461:
304:
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2138:
40:
539:, lacking the physical characteristics to bring down prey; in addition, most hunting carnivores will scavenge when the opportunity arises. Carnivores have comparatively short digestive systems, as they are not required to break down the tough cellulose found in plants.
657:
predators (around 600 Mya – 2 bya, probably around 1 bya) have all been attributed to early predatory behavior, and many very early remains show evidence of boreholes or other markings attributed to small predator species.
1291:
Because grass is not digested within the cat's gastrointestinal (GI) tract, it acts as a local irritant and sometimes stimulates vomiting. Thus, grass eating may serve as a purgative to eliminate hair or other indigestible
534:
Characteristics commonly associated with carnivores include strength, speed, and keen senses for hunting, as well as teeth and claws for capturing and tearing prey. However, some carnivores do not hunt and are
862:
that had adaptations that allowed them to live farther away from water bodies. These amniotes began to evolve both carnivory, which was a natural transition from insectivory requiring minimal adaptation; and
542:
Many hunting animals have evolved eyes facing forward, enabling depth perception. This is almost universal among mammalian predators, while most reptile and amphibian predators have eyes facing sideways.
300:
carnivore. In captivity or domestic settings, obligate carnivores like cats and crocodiles can in principle get all their required nutrients from processed food made from plant and synthetic sources.
1222:
1780:
510:, require a diet of primarily animal flesh and organs. Specifically, cats have high protein requirements and their metabolisms appear unable to synthesize essential nutrients such as
185:, and they are so-named because most member species in the group have a carnivorous diet, but the similarity of the name of the order and the name of the diet causes confusion.
424:
also consume both animal and non-animal food, and apart from their more general definition, there is no clearly defined ratio of plant vs. animal material that distinguishes a
3263:
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1433:
1548:
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1773:
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that were dedicated to breaking down other organisms. Incomplete digestion of the prey organisms, some of which survived inside the predators in a form of
3477:
479:
Obligate or "true" carnivores are those whose diet requires nutrients found only in animal flesh in the wild. While obligate carnivores might be able to
3014:
1678:
de Muizon, Christian; Lange-Badré, Brigitte (1997). "Carnivorous dental adaptations in tribosphenic mammals and phylogenetic reconstruction".
1169:
3487:
3215:
1766:
1749:
1358:
1139:
3492:
4078:
3049:
729:
1512:
Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered
Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica".
908:"were the first terrestrial vertebrate to develop the curved, serrated teeth that enable a predator to eat prey much larger than itself".
3680:
3097:
3433:
3256:
2509:
2769:
1964:
1585:
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are voracious carnivores; they require more than 7 kilograms of meat daily. A major component of their diet is the meat of large
3512:
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3092:
2804:
936:
Though the theropods were the larger carnivores, several carnivorous mammal groups were already present. Most notable are the
3770:
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3542:
1867:
680:, has been hypothetized to be partly caused by increased predation by newer animals with hardened skeleton and mouthparts.
3943:
3497:
3249:
2502:
696:
3375:
642:. Because the earliest fossil record is poor, these first predators could date back anywhere between 1 and over 2.7
574:) predates the rise of commonly recognized carnivores by hundreds of millions (perhaps billions) of years. It began with
556:
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1715:
1402:
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2721:
2618:
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1973:
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352:
24:
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Carnivores may alternatively be classified according to the percentage of meat in their diet. The diet of a
3958:
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3700:
3635:
3570:
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3132:
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2736:
2588:
2108:
1957:
1817:
1643:
Cifelli, Richard L.; Madsen, Scott K. (1998). "Triconodont mammals from the medial
Cretaceous of Utah".
303:
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cells at around 2.7 bya, the rise of multicellular organisms at about 2 bya, and the rise of
440:
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3953:
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591:
373:
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1576:
Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia; Cifelli, Richard L.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2004). "Chapter 12: Metatherians".
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consumes mainly worms and larvae in its environment, but if necessary will consume algae. All wild
31:
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Animals that depend solely on animal flesh for their nutrient requirements in nature are called
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3195:
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1177:
973:, were among the largest mammals in their faunal assemblages, capable of attacking dinosaurs.
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but in contrast required a complex set of adaptations that was necessary for digesting on the
771:
320:
312:
243:, for example, all eat other animals, but are paradoxically members of the almost exclusively
728:, quickly became the dominant carnivores of the Cambrian sea. After their decline due to the
19:
This article is about the general concept of a meat-eating animal. For the mammal order, see
3892:
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1950:
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1471:
1417:
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814:. Some of these fish became better adapted for breathing air and eventually giving rise to
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1452:"An ecological theory for the sudden origin of multicellular life in the Late Precambrian"
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228:
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amniotes quickly gained dominance as the top terrestrial animals during the subsequent
631:
399:
260:
142:
1601:
Fox, Richard C. (2015). "A revision of the late
Cretaceous–Paleocene eutherian mammal
1486:
1451:
1264:
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2082:
2001:
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Armstrong, P. Jane; Gross, Kathy L.; Becvarova, Iveta; Debraekeleer, Jacques (2010).
1087:
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1078:, with a three-cusp anatomy which nevertheless functioned similarly to carnassials.
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635:
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449:
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eats meat almost exclusively (more than 90% of its diet is meat), almost all other
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2016:
2011:
2006:
1827:
994:
982:
961:
868:
741:
662:
611:
368:
244:
217:
146:
1549:"Carnivorous, pre-dinosaur predator was first to evolve steak knife-like teeth"
1070:, with a diprodontan dentition completely unlike that of any other mammal; and
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3157:
3102:
3072:
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236:
221:
200:
carnivores (see below). Other classes of carnivore are highly variable. The
178:
158:
154:
122:
47:
39:
20:
1723:
1629:
1495:
1476:
699:
led to increased active predation among animals, likely triggering various
1331:
1168:
Devlin, Hannah; correspondent, Hannah Devlin
Science (13 September 2023).
854:
The dominance of temnospondyls around the wetland habitats throughout the
50:
carnivores consuming only animal flesh for their nutritional requirements.
3983:
3912:
3443:
2950:
2862:
2809:
2764:
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2154:
1006:
924:
921:
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792:
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689:
567:
515:
421:
332:
247:
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213:
1322:
1305:
981:
In the early-to-mid-Cenozoic, the dominant predator forms were mammals:
410:
less than 30%, with the balance consisting of non-animal foods, such as
3973:
3780:
3650:
3645:
3272:
3220:
2880:
2525:
2406:
2092:
2072:
1996:
1832:
1796:
1789:
1680:
1038:
895:
871:
859:
807:
795:
ocean forced other fish to venture into other niches, and one clade of
519:
511:
503:
499:
336:
201:
193:
189:
526:; thus, in nature, they must consume flesh to supply these nutrients.
2411:
2401:
1942:
1533:
1010:
879:
654:
492:
468:
356:
138:
130:
126:
114:
1578:
Mammals from the Age of
Dinosaurs: Origins, evolution, and structure
1223:"Crocodiles in Zimbabwe fed vegetarian diet to make better handbags"
491:
it. Some obligate carnivorous mammals will ingest vegetation as an
1722:(in Spanish). Eating Encyclopedia. 2 February 2017. Archived from
459:
439:
415:
411:
302:
118:
94:
38:
284:(there are no clear distinctions). A carnivore at the top of the
188:
Many but not all carnivorans are meat eaters; a few, such as the
464:
386:
319:
Outside the animal kingdom, there are several genera containing
209:
150:
106:
43:
3245:
2498:
1946:
1762:
1066:
and even similar tooth replacement patterns. Most aberrant are
851:, became terrestrial apex predators that hunt other tetrapods.
307:
Members of the plant kingdom can live on meat too, such as the
1170:"Cats may get health benefits from vegan diet, study suggests"
1049:
643:
495:, a food that upsets their stomachs, to self-induce vomiting.
1580:. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. 425–262.
268:, whilst those which also consume non-animal food are called
1716:"Animales carnivoros. Ejemplos, alimentacion y curiosidades"
81:
69:
1507:
1505:
1041:
to the present, the dominant carnivorous mammals have been
323:(predominantly insectivores) and several phyla containing
30:"Carnivorous" redirects here. For the Hawkwind album, see
1571:
1569:
75:
1740:
Glen, Alistair & Dickman, Christopher, eds. (2014).
1306:"Differences between cats and dogs: A nutritional view"
933:
are thought probably to have been obligate carnivores.
483:
small amounts of plant matter, they lack the necessary
288:(adults not preyed upon by other animals) is termed an
227:
Dietary carnivory is not a distinguishing trait of the
16:
Organism that eats mostly or exclusively animal tissue
72:
66:
732:, the niches of large carnivores were taken over by
78:
3921:
3821:
3746:
3619:
3556:
3416:
3284:
3186:
3065:
2992:
2949:
2871:
2838:
2735:
2647:
2541:
2305:
2229:
2208:
2145:
2101:
2065:
1989:
1980:
1396:
1394:
1392:
63:
231:. Many mammals with highly carnivorous diets are
351:Carnivores are sometimes characterized by their
630:, which engulfed and "swallowed" other smaller
498:Obligate carnivores are diverse. The amphibian
3257:
2510:
1958:
1774:
8:
1119:
1117:
1058:, share several dental adaptations, such as
867:, which took advantage of the abundance of
3478:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
3264:
3250:
3242:
2517:
2503:
2495:
1986:
1965:
1951:
1943:
1781:
1767:
1759:
1403:"Origins and early evolution of predation"
1009:carnivores in the northern continents and
402:consists of more than 70% meat, that of a
1485:
1475:
1321:
3376:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
3015:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
3408:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
1439:from the original on 10 September 2008.
1416:. Cambridge University Press: 289–318.
1098:
858:forced other amphibians to evolve into
452:and strong jaws reveal its place as an
355:. For example, animals that eat mainly
3216:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
1304:Velegrand-Defretin, Veronique (1994).
1204:
1194:
174:The technical term for mammals in the
1265:"Introduction to Feeding Normal Cats"
791:. The dominance of placoderms in the
553:Predation § Evolutionary history
7:
3231:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
1310:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
1005:, representing a great diversity of
898:period. Some scientists assert that
847:), and one group in particular, the
803:, became the dominant carnivores of
730:Cambrian-Ordovician extinction event
586:other cells, and later evolved into
3681:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
1744:. Melbourne, AU: CSIRO Publishing.
1547:Foley, James A. (7 February 2014).
1369:"Nutrient requirements: Carnivores"
1353:. Mammals. CRC Press. p. 591.
821:. These early tetrapods were large
3434:Ecological effects of biodiversity
1702:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1997.tb00481.x
1645:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1610:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1410:The Paleontological Society Papers
672:, who were mostly bottom-dwelling
14:
2770:Generalist and specialist species
1401:Bengtson, Stefan (October 2002).
884:Carboniferous rainforest collapse
882:-rich plant materials. After the
292:, regardless of whether it is an
3493:Occupancy–abundance relationship
2136:
1281:from the original on 12 May 2021
661:The sudden disappearance of the
204:, for example: While the Arctic
59:
3513:Relative abundance distribution
3226:Plant defense against herbivory
3093:Competitive exclusion principle
2805:Mesopredator release hypothesis
1272:Small Animal Clinical Nutrition
1124:Ullrey, Duane E. "Carnivores".
1048:Most carnivorous mammals, from
327:(preying mostly on microscopic
3098:Consumer–resource interactions
1665:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011068
1373:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
1351:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
1250:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
1248:Ullrey, Duane E. "Omnivores".
1126:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
1108:Encyclopedia of Animal Science
770:carnivores appeared after the
703:that contributed to the rapid
372:, while those that eat mainly
1:
3944:Biological data visualization
3771:Environmental niche modelling
3498:Population viability analysis
1106:Ullrey, Duane E. "Nutrient".
697:Cambrian substrate revolution
530:Characteristics of carnivores
3429:Density-dependent inhibition
1025:saw the presence of several
626:The earliest predators were
557:Evolutionary history of life
113:meaning "to devour"), is an
4079:Animals by eating behaviors
3898:Liebig's law of the minimum
3733:Resource selection function
2624:Metabolic theory of ecology
718:, which produced the first
414:, other plant material, or
4105:
3798:Niche apportionment models
3518:Relative species abundance
2722:Primary nutritional groups
2619:List of feeding behaviours
1858:Behavior-altering parasite
1375:. CRC Press. p. 670.
1148:World Wide Fund for Nature
566:(the eating of one living
550:
347:Subcategories of carnivory
29:
25:Carnivore (disambiguation)
18:
4047:
3979:Ecosystem based fisheries
3591:Interspecific competition
3483:Minimum viable population
3341:Maximum sustainable yield
3326:Intraspecific competition
3321:Effective population size
3201:Anti-predator adaptations
2712:Photosynthetic efficiency
2484:Category:Eating behaviors
2459:
2134:
1868:Host–parasite coevolution
1803:
1422:10.1017/S1089332600001133
1349:. In Pond, Wilson (ed.).
1074:like gobiconodontids and
959:. Many of these, such as
3969:Ecological stoichiometry
3934:Alternative stable state
670:end-Ediacaran extinction
640:digested them internally
385:. Those that eat mainly
220:, is nearly exclusively
129:requirements are met by
4069:Biological interactions
3813:Ontogenetic niche shift
3676:Ideal free distribution
3586:Ecological facilitation
3336:Malthusian growth model
3306:Consumer-resource model
3163:Paradox of the plankton
3128:Energy systems language
2848:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
2815:Optimal foraging theory
2790:Heterotrophic nutrition
2464:Antipredator adaptation
1793:biological interactions
1742:Carnivores of Australia
1450:Stanley, S. M. (1973).
1029:predators, such as the
701:evolutionary arms races
588:multicellular organisms
576:single-celled organisms
547:Prehistory of carnivory
216:, and one species, the
3959:Ecological forecasting
3903:Marginal value theorem
3701:Landscape epidemiology
3636:Cross-boundary subsidy
3571:Biological interaction
2921:Microbial intelligence
2609:Green world hypothesis
1630:10.1139/cjes-2015-0113
1477:10.1073/pnas.70.5.1486
476:
457:
406:30–70%, and that of a
316:
276:facultative carnivores
51:
23:. For other uses, see
3964:Ecological humanities
3863:Ecological energetics
3808:Niche differentiation
3671:Habitat fragmentation
3439:Ecological extinction
3386:Small population size
3138:Feed conversion ratio
3118:Ecological succession
3050:San Francisco Estuary
2964:Ecological efficiency
2906:Microbial cooperation
1367:Ullrey, D.E. (2004).
1345:Ullrey, D.E. (2004).
1140:"What do pandas eat?"
1021:were dominant, while
646:(billion years ago).
463:
443:
426:facultative carnivore
306:
235:members of the order
42:
3989:Evolutionary ecology
3954:Ecological footprint
3949:Ecological economics
3873:Ecological threshold
3868:Ecological indicator
3738:Source–sink dynamics
3691:Land change modeling
3686:Insular biogeography
3538:Species distribution
3277:Modelling ecosystems
2936:Microbial metabolism
2775:Intraguild predation
2564:Biogeochemical cycle
2530:Modelling ecosystems
1883:Parasitic castration
1823:Deception in animals
1726:on 24 February 2019.
1274:. pp. 371–372.
785:such as the massive
598:, might have led to
190:large and small cats
4039:Theoretical ecology
4014:Natural environment
3878:Ecosystem diversity
3848:Ecological collapse
3838:Bateman's principle
3793:Limiting similarity
3706:Landscape limnology
3528:Species homogeneity
3366:Population modeling
3361:Population dynamics
3178:Trophic state index
2479:Carnivorous protist
2333:Intraguild predator
1694:1997Letha..30..353D
1657:1998JVPal..18..403C
1622:2015CaJES..52.1137F
1526:2010Geo....38.1079S
1468:1973PNAS...70.1486S
1323:10.1079/pns19940004
839:arthropods (mainly
688:The degradation of
436:Obligate carnivores
266:obligate carnivores
32:Carnivorous (album)
4050:Outline of ecology
3999:Industrial ecology
3994:Functional ecology
3858:Ecological deficit
3803:Niche construction
3766:Ecosystem engineer
3543:Species–area curve
3464:Introduced species
3279:: Other components
3211:Deimatic behaviour
3113:Ecological network
3045:North Pacific Gyre
3030:hydrothermal vents
2969:Ecological pyramid
2916:Microbial food web
2727:Primary production
2672:Foundation species
2474:Carnivorous fungus
2124:Sexual cannibalism
2109:Animal cannibalism
1974:Feeding behaviours
1922:Cleaning symbiosis
1207:has generic name (
902:synapsids such as
709:Cambrian explosion
622:Proterozoic origin
602:that gave rise to
506:, including feral
487:required to fully
477:
458:
321:carnivorous plants
317:
153:, whether through
52:
4056:
4055:
3939:Balance of nature
3696:Landscape ecology
3581:Community ecology
3523:Species diversity
3459:Indicator species
3454:Gradient analysis
3331:Logistic function
3239:
3238:
3196:Animal coloration
3173:Trophic mutualism
2911:Microbial ecology
2702:Photoheterotrophs
2687:Myco-heterotrophy
2599:Ecosystem ecology
2584:Carrying capacity
2549:Abiotic component
2492:
2491:
2469:Carnivorous plant
2345:Aquatic predation
2132:
2131:
2114:Human cannibalism
1940:
1939:
1751:978-0-643-10310-8
1616:(12): 1137–1149.
1553:Nature World News
1520:(12): 1079–1082.
1360:978-0-8247-5496-9
930:Tyrannosaurus rex
592:specialized cells
325:carnivorous fungi
313:carnivorous plant
4096:
3756:Ecological niche
3728:selection theory
3548:Umbrella species
3533:Species richness
3469:Invasive species
3449:Flagship species
3356:Population cycle
3351:Overexploitation
3316:Ecological yield
3266:
3259:
3252:
3243:
3148:Mesotrophic soil
3088:Climax community
3020:Marine food webs
2959:Biomagnification
2760:Chemoorganotroph
2614:Keystone species
2574:Biotic component
2519:
2512:
2505:
2496:
2338:Pursuit predator
2140:
2119:Self-cannibalism
1987:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1931:
1924:
1910:
1903:
1878:Kleptoparasitism
1863:Brood parasitism
1783:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1755:
1728:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1607:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1534:10.1130/G31182.1
1509:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1479:
1462:(5): 1486–1489.
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1407:
1398:
1387:
1386:
1364:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1269:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1060:carnassialiforme
833:ambush predators
810:formed by early
801:lobe-finned fish
524:arachidonic acid
254:Carnivorous diet
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4043:
4029:Systems ecology
3917:
3888:Extinction debt
3853:Ecological debt
3843:Bioluminescence
3824:
3817:
3786:marine habitats
3761:Ecological trap
3742:
3622:
3615:
3558:
3552:
3508:Rapoport's rule
3503:Priority effect
3444:Endemic species
3412:
3371:Population size
3287:
3280:
3270:
3240:
3235:
3188:
3182:
3168:Trophic cascade
3078:Bioaccumulation
3061:
2988:
2945:
2867:
2834:
2731:
2643:
2604:Ecosystem model
2537:
2523:
2493:
2488:
2455:
2446:Surplus killing
2318:Ambush predator
2301:
2225:
2204:
2141:
2128:
2097:
2061:
1976:
1971:
1941:
1936:
1927:
1920:
1906:
1899:
1799:
1787:
1752:
1739:
1736:
1734:Further reading
1731:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1383:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1203:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1055:deltatheridiums
1043:carnivoramorphs
979:
951:deltatheroidans
938:gobiconodontids
914:
900:sphenacodontoid
705:diversification
686:
666:Ediacaran biota
624:
606:and eukaryotic
570:by another for
559:
551:Main articles:
549:
532:
471:, such as this
438:
349:
261:hypercarnivores
256:
172:
167:
109:or "flesh" and
62:
58:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4102:
4100:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4061:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4009:Microecosystem
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3908:Thorson's rule
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3833:Assembly rules
3829:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3718:
3716:Patch dynamics
3713:
3711:Metapopulation
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3606:Storage effect
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Neutral theory
3485:
3480:
3475:
3473:Native species
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:Overpopulation
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Nutrient cycle
3150:
3145:
3143:Feeding frenzy
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:Energy quality
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3083:Cascade effect
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:Microbial loop
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2891:Lithoautotroph
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2873:Microorganisms
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2830:Prey switching
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:Photosynthesis
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Chemosynthesis
2659:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2554:Abiotic stress
2551:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Hypercarnivore
2418:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2397:Cattle feeding
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2380:Feeding frenzy
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Suction feeder
2362:
2357:
2352:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:Seed predation
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1707:
1688:(4): 353–366.
1670:
1651:(2): 403–411.
1635:
1593:
1586:
1565:
1539:
1501:
1442:
1388:
1381:
1359:
1337:
1296:
1255:
1240:
1229:. 8 April 2014
1214:
1160:
1131:
1113:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1072:eutriconodonts
1068:thylacoleonids
1035:thylacoleonids
978:
975:
913:
910:
720:apex predators
693:microbial mats
685:
682:
674:filter feeders
628:microorganisms
623:
620:
548:
545:
531:
528:
446:Bengal tiger's
437:
434:
400:hypercarnivore
348:
345:
271:mesocarnivores
255:
252:
248:hooved mammals
171:
168:
166:
163:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4101:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:Urban ecology
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3893:Kleiber's law
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Foster's rule
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2984:Trophic level
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2941:Phage ecology
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Microbial mat
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:Bacteriophage
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:Decomposition
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:Mesopredators
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Apex predator
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Biotic stress
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
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2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:Mesocarnivore
2429:
2427:
2426:Hypocarnivore
2424:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2385:Filter feeder
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Bottom feeder
2373:
2371:
2368:
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2358:
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2351:
2348:
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2324:
2323:Apex predator
2321:
2319:
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2304:
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2240:
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2222:
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2207:
2201:
2198:
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2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:cannibalistic
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Breastfeeding
2086:
2084:
2083:Placentophagy
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
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2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Egg predation
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1918:
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1914:
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1898:
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1896:
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1889:
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1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Hyperparasite
1871:
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1802:
1798:
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1790:Inter-species
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1627:
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1615:
1611:
1606:(Marsh, 1889)
1604:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1587:0-231-11918-6
1583:
1579:
1572:
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1228:
1227:The Telegraph
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1135:
1132:
1127:
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1109:
1102:
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1093:
1089:
1088:Mesocarnivore
1086:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:dasyuromorphs
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:sparassodonts
1016:
1015:South America
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:ptolemaiidans
992:
988:
984:
976:
974:
972:
968:
964:
963:
958:
957:
952:
948:
947:
943:
942:triconodontid
939:
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926:
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919:
911:
909:
907:
906:
901:
897:
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861:
857:
856:Carboniferous
852:
850:
849:temnospondyls
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:
827:
824:
820:
817:
813:
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806:
802:
798:
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790:
789:
784:
781:
778:, especially
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
753:
752:Jaekelopterus
748:
744:
743:
738:
735:
731:
727:
726:
721:
717:
714:
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702:
698:
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664:
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645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
621:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:symbiogenesis
597:
596:endosymbiosis
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:
558:
554:
546:
544:
540:
538:
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:domestic cats
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
474:
470:
466:
462:
455:
454:apex predator
451:
447:
442:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:hypocarnivore
405:
404:mesocarnivore
401:
396:
394:
393:
388:
384:
383:
378:
377:invertebrates
375:
371:
370:
365:
362:
358:
354:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:invertebrates
326:
322:
314:
310:
309:Venus flytrap
305:
301:
299:
295:
291:
290:apex predator
287:
283:
282:
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
253:
251:
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
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199:
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186:
184:
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169:
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148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
86:
57:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
4019:Regime shift
4004:Macroecology
3725:
3721:
3661:Edge effects
3631:Biogeography
3576:Commensalism
3424:Biodiversity
3301:Allee effect
3040:kelp forests
2993:Example webs
2858:Detritivores
2754:
2697:Organotrophs
2677:Kinetotrophs
2629:Productivity
2451:Trophallaxis
2355:Pivot feeder
2350:Lunge feeder
2328:Egg predator
2216:Phagocytosis
2066:reproductive
2037:Myrmecophagy
2027:Molluscivore
1981:
1900:
1813:Commensalism
1741:
1724:the original
1719:
1710:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1577:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:
1542:
1517:
1513:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1413:
1409:
1372:
1350:
1347:"Carnivores"
1340:
1316:(1): 15–24.
1313:
1309:
1299:
1290:
1283:. Retrieved
1271:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1205:|last2=
1185:. Retrieved
1174:The Guardian
1173:
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1143:
1134:
1125:
1107:
1101:
1075:
1062:teeth, long
1053:
1047:
1003:mesonychians
999:arctocyonids
980:
970:
966:
960:
954:
944:
935:
928:
915:
903:
853:
823:semi-aquatic
788:Dunkleosteus
786:
765:
750:
740:
725:Anomalocaris
723:
687:
660:
649:The rise of
648:
636:phagocytosis
625:
580:phagocytozed
561:
560:
541:
533:
497:
478:
429:
425:
420:
397:
390:
380:
369:insectivores
367:
359:and similar
353:type of prey
350:
318:
297:
293:
279:
275:
269:
265:
259:
257:
245:plant-eating
232:
226:
212:species are
197:
187:
182:
173:
170:Mammal order
165:Nomenclature
147:soft tissues
110:
102:
98:
90:
55:
53:
36:
3656:Disturbance
3559:interaction
3381:Recruitment
3311:Depensation
3103:Copiotrophs
2974:Energy flow
2896:Lithotrophy
2840:Decomposers
2820:Planktivore
2795:Insectivore
2785:Heterotroph
2750:Bacterivore
2717:Phototrophs
2667:Chemotrophs
2639:Restoration
2589:Competition
2272:Planktivore
2257:Detritivore
2252:Coprophagia
2242:Bacterivore
2237:Microbivory
2221:Myzocytosis
2180:Nectarivore
2170:Graminivore
2017:Lepidophagy
2012:Insectivore
2007:Hematophagy
1848:Synnecrosis
1828:Inquilinism
1818:Competition
1037:. From the
991:entelodonts
983:hyaenodonts
962:Repenomamus
869:coal forest
837:terrestrial
812:land plants
755:during the
747:eurypterids
742:Cameroceras
737:cephalopods
707:during the
695:due to the
663:precambrian
389:are called
379:are called
374:soft-bodied
366:are called
361:terrestrial
341:springtails
298:facultative
222:herbivorous
218:giant panda
131:consumption
101:, genitive
4063:Categories
4024:Sexecology
3601:Parasitism
3566:Antibiosis
3401:Resistance
3396:Resilience
3286:Population
3206:Camouflage
3158:Oligotroph
3073:Ascendency
3035:intertidal
3025:cold seeps
2979:Food chain
2780:Herbivores
2755:Carnivores
2682:Mixotrophs
2657:Autotrophs
2536:components
2436:Parasitism
2370:Bait balls
2360:Ram feeder
2292:Plastivore
2287:Lithotroph
2277:Saprophagy
2200:Osteophagy
2190:Palynivore
2147:Herbivores
2078:Paedophagy
2052:Spongivore
2042:Ophiophagy
1982:Carnivores
1929:Mycorrhiza
1908:Intraguild
1888:Parasitoid
1853:Parasitism
1843:Neutralism
1808:Amensalism
1603:Cimolestes
1285:17 January
1252:. Mammals.
1153:6 December
1128:. Mammals.
1094:References
971:Cimolestes
956:Cimolestes
905:Dimetrodon
835:that hunt
826:piscivores
805:freshwater
783:placoderms
776:jawed fish
768:vertebrate
766:The first
757:Ordovician
745:and later
716:arthropods
651:eukaryotic
608:autotrophs
604:eukaryotes
537:scavengers
485:physiology
392:piscivores
382:vermivores
364:arthropods
331:, such as
286:food chain
214:omnivorous
206:polar bear
183:carnivoran
159:scavenging
145:and other
133:of animal
105:, meaning
91:meat-eater
4074:Carnivory
3929:Allometry
3883:Emergence
3611:Symbiosis
3596:Mutualism
3391:Stability
3296:Abundance
3108:Dominance
3066:Processes
3055:tide pool
2951:Food webs
2825:Predation
2810:Omnivores
2737:Consumers
2692:Mycotroph
2649:Producers
2594:Ecosystem
2559:Behaviour
2441:Scavenger
2313:Predation
2282:Xenophagy
2262:Geophagia
2247:Fungivore
2195:Xylophagy
2185:Mellivory
2165:Frugivore
2160:Florivore
2057:Vermivore
2047:Piscivore
2032:Mucophagy
2022:Man-eater
1916:Symbiosis
1901:Carnivore
1895:Predation
1838:Mutualism
1430:1089-3326
1292:material.
1197:cite news
1182:0261-3077
1144:panda.org
1076:Jugulator
1027:marsupial
1023:Australia
1007:eutherian
987:oxyaenids
967:Jugulator
946:Jugulator
925:dinosaurs
892:sauropsid
876:cellulose
865:herbivory
845:myriopods
841:arachnids
819:tetrapods
816:amphibian
797:bony fish
772:evolution
763:periods.
734:nautiloid
713:Radiodont
684:Paleozoic
616:red algae
572:nutrition
563:Predation
422:Omnivores
333:nematodes
281:omnivores
241:Cetaceans
237:Carnivora
179:Carnivora
155:predation
123:nutrition
56:carnivore
21:Carnivora
4084:Ethology
3984:Endolith
3913:Xerosere
3825:networks
3641:Ecocline
3187:Defense,
2863:Detritus
2765:Foraging
2634:Resource
2392:Browsing
2267:Omnivore
2209:Cellular
2155:Folivore
1720:Que Come
1496:16592084
1434:Archived
1276:Archived
1082:See also
977:Cenozoic
927:such as
922:theropod
918:Mesozoic
912:Mesozoic
888:synapsid
860:amniotes
830:riparian
808:wetlands
793:Devonian
761:Silurian
749:such as
739:such as
722:such as
690:seafloor
610:such as
584:digested
568:organism
516:arginine
430:omnivore
428:from an
294:obligate
198:obligate
137:(mainly
48:obligate
3974:Ecopath
3781:Habitat
3651:Ecotype
3646:Ecotone
3623:ecology
3621:Spatial
3557:Species
3417:Species
3288:ecology
3273:Ecology
3221:Mimicry
3189:counter
3133:f-ratio
2881:Archaea
2569:Biomass
2542:General
2534:Trophic
2526:Ecology
2407:Grazing
2306:Methods
2093:Weaning
2073:Oophagy
1997:Avivore
1833:Mimicry
1797:ecology
1690:Bibcode
1681:Lethaia
1653:Bibcode
1618:Bibcode
1522:Bibcode
1514:Geology
1464:Bibcode
1332:8029223
1233:6 April
1187:6 April
1064:canines
1039:Miocene
920:, some
916:In the
896:Permian
886:, both
872:foliage
780:armored
678:grazers
668:at the
520:taurine
512:retinol
500:axolotl
473:buffalo
469:mammals
450:canines
357:insects
337:amoebae
194:Felidae
135:tissues
3005:Rivers
2901:Marine
2412:Forage
2402:Fodder
2230:Others
1748:
1584:
1494:
1487:433525
1484:
1428:
1379:
1357:
1330:
1180:
1011:Africa
949:, the
940:, the
880:lignin
878:- and
799:, the
655:motile
638:) and
634:(i.e.
555:, and
522:, and
504:felids
493:emetic
489:digest
481:ingest
448:large
412:fruits
339:, and
202:ursids
196:) are
139:muscle
127:energy
121:whose
115:animal
111:vorare
103:carnis
3922:Other
3823:Other
3776:Guild
3748:Niche
3000:Lakes
1990:adult
1558:3 May
1437:(PDF)
1406:(PDF)
1279:(PDF)
1268:(PDF)
1013:. In
632:cells
612:green
590:with
578:that
465:Lions
416:fungi
278:, or
274:, or
229:order
176:order
149:) as
119:plant
95:Latin
89:, or
44:Lions
4089:Meat
3010:Soil
2297:Pica
1746:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1560:2014
1492:PMID
1456:PNAS
1426:ISSN
1377:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1328:PMID
1287:2022
1235:2024
1209:help
1189:2024
1178:ISSN
1155:2021
1050:dogs
1033:and
1001:and
969:and
953:and
890:and
843:and
828:and
759:and
676:and
614:and
582:and
444:The
387:fish
311:, a
210:bear
151:food
125:and
107:meat
99:caro
46:are
1795:in
1698:doi
1661:doi
1626:doi
1608:".
1530:doi
1482:PMC
1472:doi
1418:doi
1318:doi
1052:to
774:of
644:bya
343:).
296:or
264:or
233:not
181:is
157:or
143:fat
117:or
82:ɔːr
70:ɑːr
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3471:/
3275::
2532::
2528::
1718:.
1696:.
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1684:.
1659:.
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1647:.
1624:.
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1612:.
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1551:.
1528:.
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1490:.
1480:.
1470:.
1460:70
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1432:.
1424:.
1412:.
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1391:^
1371:.
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1199:}}
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79:v
76:ɪ
73:n
67:k
64:ˈ
61:/
34:.
27:.
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