499:
33:
598:, the total number of castrati alive at any given time during the height of their existence cannot be ascertained. He estimates that "several hundred" of them existed at any given time between 1630 and 1750. Approximately 100 existed in Rome in 1694, but the possibility that was a decline from earlier in the century cannot be ruled out. Only a small percentage of boys castrated to preserve their voices had successful careers on the operatic stage; the better "also-rans" sang in cathedral or church choirs, but because of their marked appearance and the ban on their marrying, there was little room for them in society outside a musical context.
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performed (however the complete removal of the testicles was not a popularly used technique). The procedure was usually done to boys around the age of 8–10; recovery time from the procedure took around two weeks. The means by which future singers were prepared could lead to premature death. To prevent the child from experiencing the intense pain of castration, many were inadvertently administered lethal doses of
557:
mirror so as to avoid unnecessary movement of the body or facial grimaces, and one hour of literary study; all this, moreover, before lunch. After, half an hour would be devoted to musical theory, another to writing counterpoint, an hour copying down the same from dictation, and another hour of literary study. During the remainder of the day, the young castrati had to find time to practice their
566:
304:
799:, the only castrato to have made solo recordings. While an interesting historical record, these discs of his give us only a glimpse of the castrato voice, although he had been renowned as "The Angel of Rome" at the beginning of his career, some would say he was past his prime when the recordings were made in 1902 and 1904 and he never attempted to sing opera.
255:, their voices were also extraordinarily flexible, and quite different from the equivalent adult female voice. Their vocal range was higher than that of the uncastrated adult male. Listening to the only surviving recordings of a castrato (see below), one can hear that the lower part of the voice sounds like a "super-high" tenor, with a more
931:, a co-worker of Tetley's during their later work in television, once half-jokingly quipped that Tetley's mother "had him fixed" to protect the child star's voice-acting career. Tetley did never personally divulge the exact reason for his condition, which left him with the voice of a preteen boy for his entire adult life. Botanist
591:, who was from a wealthy family: his grandmother gave him the income from two vineyards to pay for his studies). Caffarelli was also typical of many castrati in being famous for tantrums on and off-stage, and for amorous adventures with noble ladies. Some, as described by Casanova, preferred gentlemen (noble or otherwise).
958:
520:(1607), for example, they played subsidiary roles, including Speranza and (possibly) that of Euridice. Although female roles were performed by castrati in some of the papal states, this was increasingly rare; by 1680, they had supplanted normal male voices in lead roles, and retained their position as
551:
Farinelli drew every Body to the
Haymarket. What a Pipe! What Modulation! What Extasy to the Ear! But, Heavens! What Clumsiness! What Stupidity! What Offence to the Eye! Reader, if of the City, thou mayest probably have seen in the Fields of Islington or Mile-End or, If thou art in the environs of St
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The training of the boys was rigorous. The regimen of one singing school in Rome (c. 1700) consisted of one hour of singing difficult and awkward pieces, one hour practising trills, one hour practising ornamented passaggi, one hour of singing exercises in their teacher's presence and in front of a
230:
I enquired throughout Italy at what place boys were chiefly qualified for singing by castration, but could get no certain intelligence. I was told at Milan that it was at Venice; at Venice that it was at
Bologna; but at Bologna the fact was denied, and I was referred to Florence; from Florence to
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playing, and to compose vocal music, either sacred or secular depending on their inclination. This demanding schedule meant that, if sufficiently talented, they were able to make a debut in their mid-teens with a perfect technique and a voice of a flexibility and power no woman or ordinary male
210:
Methods of castration used to terminate the onset of puberty varied. Methods involved using opium to medically induce a coma, then submerging the boy into an ice or milk bath where the procedure of either twisting the testicles until they atrophied, or complete removal via surgical cutting was
384:
had a eunuch choir-master, Brison, who may have established the use of castrati in
Byzantine choirs, though whether Brison himself was a singer and whether he had colleagues who were eunuch singers is not certain. By the 9th century, eunuch singers were well-known (most in the choir of
447:, was admitted (the first castrati so termed who joined the Sistine choir were Pietro Paolo Folignato and Girolamo Rossini, admitted in 1599). Surprisingly, considering the later French distaste for castrati, they certainly existed in France at this time also, being known of in Paris,
813:
The rumours of another castrato sequestered in the
Vatican for the personal delectation of the Pontiff until as recently as 1959 have been proven false. The singer in question was a pupil of Moreschi's, Domenico Mancini, such a successful imitator of his teacher's voice that even
803:, a castrato who was contemporary with Moreschi, made some ensemble recordings with him but has no surviving solo recordings. The recording technology of the day was not of modern high quality. Salvatori died in 1909; Moreschi retired officially in March 1913, and died in 1922.
398:
rulers during the Middle Ages, and castration had a history going back to the ancient Near East. Stereotypically, eunuchs served as harem guards, but they were also valued as high-level political appointees since they could not start a dynasty which would threaten the ruler.
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is somewhat different, in that he has no hormonal or other anomalies, but claims that his voice did not "break" in the usual manner, leaving him still able to sing in the soprano register. Other uncastrated male adults sing soprano, generally using some form of
231:
Rome, and from Rome I was sent to Naples ... it is said that there are shops in Naples with this inscription: 'QUI SI CASTRANO RAGAZZI' ("Here boys are castrated"); but I was utterly unable to see or hear of any such shops during my residence in that city.
357:
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The castrati came in for a great amount of scurrilous and unkind abuse, and as their fame increased, so did the hatred of them. They were often castigated as malign creatures who lured men into homosexuality. There were homosexual castrati, as
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for about a hundred years; an
Italian opera not featuring at least one renowned castrato in a lead part would be doomed to fail. Because of the popularity of Italian opera throughout 18th-century Europe (except France), singers such as Ferri,
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prohibited the hiring of new castrati by the church: only in the
Sistine Chapel and in other papal basilicas in Rome did a few castrati linger. A group photo of the Sistine Choir taken in 1898 shows that by then only six remained, plus the
741:("Amongst the Cares"), which contained this instruction: "Whenever ... it is desirable to employ the high voices of sopranos and contraltos, these parts must be taken by boys, according to the most ancient usage of the Church."
393:
in 1204. Their fate from then until their reappearance in Italy more than three hundred years later is not clear. It seems likely that the
Spanish tradition of soprano falsettists may have hidden castrati. Much of Spain was under
482:
Thus the castrati came to supplant both boys (whose voices broke after only a few years) and falsettists (whose voices were weaker and less reliable) from the top line in such choirs. Women were banned by the
Pauline dictum
818:, Direttore Perpetuo of the Sistine Choir from 1898 to 1956 and a strenuous opponent of the practice of castrato singers, thought he was a castrato. Mancini was in fact a moderately skillful falsettist and professional
729:. In 1902 a ruling was extracted from Pope Leo that no further castrati should be admitted. The official end to the castrati came on St. Cecilia's Day, 22 November 1903, when the new pope, Pius X, issued his
622:, who dined every evening with his protector. From his behaviour on stage "it was obvious that he hoped to inspire the love of those who liked him as a man, and probably would not have done so as a woman".
206:
of prepubescence (shared by both sexes) is largely retained, and the voice develops into adulthood in a unique way. Prepubescent castration for this purpose diminished greatly in the late 18th century.
552:
James', thou must have observed in the Park with what Ease and
Agility a cow, heavy with calf, has rose up at the command of the Milk-woman's foot: thus from the mossy bank sprang the DIVINE FARINELLI.
498:
1621:
Codice penale per gli Stati di S.M. il Re di
Sardegna esteso alla Sicilia con decreto del Luogotenente generale del Re del 17 febbraio 1861 e modificato con la legge del 30 giugno 1861 di n. 56
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The Catholic Church's involvement in the castrato phenomenon has long been controversial, and there have recently been calls for it to issue an official apology for its role. As early as 1748,
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bear witness. He mentions meeting an abbé whom he took for a girl in disguise, only later discovering that "she" was a famous castrato. In Rome in 1762 he attended a performance at which the
669:(Venice, 1824). Soon after this they were replaced definitively as the first men of the operatic stage by a new breed of heroic tenor, as first incarnated by the Frenchman
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Many castrati came from poor homes and were castrated by their parents in the hope that their child might be successful and lift them from poverty (this was the case with
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tried to ban castrati from churches, but such was their popularity at the time that he realised that doing so might result in a drastic decline in church attendance.
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has stated in interviews that when his voice began to change at puberty, he sang in a high voice "constantly" in an effort to retain his range. Actor and singer
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shared by both sexes in childhood and is the same as a boy soprano voice. But as evidence shows, many castrati, such as Senesino and Caffarelli, were actually
1981:
850:, or have undergone unusual physical or medical events during their early lives that reproduce the vocal effects of castration without being castrated.
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455:, though they were not abundant: the King of France himself had difficulty in obtaining them. By 1574, there were castrati in the Ducal court chapel at
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After the unification of Italy in 1861, "eviration" was officially made illegal, as the new Italian state had adopted the previous penal code of the
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Although the castrato (or musico) predates opera, there is some evidence that castrati had parts in the earliest operas. In the first performance of
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favoured their high voices as symbols of heroic virtue, though they were frequently mocked for their strange appearance and bad acting. In his 1755
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431:(little singers) and offered to send him two, so that he could choose one for his own service. This is a rare term but probably does equate to
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1811:
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is a more general term since, historically, many eunuchs were castrated after puberty and thus the castration had no effect on their voices.
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By the late 18th century, changes in operatic taste and social attitudes spelled the end for castrati. They lingered on past the end of the
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The geographical locations of where these procedures took place is not known specifically. During the 18th century, the music historian
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became the first operatic superstars, earning enormous fees and hysterical public adulation. The strictly hierarchical organisation of
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Castrati first appeared in Italy in the mid-16th century, though at first the terms describing them were not always clear. The phrase
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The Italian castrati were often rumored to have unusually long lives, but a 1993 study found that their lifespans were average.
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However, it is believed the castrati possessed more of a tenorial chest register (the aria "Navigante che non spera" in
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1559:(tr. A. Machen, with additional tr. by A. Symons (London, 1894) vol. 4c, ch. 10; available online at www.gutenberg.net
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Castration as a means of subjugation, enslavement or other punishment has a very long history, dating back to ancient
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choir in 1558, although not described as such: on 27 April of that year, Hernando Bustamante, a Spaniard from
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Freitas, R. (Spring 2003). "The eroticism of emasculation: Confronting the Baroque body of the castrato".
2108:"Evirati cantori e mondo nobiliare: Un contributo allo studio delle dinamiche sociali dell'Italia barocca"
847:
587:). There are, though, records of some young boys asking to be operated on to preserve their voices (e.g.
276:) was much more generally used, although it usually carried derogatory implications; another synonym was
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439:, was another early enthusiast, inquiring about castrati in 1556. There were certainly castrati in the
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A male can retain his child voice if it never changes during puberty. The retained voice can be the
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838:(mezzo-soprano) – not sopranos. So-called "natural" or "endocrinological castrati" are born with
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Rosselli, J. (1988). "The castrati as a professional group and a social phenomenon, 1550–1850".
2006:
The Moose That Roared – The story of Jay Ward, Bill Scott, a flying squirrel and a talking moose
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and Javier Medina are examples of this type of high male voice via endocrinological conditions.
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2010:
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Clapton, N.: Alessandro Moreschi and the World of the Castrato (London, 2008), pp. 180–81, 200
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673:, the earliest so-called "king of the high Cs". His successors have included such singers as
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1974:"Glee's Chris Colfer on owning 'Defying Gravity' and resembling a Hummel figurine – Vulture"
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Clapton, N.: Alessandro Moreschi and the World of the Castrato (London, 2008), pp. 197–216
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such procedures are described in D'Ancillon, as translated into English by Samber, R.:
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was sent from pillar to post in search of places where the operation was carried out:
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659:(1781–1861), who performed the last operatic castrato role ever written: Armando in
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in the neck (intended to render them unconscious during the castration procedure).
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Barbier, P. (trans. M. Crosland) (1998). "Chapter 6. The Castrati and the Church".
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Collectio bullarum brevium aliorumque diplomatum sacrosanctae Basilicae Vaticanae
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389:) and remained so until the sack of Constantinople by the Western forces of the
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The World of the Castrati: the history of an extraordinary operatic phenomenon
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516:
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448:
419:, an Oratorian priest, published in Rome in 1553. On 9 November 1555 Cardinal
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50:
2132:
487:("let women keep silent in the churches"; see I Corinthians, ch. 14, v. 34).
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Castrati were rarely referred to as such: in the 18th century, the euphemism
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1932:
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vocalist Jimmy Scott, whose range matches approximately that used by female
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236:
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The Modern Castrato: Gaetano Guadagni and the coming of a new operatic age
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839:
328: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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or some other narcotic, or were killed by overlong compression of the
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for a general discussion of castrati in society, see Barbier, ch. 7
427:(1538–1587), that he has heard that the Duke was interested in his
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As a castrato's body grew, his lack of testosterone meant that his
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1776:
956:
940:
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655:, performed before Napoleon. The last great operatic castrato was
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896:, 131 Hz). Similar low-voiced singing can be heard from the
647:, which their style of opera parallels, and two of their number,
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3250:
2918:
2823:
2757:
897:
835:
411:(male soprano), which could also mean falsettist, occurs in the
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Castration before puberty (or in its early stages) prevents the
3119:
2550:
2412:
2278:
Sherr, R. (Spring 1980). "Guglielmo Gonzaga and the castrati".
2064:. Translated by Machen, A. additional tr. by Symons, A. London.
423:(famed as the builder of the Villa d'Este at Tivoli), wrote to
297:
247:. This, combined with intensive training, gave them unrivaled
244:
239:(bone-joints) did not harden in the normal manner. Thus, the
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2408:
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was noted for his high voice, believed to be the result of
908:
has demonstrated having more of a tenorial chest register.
2357:
251:
and breath capacity. Operating through small, child-sized
243:
of the castrati often grew unusually long, as did their
1575:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–1
1572:
Singers of Italian Opera: The History of a Profession
943:
infections in his childhood that stunted his growth.
27:
Male singer who is castrated to maintain a high voice
1723:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p.
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1947:"Jordan Smith – Ave Maria ('Tis The Season Live)"
716:, which expressly forbade the practice. In 1878,
545:Reflections upon theatrical expression in tragedy
372:singers are known to have existed from the early
183:. The voice can also occur in one who, due to an
2399:, including an audio sample (Riccardo Broschi:
1504:Reflections on Theatrical Expression in Tragedy
502:A caricature of Farinelli in a female role, by
2032:George Washington Carver: Scientist and Symbol
1406:Milner, Anthony. (1973). "The Sacred Capons".
3131:
2562:
2424:
1293:. London: Duke University Press. p. 245.
125:
8:
2112:Atti della Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati
2246:Pleasants, H. (July 1966). "The Castrati".
1531:Gli astri maggiori del bel canto napoletano
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1903:] (in German). Vienna. pp. 10–15.
1318:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
360:A Byzantine castrato from the 11th century
132:
118:
46:
2358:All you would like to know about Castrati
1685:
795:The last Sistine castrato to survive was
344:Learn how and when to remove this message
2217:Moran, N. (2002). "Byzantine castrati".
1199:Giovanni Battista "Giambattista" Velluti
953:List of Italians § Castrati singers
1393:
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2034:. Oxford University Press. p. 14.
1906:
1814:from the original on 24 September 2015
1311:
785:
2386:1904 Recording of Alessandro Moreschi
1984:from the original on 19 November 2009
1972:Milzoff, Rebecca (16 November 2009).
1783:from the original on 20 December 2015
877:, Jörg Waschinski, and Ghio Nannini.
869:but in a much higher range than most
7:
2257:Dr. Burney's Musical Tours in Europe
1757:Luque, Alejandro (23 October 2000).
1432:. Vol. 3. Rome. pp. 167–74
775:performs part of Eugenio Terziani's
326:adding citations to reliable sources
2146:The Castratos and their Art of Song
2142:Die Kastraten und ihre Gesangskunst
1901:The Singing Skills of the Castratos
1858:from the original on 18 August 2015
1804:"An interview with Michael Maniaci"
1347:Dr Burney's Musical Tours in Europe
280:, literally meaning "emasculated".
269:
149:
826:Modern castrati and similar voices
637:, the last of the Sistine castrati
479:specifically to include castrati.
437:Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara
25:
2114:. Vol. IX. pp. 165–188.
1720:The Popes and European Revolution
425:Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
259:-like upper register above that.
156:) is a male singer who underwent
1670:"The sopranos: post-op virtuosi"
1606:, London, 1956; Ed Wayne Dynes,
786:Problems playing this file? See
762:
463:(music director) was the famous
302:
36:The great 18th-century castrato
2330:Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond
1953:from the original on 2 May 2018
1624:, Palermo, Lao, 1864, art. 552.
919:has soprano range. Voice actor
614:was a castrato, "the favourite
469:Cum pro nostro pastorali munere
313:needs additional citations for
1929:"Jimmy Scott official website"
1349:(London, 1959), vol. 1, p. 247
961:Francesco Bernardi, known as "
415:(Two dialogues upon music) of
198:from being transformed by the
1:
1897:Die Gesangkunst der Kastraten
1802:Loder, S.C. (12 April 2005).
1759:"Un actor con voz de soprano"
1608:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality
1381:New Grove Dictionary of Opera
1141:
1072:
1065:
904:singers. High-pitched singer
574:
485:mulieres in ecclesiis taceant
202:of puberty. As a result, the
2219:Plainsong and Medieval Music
1852:"Jörg Waschinski, sopranist"
1383:, vol 3, p. 529, sv "musico"
1153:("Il Muscovita") (1737–1802)
725:, the fine soprano castrato
606:'s accounts of 18th-century
403:European classical tradition
2085:Moreschi, the Last Castrato
1452:"Castrated men live longer"
1193:Francesco Antonio Pistocchi
1091:("Domenichino") (1705–1779)
923:may or may not have been a
380:around 400 AD, the empress
200:normal physiological events
3477:
2363:Castrados por amor al arte
1647:. London: Souvenir Press.
1361:The Voice of the Castrato,
1177:("Marchesini") (1754–1829)
1052:("Farfallino") (1692–1739)
950:
892:, requires notes down to C
475:re-organised the choir of
291:
3451:Italian opera terminology
2446:
2328:Tougher, S., ed. (2002).
2255:Scholes, P., ed. (1959).
2231:10.1017/S0961137102002073
2030:Linda O. McMurry (1981).
1480:(London, 1956), pp. 31 ff
1336:(London, 1718), pp. 15–16
1304:Valeria, Funucci (2003).
1289:Finucci, Valeria (2003).
1120:Giovanni Battista Mancini
1116:("Gizziello") (1714–1761)
1040:("Valentini") (1690–1722)
657:Giovanni Battista Velluti
547:, Roger Pickering wrote:
435:. The Cardinal's nephew,
413:Due Dialoghi della Musica
187:condition, never reaches
3147:Musical range or compass
2536:Giusto Fernando Tenducci
2225:(2). Cambridge: 99–112.
2133:10.1525/jm.2003.20.2.196
1138:Giusto Fernando Tenducci
1009:("Nicolini") (1673–1732)
933:George Washington Carver
368:. In a Western context,
171:equivalent to that of a
2371:Antonio Maria Bononcini
1854:. Joerg-waschinski.de.
1777:"The Male Soprano Page"
1569:Rosselli, John (1995).
1520:(Perugia, 1695), p. 170
1371:1998; 351: pp. 1877–80.
1334:Eunuchism Display'd ...
1157:Angelo Maria Monticelli
1102:Francesco Soto de Langa
1044:Francesco Paolo Masullo
467:. In 1589, by the bull
1546:see Heriot, pp. 141–54
1529:Faustini-Fassini, E.:
1308:. London. p. 253.
991:("Siface") (1653–1697)
966:
844:Klinefelter's syndrome
751:
638:
580:
554:
507:
361:
233:
44:
3064:Stile rappresentativo
2280:Renaissance Quarterly
2171:The Castrati in Opera
2121:Journal of Musicology
2058:Casanova, G. (1894).
2049:Bontempi, G. (1695).
2009:. St. Martins Press.
1717:Chadwick, O. (1981).
1687:10.1096/fj.06-0402ufm
1668:Frosch, W.A. (2006).
1604:The Castrati in Opera
1507:(London, 1755), p. 63
1478:The Castrati in Opera
1030:Francesco Bernardi ("
960:
750:
662:Il crociato in Egitto
633:
573:, by Joseph Flipart,
568:
549:
501:
359:
228:
35:
3456:Obsolete occupations
2511:Gaspare Pacchierotti
2486:Giambattista Velluti
2401:Ombra fedele anch'io
2388:singing Bach/Gounod
2376:Vorrei pupille belle
2083:Clapton, N. (2004).
2003:Keith Scott (2000).
1961:– via YouTube.
1949:. 23 November 2016.
1834:"Aris Christofellis"
1367:11 June 2012 at the
1306:The Manly Masquerade
1291:The Manly Masquerade
1187:Girolamo Crescentini
1163:Gaspare Pacchierotti
1001:Francesco Ceccarelli
738:Tra le Sollecitudini
671:Gilbert-Louis Duprez
562:singer could match.
322:improve this article
2737:Tragédie en musique
2606:Concert performance
2397:Javier Medina Avila
2194:Howard, P. (2014).
2167:Heriot, A. (1956).
2140:Haböck, F. (1927).
1895:Haböck, F. (1923).
1884:on 17 October 2008.
1456:ami.group.uq.edu.au
1223:Alessandro Moreschi
1094:Gaetano Majorano ("
995:Pier Francesco Tosi
848:Kallmann's syndrome
842:anomalies, such as
797:Alessandro Moreschi
773:Alessandro Moreschi
714:Kingdom of Sardinia
691:Giovanni Martinelli
635:Alessandro Moreschi
164:in order to retain
3395:Organ registration
3284:Tenore contraltino
3069:Tenore contraltino
1217:Domenico Salvatori
1181:Vincenzo dal Prato
1062:Giovanni Carestini
1013:Gaetano Berenstadt
967:
875:Aris Christofellis
801:Domenico Salvatori
758:A castrato singing
752:
723:Direttore Perpetuo
639:
581:
508:
421:Ippolito II d'Este
362:
45:
3423:
3422:
3113:
3112:
2544:
2543:
2317:Acta Musicologica
2106:Cont, A. (2017).
1674:The FASEB Journal
1537:15, (1938), p. 12
1516:see Bontempi, G:
1345:Scholes, P (ed):
1169:Venanzio Rauzzini
1126:Giovanni Manzuoli
1089:Domenico Annibali
1025:Antonio Bernacchi
808:Pope Benedict XIV
777:Hostias et preces
767:
707:Luciano Pavarotti
683:Francesco Tamagno
620:Cardinal Borghese
504:Pier Leone Ghezzi
354:
353:
346:
142:
141:
42:Bartolomeo Nazari
16:(Redirected from
3468:
3358:Related articles
3289:Tenore di grazia
3140:
3133:
3126:
3117:
3074:Tenore di grazia
2829:Aria di sorbetto
2571:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2501:Giuseppe Millico
2481:Gaetano Guadagni
2433:
2426:
2419:
2410:
2347:
2341:
2333:
2324:
2311:
2274:
2268:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2190:
2184:
2176:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2136:
2115:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2065:
2054:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1931:. Archived from
1925:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1904:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1880:. Archived from
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1840:on 30 June 2009.
1836:. Archived from
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1610:, New York, 1990
1600:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1566:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1489:Heriot chs. 1–3
1487:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1424:Albani, Annibale
1420:
1414:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1205:Domenico MustafĂ
1151:Giuseppe Millico
1146:
1145: 1736–1790
1143:
1132:Gaetano Guadagni
1114:Gioacchino Conti
1108:Felice Salimbeni
1081:Carlo Broschi ("
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1050:Giacinto Fontana
1038:Valentino Urbani
977:Baldassare Ferri
947:Notable castrati
769:
768:
749:
727:Domenico MustafĂ
709:, among others.
675:Enrico Tamberlik
579:
576:
477:St Peter's, Rome
465:Orlando di Lasso
374:Byzantine Empire
349:
342:
338:
335:
329:
306:
298:
271:
185:endocrinological
151:
134:
127:
120:
47:
21:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3353:
3327:
3235:Soprano sfogato
3186:
3153:
3144:
3114:
3109:
3093:
3044:Soprano sfogato
2812:
2763:Gesamtkunstwerk
2746:
2670:
2584:
2575:
2545:
2540:
2442:
2437:
2354:
2334:
2327:
2314:
2292:10.2307/2861534
2277:
2261:
2254:
2245:
2216:
2200:
2193:
2177:
2166:
2150:
2139:
2118:
2105:
2089:
2082:
2066:
2057:
2051:Historia Musica
2048:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1935:on 20 May 2009.
1927:
1926:
1922:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1614:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1535:Note d'archivio
1528:
1524:
1518:Historia Musica
1515:
1511:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:see Heriot, A:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1369:Wayback Machine
1357:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1232:
1211:Giovanni Cesari
1144:
1075:
1068:
1056:Giuseppe Aprile
1007:Nicolò Grimaldi
989:Giovanni Grossi
955:
949:
895:
873:. Examples are
862:Michael Maniaci
828:
793:
792:
784:
782:
781:
780:
779:
770:
763:
760:
753:
747:
695:Beniamino Gigli
628:
577:
496:
409:soprano maschio
405:
350:
339:
333:
330:
319:
307:
296:
290:
189:sexual maturity
138:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3474:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:Basso profondo
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3159:Vocal register
3155:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
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2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2692:Divertissement
2689:
2687:Coup de glotte
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Insertion aria
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2383:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2352:External links
2350:
2349:
2348:
2325:
2312:
2275:
2252:
2243:
2214:
2191:
2164:
2148:]. Berlin.
2137:
2127:(2): 196–249.
2116:
2103:
2080:
2055:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2022:
2015:
1995:
1964:
1938:
1920:
1887:
1878:"Ghio Nannini"
1869:
1843:
1825:
1794:
1779:. Tp4.rub.de.
1768:
1749:
1740:
1733:
1709:
1660:
1653:
1635:
1626:
1612:
1602:Angus Heriot,
1595:
1586:
1561:
1548:
1539:
1522:
1509:
1501:Pickering, R:
1494:
1482:
1469:
1458:. 7 March 2013
1443:
1426:, ed. (1752).
1415:
1413:(1561): 250–52
1399:
1385:
1373:
1351:
1338:
1325:
1296:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1244:The Alteration
1240:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1175:Luigi Marchesi
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1098:") (1710–1783)
1092:
1086:
1085:") (1705–1782)
1079:
1064:("Cusanino") (
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1034:") (1686–1758)
1028:
1022:
1019:Carlo Mannelli
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
971:Loreto Vittori
948:
945:
893:
888:, written for
882:Leonardo Vinci
827:
824:
816:Lorenzo Perosi
783:
771:
761:
756:
755:
754:
745:
744:
743:
703:Franco Corelli
699:Jussi Björling
679:Jean de Reszke
627:
624:
495:
492:
451:, Picardy and
441:Sistine Chapel
404:
401:
391:Fourth Crusade
378:Constantinople
352:
351:
334:September 2017
310:
308:
301:
289:
286:
224:Charles Burney
217:carotid artery
140:
139:
137:
136:
129:
122:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
85:
84:
80:
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72:
67:
59:
58:
54:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3473:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Opera history
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:Bass-baritone
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Mezzo-soprano
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Mezzo-soprano
2977:
2975:
2974:Messa di voce
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Literaturoper
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Kapellmeister
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
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921:Walter Tetley
918:
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871:countertenors
868:
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718:Pope Leo XIII
715:
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688:
687:Enrico Caruso
684:
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644:ancien régime
636:
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596:John Rosselli
594:According to
592:
590:
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569:The castrato
567:
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461:Kapellmeister
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417:Luigi Dentice
414:
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382:Aelia Eudoxia
379:
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311:This section
309:
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192:
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182:
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177:mezzo-soprano
174:
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167:
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159:
155:
147:
135:
130:
128:
123:
121:
116:
115:
113:
112:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
87:
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81:
76:
73:
71:
70:Mezzo-soprano
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:
55:
52:
48:
43:
40:, painted by
39:
34:
30:
19:
3415:Vocal weight
3279:Haute-contre
3262:Countertenor
3256:
3034:Solita forma
2914:Da capo aria
2878:
2808:Sprechgesang
2768:Kammersänger
2707:Haute-contre
2661:Sung-through
2439:
2400:
2389:
2375:
2367:Recordings:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2286:(1): 33–56.
2283:
2279:
2256:
2247:
2222:
2218:
2195:
2170:
2145:
2141:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2084:
2060:
2050:
2043:Bibliography
2031:
2025:
2005:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1977:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1941:
1933:the original
1923:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1882:the original
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1846:
1838:the original
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1807:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1752:
1743:
1719:
1712:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1644:
1638:
1629:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1571:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1428:
1418:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1376:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1270:Comprachicos
1257:
1250:
1242:
1235:
924:
913:Chris Colfer
910:
906:Jordan Smith
885:
879:
852:
832:treble voice
829:
812:
805:
794:
776:
736:
732:motu proprio
730:
722:
711:
660:
649:Pacchierotti
642:
640:
600:
593:
582:
571:Carlo Scalzi
555:
550:
544:
538:
535:Pacchierotti
521:
515:
509:
489:
484:
481:
468:
459:, where the
432:
428:
412:
408:
406:
387:Hagia Sophia
363:
340:
331:
320:Please help
315:verification
312:
277:
273:
263:
261:
234:
229:
221:
209:
193:
153:
145:
143:
91:Countertenor
29:
3436:Voice types
3410:Vocal range
3365:Chest voice
3294:Heldentenor
3200:Boy soprano
3014:Prima donna
2989:Opera seria
2909:Convenienze
2899:Comprimario
2889:Chiaroscuro
2651:Patter song
2646:Opera house
2601:Chest voice
2516:Pistocchino
2496:Atto Melani
2466:Domenichino
2456:Crescentini
2381:Radu Marian
2198:. New York.
1808:Opera Today
1579:9 September
1225:(1858–1922)
1219:(1855–1909)
1213:(1843–1904)
1207:(1829–1912)
1201:(1781–1861)
1195:(1659–1726)
1189:(1762–1848)
1183:(1756–1828)
1171:(1746–1810)
1165:(1740–1821)
1159:(1710–1764)
1134:(1725–1792)
1128:(1720–1782)
1122:(1714–1800)
1110:(1712–1752)
1104:(1534–1619)
1076: 1760
1069: 1704
1058:(1731–1813)
1046:(1679–1733)
1027:(1685–1756)
1021:(1640–1697)
1015:(1687–1734)
1003:(1752–1814)
997:(1654–1732)
985:(1626–1714)
983:Atto Melani
979:(1610–1680)
973:(1604–1670)
917:Alex Newell
858:Radu Marian
854:Jimmy Scott
820:double bass
653:Crescentini
612:prima donna
578: 1737
559:harpsichord
540:opera seria
253:vocal cords
204:vocal range
3430:Categories
3390:Pedal tone
3380:Head voice
3210:Coloratura
3192:Voice type
3105:HovsĂĄngare
3024:Ritornello
3019:Recitative
3009:Portamento
2969:Melodramma
2944:Intermezzo
2939:Impresario
2929:Falsettone
2894:Coloratura
2722:Répétiteur
2616:Head voice
2521:Sciroletto
2471:Farfallino
2451:Caffarelli
2379:, sung by
2053:. Perugia.
1988:7 November
1276:References
1096:Caffarelli
951:See also:
929:Bill Scott
788:media help
589:Caffarelli
522:primo uomo
512:Monteverdi
429:cantoretti
292:See also:
249:lung power
158:castration
148:(Italian;
51:Voice type
3461:Androgyny
3400:Tessitura
3385:Passaggio
3375:Extension
3301:Baritenor
3267:Sopranist
3247:Contralto
3215:Soubrette
3182:Vocal fry
3079:Tessitura
3004:Pasticcio
2999:Passaggio
2934:Fioritura
2904:Contralto
2874:Cantabile
2864:Cabaletta
2844:Bel canto
2803:Spieloper
2798:Sitzprobe
2793:Singspiel
2788:Regieoper
2778:Leitmotif
2712:Intermède
2702:Entr'acte
2666:Surtitles
2636:Monodrama
2631:Melodrama
2626:Mad scene
2583:by origin
2491:Gizziello
2476:Farinelli
2391:Ave Maria
2338:cite book
2332:. London.
2308:164159773
2265:cite book
2259:. London.
2239:233321142
2204:cite book
2181:cite book
2175:. London.
2154:cite book
2093:cite book
2087:. London.
2070:cite book
1909:cite book
1862:30 August
1818:30 August
1787:30 August
1314:cite book
1259:Sarrasine
1251:Farinelli
1083:Farinelli
937:pertussis
890:Farinelli
884:'s opera
667:Meyerbeer
527:Farinelli
237:epiphyses
181:contralto
75:Contralto
38:Farinelli
3441:Castrati
3344:Sub-bass
3306:Baritone
3257:Castrato
3230:Dramatic
3172:Falsetto
3151:register
3059:Stagione
3029:Sinfonia
2954:Libretto
2924:Falsetto
2884:Cavatina
2879:Castrato
2859:Burletta
2854:Brindisi
2742:Travesti
2717:Overture
2656:Prompter
2611:Duodrama
2526:Senesino
2506:Nicolini
2461:Cusanino
2440:Castrati
2323:. Basel.
1982:Archived
1978:New York
1951:Archived
1856:Archived
1812:Archived
1781:Archived
1704:29528825
1696:16581964
1436:25 March
1365:Archived
1230:See also
1032:Senesino
963:Senesino
925:castrato
867:falsetto
840:hormonal
822:player.
604:Casanova
585:Senesino
531:Senesino
453:Normandy
445:Palencia
433:castrato
257:falsetto
154:castrati
146:castrato
101:Baritone
18:Castrati
3205:Soprano
3167:Whistle
3089:Vibrato
3084:Verismo
3054:Squillo
3039:Soprano
2964:Maestro
2959:Licenza
2869:Cadenza
2849:Bravura
2817:Italian
2727:Roulade
2589:English
2300:2861534
2061:Memoirs
1763:El PaĂs
1557:Memoirs
1462:13 July
1359:Lancet
886:Il Medo
626:Decline
449:Orléans
288:History
278:evirato
173:soprano
166:singing
162:puberty
160:before
65:Soprano
3405:Timbre
3349:Treble
3225:Spinto
3049:Spinto
2984:Musico
2949:Legato
2834:Arioso
2751:German
2732:Timbre
2697:Encore
2682:Claque
2675:French
2641:Number
2531:Siface
2306:
2298:
2237:
2013:
1731:
1702:
1694:
1651:
1491:passim
1265:Eunuch
1253:(film)
911:Actor
616:pathic
506:, 1724
457:Munich
396:Muslim
370:eunuch
294:Eunuch
282:Eunuch
274:musici
265:musico
196:larynx
57:Female
3332:Sound
3274:Tenor
3220:Lyric
3177:Modal
3098:Other
2994:Ossia
2839:Banda
2581:terms
2578:Opera
2304:S2CID
2296:JSTOR
2235:S2CID
2144:[
1957:6 May
1899:[
1700:S2CID
1397:Sherr
941:croup
902:blues
836:altos
618:" of
608:Italy
517:Orfeo
494:Opera
376:. In
366:Sumer
241:limbs
213:opium
179:, or
169:voice
96:Tenor
3370:Clef
3339:Bass
3316:Bass
3251:Alto
3149:and
2919:Diva
2824:Aria
2758:Fach
2344:link
2271:link
2210:link
2187:link
2160:link
2099:link
2076:link
2011:ISBN
1990:2011
1959:2018
1915:link
1864:2015
1820:2015
1789:2015
1729:ISBN
1692:PMID
1649:ISBN
1581:2024
1464:2020
1438:2023
1320:link
939:and
898:jazz
846:and
705:and
651:and
533:and
245:ribs
106:Bass
83:Male
2373:'s
2288:doi
2227:doi
2129:doi
1682:doi
1533:in
1411:114
665:by
514:'s
324:by
270:pl.
150:pl.
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2162:)
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1765:.
1737:.
1706:.
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