fuel tank
1597:Fuel pump
1364:Crankcase
1184:4 January
515:resistors
300:fuel pump
207:machining
164:cam lobes
127:in 1903.
90:eccentric
1939:Category
1884:Dry sump
1880:Wet sump
1871:Oil pump
1835:Radiator
1752:Throttle
1612:Ignition
1483:Camshaft
1408:Flywheel
1389:Cylinder
1374:Crankpin
1238:Archived
783:Archived
639:81-71857
533:See also
343:Duration
296:oil pump
232:flathead
121:Michigan
36:camshaft
1911:Redline
1795:Muffler
1696:Battery
1620:Magneto
1214:19 July
1159:19 July
1134:19 July
1106:18 July
1078:18 July
1024:18 July
990:18 July
965:18 July
934:12 July
801:Hot Rod
364:overlap
249:pushrod
211:casting
203:forging
123:native
73:History
1934:Portal
1722:Airbox
1701:Dynamo
1428:Piston
1418:Stroke
1397:layout
1325:series
1269:7 June
1244:7 June
904:7 June
851:7 June
733:
688:7 June
660:
637:
627:
403:Timing
353:torque
317:car).
240:T-head
199:billet
184:billet
152:valves
1894:Other
1518:Valve
1488:Chest
349:power
320:In a
186:steel
40:shaft
38:is a
1876:Sump
1393:bank
1354:Bore
1271:2020
1246:2020
1216:2020
1186:2024
1161:2020
1136:2020
1108:2020
1080:2020
1026:2020
992:2020
967:2020
936:2020
906:2020
853:2020
731:ISBN
690:2020
658:ISBN
635:LCCN
625:ISBN
525:and
523:EMUs
424:The
374:Lift
160:cams
140:DOHC
44:cams
1861:Oil
1450:and
1335:and
529:).
517:or
390:).
238:or
236:IOE
213:or
146:In
50:to
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