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Thailand. As deer populations decreased, local hunters also may have resorted to more investment in magic and ritual to seek assistance from ancestors and spirits to increase luck. The paintings are thought to date from the late
Angkorian period through the post-Angkor period (contemporaneous with the jar burials, perhaps created and used by the same ethnic groups). The site may date to as early as the Funan period (1st - 6th centuries) when the practice of capturing, training, and trading live elephants was first historically noted (a mission was sent to China in 357 AD with trained elephants as part of the tributary gifts to Emperor Mu of Jin). Whether or not elephant capture, training, and use for labor, prestige and warfare existed prior to the Funan period is unknown. It is possible that the practice, technology and knowledge was obtained through South Asian influence in the early first millennium AD.
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1323:, has collaborated with the Cambodian government to halt a number of planned construction projects and clearings in protected areas. In 2016, the Cambodian government established a collaboration with international conservation organisations to increase on-ground patrolling and actual park ranger services, building several ranger headquarters and hiring armed personnel with arresting rights. This might signify a change in the destructive trends, at least concerning governmental responsibilities.
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offering guests an insight into the workings of a wildlife rehabilitation and release site while staying in jungle chalets and enjoying
Cambodian hospitality. Activities offered can include feeding resident wildlife, jungle hiking, radio tracking and setting camera traps to monitor released wildlife.
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The moist climate and undisturbed nature of the rocky mountainsides appear to have allowed a rich variety of wildlife to thrive, although the
Cardamom and Elephant Mountains are poorly researched and the wildlife that is assumed to be here remains to be catalogued. They are thought to be home to over
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suggest the bones are the remains of
Cambodian royalty. Along with these jar burials archeologists have discovered various material evidence associated with the remains, such as glass beads consisting of various colors and composition. These glass beads, which were a common product in maritime trade
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Wild Animal Rescue (WAR Adventures
Cambodia) also organize a wide range of deep jungle activities from the family trekking to the hardcore RAID adventure, jungle orientation and survival training course, even animals and human tracking course, all in the region of Sre Ambel in the South-west of the
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These paintings help with understanding the ecological history. Local ethnic groups were able to maintain, sustain and promote elephant populations through a somewhat symbiotic relation until the 20th century. Deer and wild cow/buffalo, however, may have been hunted to near extinction by the 15th -
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is a release site for animals rescued from the illegal wildlife trade in
Cambodia by the NGO Wildlife Alliance. Binturong, porcupine, pangolins, civets, macaques and an array of birds are among the many species that have been released on site. The station was opened to tourists in December 2013,
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The large representation of deer may relate to the massive deerskin trade to Japan in the 15th - 17th centuries. Taiwan's deer populations had been almost annihilated due to insatiable demands for
Samurai armor and Japanese accessories made of deerskin. Deerskin sourcing shifted to Cambodia and
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A unique rock art cave site known as Kanam depicts ancient elephants, elephant riders, deer and wild cow (or buffalo) in red ochre paint. The site is located in the eastern part of the
Cardamoms near Kravanh Township (Pursat Province). The Cardamoms are home to one of the largest protected wild
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Some of the paintings may be various species of wild cow or buffalo. It is difficult to distinguish the possible cow from the possible deer representations due to the simple silhouette style. However, cowhides are extremely important for lassoes, ropes, snares and riggings related to elephant
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Despite the very high level of protectional status, the actual protection of the conservation areas and implementation of the law has been very poor. The violation of the protection laws has happened on all levels, from opportunistic locals, and local business entrepreneurs, to governmental
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cattle, and most importantly the mountains are thought to shelter at least 62 globally threatened animal species and 17 globally threatened trees, many of them endemic to
Cambodia. Among the animals are fourteen endangered and threatened mammal species, including the largest population of
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elephant populations in
Southeast Asia. The human riders may represent elephant capture and training activities - a major cultural tradition among various ethnic groups in the area until the 1970s. Traditions, experts, and elephant populations were decimated by the
633:, marketed as the "gateway to the Cardamoms". Tourist visitors to Chi-Phat continue to grow and the community is regarded as a model for community-based ecotourism, with approximately 3,000 annual visitors generating more than $ US 150,000 for the local community.
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Left: animal scene panels enhanced with DStretch software. Note the random placement of mammals. Right: original and DStretch enhanced images of humans holding objects. Some have interpreted this to represent ritual scenes, perhaps dancing with musical
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The cave and paintings may have played important roles for rituals and magic used to placate ancestors and spirits; seek protection (elephant capture is very dangerous); bring good fortune; and transmit specialized knowledge (teaching/training).
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Most of the ecoregion is covered in evergreen rain forest, but with several different habitats. Above 700 metres, a special thick evergreen forest-type dominates, and on the southern slopes of the Elephant Mountains, dwarf conifer
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Tep Sokha, P. Bion Griffin and D. Kyle Latinis recording ancient rock art at Kanam in 2015. Over 220 separate images were identified - mostly elephants, deer, wild cow/buffalo, humans riding elephants, and unidentifiable mammals.
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prevails on the wet westward slopes which annually receive from 3,800 to 5,000 mm (150 to 200 in) of rainfall. By contrast, only 1,000 to 1,500 mm (40 to 60 inches) fall on the wooded eastern slopes in the
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capture. Local elephant masters claimed there was more ritual and magic associated with these highly critical items than all others related to elephant capture. Thus, wild cow or buffalo representation might be expected.
1958:
1988:
Forest Vegetation of Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia. A.N. Kuznetsov, S.P. Kuznetsova. BULLETIN OF MOSCOW SOCIETY OF NATURALISTS. BIOLOGICAL SERIES. 2012. Vol. 117, part 5, 2012 September – October, p. 39–50 (in
1356:. Previously a logging and hunting community, villagers now make sustainable income through homestays, multiple day guided treks to natural and cultural sites, mountain bike, boat and bird watching tours.
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The human population of the Cardamom Mountain Range, although very small, is extremely poor. Threats to the ecological stability and biological diversity of the region include illegal wildlife
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Reimer, J. K., & Walter, P. (2013). How do you know it when you see it? Community-based ecotourism in the Cardamom Mountains of southwestern Cambodia. Tourism Management, 34, 122-132.
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1521:"Radiocarbon Dates from Jar and Coffin Burials of the Cardamom Mountains Reveal a Unique Mortuary Ritual in Cambodia's Late- to Post-Angkor Period (15th–17th Centuries AD)"
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The Cardamom Mountains holds many historic sites and relics from the 15th- to 17th-century specifically. This includes a number of exposed burial sites of a type known as
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With the establishment of the Southern Cardamom National Park in May 2016, nearly all of the Cardamom Mountains are now under some form of high level protection, mostly
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to the north. For these reasons, the ecoregion is home to several endemic species and is a refuge for species that have been decimated or are endangered elsewhere. The
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between nearby countries, were most likely obtained by Cardamom Mountain communities by trading forest products, such as wood and resin, that they had access to.
477:. The burials are scattered around the mountains, set out on remote, natural rock ledges, and contains 60 cm exotic ceramic jars and rough-hewn log coffins.
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of the area relatively intact. In 2002, however, a transborder highway to Thailand was completed south of the Cardamoms, along the coast. The highway has
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Beavan, Nancy; Halcrow, Sian; McFaden, Bruce; Hamilton, Derek; Buckley, Brendan; Tep, Sokha; Shewan, Louise; Ouk, Sokha; Fallon, Stewart (2012).
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institutions, foreign companies and international criminal organisations. In the late 2010s, international conservation organisations, and the
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in Cambodia and possibly the whole of Indochina although this still needs to be proved. Other mammals, many of which are threatened, include
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594:. The Thai border to the west acted as a conduit for Chinese support and, eventually, a sanctuary for fleeing Khmer fighters and refugees.
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The jar burials are a unique feature of this region, and form a previously unrecorded burial practice in Khmer cultural history. Local
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The flora, fauna and ecosystems of the Cardamom Mountains are threatened by large construction and infrastructure projects, mining,
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remaining in Cambodia. While the forests are habitat for more than 450 bird species, half of Cambodia's total of which four, the
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2032:"A recent survey of the amphibian fauna of the Cardamom Mountains, Southwest Cambodia with descriptions of three new species"
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1141:. While the Cambodian forests in the Cardamom Mountains are fairly intact, the section in Thailand has been badly affected.
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projects and opportunistic poaching for endangered animals, all degrading the natural value and the forests’ ecosystems.
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408:. Most of the mountains are a dense wilderness, with almost no human population or activity, but on the eastern slopes,
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17th centuries. Eld's deer, muntjac, sambar, gaur, kouprey and banteng were probably far more prevalent in the past.
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1580:"Radiocarbon Dates from the Highland Jar and Coffin Burial Site of Phnom Khnang Peung, Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia"
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are grown commercially, and several large-scale construction projects have begun since the turn of the century.
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814:. In Cambodia, the Cardamom Mountains were tigers' last refuge before they went extinct in the country by 2007.
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forest is found. The northern part of the Cardamom Mountains is home to the southernmost natural habitats of
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for large mammals, such as elephants, big cats and monkeys. The highway has also opened up for agricultural
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301898893_The_Kanam_Rock_Painting_Site_Cambodia_Current_Assessments
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The village of Chi Phat runs a Community-Based Eco-Tourism project with the support of conservation NGO,
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980:) are endemic to these mountains. A reptile and amphibian survey led in June 2007 by Dr Lee Grismer of
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376:. The Thai part of the range comprise heavily eroded and dispersed mountain fragments of which the
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644:. In 2016, the southern slopes of the Cardamom Mountains were designated as a new national park;
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2014:
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The Cardamom Conundrum - Reconciling Development and Conservation in the Kingdom of Cambodia
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island off the coast of Cambodia has similar vegetation and is included in the ecoregion.
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1663:"Glass Beads from 15th–17th Century CE Jar Burial Sites in Cambodia's Cardamom Mountains"
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International conservation organizations working in the area includes Wildlife Alliance,
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in the northeast at 1,813 m (5,948 ft). This is also Cambodia's highest peak.
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canopy tree rare elsewhere, is relatively abundant in the Cardamom Mountains. Other
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Beyond material benefits – Connecting conservation and cultural identity in Cambodia
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This largely inaccessible mountain range formed one of the last strongholds of the
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648:. It appears, however, that rampant illegal poaching is continuing nonetheless.
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2003:
BBC News, "New cryptic gecko species is discovered in Cambodia ", 24 March 2010
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37:"Banthat Range" redirects here. For the section of the Tenasserim Hills, see
2212:"History repeats as logging linked to Cambodian hydropower dam in Cardamoms"
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The waterfalls in the Thai part of the mountains are popular destinations
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and are home to some of the last populations on Earth of the very rare
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The moist conditions of the rain forests support numerous species of
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Description by Wayne McCallum of a trip through the forests in 2005
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Part of the mountains are home to indigenous people, including the
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Aerial view of an illegal logging camp in the Cardamom Mountains,
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668:. Being one of the largest and still mostly unexplored forests in
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1578:
Beavan, Nancy; Hamilton, Derek; Tep, Sokha; Sayle, Kerry (2015).
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Malayan Sun Bear was formerly much more extant in South-East Asia
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in Riverside, California, USA, and the conservation organisation
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The inaccessibility of the hills has also helped to preserve the
570:. In Cambodia, indigenous people are collectively referred to as
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The mountain range extends along a southeast-northwest axis from
879:
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Chulasirachumbot Cetiya in Namtok Phlio National Park, Thailand.
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Strauch 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Southwestern Cambodia"
1118:. However, the level of active protection has been criticised.
930:, three of them described as new species to science from here.
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Protections in the Cardamom Mountains comprise the following:
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Tourism is relatively new to the Cardamom Mountains. In 2008,
1702:"The Kanam Rock Painting Site, Cambodia: Current Assessments"
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The Cardamom Mountains are an emerging tourist destination.
1700:
Latinis, D. Kyle; Griffin, P. Bion; Tep, Sokha (May 2016).
1435:, a variant of the Khmer language spoken in these mountains
1320:
1879:
Fauna & Flora International Cardamoms Mountain Program
1794:"Southern Cardamom Forest Registered as a National Park!"
1345:
Religious site in Khao Khitchakut National Park, Thailand
1963:
Science/Genetics & Conservation/Conifer Conservation
1934:"World Wildlife Fund - Cardamom Mountains Moist Forests"
1766:
Condemned to Repeat?: The Paradox of Humanitarian Action
336:
The silhouette of the Cardamom Mountains appears in the
1292:
1965:. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 2010. Archived from
2104:"Over 100,000 snares found in Cardamom National Park"
1891:"Over 100,000 snares found in Cardamom National Park"
2170:"How Luxury Camps are Saving the Cardamom Mountains"
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These relatively isolated mountains are part of the
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Other important summits in the Cambodian parts are:
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Campsite in Khao Khitchakut National Park, Thailand
424:The highest elevation of the Cardamom Mountains is
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139:
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95:
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75:
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1661:Carter, A. K.; Dussubieux, L.; Beavan, N. (2016).
566:, Cambodia. They all belong to the group known as
2056:Grismer, J. L.; Grismer, L. L.; Chav, T. (2010).
404:facing the interior Cambodian plain, such as the
2382:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1249:Klong Kruewai Chalerm Prakiat Wildlife Sanctuary
333:. The majority of the range is within Cambodia.
325:, is a mountain range in the southwest part of
1735:"The Survival of Cambodia's Ethnic Minorities"
552:in both Thailand and Cambodia, and the ethnic
65:From Khao Khitchakut National Park (Thailand).
2238:
1844:"Wildlife Alliance Forest Protection Program"
461:Khao Soi Dao Tai 1,675 m (5,495 ft)
8:
2030:Ohler, A.; S. R. Swan; J. C. Daltry (2002).
1998:
1996:
1959:"Conifers of Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam"
1868:Conservation International Cambodia Program
1769:. Cornell University Press. pp. 118–.
1404:Campsite in Kirirom National Park, Cambodia
454:In Thailand, the most prominent peaks are:
292:
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2231:
2223:
1500:Cardamom and Elephant Mountains (Cambodia)
1315:, and opportunistic hunting and poaching.
311:
208:
175:
43:
2210:Gerald Flynn; Vutha Srey (27 June 2024).
2097:
2095:
1554:
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1162:Central Cardamom Mountains National Park
464:Khao Chamao 1,024 m (3,360 ft)
1788:
1786:
1450:
1370:
1000:
693:forests grow. On the Kirirom plateau,
1910:
1908:
1050:Lizards. Flower's long-headed lizard (
458:Khao Sa Bap 673 m (2,208 ft)
392:respectively, are the most prominent.
372:, and extends to the southeast by the
1502:It does snow in these mountain ranges
988:uncovered new species, such as a new
316:
297:
7:
63:Vista across the Cardamom Mountains.
1254:Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary
1239:Khao Chamao-Khao Wong National Park
926:. There are at least 34 species of
143:300 km (190 mi) NW/SE
1893:. The Phnom Penh Post. 25 May 2018
1489:Seals of The Provinces of Thailand
1148:The mountains have many waterfalls
25:
1916:"Cardamom Mountains rain forests"
151:70 km (43 mi) NE/SW
2195:Cardamom Mountains Moist Forests
2157:Cardamom National Park, Cambodia
1706:NSC Archaeological Report Series
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1359:The Wildlife Release Station in
1279:
1224:Namtok Khlong Kaeo National Park
1083:
1072:Snakes. Here Vogel's pit viper (
1065:
1043:
1027:
1015:
1003:
207:
200:
174:
167:
57:
1745:from the original on 2019-06-08
1244:Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary
1190:Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary
1167:Southern Cardamom National Park
840:has a refuge in these mountains
666:tropical moist broadleaf forest
658:Cardamom Mountains rain forests
646:Southern Cardamom National Park
2168:Duncan Forgan (25 June 2018).
1459:"Cambodia Ecological Zonation"
1205:Peam Krasop Wildlife Sanctuary
1195:Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary
1:
2392:Rainforests of Southeast Asia
1800:. 18 May 2016. Archived from
1763:Fiona Terry (12 April 2013).
1546:10.2458/azu_js_rc.v54i1.15828
1234:Khao Khitchakut National Park
1036:Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin
986:Fauna and Flora International
642:Fauna and Flora International
438:(1,717 m (5,633 ft)
221:Cardamom Mountains (Thailand)
188:Krâvanh Mountains in Cambodia
1182:Preah Monivong National Park
945:and the only nearly extinct
933:The rivers are home to both
924:Tenasserim white-bellied rat
450:1,220 m (4,003 ft)
444:1,516 m (4,974 ft)
91:1,740 m (5,710 ft)
30:Not to be confused with the
2402:Mountain ranges of Thailand
2397:Mountain ranges of Cambodia
2254:Mountain ranges of Thailand
2128:Timothy J. Killeen (2012).
2039:Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
957:, Lewis's silver pheasant (
625:launched a community-based
374:Dâmrei (Elephant) Mountains
312:
293:
2423:
1330:
1229:Namtok Phlio National Park
1139:slash-and-burn agriculture
638:Conservation International
629:program in the village of
388:, east, north and west of
318:[tʰīwkʰǎwbān.tʰát]
36:
29:
27:Mountain chain in Cambodia
2260:
2102:Mech Dara (25 May 2018).
2005:: accessed 24 March 2010.
1212:Samlaut Multiple Use Area
1184:(aka Bokor National Park)
1172:Botum-Sakor National Park
955:chestnut-headed partridge
845:100 mammals, such as the
307:
299:[cuəpʰnumkrɑʋaːɲ]
288:
160:
56:
51:
39:Nakhon Si Thammarat Range
1739:www.culturalsurvival.org
1200:Tatai Wildlife Sanctuary
1100:, spot-legged tree frog)
1097:polypedates megacephalus
916:Capricornis sumatraensis
660:ecoregion, an important
592:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
348:Location and description
2356:Sankalakhiri/Titiwangsa
1607:10.2458/azu_rc.57.18194
1022:Lewis's silver pheasant
947:northern river terrapin
825:Elephas maximus indicus
2297:Phanom Dongrak/Dângrêk
2066:Journal of Herpetology
1922:. World Wildlife Fund.
1920:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1823:Lonely Planet Chi Phat
1346:
1273:
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896:Pseudonovibos spiralis
841:
829:
815:
784:Podocarpus neriifolius
778:Dacrycarpus imbricatus
762:Oncosperma tigillarium
738:Dipterocarpus costatus
536:
507:
497:
1344:
1331:Further information:
1268:
1177:Kirirom National Park
1147:
1053:pseudocalotes floweri
835:
821:
810:
533:
503:
491:
406:Kirirom National Park
386:Chamao-Wong Mountains
1637:"ANU - Ceramic Jars"
1368:Cardamom mountains.
1116:wildlife sanctuaries
982:La Sierra University
354:Chanthaburi Province
224:Show map of Thailand
191:Show map of Cambodia
2339:Nakhon Si Thammarat
2108:The Phnom Penh Post
2017:Niviventer tenaster
1969:on 29 November 2007
1599:2015Radcb..57...15B
1537:2012Radcb..54....1B
1337:Tourism in Thailand
1333:Tourism in Cambodia
1127:habitat destruction
1075:trimeresurus vogeli
978:Arborophila diversa
868:Pardofelis nebulosa
612:fragmented habitats
366:Veal Veang District
360:in Cambodia on the
294:Chuŏr Phnum Krâvanh
115: /
2387:Ecoregions of Asia
2377:Cardamom Mountains
2329:Tanaosi/Tenasserim
1679:10.1111/arcm.12183
1506:2012-03-25 at the
1347:
1291:. You can help by
1274:
1150:
960:Lophura nycthemera
943:Siamese crocodiles
908:Hylobates pileatus
847:large Indian civet
842:
830:
816:
796:Nageia wallichiana
726:Anisoptera costata
598:Modern development
537:
513:Khmer Rouge Regime
508:
498:
281:Cardamom Mountains
215:Cardamom Mountains
182:Cardamom Mountains
119:12.000°N 103.250°E
71:Highest point
47:Cardamom Mountains
34:in Southern India.
2364:
2363:
2351:Thanon Thong Chai
2143:978-9971-69-614-6
1798:Wildlife Alliance
1776:978-0-8014-6863-6
1361:Koh Kong Province
1354:Wildlife Alliance
1309:
1308:
1271:Koh Kong Province
974:Siamese partridge
939:humpback dolphins
860:Indochinese tiger
822:Asian elephants (
812:Indochinese tiger
732:Anisoptera glabra
723:tree species are
623:Wildlife Alliance
588:Vietnamese forces
544:Indigenous people
358:Koh Kong Province
356:in Thailand, and
323:Krâvanh Mountains
313:Thio Khao Banthat
277:
276:
52:Krâvanh Mountains
16:(Redirected from
2414:
2265:Banthat/Cardamom
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2078:10.1670/08-211.1
2058:"New Species of
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2027:
2021:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1936:. Archived from
1930:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1846:. Archived from
1840:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1731:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1639:. Archived from
1633:
1627:
1626:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1516:
1510:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1464:. Archived from
1463:
1455:
1428:Dâmrei Mountains
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1304:
1301:
1283:
1276:
1087:
1069:
1047:
1031:
1019:
1007:
900:Malayan sun bear
890:), the disputed
690:Dacrydium elatum
586:, driven out by
504:Buddhist shrine.
362:Gulf of Thailand
331:Eastern Thailand
320:
315:
309:
301:
296:
290:
272:Metaconglomerate
225:
211:
210:
204:
192:
178:
177:
171:
130:
129:
127:
126:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
61:
44:
21:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2407:Montane forests
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2256:
2251:
2209:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1804:on 8 March 2021
1792:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1508:Wayback Machine
1498:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1405:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1381:
1378:
1339:
1329:
1313:illegal logging
1305:
1299:
1296:
1289:needs expansion
1263:
1131:illegal logging
1108:
1106:Protected areas
1101:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1048:
1039:
1034:The vulnerable
1032:
1023:
1020:
1011:
1008:
904:pileated gibbon
864:clouded leopard
838:pileated gibbon
836:The endangered
805:
750:Shorea hypochra
709:). Throughout,
706:Betula alnoides
695:Tenasserim pine
654:
604:primeval forest
600:
580:
564:Pursat Province
546:
505:
471:
422:
395:Dense tropical
370:Pursat Province
350:
338:provincial seal
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
217:
216:
212:
195:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
184:
183:
179:
124:12.000; 103.250
123:
121:
117:
114:
109:
106:
104:
102:
101:
66:
64:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:Dong Phaya Yen
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2207:
2202:
2190:
2189:External links
2187:
2184:
2183:
2172:. Remote Lands
2160:
2149:
2142:
2120:
2091:
2048:
2022:
2007:
1992:
1980:
1950:
1925:
1904:
1882:
1871:
1860:
1835:
1826:
1815:
1782:
1775:
1755:
1726:
1715:
1692:
1673:(3): 401–412.
1653:
1628:
1570:
1511:
1492:
1481:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1433:Cardamom Khmer
1430:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1372:
1328:
1325:
1307:
1306:
1286:
1284:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1060:to this region
1049:
1042:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1002:
920:Sunda pangolin
912:Sumatran serow
874:(a wild dog) (
856:Asian elephant
804:
801:
674:Khorat Plateau
670:Southeast Asia
653:
650:
616:slash-and-burn
599:
596:
579:
576:
568:Pearic peoples
545:
542:
470:
467:
466:
465:
462:
459:
452:
451:
445:
439:
421:
418:
349:
346:
275:
274:
269:
263:
262:
257:
251:
250:
246:
245:
236:
232:
231:
220:
214:
213:
206:
205:
199:
198:
197:
196:
187:
181:
180:
173:
172:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
132:
131:
99:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
62:
54:
53:
49:
48:
32:Cardamom Hills
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2419:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Luang Prabang
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1940:on 2015-05-17
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1850:on 2013-11-12
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1756:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1643:on 2012-03-17
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1471:on 2016-03-04
1467:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1380:Scenic nature
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1303:
1300:December 2019
1294:
1290:
1287:This section
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1112:national park
1105:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1056:), a species
1055:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
999:
997:
996:C. neangthyi
993:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:green peafowl
963:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:Bos javanicus
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
848:
839:
834:
827:
826:
820:
813:
809:
802:
800:
798:
797:
792:
791:
786:
785:
780:
779:
774:
773:
768:
764:
763:
758:
757:
756:Caryota urens
752:
751:
746:
745:
744:Hopea odorata
740:
739:
734:
733:
728:
727:
722:
718:
714:
713:
712:Hopea pierrei
708:
707:
702:
701:
696:
692:
691:
684:
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
651:
649:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
577:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:
555:
551:
543:
541:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
514:
502:
496:
490:
486:
483:
478:
476:
468:
463:
460:
457:
456:
455:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
433:
432:
429:
427:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
347:
345:
344:in Thailand.
343:
342:Trat Province
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
314:
305:
300:
295:
289:ជួរភ្នំក្រវាញ
286:
282:
273:
270:
268:
264:
261:
258:
256:
252:
247:
244:
240:
237:
233:
203:
170:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
128:
100:
98:
94:
90:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
69:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
2324:Sankamphaeng
2264:
2215:
2174:. Retrieved
2163:
2152:
2129:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2069:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2025:
2019:Thomas, 1916
2016:
2010:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:the original
1962:
1953:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:the original
1928:
1919:
1895:. Retrieved
1885:
1874:
1863:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:the original
1838:
1829:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:the original
1765:
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1738:
1729:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1670:
1667:Archaeometry
1666:
1656:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1631:
1593:(1): 15–31.
1590:
1586:
1573:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1495:
1484:
1473:. Retrieved
1466:the original
1453:
1366:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1317:
1310:
1297:
1293:adding to it
1288:
1151:
1135:forest fires
1120:
1109:
1095:
1073:
1051:
995:
989:
977:
970:Pavo muticus
969:
958:
951:royal turtle
950:
932:
915:
907:
895:
887:
886:), banteng (
883:
876:Cuon alpinus
875:
867:
843:
823:
794:
788:
782:
776:
772:Pinus kesiya
770:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
710:
704:
698:
688:
685:
655:
635:
620:
601:
581:
557:
553:
547:
538:
535:instruments.
525:
521:
517:
509:
479:
472:
453:
442:Phnom Tumpor
436:Phnom Samkos
430:
423:
394:
382:Khao Soi Dao
351:
335:
322:
308:ทิวเขาบรรทัด
280:
278:
267:Type of rock
2307:Phi Pan Nam
2270:Chanthaburi
2176:13 December
2113:14 December
2015:CeroPath -
1587:Radiocarbon
1531:(1): 1–22.
1525:Radiocarbon
590:during the
584:Khmer Rouge
578:Khmer Rouge
475:jar burials
448:Phnom Kmoch
426:Phnom Aural
402:rain shadow
390:Chanthaburi
378:Khao Sa Bap
255:Age of rock
122: /
97:Coordinates
80:Phnom Aural
2371:Categories
2302:Phetchabun
2275:Khao Khiao
2045:: 465–481.
1944:2012-02-21
1854:2013-11-25
1749:2019-12-09
1647:2011-11-14
1556:1885/52455
1475:2012-01-28
1445:References
1137:caused by
1092:amphibians
972:) and the
928:amphibians
892:kting voar
884:Bos gaurus
790:P. pilgeri
721:angiosperm
717:endangered
678:Vietnamese
664:of mostly
627:ecotourism
608:ecosystems
572:Khmer Loeu
397:rainforest
321:), or the
135:Dimensions
2072:: 28–36.
2060:Cnemaspis
1897:14 August
1808:14 August
1687:1475-4754
1623:129583294
1615:1945-5755
1565:1945-5755
1114:area and
991:Cnemaspis
935:Irrawaddy
703:(species
662:ecoregion
364:, to the
156:Geography
87:Elevation
18:Cardamoms
2319:Phu Phan
2312:Khun Tan
2282:Daen Lao
2216:Mongabay
2201:website)
2086:86089147
1989:Russian)
1973:19 April
1743:Archived
1504:Archived
1422:See also
1218:Thailand
1156:Cambodia
1123:poaching
922:and the
769:include
767:conifers
765:. Other
681:Phú Quốc
631:Chi-Phat
410:cardamom
327:Cambodia
260:Cambrian
243:Thailand
239:Cambodia
110:103°15′E
2136:Press.
1712:: 1–91.
1595:Bibcode
1533:Bibcode
1439:K5 Plan
1327:Tourism
1261:Threats
1129:due to
1058:endemic
1038:is here
994:gecko,
964:), the
851:banteng
652:Ecology
482:legends
469:History
420:Summits
249:Geology
235:Country
107:12°00′N
2344:Phuket
2140:
2084:
1773:
1685:
1621:
1613:
1563:
962:lewisi
700:Betula
640:, and
550:Chhong
414:pepper
140:Length
2334:Dawna
2082:S2CID
2035:(PDF)
1619:S2CID
1583:(PDF)
1469:(PDF)
1462:(PDF)
949:, or
872:dhole
803:Fauna
715:, an
562:) in
285:Khmer
148:Width
2178:2019
2138:ISBN
2115:2019
1975:2012
1899:2018
1810:2018
1771:ISBN
1683:ISSN
1611:ISSN
1561:ISSN
1335:and
937:and
880:gaur
849:and
793:and
759:and
606:and
559:Pear
556:(or
412:and
384:and
329:and
304:Thai
279:The
241:and
76:Peak
2199:WWF
2134:NUS
2074:doi
1675:doi
1603:doi
1551:hdl
1541:doi
1295:.
1094:. (
918:),
910:),
898:),
878:),
870:),
554:Por
368:in
340:of
2373::
2214:.
2132:.
2106:.
2094:^
2080:.
2070:44
2068:.
2064:.
2043:50
2041:.
2037:.
1995:^
1961:.
1918:.
1907:^
1796:.
1785:^
1741:.
1737:.
1710:#2
1708:.
1704:.
1681:.
1671:58
1669:.
1665:.
1617:.
1609:.
1601:.
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