1897:
1491:. This would technically make the cassowary the largest bird with minor predatory behaviour since, if fruit forms 90% of their diet or 5 kg per day in the wild, than the remaining 10% or 500 grams would largely consist of prey material for protein supplementation. In fact, recent studies in 2013 stated that protein consumption from predated vertebrates and invertebrates was underestimated from previous investigations, and that the percentage of animal predation as part of the cassowary's diet might be higher than initially understood. This underestimation is due to a significant breakdown of protein being observed in the scat of captive birds; for example, the only remains of day-old chickens were body parts composed of keratin, such as feathers, leg scaling and claws. Indeed, in times of food shortage, storm disruptions or changing seasons which result in lower fruit yield (i.e.
1306:. Other suggested functions include batting through the underbrush, as a weapon in dominance disputes, or pushing aside leaf litter during foraging. The latter three are disputed by biologist Andrew Mack, whose personal observation suggests that the casque amplifies deep sounds. This is related to a discovery that at least the dwarf cassowary and southern cassowary produce very low-frequency sounds, which may aid in communication in dense rainforests. The "boom" vocalization that cassowaries produce is the lowest-frequency bird call known and is at the lower limit of human hearing. Recent study suggests that casque acts as a thermal radiator, offloading heat at high temperatures and restricting heat loss at low temperatures.
1510:- with a recorded predator-prey hunting behaviour. According to ecologists, Wren McLean, when hunting for fish, cassowaries are known to lower themselves in a freshwater pool and open up their feathers. They allow small fish to come and eat their dead skin cells. Once the fish has been baited, they close their feathers which acts like a net, step out of the water, shake themselves and then consume their prey. Outside of fish, the remains of crustaceans such as crabs are also found in their feces, suggesting that the birds also actively hunt these animals as well on occasion, which is confirmed by locals from North Queensland, where the local cassowary population has used the shoreline as a popular crab hunting ground.
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waste saw the diet of the cassowary intaking vast quantities of non-fruit items, this include fungus, carrion, meat, cheese, bones, pasta, chilli and tomato. The high concentration of human activity as well as vehicles, mixed with domesticated animals and less forest coverage, had also changed their behaviours. These 'city' cassowaries were shown to exist in a higher state of activity and rested less than individuals inhabiting more intact swathes of rainforest, actively moving between urban gardens and the rainforest. The study give evidence that these birds showed a surprising amount of flexible foraging strategy that has enabled them to persist in rainforest-fragmented landscapes.
1322:
the ground, and the female either steps on the male's back for a moment before crouching beside him in preparation for copulation, or she may attack. This is often the case with the females pursuing the males in ritualistic chasing behaviours that generally terminate in water. The male cassowary dives into water and submerges himself up to his upper neck and head. The female pursues him into the water, where he eventually drives her to the shallows, where she crouches making ritualistic motions of her head. The two may remain in copulation for extended periods of time. In some cases, another male may approach and run off the first male. He will climb onto her to copulate, as well.
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1792:, risk assessments on the cassowary as a potential invasive pest states that whilst the birds may have trouble establishing a stable population on the island, they would nonetheless, be considered a destructive element to Tasmania's ecological diversity and recommends strict imports on these birds. Reasons are many. The most notable are the birds' size. Cassowaries would automatically become the island's largest and most dominant terrestrial animal that could bully smaller animals in the same ecological niche. Frugivores such as the
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1994:. A 2003 historical study of 221 cassowary attacks showed that 150 had been against humans; 75% of these had been from cassowaries that had been fed by people, 71% of the time the bird had chased or charged the victim, and 15% of the time they kicked. Of the attacks, 73% involved the birds expecting or snatching food, 5% involved defending their natural food sources, 15% involved defending themselves, and 7% involved defending their chicks or eggs. Only one human death was reported among those 150 attacks.
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1667:, which results in a widespread decline in the Australian mainland. Because of such frequent inter-species conflicts, hunting dogs are one of the biggest enemies for cassowaries, and it is not unheard of for hunting dogs to accidentally kill cassowary chicks instead of feral pigs, with the dogs in-turn, being killed by the nearby adult rooster. Outside of threats from invasive species, the birds are also vulnerable to being unintentionally poisoned as well.
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1625:- adult birds generally ignore them, with some even believing that the dogs take full advantage of the birds' foraging behaviour, as both species share and use the same feeding trail through the forests. It was believed that these dogs follow adult birds to catch small prey attracted to the dropped fruits on the rainforest floor. Nevertheless, there was a report from a native hunter of an exceptionally rare case of a singing dog attacking the
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1563:, as well as actively hunt for small birds and their eggs that flew into their enclosure. Cassowaries from the Garner’s Beach Rehabilitation Centre are unusually predatory beyond even non-captive observations, and will eat protein almost exclusively if given the chance, an odd inversion of the usual frugivorous lifestyle. In terms of hunting domesticated farm animals, it is rare, although one was reported eating a
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635:. Although all ratites can eat meat, cassowaries, by definition, are the most omnivorous and predatory, owing to having the smallest and least herbivorous gastrointestinal tract out of any ratites; akin to true omnivores, as well as the fact that they are one of the only two ratites with a recorded hunting behaviour that is not mere foraging. Therefore, despite being considered an obligate
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and found that motor-vehicle strikes accounted for 55% of the deaths, and dog attacks produced another 18%. Remaining causes of death included hunting (five cases), entanglement in wire (one case), the removal of cassowaries that attacked humans (four cases), and natural causes (18 cases), including tuberculosis (four cases). The cause for 14 cases was indicated as "for unknown reasons".
1455:, 'urbanised' cassowaries have adopted to also feed on picnic blankets, tables and baskets or backyard bird feeders and compost heaps, thereby consuming a wide range of non-natural and non-native foods as well. In fact, cassowaries are known to eat non-edible items, in one case, collection of urban cassowary droppings resulted in many unusual items. Outside of the skeletal remains of a
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1648:. When threaten, it is known that cassowary chicks emit different vocalisation calls to indicate the specific threat, such as a hawk for example, before running underneath their father. Adult males aggressively defend their chicks. While adult males usually scare off or kill most predators, a chick will occasionally be separated in the chaos and become a potential target.
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Likewise, as aforementioned, the high concentration of human activity in the urban ecology also equates to a higher concentration of food diversity and food waste, with these 'urbanised' cassowaries foraging for food scraps, bird feeders and outdoor picnic/food venues without fear from humans or domesticated animals due to the birds' size and reputation.
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call for help and his outcries alerted his wife, who entered the enclosure with a 'stun gun' to repel the female cassowary. By the time the victim was pulled to safety, he had sustained numerous injuries and had lost a substantial amount of blood. He was rushed to the hospital. ... The patient did not survive his injuries.
1386:, although their hunting of small prey is more akin to foraging if they could catch them. Their diverse diet allows the cassowary to adapt to the availability of different food sources in their environment in case of ecological disruption. Despite their similar omnivorous foraging behaviour, cassowaries and introduced
1617:(and even then, the birds are rarely hunted due to their reputation, speed, wariness and self-defence, with juveniles being preferred over adults for ceremonial purposes - on average, it is considered very fortunate for a human hunter to kill one in every five years). With regards to their relationship with the
1459:, which was likely preyed by the cassowary, researchers also found remains of a child’s coloured building blocks, various sized marbles and a very small plastic car that came from a cereal packet. In terms of roadkill, discarded fish was reported, but the most common type of roadkill eaten by cassowaries are
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with New Guinea's other apex predators that also fills a similar niche (i.e. small prey population control) such as the crocodile monitor and the New Guinea harpy eagle; with the latter further partitioning by targeting arboreal prey. Medium-sized animals and imported megafauna on the other hand like
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Courtship and pair-bonding rituals begin with the vibratory sounds broadcast by females. Males approach and run with their necks parallel to the ground while making dramatic movements of their heads, which accentuate the frontal neck region. The female approaches drumming slowly. The male crouches on
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Normally ... he would hold a 'shock stick' and had a second person with him. On that day ... he was alone and had entered the pen to retrieve one of the female's eggs. During the attack, the victim had fallen to the ground and the attack continued for an unknown period of time. The owner was able to
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The first documented human death caused by a cassowary was on April 6, 1926. In
Australia, 16-year-old Phillip McClean and his brother, age 13, came across a cassowary on their property and decided to try to kill it by striking it with clubs. The bird kicked the younger boy, who fell and ran away as
1941:
In extremely urbanised areas where
Cassowaries used to naturally live such as in Queensland, Australia or in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, the local Cassowary population had adapted to its less forested grounds. Increasing urbanisation has increased the likelihood of human-cassowary interaction, a
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The southern cassowary is endangered in
Queensland. Kofron and Chapman, when they assessed the decline of this species, found that of the former cassowary habitat, only 20–25% remains. Habitat loss and fragmentation is the primary cause of decline. They then studied 140 cases of cassowary mortality,
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takes its name from the bird. The bird avoids the poisons of these fruits due to the presence of their incredibly short gastrointestinal tract, the shortest of all ratites in relation to their size. The cassowary's incredibly short and simple digestive tract leads to a short gut retention time which
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Due to their omnivorous nature, cassowaries are able to eat all types of human food, including processed ones if they feel like it, although fruit still remains their favourite choosings. A 2013 study from post-mortem investigations found that a combination of fruit scarcity and abundancy in human
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Nevertheless, Cassowary predatory behaviour seem to be seasonal, with females expressing higher desires for meat during egg production (i.e. autumn and winter) and males expressing the same desires during the pre-breeding season and post-incubation (i.e. autumn and spring). This seasonal behaviour
1518:, so they can't properly butcher their prey. As such, they compensate by using their feet as an anchor before grabbing a morsel and tearing it off with their neck muscles. Even so, cassowaries will hunt larger prey if given the opportunity, such as in one incident where an adult rooster killed an
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Cassowaries are solitary birds except during courtship, egg-laying, and sometimes around ample food supplies. Males and females each maintain separate territories that overlap, of a size of approximately 3 square kilometres in one study. While females move among satellite territories of different
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Hence, cassowaries are both the largest fruit-eating bird, the largest omnivorous bird and the largest opportunistically predatory avian. Cassowaries are very wary of humans, but if provoked, they are capable of inflicting serious, even fatal, injuries upon both dogs and people. The cassowary has
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The female does not care for the eggs or the chicks, but rather moves on within her territory to lay eggs in the nests of several other males. Young cassowaries are brown and have buffy stripes. They are often kept as pets in native villages (in New Guinea), where they are permitted to roam like
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Both male and female cassowaries do not tolerate the presence of others of the same sex, but females are more prone to fight than males, which will generally flee when encountering another male. While males and females may also be territorial and confrontational, this decreases during the mating
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by using his sharp beak as a spear to peck it to death, before butchering the remains for his chicks. Cassowaries are also known to fight one another over the opportunity to eat a dead animal, suggesting that resource competition behaviour between the birds are common. Their cravings for a high
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Likewise, reports of cassowaries hunting and killing small mammals and lizards are quite common, with the birds often using their feet to dig and scour the forest floor for a meal - whether it is prey or fruit - before snatching it up with their beaks and swallowing them whole. As far as larger
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It was found that cassowaries in these urban environments changed their diets accordingly, with urbanised cassowaries actually consuming an even greater proportion of fruits from exotic plants (~30%) but still incorporating a significant proportion of fruits from native plants in their diet.
1908:
There is evidence that the cassowary may have been domesticated by humans thousands of years before the chicken. Some New Guinea
Highlands societies capture cassowary chicks and raise them as semi-tame poultry, for use in ceremonial gift exchanges and as food. They are the only indigenous
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those eggs for 50–52 days, removing or adding litter to regulate the temperature, then protects the chicks, which stay in the nest for about 9 months. He defends them fiercely against all potential predators, including humans. The young males later go off to find a territory of their own.
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is not well studied, and the northern and dwarf cassowaries even less so. Females are larger and more brightly coloured than the males. Adult southern cassowaries are 1.5 to 1.8 m (4 ft 11 in to 5 ft 11 in) tall, although some females may reach 2 m (6 ft
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cassowary remains in Papua suggest that indigenous people at the time preferred to harvest eggs rather than adults. They seem to have regulated their consumption of these birds, possibly even collecting eggs and rearing young birds as one of the earliest forms of domestication.
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However, since
Tasmania lack the same levels of fruit diversity as Queensland and New Guinea, assessments believe that the birds would adapt by also eating invertebrates and small vertebrates. This may lead to some competition with the island's endemic insectivores such as the
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The cassowary has solitary habits and breeds less frequently in zoos than other ratites such as ostrich and emu. Unlike other ratites, it lives exclusively in tropical rainforest, and reproducing this habitat carefully is essential. Unlike the emu, which will live with other
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In captivity, Cassowaries get the majority of their protein source from dog or monkey food. In fact, captive cassowaries consume almost a liter of a protein source (such as dog food) in conjunction with 19 liters of fruit a day, which results in 5% of their overall diet.
1841:, in "mixed Australian fauna" displays, the cassowary does not cohabit well among its own kind. Individual specimens must even be kept in separate enclosures, due to their solitary and aggressive nature. Territoriality is one of their most important characteristics.
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Hand feeding cassowaries poses a significant threat to their survival because it lures them into suburban areas. There, the birds are more susceptible to encounters with vehicles and dogs. Contact with humans encourages cassowaries to take food from picnic tables.
1115:, the stability of specimens (the bright skin of the head and neck—the basis of describing several subspecies—fades in specimens), and the practice of trading live cassowaries for thousands of years, some of which are likely to have escaped or been deliberately
1909:
Australasian animal known to have been partly domesticated by people prior to
European arrival and colonization and by definition, the oldest form of domesticated animal and the largest domesticated bird. The Maring people of Kundagai sacrificed cassowaries (
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Reciprocal ecosystem impact and behavioural interactions between cassowaries, Casuarius casuarius, and humans, homo sapiens: exploring the natural-human environment interface and its implications for endangered species recovery in North
Queensland,
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eciprocal ecosystem impact and behavioural interactions between cassowaries, Casuarius casuarius, and humans, homo sapiens: exploring the natural-human environment interface and its implications for endangered species recovery in North
Queensland,
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As for eating the cassowary, it is supposed to be quite tough. Australian administrative officers stationed in New Guinea were advised that it "should be cooked with a stone in the pot: when the stone is ready to eat, so is the cassowary".
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for thousands of years longer with little to no impact on its population, suggesting that either the cassowaries of New Guinea had long adapted to human-introduced species or that the rich biodiversity of New Guinea allowed for additional
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Webber, Bruce L.; Woodrow, Ian E. (June 2, 2004). "Cassowary frugivory, seed defleshing and fruit fly infestation influence the transition from seed to seedling in the rare
Australian rainforest tree, Ryparosa sp. nov. 1 (Achariaceae)".
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potentially dangerous mix. Although cassowary populations have faced challenges in these urban areas in
Northeastern Australia and parts of New Guinea, the cassowaries have proven to be surprisingly quite adaptable in contrast to the
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Cassowary strikes to the abdomen are among the rarest of all, but in one case in 1995, a dog was kicked in the belly. The blow left no puncture, but severe bruising occurred. The dog later died from an apparent intestinal rupture.
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with their powerful legs. Cassowaries can run at up to 50 km/h (30 mph) through the dense forest and can jump up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). They are good swimmers, crossing wide rivers and swimming in the sea.
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would themselves, become lethal poison to the birds which are unaware from this contaminated danger. It is unknown why the cassowary population in Australia is in decline, as the New Guinea population has dealt with introduced
1998:
his older brother struck the bird. The older McClean then tripped and fell to the ground. While he was on the ground, the cassowary kicked him in the neck, opening a 1.25-centimetre (0.49 in) wound that severed his
1721:, and swamp forest. Whether some island populations are natural or the result of human trade in young birds is unclear. They can also be easily spotted in some national parks such as Mellwraith Range National Park,
1766:
also are a significant threat to their survival. They destroy nests and eggs of cassowaries, but their worst effect is as competitors for food, which may be catastrophic for the cassowaries during lean times.
1243:
Unlike the majority of birds, cassowaries lack a tongue. Their beaks are pointed, sharp and robust but not serrated, which allows them to pick up fruit or small animals much easier than the short bills of an
1174: in), and weigh 58.5 kg (130 lb). However, it is not uncommon to see exceptionally large females topping the scales beyond 70 kg (150 lb), with the largest maximum recorded being a
2009:
Another human death due to a cassowary was recorded in Florida on April 12, 2019. The bird's owner, a 75-year-old man who had raised the animal, was apparently clawed to death after he fell to the ground.
1982:
The inner or second of the three toes is fitted with a long, straight, murderous nail which can sever an arm or eviscerate an abdomen with ease. There are many records of natives being killed by this bird.
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bones touch each other. These, along with their wedge-shaped body, are thought to be adaptations to ward off vines, thorns, and saw-edged leaves, allowing them to run quickly through the rainforest.
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due to the lack of large terrestrial predators in either Australia or New Guinea; forcing the birds to necessitate the role in controlling the population of small prey animals including other small
1429:
Where trees are dropping fruit, cassowaries come in and feed, with each bird defending a tree from others for a few days. They move on when the fruit is depleted. Fruit, even items as large as
1591:. They are known to disperse seeds over distances greater than a kilometre, thus playing an important role in the ecosystem. Germination rates for seeds of the rare Australian rainforest tree
1152:
Typically, all cassowaries are shy birds that are found in the deep forest. They are adept at disappearing long before a human knows they are there. The southern cassowary of the far north
1126:, and that the dwarf cassowary is more closely related to the Northern Cassowary than either is to the Southern cassowary. A fossil species was reported from Australia, but for reasons of
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opportunistically when small prey is available. Besides fruits, their diet includes flowers, fungi, snails, insects, frogs, lizards, snakes, birds, fish, rats, mice, small marsupials and
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1629:. The incident ended with the singing dog being disemboweled and ripped open by the bird. But generally speaking, both apex animals mutually keep their distance and avoid one another.
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1531:, with the rooster teaching their young how to properly hunt and consume these animals; suggesting that protein forms an important dietary supplement for young cassowaries.
1544:, are avoided by the birds as they are completely incapable nor interested in hunting them. Instead, larger prey animals are controlled by the New Guinea singing dogs, the
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1848:) is the most popular species in captivity, and it is fairly common in European and American zoos, where it is known for its unmistakable appearance. As of 2019, only
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protein diet are such, that adult roosters with chicks are known to supply their young with a surprisingly high protein diet such as insects and small birds such as
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in each clutch into a heap of leaf litter prepared by the male. The eggs measure about 9 by 14 cm (3.5 by 5.5 in) – only ostrich and emu eggs are larger.
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to generalist opportunistic predators, as frequent fecal examinations revealed the skeletal remains of entire birds, rodents and fish scales on a constant basis.
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males, they appear to remain within the same territories for most of their lives, mating with the same, or closely related, males over the course of their lives.
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Naish, Darren; Perron, Richard M. (2014). "Structure and function of the cassowary's casque and its implications for cassowary history, biology and evolution".
1913:) in certain rituals. The Kalam people considered themselves related to cassowaries, and did not classify them as birds, but as kin. Consequently, they use the
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Ironically, despite being a threatened species in Queensland, concerns also mount on cassowaries being itself, a potential invasive species on the island of
1444:. As adult waste often contain half-digested fruit which still has nutritional value, so the birds would devour each other's as well as their own droppings.
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Douglass, Kristina; Gaffney, Dylan; Feo, Teresa J.; Bulathsinhala, Priyangi; Mack, Andrew L.; Spitzer, Megan; Summerhayes, Glenn R. (October 5, 2021).
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The Mission Beach community in far north Queensland holds an annual Cassowary Festival in September, where funds are raised to map the bird's habitat.
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Naish, D.; Perron, R. (2016). "Structure and function of the cassowary's casque and its implications for cassowary history, biology and evolution".
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The evolutionary history of cassowaries, as of all ratites, is not well known. Genetic evidence suggests that their closest living relatives are
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such as snakes and lizards. If so, it would make cassowaries one of New Guinea's three terrestrial apex predators, with the other two being the
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are a popular prey item for the birds due to their commonality, ease of catch and being a good protein source. However, rodents that died from
1613:, as well as being one of the largest terrestrial endemic animals in New Guinea. As such, adult cassowaries have no natural enemies other than
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Bulmer, Ralph (March 1967). "Why is the Cassowary Not a Bird? A Problem of Zoological Taxonomy Among the Karam of the New Guinea Highlands".
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allow seeds to remain unharmed during the comparatively soft digestion process and allows them to consume fruits that contain toxins such as
4244:"The southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii) remains an important disperser of native plants in fragmented rainforest landscapes"
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1426:. This short gut length also allows the birds to eat a wider variety of protein source, which is unsurprising given their omnivorous diet.
1394:, even though it should have dictated that both species should be in direct competition such as in the case in the cassowary population in
891:
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4154:"Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene sites in the montane forests of New Guinea yield early record of cassowary hunting and egg harvesting"
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New surveys and observations in 2019 has also shown that cassowaries are one of the few ratites - the other being the equally elusive
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576:; the northern cassowary is the most recently discovered and the most threatened. A fourth but extinct species is represented by the
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Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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often been labelled "the world's most dangerous bird", although in terms of recorded statistics, it pales in comparison to the
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1111:. Validation of these subspecies has proven difficult due to individual variations, age-related variations, the scarcity of
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Bourke, R. Michael: History of agriculture in Papua New Guinea in Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea, ANU Press, 2009
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The average lifespan of wild cassowaries is approximately 18–20 years, with those held in captivity living up to 40 years.
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Hence, by technicality, all three species of cassowaries are considered as Asia's largest bird since the extinction of the
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destroyed a large area of cassowary habitat, endangering 200 of the birds – about 10% of the total Australian population.
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having variations in between. Contrary to earlier findings, the hollow inside of the casque is spanned with fine fibres.
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Systema Naturae sistens regna tria naturæ, in classes et ordines, genera et species redacta tabulisque aeneis illustrata
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Campbell, Mariana A.; Lawton, Tom; Udyawer, Vinay; Bell-Anderson, Kim S.; Westcott, David; Campbell, Hamish A. (2023).
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The cassowary breeding season starts in May to June. Females lay three to eight large, bright green or pale green-blue
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Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés
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on their heads that grows with age. The casque's shape and size, up to 18 cm (7 in), is species-dependent.
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Cassowaries feed on the fruit of several hundred rainforest species and usually pass viable seeds in large, dense
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of rain forests because they eat fallen fruit whole and distribute seeds across the jungle floor via excrement.
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1970:, American and Australian troops stationed in New Guinea were warned to steer clear of them. In his 1958 book
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Eastick, Danielle L., et al. "Cassowary casques act as thermal windows." Scientific reports 9.1 (2019): 1966.
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Malay Words and Malay Things: Lexical Souvenirs from an Exotic Archipelago in German Publications Before 1700
1663:, with their eggs being most vulnerable to boar predation. Their chicks also face dangers and predation from
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639:, cassowaries consume a considerable amount of protein throughout its life stages, and throughout the year.
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Kofron, Christopher P. (December 1999). "Attacks to humans and domestic animals by the southern cassowary (
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1267:-like claw that may be 125 mm (5 in) long. This claw is particularly fearsome, since cassowaries
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Davies, Stephen J.J.F. (2003). "Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
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2835:"A pygmy cassowary (Casuarius lydekkeri) from late Pleistocene bog deposits at Pureni, Papua New Guinea"
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4123:]. illustrations by Christopher Healey. New Zealand: Auckland University Press. pp. 150, 152.
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3348:. Canberra: Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. p. 19. Archived from
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In captivity, outside of available hand-fed processed protein source, captive cassowaries are known to
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Fruit from at least 26 plant families has been documented in the diet of cassowaries. Fruits from the
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animals go, such as road kill, cassowary beaks - whilst sharp - aren't serrated like those of a true
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This assessment of the danger posed by cassowaries has been repeated in print by authors, including
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Montage of three species; left to right: southern cassowary, northern cassowary and dwarf cassowary
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822:
510:
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318:
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of each have been described, and some of them have even been suggested as separate species, e.g.,
8021:
7661:
7551:
7352:
6675:
5584:
5440:
5330:
5312:
5081:
4935:
4898:
4768:
Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals
4612:
4201:
4009:
3528:"Rare video shows endangered southern cassowary emerging from ocean swim in Far North Queensland"
3508:
2931:
2684:
2469:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 7.
1706:
1175:
1116:
968:
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808:
681:
569:
557:
526:
442:
332:
304:
256:
138:
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5957:
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722:. As the publication date of Linnaeus's sixth edition was before the 1758 starting point of the
8243:
6167:
5971:
5229:
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8147:
7947:
7849:
7454:
7305:
7018:
6612:
6083:
6031:
5926:
5863:
5113:
5067:
5019:
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4771:
4739:
4716:
4697:
4639:
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4316:
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4134:
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2965:
2663:
2656:
2623:
2559:
2416:
1914:
1901:
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barnyard fowl until nearing maturity. Caged birds are regularly bereft of their fresh plumes.
220:
3572:
3091:
3031:
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1852:
in Germany has all three species of cassowaries in its collection: single-wattled cassowary (
8230:
8016:
7917:
7811:
7806:
7315:
7227:
7153:
7138:
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4183:
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3414:
3121:
2923:
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2691:
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2509:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 155.
2406:
2396:
1881:
1664:
1528:
1500:
1434:
1350:
1276:
1189:, the cassowary is the island's second largest terrestrial animal after the introduction of
1050:
847:
530:
492:
475:
345:
2869:
2489:(in Latin) (6th ed.). Stockholmiae (Stockholm): Godofr, Kiesewetteri. pp. 16, 27.
7952:
7854:
7292:
7247:
7237:
7078:
6855:
6712:
6124:
5940:
5856:
5776:
5542:
5404:
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4571:
2751:
2744:
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2705:
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2642:
1987:
1690:
1626:
1536:
1515:
1213:
1182:
1026:
954:
699:
591:, and take a range of other plant foods, including shoots and grass seeds, in addition to
577:
573:
518:
8112:
5190:
4521:
Wenzlow, N.; Hamilton, W. F. (February 18, 2021). "Cassowary Fatally Attacks Its Owner".
4079:
Man and a Half: Essays in Pacific Anthropology and Ethnobiology in Honour of Ralph Bulmer
3771:
3269:
1966:
Cassowaries have a reputation for being dangerous to people and domestic animals. During
5244:
5178:
5046:
4923:
4673:
4259:
4169:
3175:
3117:
2919:
2334:
2299:"Captive Management Guidelines for the Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuarius johnsonii"
2201:
1749:
1294:
7922:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7571:
7445:
7133:
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6923:
6898:
6890:
6835:
6800:
6477:
5739:
5448:
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4381:
4226:. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. p. 23-24.
4188:
4153:
2737:
2635:
2411:
2384:
1918:
1710:
1705:
Cassowaries are native to the humid rainforests of New Guinea, nearby smaller islands,
1637:
1418:
1406:
1144:
730:
709:
644:
502:
396:
205:
6762:
4456:
4015:. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. 2011. p. 10-11.
3377:
1597:
were found to be much higher after passing through a cassowary's gut (92% versus 4%).
8260:
8057:
7964:
7869:
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7756:
7606:
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7357:
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7207:
7113:
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5668:
5623:
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5384:
5133:
4958:
4755:
4205:
3907:"Feral pigs decimating cassowaries in world heritage-listed Daintree, filmmaker says"
2719:
2712:
2580:
2500:
2480:
1991:
1813:
1568:
1480:
1476:
1237:
766:
689:
458:
262:
195:
69:
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4902:
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2175:
1632:
The same cannot be said with their chicks, however, as they are vulnerable to large
7986:
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7450:
7375:
7173:
7010:
6998:
6908:
6805:
6717:
6605:
6408:
6324:
5834:
5824:
4112:
1999:
1967:
1771:
1645:
1621:- one of Papua's only obligate terrestrial apex predator, with the other being the
1519:
1127:
910:
713:
677:
648:
600:
553:
538:
534:
426:
248:
125:
8152:
6880:
3718:
1208:
All cassowaries' feathers consist of a shaft and loose barbules. They do not have
8126:
4995:
4931:
3396:
3343:"National Recovery Plan for the Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuarius johnsonii"
2927:
2613:
8186:
8106:
8046:
7957:
7907:
7892:
7877:
7586:
7556:
7486:
7481:
7420:
7405:
7347:
7342:
7327:
7148:
7128:
7053:
7043:
7028:
7023:
6948:
6938:
6903:
6752:
6747:
6505:
6493:
6466:
6426:
6417:
6365:
6331:
6239:
6174:
6116:
5994:
5702:
5596:
5292:
3450:
2484:
2464:
2446:
2442:
1947:
1943:
1925:
1567:, nevertheless, captive birds are known to consume day-old chicks and butchered
1507:
1441:
1375:
1202:
1156:
1046:
979:
758:
754:
542:
355:
215:
44:
4028:"World's most dangerous bird raised by humans 18,000 years ago, study suggests"
2558:(4th ed.). London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. 1999.
2401:
1579:
8026:
8001:
7521:
7516:
7435:
7282:
7277:
7143:
6850:
6845:
6810:
6579:
6436:
6379:
6349:
6253:
6212:
6147:
6095:
5755:
5713:
5356:
4283:
3590:
2504:
2460:
1742:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1633:
1606:
1524:
1456:
1448:
1414:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1186:
1153:
1096:
1073:
1023:
833:
746:
608:
560:, is the third-tallest and second-heaviest living bird, smaller only than the
522:
314:
89:
54:
8097:
7469:
4608:
4495:
4138:
1713:, and northeastern Australia. They do, however, venture out into palm scrub,
1475:
Despite their largely frugivorous lifestyle, some consider cassowaries as an
8160:
7839:
7561:
7459:
7440:
7410:
7262:
7222:
7188:
7158:
7093:
6918:
6840:
6820:
6777:
6459:
6393:
6315:
5909:
5887:
5809:
5762:
5748:
5724:
5569:
5303:
5155:
4178:
3789:
2649:
1838:
1834:
1763:
1753:
A free-ranging cassowary wandering in a tourist park at Etty Bay, Queensland
1714:
1660:
1652:
1556:
1541:
1463:, which potentially represent the largest prey item consumed by the birds.
1460:
1452:
1399:
1302:
Several functions for the casque have been proposed. One is that they are a
1209:
1194:
1092:
837:
636:
584:
546:
155:
94:
38:
5117:
4981:"The taxonomic status of Casuarius bennetti papuanus and C. b. westermanni"
4197:
2420:
3225:
2079:
8091:
8011:
8006:
7816:
7566:
7546:
7541:
7531:
7526:
7395:
7385:
7337:
7300:
7103:
7058:
6993:
6963:
6913:
6825:
6815:
6531:
6521:
6358:
6232:
6205:
6157:
5520:
5429:
5367:
3976:"Cassowary carnival: Queensland town celebrates a famous flightless bird"
2617:
2523:(1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus".
2361:
1929:
1781:
1593:
1423:
1410:
1379:
1343:
1229:
1190:
1178:
at 85 kg (187 lb) and 190 cm (6 ft 3 in) tall.
1132:
1130:, this assignment is not certain, and it might belong to the prehistoric
742:
588:
175:
114:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
4457:"Cassowary, called 'most dangerous bird', attacks and kills Florida man"
4221:"Recovery plan for the southern cassowary Casuarius casuarius johnsonii"
1609:, cassowaries are the island's largest and most dominant and formidable
726:, Brisson, and not Linnaeus, is considered the authority for the genus.
8178:
7887:
7751:
7601:
7581:
7464:
7390:
7257:
7232:
7202:
7194:
7178:
7163:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7048:
7038:
6988:
6795:
6732:
6699:
6372:
6338:
6268:
6223:
6135:
6012:
4616:
2120:(in Indonesian). Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pendidikan. pp. 39, 71.
1718:
1656:
1564:
1383:
1249:
1233:
1225:
1221:
718:
628:
604:
561:
514:
506:
99:
74:
8041:
4681:
4268:
4243:
3125:
8191:
7576:
7476:
7430:
7415:
7331:
7310:
7252:
7242:
7212:
7098:
6983:
6973:
6830:
6785:
5514:
5464:
5189:
5054:
4857:
1950:, potentially making them the largest urbanised birds in the world.
1789:
1738:
1668:
1496:
1492:
1430:
1417:, and myrtle families are important items in the diet. The poisonous
1264:
1198:
750:
632:
616:
165:
8068:
5109:
4600:
3931:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife) (August 9, 2018).
3432:
2537:
1298:
Feet of a southern cassowary: Cassowaries use their feet as weapons.
8292:
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Australasia-Pacific region
8165:
4821:"Case histories of attacks by the southern cassowary in Queensland"
3745:"Notes on behaviour of New Guinea singing dogs (Canis lupus dingo)"
1091:
Most authorities consider the taxonomic classification above to be
704:
published in 1748, but Linnaeus dropped the genus in the important
7991:
7591:
7536:
7501:
7496:
7400:
7380:
7168:
7118:
6978:
6953:
6860:
6737:
5173:
4947:
Owen, J. (2003). "Does Rain Forest Bird "Boom" Like a Dinosaur?".
4483:"Cassowary, world's 'most dangerous bird', kills owner in Florida"
3857:"Cassowary: Description, Pictures, & Fun Facts I TheBirdPedia"
2357:"'World's Most Dangerous Bird' Kills 75-Year-Old Owner In Florida"
1880:
1748:
1732:
1614:
1588:
1578:
1365:
1333:
1293:
1217:
1185:. Moreover, not only is the cassowary Asia's largest bird, within
1143:
660:
620:
592:
3932:
3761:
Roots, Clive. Flightless birds. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006.
2441:(in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche.
7596:
7217:
7123:
7033:
6968:
6870:
6865:
6790:
6691:
5526:
3211:. James Cook University. Section 2 Page 154 (thesis) or 60 (pdf)
2794:"The history and significance of the fossil Casuarius lydekkeri"
1681:
1610:
1560:
1260:
624:
612:
185:
8072:
6664:
6577:
6081:
5666:
5507:
5468:
5248:
4715:. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group.
7491:
6933:
6875:
6722:
6192:
5376:
5283:
4523:
Abstracts of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences Meeting
3608:
1786:
Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment
1256:
1245:
1123:
762:
596:
565:
19:
This article is about the genus of birds. For other uses, see
4879:"Low-frequency vocalizations by cassowaries (Casuarius spp.)"
4404:"Authorities: Large, flightless bird kills its Florida owner"
5169:
3876:
3874:
2225:"Digestive Anatomy and Physiology of the Southern Cassowary"
1860:). If subspecies are recognised, Weltvogelpark Walsrode has
647:, which is recorded to kill two to three humans per year in
4895:
10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[1062:LVBCCS]2.0.CO;2
2202:"What Do Cassowaries Eat? (Full Diet, Habits and Behavior)"
1808:
would be denied access to fruit of which they depend upon.
4838:"Causes of mortality to the endangered Southern Cassowary
3933:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Casuarius casuarius"
2952:. Buzzle.com. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009
2383:
Usurelu, Sergiu; Bettencourt, Vanessa; Melo, Gina (2015).
4564:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Genus Casuarius"
4455:
Hackney, Deanna; McLaughlin, Eliott C. (April 15, 2019).
4410:. Alachua, Florida, USA. Associated Press. April 13, 2019
4076:
Healey, Chris (1991). "Why is the Cassowary sacrificed".
708:
of 1758 and put the southern cassowary together with the
3415:"Cassowaries in the Wet Tropics of Far North Queensland"
3137:
3135:
2833:
Rich, P. V.; Plane, Michael; Schroeder, Natalie (1988).
2219:
2217:
2215:
2035:
Official Lists and Indexes of Names and Works in Zoology
1224:
quills, resembling porcupine quills, with no barbs. The
6660:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
3905:
Sexton-Mcgrath, Kristy; Stephen, Adam (May 30, 2018).
3104:
Crome, F.; Moore, L (1988). "The cassowary's casque".
1216:. Cassowaries have small wings with five or six large
1136:, which was a genus of cassowary-like primitive emus.
5156:"C4 Community for Coastal and Cassowary Conservation"
4355:
4353:
4050:
4048:
1885:
The cassowary is featured on the coat of arms of the
6527:
6489:
6447:
6432:
6300:
6290:
6280:
6189:
6163:
6153:
6143:
6104:
6000:
5990:
5937:
5906:
5874:
5821:
5805:
5736:
5720:
5709:
5698:
4734:
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
4638:(6 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
8081:
7933:
7868:
7825:
7777:
7737:
7702:
7622:
7615:
7366:
7291:
7187:
7009:
6889:
6776:
6698:
6504:
6476:
6446:
6416:
6407:
6348:
6314:
6267:
6222:
6188:
6134:
6103:
6094:
6030:
5981:
5936:
5905:
5873:
5820:
5790:
5735:
5679:
5622:
5595:
5568:
5541:
5426:
5365:
5355:
5301:
5291:
4624:Clark, Philip (November 5, 1990). "Stay in Touch".
3545:
3543:
3541:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3044:
3042:
3040:
2350:
2348:
2002:. The boy died of his injuries shortly thereafter.
1651:However, in the relic populations of north-eastern
724:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
5033:Sclater, P. L. (October 14, 1875). "Cassowaries".
4957:
4754:
4731:
4481:
3023:
3021:
2843:BMR Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics
2579:
2525:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1433:and apples, is swallowed whole. Cassowaries are a
1374:Cassowaries, as aforementioned, are predominantly
1275:All three species have a keratinous, skin-covered
4770:. New York, NY: Facts on File. pp. 178–179.
4237:
4235:
4233:
3233:Section 3, page 114(pdf) 208(on-page numbering).
2078:. Collection of group names. 2007. Archived from
5141:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
4877:Mack, Andrew L.; Jones, Josh (October 1, 2003).
4836:Kofron, Christopher P.; Chapman, Angela (2006).
4636:The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World
3502:
3500:
5064:Australia's Dangerous Creatures Reader's Digest
4284:"Cassowary bird tries to steal a woman's lunch"
4158:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2032:Melville, R. V.; Smith, J. D. D., eds. (1987).
568:. The other two species are represented by the
3567:
3565:
3319:"Casuarius unappendiculatusnorthern cassowary"
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
1877:Role in Papuan cultures and semi-domestication
1655:, the cassowary population faces threats from
6676:
5480:
5260:
3880:
3700:
3087:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2555:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
2170:
2168:
2166:
8:
4753:Gilliard, E. Thomas (1958) . "Cassowaries".
3805:
3803:
3772:"Giant Cassowaries are Modern-day Dinosaurs"
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
2622:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 192–3.
2304:. Cairns Tropical Zoo. p. 23-24, 73-77.
1659:, and are in danger of being outcompeted by
1148:Close-up of the head of a southern cassowary
671:
3372:
3370:
1583:Cassowary feces, containing traces of seeds
697:
8069:
7619:
6683:
6669:
6661:
6574:
6482:
6413:
6273:
6197:
6100:
6091:
6078:
6027:
5798:
5691:
5687:
5676:
5663:
5601:
5574:
5547:
5538:
5504:
5487:
5473:
5465:
5362:
5298:
5267:
5253:
5245:
5226:"Southern cassowary - Casuarius casuarius"
5086:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4430:"Cassowary kills man at farm near Alachua"
2292:
2290:
2288:
1937:Urbanisation of local cassowary population
1725:, and Jardine National Park in Australia.
1471:Predatory behaviour and hunting techniques
1440:Adult and young cassowaries also practice
124:
27:
4267:
4187:
4177:
4010:"PEST RISK ASSESSMENT Southern Cassowary"
3958:"Cyclone puts cassowary in greater peril"
3141:
2536:
2410:
2400:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2255:"Jungle royalty: the enigmatic cassowary"
1390:had co-existed for thousands of years in
587:, although all species are opportunistic
5228:. ARKive. August 5, 2004. Archived from
4630:Cites "authorities" for the death claim.
4300:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3649:Atherton Tablelands Bird Watchers' Cabin
3631:Atherton Tablelands Bird Watchers' Cabin
3573:"Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuarius"
3526:Testa, Christopher (November 13, 2023).
3071:"This is one bird to be cass-o-wary of!"
3027:
2157:
1895:
771:
4436:. Alachua, Florida, USA. April 13, 2019
4328:
3892:
3751:. Science in New Guinea. p. 46-47.
3609:"Cassowary and chicks feeding on snake"
3395:Haley, Annemaree (September 26, 2022).
2862:"The Taxonomy of the Genus Cassowarius"
2355:Mosbergen, Dominique (April 14, 2019).
2105:(in Dutch). J.H. De Bussy. p. 146.
2024:
1447:In more urbanised areas, especially in
1269:sometimes kick humans and other animals
5079:
4359:
4344:
4054:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3830:Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea
3811:"New to the area what you should know"
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3065:
3063:
3012:
2987:Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea
2963:
2890:
2807:(10). The Australian Museum: 235–238.
2779:
1904:on Indonesia and New Guinea, 1899–1900
1575:Role in seed dispersal and germination
4964:. New York City: Simon and Schuster.
4766:Gotch, A. F. (1995) . "Cassowaries".
4502:from the original on January 12, 2022
3552:"Don't Attempt to Cuddle a Cassowary"
3509:"Daintree's Dinosaur – The Cassowary"
3293:"10 Colorful Facts About Cassowaries"
3219:
3217:
2901:
2899:
2463:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
2317:"Species Feature: Southern Cassowary"
2132:"Interesting facts about Cassowaries"
909:Northern and western New Guinea, and
803:IUCN status and estimated population
517:bones. Cassowaries are native to the
7:
5206:"Raising the World's Deadliest Bird"
4785:Harmer, S.F.; Shipley, A.F. (1899).
4372:Sather, Patrick (October 13, 2021).
4312:
3231:(phd thesis). James Cook University.
3153:
2600:participating institution membership
753:group, which also includes the emu,
655:Taxonomy, systematics, and evolution
5179:Cassowary videos, photos and sounds
5170:Cassowary and chicks drinking water
3937:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3487:"Have you sized up to a cassowary?"
3268:. December 18, 2023. Archived from
1900:Cassowary held as a pet during the
1287:the smallest (tricorn shape), with
1119:to regions away from their origin.
1107:also may be in need of revision to
5135:A Monograph of the Genus Casuarius
4812:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01206.x
4713:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
4562:Brands, Sheila (August 14, 2008).
4085:. pp. 234–241. Archived from
3846:NY, Ballantine Books: 1971, p. 35.
3469:"Cassowary – The Flightless Birds"
2792:Miller, Alden H. (June 19, 1962).
2315:Boettcher, James (June 12, 2018).
1535:changes allows the cassowaries to
1370:Southern cassowary eating a banana
14:
8277:Extant Zanclean first appearances
4570:. The Taxonomicon. Archived from
4545:Borrell, Brendan (October 2008).
4026:Katie Hunt (September 27, 2021).
2056:. The Trust for Avian Systematics
583:Around 90% of the cassowary diet
8052:
8051:
8040:
6767:
6761:
6645:
6644:
6560:
6554:
6063:
5144:, vol. 15, pt. 5, December 1900.
4960:Predatory Dinosaurs of the World
4825:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
4730:Diamond, Jared M. (March 1997).
3844:New Guinea: The Tide is Stemmed.
3291:Mancini, Mark (April 19, 2019).
2801:Records of the Australian Museum
2466:Check-list of Birds of the World
2389:Annals of Medicine & Surgery
1109:Casuarius (bennetti) westermanni
984:
982:, and Yapen, mainly in highlands
959:
915:
890:
846:
813:
769:. These species are recognised:
666:was erected by French scientist
142:
5181:on the Internet Bird Collection
5016:Taxonomy of the Genus Casuarius
4819:Kofron, Christopher P. (2003).
3577:San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance
3473:The Amazing Taman Safari - Bali
3224:Bentrupperbaumer, Joan (1997).
3200:Bentrupperbaumer, Joan (1997).
2813:10.3853/j.0067-1975.25.1962.662
2180:San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance
1304:secondary sexual characteristic
1049:fossils of New South Wales and
794:Scientific name and subspecies
4525:. Houston, Texas: 590 (H 65).
3507:D’Arcy, Mike (April 2, 2023).
1844:The double-wattled cassowary (
1263:. The inner (first) toe has a
1220:. These are reduced to stiff,
1:
7710:Countries by meat consumption
4840:Casuarius casuarius johnsonii
4798:) in Queensland, Australia".
4796:Casuarius casuarius johnsonii
4787:The Cambridge Natural History
4653:Crome, F.; Moore, L. (1988).
4547:"Invasion of the Cassowaries"
3743:Bino, Robert (January 1996).
3663:"Tropical Topics - Cassowary"
2385:"Abdominal trauma by ostrich"
509:: flightless birds without a
7997:Non-vegetarian food in India
7715:Countries by meat production
4932:10.1080/08912963.2014.985669
4846:Pacific Conservation Biology
3815:Guardians of the Wet Tropics
3719:"The New Guinea Singing Dog"
2928:10.1080/08912963.2014.985669
2447:Vol. 5: p. 10, Plate 1 fig 2
2321:Australian Wildlife Journeys
1921:when eating cassowary meat.
1268:
888:or single-wattled cassowary
811:or double-wattled cassowary
696:in the sixth edition of his
552:Three cassowary species are
7720:Food and drink prohibitions
5132:Rothschild, Walter (1899).
5014:Perron, Richard M. (2016).
4979:Perron, Richard M. (2011).
4761:. New York City: Doubleday.
4696:. Oxford University Press.
3881:Kofron & Chapman (2006)
3701:Webber & Woodrow (2004)
3088:Harmer & Shipley (1899)
2118:Kamus Bahasa Biak-Indonesia
2101:F.J.F. Van Hasselt (1947).
1856:) and Bennett's cassowary (
1338:Juvenile southern cassowary
8308:
6759:
3341:Dennis, Andrew J. (2023).
3180:Smithsonian's National Zoo
3050:"Biology & Physiology"
2402:10.1016/j.amsu.2014.12.004
2335:"What Do Cassowaries Eat?"
1854:Casuarius unappendiculatus
1723:Paluma Range National Park
1232:are degenerate, and their
900:Casuarius unappendiculatus
688:). The Swedish naturalist
366:Moehr, 1752 nomen rejectum
294:Casuarius unappendiculatus
21:Cassowary (disambiguation)
18:
8035:
7762:Psychology of eating meat
7306:Black soldier fly maggots
6640:
6586:
6573:
6551:
6485:
6276:
6200:
6090:
6077:
6060:
6026:
5801:
5694:
5690:
5675:
5662:
5604:
5577:
5550:
5537:
5503:
4956:Paul, Gregory S. (1988).
4842:in Queensland, Australia"
4757:Living Birds of the World
4626:The Sydney Morning Herald
4374:"10 Birds That Can't Fly"
4254:(4). Australia: 787–802.
4117:Birds of my Kalam Country
3591:"Cassowary and bandicoot"
3491:Daintree Discovery Centre
3244:"Cassowaries: Casuaridae"
3075:Atlas of Living Australia
2970:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2587:Oxford English Dictionary
2435:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
1972:Living Birds of the World
1022:
953:
884:
807:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
761:, as well as the extinct
692:had introduced the genus
505:. They are classified as
338:
331:
278:
273:
254:
247:
139:Scientific classification
137:
132:
123:
30:
16:Genus of flightless birds
7835:Beef hormone controversy
5098:Functional Plant Biology
5018:. Quantum Conservation.
4949:National Geographic News
4738:. W.W. Norton & Co.
4655:"The cassowary's casque"
4634:Clements, James (2007).
2297:Biggs, James R. (2013).
1872:Relationship with humans
1822:eastern barred bandicoot
1818:southern brown bandicoot
1701:Distribution and habitat
668:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
4179:10.1073/pnas.2100117118
3627:"Cassowary season 2021"
3142:Mack & Jones (2003)
2592:Oxford University Press
2253:Pickrell, John (2019).
2229:Cassowaries and Kakapos
2103:Noemfoorsch Woordenboek
1794:common brushtail possum
1729:Status and conservation
1642:New Guinea singing dogs
1619:New Guinea singing dogs
1559:on either live or dead
1499:), the birds turn from
1255:Cassowaries have three-
957:or Bennett's cassowary
676:published in 1760. The
556:. The most common, the
446:
7860:Water holding capacity
5197:Encyclopedia Americana
5062:Underhill, D. (1993).
4690:Davies, Stephen J.J.F.
2985:Ziegler, A.C. (1982).
2076:"Part 7 - Vertebrates"
1984:
1976:Ernest Thomas Gilliard
1905:
1893:
1850:Weltvogelpark Walsrode
1798:common ringtail possum
1754:
1746:
1584:
1489:New Guinea singing dog
1371:
1339:
1299:
1149:
734:
698:
672:
454:
377:, 1800 non Latham 1790
8239:Paleobiology Database
7845:Feed conversion ratio
7747:Ethics of eating meat
5395:Kangaroo Island emu (
4557:on December 13, 2012.
4219:Latch, Peter (2007).
4121:Mn̄mon Yad Kalam Yakt
4092:on September 28, 2020
3597:. September 16, 2016.
3437:Cassowary Conservancy
3077:. September 26, 2023.
2259:Australian Geographic
1980:
1899:
1884:
1752:
1736:
1582:
1369:
1337:
1313:Behaviour and ecology
1297:
1212:(tail feathers) or a
1147:
1103:. The taxonomic name
7898:Environmental impact
5331:Northern cassowary (
5313:Southern cassowary (
5001:on November 22, 2015
4864:on November 16, 2017
4694:Ratites and Tinamous
4551:Smithsonian Magazine
3964:. February 27, 2011.
3684:"Southern Cassowary"
3670:Animal Diversity Web
3455:Our Breathing Planet
3397:"Southern Cassowary"
3382:Daintree Cassowaries
3323:Animal Diversity Web
3262:"Southern Cassowary"
3248:Animal Life Resource
3176:"Southern cassowary"
2950:"The Cassowary Bird"
2054:aviansystematics.org
1802:eastern pygmy possum
1605:In its main home of
1550:New Guinea crocodile
1413:, palm, wild grape,
1283:has the largest and
913:, mainly in lowlands
844:, mainly in lowlands
545:), and northeastern
8272:Birds of New Guinea
5333:C. unappendiculatus
5047:1875Natur..12..516S
4994:(1). Archived from
4924:2016HBio...28..507N
4674:1988EmuAO..88..123C
4434:The Gainesville Sun
4260:2023AusEc..48..787C
4170:2021PNAS..11800117D
4164:(40): e2100117118.
3828:Bulmer, S. (1982).
3419:Friend of the Earth
3118:1988EmuAO..88..123C
2920:2016HBio...28..507N
2634:Cognates occur in
2590:(Online ed.).
2038:. ICZN. p. 17.
1887:Indonesian province
1806:little pygmy possum
1784:. According to the
1571:from time to time.
1546:saltwater crocodile
1289:C. unappendiculatus
1037:Casuarius lydekkeri
1029:or small cassowary
823:Casuarius casuarius
787:
737:cognate of several
686:Casuarius casuarius
319:Casuarius lydekkeri
283:Casuarius casuarius
8022:Warmed-over flavor
7790:Semi-vegetarianism
5379:D. novaehollandiae
4912:Historical Biology
4800:Journal of Zoology
4574:on October 5, 2016
4568:sn2000.taxonomy.nl
4490:. April 14, 2019.
4111:Majnep, Ian Saem;
3859:. December 9, 2021
3832:. The Hague: Junk.
3645:"Day: May 2, 2024"
3550:Buckley, Michael.
3493:. August 21, 2022.
2989:. The Hague: Junk.
2908:Historical Biology
2082:on October 5, 2016
1906:
1894:
1858:Casuarius bennetti
1770:In February 2011,
1755:
1747:
1707:East Nusa Tenggara
1691:niche partitioning
1585:
1529:red-browed finches
1372:
1340:
1300:
1176:southern cassowary
1150:
969:Casuarius bennetti
886:Northern cassowary
809:Southern cassowary
772:
749:) are part of the
741:spoken around the
729:Cassowaries (from
682:southern cassowary
570:northern cassowary
558:southern cassowary
527:Western New Guinea
305:Casuarius bennetti
299:Northern cassowary
288:Southern cassowary
257:Struthio casuarius
8254:
8253:
8226:Open Tree of Life
8075:Taxon identifiers
8066:
8065:
7733:
7732:
6658:
6657:
6636:
6635:
6569:
6568:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6403:
6402:
6263:
6262:
6184:
6183:
6108:Opisthodactylidae
6084:Notopalaeognathae
6073:
6072:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6032:Notopalaeognathae
6022:
6021:
5786:
5785:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5405:King Island emu (
5397:D. n. baudinianus
5387:D. n. diemenensis
5351:
5350:
5322:Dwarf cassowary (
5191:"Cassowary"
5186:Ingersoll, Ernest
5025:978-3-86523-272-4
4682:10.1071/MU9880123
4645:978-0-8014-4501-9
4384:on March 28, 2023
4269:10.1111/aec.13309
3556:perceptive travel
3378:"Cassowary Foods"
3126:10.1071/MU9880123
3054:Rainforest Rescue
2629:978-3-447-05492-8
2598:(Subscription or
2565:978-0-85301-006-7
2116:Soeparno (1977).
1968:World War II
1915:Pandanus register
1902:Siboga Expedition
1866:C. u. rufotinctus
1862:C. b. westermanni
1837:species, such as
1665:domesticated dogs
1623:crocodile monitor
1485:crocodile monitor
1089:
1088:
1043:
975:
906:
829:
800:Size and ecology
785:
757:, ostriches, and
739:related languages
585:consists of fruit
436:
435:
430:
419:
411:
400:
389:
378:
367:
359:
348:
325:
311:
300:
289:
243:
224:
118:
8299:
8282:Flightless birds
8247:
8246:
8234:
8233:
8221:
8220:
8208:
8207:
8195:
8194:
8182:
8181:
8169:
8168:
8156:
8155:
8143:
8142:
8130:
8129:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8070:
8055:
8054:
8045:
8044:
8017:Roadkill cuisine
7812:Meat alternative
7807:Plant-based diet
7725:Meat substitutes
7620:
6771:
6765:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6662:
6648:
6647:
6599:Incognitoolithus
6575:
6564:
6559:
6558:
6529:
6491:
6483:
6449:
6434:
6414:
6302:
6292:
6282:
6274:
6198:
6193:Dinornithiformes
6191:
6165:
6155:
6145:
6106:
6101:
6092:
6079:
6068:
6067:
6028:
6002:
5992:
5939:
5908:
5876:
5823:
5807:
5799:
5793:Struthioniformes
5738:
5722:
5711:
5700:
5692:
5688:
5677:
5664:
5602:
5575:
5548:
5539:
5532:
5531:
5505:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5466:
5363:
5299:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5246:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5212:. March 17, 2023
5201:
5193:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5121:
5091:
5085:
5077:
5058:
5055:10.1038/012516a0
5029:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4985:
4975:
4963:
4952:
4943:
4906:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4860:. Archived from
4858:10.1071/PC060175
4832:
4815:
4790:
4781:
4762:
4760:
4749:
4737:
4726:
4707:
4685:
4659:
4649:
4629:
4620:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4558:
4553:. Archived from
4531:
4530:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4485:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4380:. Archived from
4369:
4363:
4357:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4326:
4320:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4239:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4191:
4181:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4084:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4006:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3853:
3847:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3740:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3547:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3457:. June 27, 2016.
3447:
3441:
3440:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3401:Daintree Safaris
3392:
3386:
3385:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3347:
3338:
3327:
3326:
3314:
3301:
3300:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3272:on July 26, 2024
3258:
3252:
3251:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3221:
3212:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3182:. March 23, 2023
3172:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3101:
3095:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3046:
3035:
3025:
3016:
3010:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2903:
2894:
2893:, pp. 54–8.
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2872:on March 5, 2016
2868:. Archived from
2858:
2852:
2851:
2839:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2798:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2760:
2759:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2233:
2232:
2221:
2210:
2209:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2172:
2161:
2155:
2140:
2139:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2029:
1974:, ornithologist
1501:primary consumer
1435:keystone species
1259:feet with sharp
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1077:
1051:Papua New Guinea
1042:Rothschild, 1911
1041:
1013:
988:
973:
963:
944:
919:
904:
894:
875:
850:
828:(Linnaeus, 1758)
827:
817:
788:
780:
703:
675:
531:Papua New Guinea
519:tropical forests
493:flightless birds
490:
487:
484:
473:
470:
467:
425:
417:
406:
395:
384:
373:
365:
354:
344:
323:
309:
298:
287:
238:
219:
147:
146:
128:
112:
111:
41:
34:Temporal range:
28:
8307:
8306:
8302:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8242:
8237:
8229:
8224:
8216:
8211:
8203:
8198:
8190:
8185:
8177:
8172:
8164:
8159:
8151:
8146:
8138:
8133:
8125:
8120:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8077:
8067:
8062:
8047:Food portal
8039:
8031:
7953:Case-ready meat
7935:
7929:
7903:Factory farming
7864:
7821:
7773:
7739:
7729:
7698:
7611:
7368:
7362:
7287:
7192:
7183:
7005:
6885:
6856:Lamb and mutton
6772:
6766:
6757:
6694:
6689:
6659:
6654:
6632:
6582:
6565:
6553:
6537:
6500:
6472:
6442:
6399:
6344:
6310:
6259:
6218:
6180:
6130:
6125:Opisthodactylus
6086:
6069:
6062:
6046:
6018:
5977:
5941:Ergilornithidae
5932:
5901:
5895:Galligeranoides
5869:
5857:Palaeophasianus
5842:Galligeranoides
5816:
5795:
5782:
5777:Pseudocrypturus
5731:
5684:
5671:
5638:
5618:
5591:
5564:
5558:Avemetatarsalia
5543:Avemetatarsalia
5533:
5510:
5509:
5499:
5493:
5463:
5454:
5422:
5385:Tasmanian emu (
5347:
5287:
5273:
5235:
5233:
5224:
5215:
5213:
5204:
5184:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5129:
5127:Further wording
5124:
5110:10.1071/FP03214
5094:
5078:
5074:
5061:
5032:
5026:
5013:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4955:
4946:
4909:
4876:
4867:
4865:
4835:
4818:
4793:
4784:
4778:
4765:
4752:
4746:
4729:
4723:
4710:
4704:
4688:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4633:
4623:
4601:10.2307/2798651
4586:
4577:
4575:
4561:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4437:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4327:
4323:
4311:
4307:
4301:Gilliard (1958)
4299:
4295:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4248:Austral Ecology
4241:
4240:
4231:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4131:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4053:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4007:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3962:The Independent
3956:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3879:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3742:
3741:
3730:
3717:
3716:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3633:. June 6, 2021.
3625:
3624:
3620:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3549:
3548:
3539:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3355:on July 3, 2023
3352:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3330:
3317:Neikirk, Rose.
3316:
3315:
3304:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3133:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3086:
3082:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3048:
3047:
3038:
3028:Gilliard (1958)
3026:
3019:
3015:, pp. 75–7
3011:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2763:
2630:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2266:
2252:
2251:
2236:
2223:
2222:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2158:Clements (2007)
2156:
2143:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
1988:Gregory S. Paul
1964:
1939:
1879:
1874:
1830:
1737:A road sign in
1731:
1703:
1638:monitor lizards
1603:
1577:
1537:niche partition
1473:
1364:
1332:
1315:
1183:Arabian ostrich
1170:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1142:
1105:C. (b) papuanus
1101:C. (b) papuanus
1084:
1081:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1040:
1031:
1027:Pygmy cassowary
1017:
1011:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
983:
972:
955:Dwarf cassowary
948:
942:
933:
932:
927:
926:
914:
903:
879:
873:
864:
863:
858:
857:
845:
836:, northeastern
826:
786:– Four species
700:Systema Naturae
657:
578:pygmy cassowary
574:dwarf cassowary
488:
485:
482:
471:
468:
465:
324:Pygmy cassowary
322:
310:Dwarf cassowary
308:
297:
286:
269:
260:
237:
218:
141:
119:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8305:
8303:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8287:Apex predators
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8259:
8258:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8248:
8235:
8222:
8209:
8196:
8183:
8170:
8157:
8144:
8131:
8118:
8103:
8087:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8058:Category: Meat
8049:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7950:
7945:
7939:
7937:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7927:
7926:
7925:
7923:Slaughterhouse
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7874:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7831:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7800:Pollotarianism
7797:
7795:Pescetarianism
7787:
7781:
7779:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7743:
7741:
7735:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7706:
7704:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7628:
7626:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7467:
7457:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7372:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7297:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7199:
7197:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7015:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6895:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6782:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6704:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6665:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6525:
6518:
6510:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6486:
6480:
6478:Casuariiformes
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6463:
6455:
6453:
6451:Aepyornithidae
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6430:
6422:
6420:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6390:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6362:
6354:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6320:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6298:
6288:
6277:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6228:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6209:
6201:
6195:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6171:
6161:
6151:
6140:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6121:
6112:
6110:
6098:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6009:
5998:
5987:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5968:
5965:Sinoergilornis
5961:
5954:
5946:
5944:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5923:
5915:
5913:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5891:
5883:
5881:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5838:
5830:
5828:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5802:
5796:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5744:
5742:
5740:Lithornithidae
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5718:
5707:
5695:
5685:
5680:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5628:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5551:
5545:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5508:
5501:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5469:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5444:
5435:
5433:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5412:
5401:
5391:
5383:(subspecies: †
5373:
5371:
5360:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5337:
5328:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5296:
5289:
5288:
5276:Casuariiformes
5274:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5232:on May 3, 2006
5222:
5202:
5182:
5176:
5167:
5150:
5149:External links
5147:
5146:
5145:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5092:
5072:
5059:
5041:(311): 516–7.
5030:
5024:
5011:
4976:
4970:
4953:
4944:
4918:(4): 507–518.
4907:
4874:
4833:
4816:
4791:
4782:
4776:
4763:
4750:
4744:
4727:
4721:
4708:
4702:
4686:
4668:(2): 123–124.
4650:
4644:
4631:
4621:
4584:
4559:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4513:
4473:
4447:
4421:
4395:
4364:
4349:
4337:
4329:Diamond (1997)
4321:
4305:
4293:
4275:
4229:
4211:
4144:
4129:
4103:
4068:
4059:
4044:
4018:
3992:
3967:
3949:
3923:
3897:
3893:Borrell (2008)
3885:
3870:
3848:
3835:
3820:
3799:
3781:
3763:
3754:
3728:
3705:
3693:
3675:
3654:
3651:. May 2, 2024.
3636:
3618:
3600:
3582:
3561:
3537:
3518:
3513:Daintree Coast
3496:
3478:
3460:
3442:
3424:
3406:
3387:
3366:
3328:
3302:
3283:
3253:
3235:
3213:
3193:
3167:
3158:
3146:
3131:
3112:(2): 123–124.
3096:
3080:
3059:
3036:
3017:
2992:
2977:
2941:
2914:(4): 507–518.
2895:
2883:
2853:
2825:
2784:
2761:
2628:
2605:
2571:
2564:
2544:
2512:
2501:Linnaeus, Carl
2492:
2481:Linnaeus, Carl
2472:
2452:
2426:
2375:
2344:
2326:
2307:
2264:
2234:
2211:
2193:
2162:
2141:
2136:Heritage Lodge
2123:
2108:
2093:
2067:
2041:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
1963:
1960:
1938:
1935:
1919:Kalam language
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1829:
1826:
1730:
1727:
1711:Maluku Islands
1702:
1699:
1602:
1599:
1576:
1573:
1569:domestic fowls
1516:predatory bird
1472:
1469:
1419:cassowary plum
1363:
1360:
1331:
1328:
1314:
1311:
1141:
1138:
1095:, but several
1087:
1086:
1076: EX
1071:
1053:
1044:
1033:
1020:
1019:
1012: LC
1007:
989:
976:
965:
951:
950:
943: LC
938:
920:
907:
896:
882:
881:
874: LC
869:
851:
830:
819:
805:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
767:elephant birds
710:common ostrich
656:
653:
645:common ostrich
503:Casuariiformes
434:
433:
432:
431:
420:
412:
401:
390:
379:
368:
360:
349:
336:
335:
329:
328:
327:
326:
312:
301:
290:
276:
275:
271:
270:
261:
252:
251:
245:
244:
230:
226:
225:
213:
209:
208:
206:Casuariiformes
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
130:
129:
121:
120:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
42:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8304:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8245:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8119:
8114:
8108:
8104:
8099:
8093:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8071:
8059:
8050:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8037:
8034:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7965:Cultured meat
7963:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7932:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7870:Meat industry
7867:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7824:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7785:Vegetarianism
7783:
7782:
7780:
7776:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7757:Animal rights
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7736:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7621:
7618:
7616:List articles
7614:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7517:Luncheon meat
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7365:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7329:
7326:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7290:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7114:Pacific saury
7112:
7110:
7109:Orange roughy
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6888:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6764:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6686:
6681:
6679:
6674:
6672:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6651:
6643:
6642:
6639:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6581:
6576:
6572:
6563:
6557:
6534:
6533:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6496:
6495:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6396:
6395:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6295:Querandiornis
6289:
6287:
6286:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6233:Anomalopteryx
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6187:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6005:Pachystruthio
5999:
5997:
5996:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5983:Struthionidae
5980:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5951:Amphipelargus
5948:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5878:Palaeotididae
5872:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5811:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5789:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5770:Paracathartes
5767:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5726:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5682:Palaeognathae
5678:
5674:
5670:
5669:Palaeognathae
5665:
5661:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5624:Palaeognathae
5621:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5382:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5297:
5295:(cassowaries)
5294:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5258:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5104:(5): 505–16.
5103:
5099:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5075:
5073:0-86438-018-6
5069:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5017:
5012:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4971:9780671619466
4967:
4962:
4961:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4889:(4): 1062–8.
4888:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4806:(4): 375–81.
4805:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4777:0-8160-3377-3
4773:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4751:
4747:
4745:0-393-03891-2
4741:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4724:
4722:0-7876-5784-0
4718:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4703:0-19-854996-2
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4578:September 21,
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4529:
4524:
4517:
4514:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4488:The Telegraph
4484:
4477:
4474:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4448:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4360:Kofron (2003)
4356:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4345:Kofron (1999)
4341:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4306:
4303:, p. 27.
4302:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4130:9780196479538
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4113:Bulmer, Ralph
4107:
4104:
4088:
4081:
4080:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4055:Bulmer (1967)
4051:
4049:
4045:
4037:September 28,
4033:
4029:
4022:
4019:
4011:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3924:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:Vader, John,
3839:
3836:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3790:"Cassowaries"
3785:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3194:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3013:Davies (2003)
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2956:September 20,
2951:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:Perron (2011)
2887:
2884:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2780:Davies (2002)
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2614:Mahdi, Waruno
2609:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2552:"Article 3".
2548:
2545:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2443:Vol. 1, p. 46
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
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2256:
2249:
2247:
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2241:
2239:
2235:
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2226:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2186:September 18,
2181:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2055:
2051:
2050:"Cassuaridae"
2045:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1992:Jared Diamond
1989:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1927:
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1916:
1912:
1903:
1898:
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1876:
1871:
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1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:eastern quoll
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1765:
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1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1673:rat poisoning
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1646:Papuan eagles
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1627:dwarf species
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1581:
1574:
1572:
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1553:
1551:
1547:
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1538:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:mesopredators
1478:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
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1412:
1408:
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1397:
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1307:
1305:
1296:
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1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
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1247:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1158:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
993:
990:
987:
981:
977:
971:
970:
966:
964:
962:
956:
952:
949:
946:
945:
939:
936:
930:
924:
921:
918:
912:
908:
902:
901:
897:
895:
893:
887:
883:
880:
877:
876:
870:
867:
861:
855:
852:
849:
843:
839:
835:
831:
825:
824:
820:
818:
816:
810:
806:
789:
783:
778:
777:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
720:
716:in the genus
715:
711:
707:
706:tenth edition
702:
701:
695:
691:
690:Carl Linnaeus
687:
683:
679:
674:
669:
665:
662:
654:
652:
650:
646:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:invertebrates
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:in the order
500:
499:
495:of the genus
494:
481:
477:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
428:
424:
421:
416:
413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
383:
380:
376:
372:
369:
364:
361:
357:
353:
350:
347:
343:
340:
339:
337:
334:
330:
321:
320:
316:
313:
307:
306:
302:
296:
295:
291:
285:
284:
280:
279:
277:
272:
268:
264:
259:
258:
253:
250:
246:
241:
236:
235:
231:
228:
227:
222:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:Palaeognathae
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
131:
127:
122:
116:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
29:
26:
22:
8082:
7987:Mystery meat
7943:Arachnophagy
7883:Branch house
7850:Preservation
7827:Meat science
7778:Alternatives
7767:Meat paradox
7689:Smoked foods
7328:Grasshoppers
7273:Sea cucumber
7268:Shrimp/prawn
6707:
6627:Tsondabornis
6625:
6618:
6611:
6606:Medioolithus
6604:
6597:
6592:Diamantornis
6590:
6530:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6492:
6465:
6458:
6435:
6425:
6409:Novaeratitae
6392:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6337:
6330:
6325:Crypturellus
6323:
6305:Roveretornis
6303:
6293:
6283:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6213:Megalapteryx
6211:
6204:
6173:
6166:
6156:
6146:
6123:
6115:
6011:
6003:
5993:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5925:
5918:
5893:
5886:
5862:
5855:
5850:Geranodornis
5848:
5840:
5835:Eogeranoides
5833:
5825:Geranoididae
5808:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5723:
5712:
5701:
5447:
5441:E. guljaruba
5439:
5428:
5415:
5406:
5396:
5386:
5378:
5366:
5342:C. lydekkeri
5340:
5332:
5323:
5315:C. casuarius
5314:
5302:
5279:
5234:. Retrieved
5230:the original
5214:. Retrieved
5209:
5195:
5159:. Retrieved
5139:
5134:
5101:
5097:
5063:
5038:
5034:
5015:
5005:November 21,
5003:. Retrieved
4996:the original
4991:
4987:
4959:
4948:
4915:
4911:
4886:
4882:
4866:. Retrieved
4862:the original
4852:(3): 175–9.
4849:
4845:
4839:
4828:
4824:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4789:. Macmillan.
4786:
4767:
4756:
4733:
4712:
4693:
4665:
4661:
4635:
4625:
4592:
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4572:the original
4567:
4555:the original
4550:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4504:. Retrieved
4487:
4476:
4464:. Retrieved
4460:
4450:
4438:. Retrieved
4433:
4424:
4412:. Retrieved
4407:
4398:
4386:. Retrieved
4382:the original
4377:
4367:
4340:
4324:
4308:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4251:
4247:
4214:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4094:. Retrieved
4087:the original
4078:
4071:
4062:
4035:. Retrieved
4031:
4021:
3985:November 10,
3983:. Retrieved
3980:SBS Language
3979:
3970:
3961:
3952:
3940:. Retrieved
3936:
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3910:
3900:
3888:
3863:February 17,
3861:. Retrieved
3851:
3843:
3838:
3829:
3823:
3814:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3766:
3757:
3749:ResearchGate
3748:
3722:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3672:. p. 4.
3669:
3657:
3648:
3639:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3594:
3585:
3576:
3555:
3531:
3521:
3512:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3433:"What we do"
3427:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3390:
3381:
3357:. Retrieved
3350:the original
3322:
3297:Mental Floss
3296:
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3270:the original
3266:Forestry.com
3265:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3226:
3209:(phd thesis)
3201:
3196:
3184:. Retrieved
3179:
3170:
3161:
3149:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3083:
3074:
3053:
2986:
2980:
2954:. Retrieved
2944:
2911:
2907:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2870:the original
2865:
2856:
2847:
2841:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2804:
2800:
2787:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2618:
2608:
2585:
2574:
2554:
2547:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2455:
2438:
2429:
2395:(1): 41–43.
2392:
2388:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2360:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2310:
2258:
2228:
2205:
2196:
2184:. Retrieved
2179:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2102:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2053:
2044:
2034:
2027:
2008:
2004:
2000:jugular vein
1996:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1940:
1923:
1910:
1907:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:C. casuarius
1845:
1843:
1831:
1828:In captivity
1810:
1779:
1776:
1772:Cyclone Yasi
1769:
1760:
1756:
1704:
1695:
1650:
1631:
1604:
1592:
1586:
1565:baby chicken
1554:
1533:
1520:emerald dove
1512:
1505:
1477:apex species
1474:
1465:
1446:
1439:
1428:
1404:
1373:
1356:
1348:
1341:
1330:Reproduction
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1301:
1288:
1284:
1281:C. casuarius
1280:
1274:
1254:
1242:
1207:
1193:such as the
1180:
1157:rain forests
1151:
1131:
1128:biogeography
1121:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1035:
1030:
1016:
1010:
1003:
997:
991:
978:New Guinea,
967:
958:
947:
941:
934:
928:
922:
898:
889:
878:
872:
865:
859:
853:
821:
812:
791:Common name
775:
774:
728:
717:
714:greater rhea
693:
685:
678:type species
673:Ornithologie
663:
658:
649:South Africa
641:
607:, and small
582:
551:
535:The Moluccas
497:
496:
479:
462:
438:
437:
423:Hippalectryo
422:
414:
403:
392:
381:
370:
362:
351:
341:
317:
303:
292:
281:
255:
249:Type species
233:
232:
192:Infraclass:
25:
8267:Casuariidae
8187:iNaturalist
8107:Wikispecies
7970:Entomophagy
7958:Meat diaper
7948:Cannibalism
7624:Meat dishes
7406:Charcuterie
7369:preparation
7353:Mopane worm
7343:Mezcal worm
6506:Casuariidae
6494:Diogenornis
6467:Mullerornis
6418:Apterygidae
6366:Nothoprocta
6332:Nothocercus
6247:Euryapteryx
6117:Diogenornis
5995:Orientornis
5703:Asteriornis
5612:Maniraptora
5597:Maniraptora
5496:Palaeognath
5407:D. n. minor
5324:C. bennetti
5293:Casuariidae
5280:cassowaries
4988:Bull. B.O.C
4831:(1): 335–8.
4595:(1): 5–25.
4538:Cited texts
4313:Paul (1988)
3942:January 28,
3916:January 28,
3794:Wet Tropics
3688:Attica Park
3451:"Cassowary"
3154:Owen (2003)
2581:"cassowary"
2531:: 317–335.
2521:Allen, J.A.
2461:Mayr, Ernst
2176:"Cassowary"
1948:New Zealand
1926:Pleistocene
1924:Studies on
1911:C. bennetti
1745:, Australia
1525:honeyeaters
1442:corprophagy
1376:frugivorous
1285:C. bennetti
1214:preen gland
1203:fallow deer
1140:Description
1047:Pleistocene
980:New Britain
974:Gould, 1857
905:Blyth, 1860
842:Aru Islands
609:vertebrates
543:Aru Islands
486:horned head
469:bird strong
439:Cassowaries
418:Perry, 1811
216:Casuariidae
8261:Categories
8027:White meat
8002:Pink slime
7980:Artificial
7855:Tenderness
7740:psychology
7738:Ethics and
7572:Salt-cured
7278:Sea urchin
6846:Guinea pig
6620:Psammornis
6437:Proapteryx
6380:Rhynchotus
6350:Nothurinae
6285:Miniothura
6254:Pachyornis
6148:Heterorhea
6096:Rheiformes
6041:see below↓
5958:Ergilornis
5756:Fissuravis
5714:Eremopezus
5633:see below↓
5357:Dromaiidae
5066:. Sydney.
4868:January 6,
4378:AZ Animals
2850:: 377–389.
2732:, Windesi
2602:required.)
2339:AZ Animals
2014:References
1891:West Papua
1764:Feral pigs
1743:Queensland
1686:feral cats
1678:wild boars
1661:wild boars
1607:New Guinea
1461:bandicoots
1457:honeyeater
1449:Queensland
1415:nightshade
1396:Queensland
1392:New Guinea
1388:wild boars
1380:omnivorous
1236:bones and
1222:keratinous
1187:New Guinea
1154:Queensland
1117:introduced
1097:subspecies
840:, and the
834:New Guinea
747:New Guinea
523:New Guinea
451:Indonesian
8127:Casuarius
8113:Casuarius
8083:Casuarius
7918:Slaughter
7840:Drip loss
7562:Rillettes
7522:Marinated
7460:Forcemeat
7446:Fermented
7386:Barbecued
7358:Palm grub
7189:Shellfish
7159:Swordfish
7094:Mahi Mahi
6924:Crocodile
6899:Alligator
6778:Livestock
6708:Cassowary
6515:Casuarius
6460:Aepyornis
6394:Tinamotis
6387:Taoniscus
6316:Tinaminae
6269:Tinamidae
6168:Protorhea
5972:Urmiornis
5910:Eogruidae
5888:Palaeotis
5810:Remiornis
5763:Lithornis
5749:Calciavis
5725:Limenavis
5585:Theropoda
5570:Theropoda
5513:Kingdom:
5417:D. ocypus
5304:Casuarius
5236:April 19,
5216:April 19,
5161:April 19,
5082:cite book
4609:0025-1496
4506:April 16,
4496:0307-1235
4466:April 16,
4440:April 13,
4414:April 13,
4388:March 28,
4206:238203829
4139:251862814
3723:The INDog
3228:Australia
3205:Australia
2866:perron.eu
2818:March 20,
2650:Elpaputih
2368:April 15,
2060:August 5,
2019:Citations
1839:kangaroos
1835:sympatric
1715:grassland
1653:Australia
1542:rusa deer
1453:Australia
1424:cyanogens
1400:Australia
1351:incubates
1349:The male
1210:rectrices
1195:rusa deer
1191:Cervidaes
1113:specimens
1093:monotypic
838:Australia
832:southern
776:Casuarius
694:Casuarius
664:Casuarius
637:frugivore
589:omnivores
547:Australia
513:on their
498:Casuarius
480:kasu weri
443:Tok Pisin
415:Cassowara
342:Casoarius
234:Casuarius
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
37:5–0
31:Cassowary
8092:Wikidata
8012:Red meat
8007:Raw meat
7936:subjects
7817:Veganism
7684:Meatball
7547:Pemmican
7532:Meatloaf
7527:Meatball
7367:Cuts and
7348:Silkworm
7338:Mealworm
7316:Crickets
7228:Crayfish
7208:Calamari
7104:Milkfish
7089:Mackerel
7084:Kingfish
7059:Flounder
6959:Pangolin
6944:Kangaroo
6929:Elephant
6914:Bushmeat
6650:Category
6613:Namornis
6532:Emuarius
6522:Dromaius
6359:Eudromia
6206:Dinornis
6158:Hinasuri
6013:Struthio
5927:Sonogrus
5864:Paragrus
5521:Chordata
5519:Phylum:
5515:Animalia
5449:E. gidju
5430:Emuarius
5368:Dromaius
5210:BirdNote
5188:(1920).
5118:32688922
4940:84497795
4903:86025843
4692:(2002).
4500:Archived
4408:ABC News
4198:34580213
4115:(1977).
4096:July 30,
3911:ABC News
3532:ABC News
3276:July 26,
3186:July 13,
2966:cite web
2936:84497795
2716:kasawari
2702:kasawari
2695:asawallo
2688:asuwalyo
2685:Nusalaut
2681:kasawari
2664:Masiwang
2660:asuwalia
2657:Manusela
2616:(2007).
2538:2246/678
2503:(1758).
2483:(1748).
2437:(1760).
2421:25685344
2362:HuffPost
2206:Birdfact
1930:Holocene
1804:and the
1782:Tasmania
1657:vehicles
1594:Ryparosa
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1487:and the
1411:podocarp
1238:sphenoid
1230:coracoid
1133:Emuarius
743:Moluccas
719:Struthio
712:and the
619:, small
572:and the
463:man suar
408:Billberg
393:Oxyporus
386:Billberg
382:Chelarga
375:Lacépède
333:Synonyms
274:Species
263:Linnaeus
212:Family:
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
117:– Recent
115:Pliocene
8179:5429309
8098:Q201231
7975:Marbled
7934:Related
7913:Packing
7888:Butcher
7752:Carnism
7694:Sausage
7669:Seafood
7637:Chicken
7607:Tartare
7602:Tandoor
7582:Sausage
7567:Roasted
7552:Poached
7542:Pickled
7465:Cretons
7455:supreme
7396:Braised
7391:Biltong
7293:Insects
7258:Scallop
7248:Octopus
7238:Lobster
7233:Dolphin
7203:Abalone
7195:seafood
7179:Walleye
7164:Tilapia
7139:Sardine
7129:Pollock
7079:Herring
7074:Halibut
7069:Haddock
7064:Grouper
7049:Crappie
7039:Catfish
7019:Anchovy
6989:Venison
6806:Buffalo
6796:Beefalo
6733:Ostrich
6713:Chicken
6700:Poultry
6427:Apteryx
6373:Nothura
6339:Tinamus
6224:Emeidae
6136:Rheidae
5525:Class:
5043:Bibcode
4920:Bibcode
4883:The Auk
4670:Bibcode
4617:2798651
4461:AP News
4290:. 2023.
4288:YouTube
4256:Bibcode
4189:8501781
4166:Bibcode
3778:. 2019.
3776:YouTube
3595:YouTube
3359:July 3,
3114:Bibcode
3092:p. 35–6
2916:Bibcode
2876:July 7,
2755:hetuwar
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2692:Saparua
2674:kaswari
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2653:asawari
2646:asuwaro
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2412:4323753
2341:. 2022.
2208:. 2022.
2138:. 2021.
1978:wrote:
1962:Attacks
1928:/early
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1719:savanna
1669:Rodents
1634:pythons
1601:Threats
1557:predate
1431:bananas
1384:carrion
1326:season
1250:ostrich
1234:palatal
1226:furcula
1218:remiges
1169:⁄
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860:Habitat
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735:kasuari
680:is the
670:in his
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515:sternum
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7507:Kidney
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7332:locust
7311:Cicada
7253:Oyster
7243:Mussel
7213:Chiton
7193:other
7134:Salmon
7099:Marlin
6984:Turtle
6974:Rabbit
6949:Monkey
6939:Iguana
6881:Żubroń
6836:Snails
6831:Donkey
6786:Alpaca
6753:Turkey
6738:Pigeon
6580:Ootaxa
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5498:genera
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2086:May 4,
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