910:," which means that the catalyst is dispersed on a second material that enhances the effectiveness or minimizes its cost. Supports prevent or minimize agglomeration and sintering of small catalyst particles, exposing more surface area, thus catalysts have a higher specific activity (per gram) on support. Sometimes the support is merely a surface on which the catalyst is spread to increase the surface area. More often, the support and the catalyst interact, affecting the catalytic reaction. Supports can also be used in nanoparticle synthesis by providing sites for individual molecules of catalyst to chemically bind. Supports are porous materials with a high surface area, most commonly
1347:
1207:
68:
1914:
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510:
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1926:
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4458:
1171:-bound enzymes are heterogeneous. Several factors affect the activity of enzymes (and other catalysts) including temperature, pH, the concentration of enzymes, substrate, and products. A particularly important reagent in enzymatic reactions is water, which is the product of many bond-forming reactions and a reactant in many bond-breaking processes.
860:, which are the atoms or crystal faces where the substrate actually binds. Active sites are atoms but are often described as a facet (edge, surface, step, etc.) of a solid. Most of the volume but also most of the surface of a heterogeneous catalyst may be catalytically inactive. Finding out the nature of the active site is technically challenging.
60:
772:
182:). Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycles quickly, very small amounts of catalyst often suffice; mixing, surface area, and temperature are important factors in reaction rate. Catalysts generally react with one or more reactants to form
1681:
Inhibitors are sometimes referred to as "negative catalysts" since they decrease the reaction rate. However the term inhibitor is preferred since they do not work by introducing a reaction path with higher activation energy; this would not lower the rate since the reaction would continue to occur by
562:
is produced, and if there is no energy barrier, there is no need for a catalyst. Then, removing the catalyst would also result in a reaction, producing energy; i.e. the addition and its reverse process, removal, would both produce energy. Thus, a catalyst that could change the equilibrium would be a
1239:
Estimates are that 90% of all commercially produced chemical products involve catalysts at some stage in the process of their manufacture. In 2005, catalytic processes generated about $ 900 billion in products worldwide. Catalysis is so pervasive that subareas are not readily classified. Some areas
662:
a product of the overall reaction, in contrast to all other types of catalysis considered in this article. The simplest example of autocatalysis is a reaction of type A + B â 2 B, in one or in several steps. The overall reaction is just A â B, so that B is a product. But since B is also a reactant,
189:
The rate increase occurs because the catalyst allows the reaction to occur by an alternative mechanism which may be much faster than the non-catalyzed mechanism. However the non-catalyzed mechanism does remain possible, so that the total rate (catalyzed plus non-catalyzed) can only increase in the
685:
refers to a type of catalysis where the catalyst can be toggled between different ground states possessing distinct reactivity, typically by applying an external stimulus. This ability to reversibly switch the catalyst allows for spatiotemporal control over catalytic activity and selectivity. The
302:
Another example is the effect of catalysts on air pollution and reducing the amount of carbon monoxide. Development of active and selective catalysts for the conversion of carbon monoxide into desirable products is one of the most important roles of catalysts. Using catalysts for hydrogenation of
557:
describes why a catalyst does not change the chemical equilibrium of a reaction. Suppose there was such a catalyst that shifted an equilibrium. Introducing the catalyst to the system would result in a reaction to move to the new equilibrium, producing energy. Production of energy is a necessary
894:
in nitrogen is broken, which would be extremely uncommon in the gas phase due to its high activation energy. Thus, the activation energy of the overall reaction is lowered, and the rate of reaction increases. Another place where a heterogeneous catalyst is applied is in the oxidation of sulfur
513:
Generic potential energy diagram showing the effect of a catalyst in a hypothetical exothermic chemical reaction X + Y to give Z. The presence of the catalyst opens a different reaction pathway (shown in red) with lower activation energy. The final result and the overall thermodynamics are the
693:. The true catalyst is consumed in the elementary reaction and turned into a deactivated form. The sacrificial catalyst regenerates the true catalyst for another cycle. The sacrificial catalyst is consumed in the reaction, and as such, it is not really a catalyst, but a reagent. For example,
1745:
of unsaturates are smaller. Thus, a poison that covers the surface randomly will tend to lower the number of uncontaminated large planes but leave proportionally smaller sites free, thus changing the hydrogenation vs. hydrogenolysis selectivity. Many other mechanisms are also possible.
1653:
started a systematic investigation into reactions that were catalyzed by the presence of acids and bases, and found that chemical reactions occur at finite rates and that these rates can be used to determine the strengths of acids and bases. For this work, Ostwald was awarded the 1909
663:
it may be present in the rate equation and affect the reaction rate. As the reaction proceeds, the concentration of B increases and can accelerate the reaction as a catalyst. In effect, the reaction accelerates itself or is autocatalyzed. An example is the hydrolysis of an
2707:
1736:
The inhibitor can produce this effect by, e.g., selectively poisoning only certain types of active sites. Another mechanism is the modification of surface geometry. For instance, in hydrogenation operations, large planes of metal surface function as sites of
2436:
Matthiesen J, Wendt S, Hansen JĂ, Madsen GK, Lira E, Galliker P, Vestergaard EK, Schaub R, Laegsgaard E, Hammer B, Besenbacher F (2009). "Observation of All the
Intermediate Steps of a Chemical Reaction on an Oxide Surface by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy".
1219:
526:. Hence, catalysts can enable reactions that would otherwise be blocked or slowed by a kinetic barrier. The catalyst may increase the reaction rate or selectivity, or enable the reaction at lower temperatures. This effect can be illustrated with an
1077:) than transition metal(-ion)-based catalysts, but these catalysts are usually commercially available in bulk, helping to lower costs. In the early 2000s, these organocatalysts were considered "new generation" and are competitive to traditional
2579:
Shafiq, Iqrash; Shafique, Sumeer; Akhter, Parveen; Yang, Wenshu; Hussain, Murid (June 23, 2020). "Recent developments in alumina supported hydrodesulfurization catalysts for the production of sulfur-free refinery products: A technical review".
1193:
whose binding target is a stable molecule that resembles the transition state of a chemical reaction can function as weak catalysts for that chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy. Such catalytic antibodies are sometimes called
571:
alter the equilibrium constant. (A catalyst can however change the equilibrium concentrations by reacting in a subsequent step. It is then consumed as the reaction proceeds, and thus it is also a reactant. Illustrative is the base-catalyzed
278:
This reaction proceeds because the reaction products are more stable than the starting compound, but this decomposition is so slow that hydrogen peroxide solutions are commercially available. In the presence of a catalyst such as
1065:
Whereas transition metals sometimes attract most of the attention in the study of catalysis, small organic molecules without metals can also exhibit catalytic properties, as is apparent from the fact that many
1006:
Homogeneous catalysts function in the same phase as the reactants. Typically homogeneous catalysts are dissolved in a solvent with the substrates. One example of homogeneous catalysis involves the influence of
3230:"Some new experiments and observations on the combustion of gaseous mixtures, with an account of a method of preserving a continued light in mixtures of inflammable gases and air without flame"
1593:
and described in a 1794 book, based on her novel work in oxidationâreduction reactions. The first chemical reaction in organic chemistry that knowingly used a catalyst was studied in 1811 by
1534:
Catalysis affects the environment by increasing the efficiency of industrial processes, but catalysis also plays a direct role in the environment. A notable example is the catalytic role of
1220:
1222:
1466:
are prepared via catalysis; methods include those of heavy industry as well as more specialized processes that would be prohibitively expensive on a large scale. Examples include the
853:). The total surface area of a solid has an important effect on the reaction rate. The smaller the catalyst particle size, the larger the surface area for a given mass of particles.
1104:
and interaction, respectively. The Nobel Prize in
Chemistry 2021 was awarded jointly to Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis."
1662:
performed some of the earliest industrial scale reactions, including the discovery and commercialization of oligomerization and the development of catalysts for hydrogenation.
595:
change the energy difference between starting materials and products (thermodynamic barrier), or the available energy (this is provided by the environment as heat or light).
1167:
Biocatalysts can be thought of as an intermediate between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, although strictly speaking soluble enzymes are homogeneous catalysts and
1223:
1943:
3509:
890:
onto active sites on the iron particles. Once physically adsorbed, the reagents partially or wholly dissociate and form new bonds. In this way the particularly strong
2103:
Inhibitors do not work by introducing a higher reaction path; this would not reduce the rate, since the reaction would continue to occur by the alternative mechanism
3541:
2733:
Chadha, Utkarsh; Selvaraj, Senthil
Kumaran; Ashokan, Hridya; Hariharan, Sai P.; Mathew Paul, V.; Venkatarangan, Vishal; Paramasivam, Velmurugan (February 8, 2022).
2372:
The catalyst lowers the activation energy of the reaction by providing an alternative path that avoids the slow, rate-determining step of the uncatalyzed reaction
1498:
4520:
3642:
3089:. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. After reviewing Eilhard Mitscherlich's research on the formation of ether, Berzelius coins the word
2901:
287:
of oxygen. The catalyst is not consumed in the reaction, and may be recovered unchanged and re-used indefinitely. Accordingly, manganese dioxide is said to
3647:
1609:, who predated Berzelius, did work with water as opposed to metals in her reduction experiments. Other 18th century chemists who worked in catalysis were
212:
of all kinds. Estimates are that 90% of all commercially produced chemical products involve catalysts at some stage in the process of their manufacture.
2973:
2735:"Complex Nanomaterials in Catalysis for Chemically Significant Applications: From Synthesis and Hydrocarbon Processing to Renewable Energy Applications"
745:
and other biocatalysts are often considered as a third category. Similar mechanistic principles apply to heterogeneous, homogeneous, and biocatalysis.
4979:
1749:
Promoters can cover up the surface to prevent the production of a mat of coke, or even actively remove such material (e.g., rhenium on platinum in
1081:(-ion)-containing catalysts. Organocatalysts are supposed to operate akin to metal-free enzymes utilizing, e.g., non-covalent interactions such as
3625:
2268:"Density Functional Theory Study of the Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide over the Co (001) Surface: Implications for the FischerâTropsch Process"
686:
external stimuli used to switch the catalyst can include changes in temperature, pH, light, electric fields, or the addition of chemical agents.
3472:
1221:
3669:
1350:
Typical vanadium pentoxide catalyst used in sulfuric acid production for an intermediate reaction to convert sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
587:
The catalyst stabilizes the transition state more than it stabilizes the starting material. It decreases the kinetic barrier by decreasing the
883:. But detailed studies and many optimizations have led to catalysts that are mixtures of iron-potassium-calcium-aluminum-oxide. The reacting
2802:
2228:
1999:
3620:
2056:
A catalyst is defined as a chemical substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed in the reaction.
1070:
lack transition metals. Typically, organic catalysts require a higher loading (amount of catalyst per unit amount of reactant, expressed in
3681:
1682:
the non-catalyzed path. Instead, they act either by deactivating catalysts or by removing reaction intermediates such as free radicals. In
4732:
2244:
4609:
3534:
3463:
621:
loses one triphenylphosphine ligand before entering the true catalytic cycle. Precatalysts are easier to store but are easily activated
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1813:
1043:. Many homogeneous catalysts are however not organometallic, illustrated by the use of cobalt salts that catalyze the oxidation of
3065:
1678:
if irreversible. Promoters are substances that increase the catalytic activity, even though they are not catalysts by themselves.
2635:
1891:
1156:. Most biocatalysts are enzymes, but other non-protein-based classes of biomolecules also exhibit catalytic properties including
5300:
3306:"Dehydration, Dienes, High Octane, and High Pressures: Contributions from Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff, a Father of Catalysis"
3207:"Neu entdeckte merkwĂŒrdige Eigenschaften des Platinsuboxyds, des oxydirten Schwefel-Platins und des metallischen Platinstaubes"
1896:
1491:
2166:
5228:
4781:
4776:
4586:
4365:
3527:
3209:[Newly discovered remarkable properties of platinum suboxide, oxidized platinum sulfide and metallic platinum dust].
2691:
4941:
3506:
2421:
3015:
Dub, Pavel A.; Gordon, John C. (2018). "The role of the metal-bound NâH functionality in Noyori-type molecular catalysts".
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1845:
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726:
458:
1904:
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1471:
355:
In general, chemical reactions occur faster in the presence of a catalyst because the catalyst provides an alternative
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2073:
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3110:
likasom vi med ordet analys beteckna Ätskiljandet af kroppars bestÄndsdelar medelst den vanliga kemiska frÀndskapen.
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31:
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2117:"Catalytic Surgical Smoke Filtration Unit Reduces Formaldehyde Levels in a Simulated Operating Room Environment"
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immediately reacts with the base catalyst and thus the reaction equilibrium is shifted towards hydrolysis.)
434:
198:
1605:
in 1835 to describe reactions that are accelerated by substances that remain unchanged after the reaction.
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2653:
Knözinger, Helmut and
Kochloefl, Karl (2002) "Heterogeneous Catalysis and Solid Catalysts" in Ullmann's
2069:
1860:
1768:
1475:
1190:
1098:
1001:
838:
730:
194:
183:
67:
5167:
4462:
1589:, meaning "to annul," or "to untie," or "to pick up". The concept of catalysis was invented by chemist
1582:
The term "catalyst", broadly defined as anything that increases the rate of a process, is derived from
3469:
2540:"Azobenzene-Integrated NHC Ligands: A Versatile Platform for Visible-Light-Switchable Metal Catalysis"
5183:
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534:
197:, whose components are dispersed in the same phase (usually gaseous or liquid) as the reactant, or
4469:
3502:
Center for
Enabling New Technologies Through Catalysis, An NSF Center for Chemical Innovation, USA
3051:
1729:). Without the deactivation of the catalyst, the alkene produced would be further hydrogenated to
1401:
The production of ammonia is one of the largest-scale and most energy-intensive processes. In the
323:, which is quantified in moles per second. The productivity of a catalyst can be described by the
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356:
1697:
The inhibitor may modify selectivity in addition to rate. For instance, in the hydrogenation of
679:. In the absence of added acid catalysts, the carboxylic acid product catalyzes the hydrolysis.
518:
Catalysts enable pathways that differ from the uncatalyzed reactions. These pathways have lower
186:
that subsequently give the final reaction product, in the process of regenerating the catalyst.
549:
of a reaction. The ratio of the forward and the reverse reaction rates is unaffected (see also
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5087:
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2020:
1995:
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989:
931:
896:
819:
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519:
360:
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248:
231:
209:
140:
3229:
2992:
Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the
Transformation of World Food Production
2403:
The catalyst concentration appears in the rate expression, but not in the equilibrium ratio.
5265:
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5072:
5012:
4858:
4807:
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4391:
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3905:
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3395:
3317:
3278:
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3164:
3024:
2938:
2916:"Tunable catalytic tubular micro-pumps operating at low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide"
2845:
2814:
2778:
2746:
2679:
2658:
2589:
2551:
2518:
2458:
2279:
2128:
1987:
1957:
1918:
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1335:
1139:
1082:
1028:
953:
927:
919:
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808:
796:
694:
648:
626:
523:
446:
150:
97:
2219:
Women in
Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century
733:
is one whose components are dispersed in the same phase (usually gaseous or liquid) as the
5132:
5059:
4936:
4848:
4797:
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4288:
4283:
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923:
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827:
690:
672:
581:
350:
324:
312:
76:
3388:
Lindlar H.; Dubuis R. (2016). "Palladium
Catalyst for Partial Reduction of Acetylenes".
3160:
3119:: I shall, therefore, to employ a well-known derivation in chemistry, call bodies the
2934:
964:
that comprise the fuel cell. One common type of fuel cell electrocatalyst is based upon
363:
than the non-catalyzed mechanism. In catalyzed mechanisms, the catalyst is regenerated.
5368:
5022:
4643:
4632:
4216:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4139:
4135:
4118:
4075:
4006:
3867:
3862:
3847:
3659:
3577:
3184:"GlĂŒhendes Verbrennen des Alkohols durch verschiedene erhitzte Metalle und Metalloxyde"
2217:
2174:
New beer in an old bottle : Eduard
Buchner and the growth of biochemical knowledge
1930:
1875:
1795:
1738:
1583:
1463:
1367:
1123:
1113:
1036:
1016:
1012:
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823:
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550:
216:
80:
1354:
Some of the largest-scale chemicals are produced via catalytic oxidation, often using
5454:
5002:
4891:
4863:
4771:
4722:
4696:
4421:
4310:
4266:
3991:
3825:
3820:
3813:
3691:
3186:[Incandescent burning of alcohol by various heated metals and metal oxides].
3102:
Jag skall derföre, för att begagna en i kemien vÀlkÀnd hÀrledning, kalla den kroppars
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1511:
1467:
1443:
1402:
1395:
1363:
1307:
1272:
1161:
1119:
1118:
Photocatalysis is the phenomenon where the catalyst can receive light to generate an
965:
961:
960:
engineering, various metal-containing catalysts are used to enhance the rates of the
900:
864:
655:
136:
3290:
3253:
2773:
Behr, Arno (2002) "Organometallic
Compounds and Homogeneous Catalysis" in Ullmann's
2116:
1953:
1085:. The discipline organocatalysis is divided into the application of covalent (e.g.,
335:. For more information on the efficiency of enzymatic catalysis, see the article on
5206:
5162:
5097:
5039:
5017:
4843:
4649:
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4546:
4298:
4148:
4063:
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3486:
2187:
1886:
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1483:
1383:
1175:
815:
379:
84:
2914:
Solovev, Alexander A.; Sanchez, Samuel; Mei, Yongfeng; Schmidt, Oliver G. (2011).
2683:
2593:
2266:
Torkashvand, Mostafa; Sarabadani Tafreshi, Saeedeh; de Leeuw, Nora H. (May 2023).
701:) is a good reagent for dihydroxylation, but it is highly toxic and expensive. In
509:
3338:
1486:, can be synthesized efficiently from hydroxyacetone by using catalysts based on
303:
carbon monoxide helps to remove this toxic gas and also attain useful materials.
247:
An illustrative example is the effect of catalysts to speed the decomposition of
5434:
5419:
5157:
5082:
4802:
4737:
3696:
2915:
2850:
2833:
1948:
1546:
1359:
1268:
1020:
891:
759:
605:
494:
332:
230:, meaning "loosen" or "untie". The concept of catalysis was invented by chemist
42:
1925:
1275:). Even the exhaust from the burning of fossil fuels is treated via catalysis:
421:
The NO catalyst is regenerated. The overall rate is the rate of the slow step
5378:
5112:
5092:
4322:
3491:
3282:
3131:
the separation of the constituents of bodies by the usual chemical affinities.
3028:
1753:). They can aid the dispersion of the catalytic material or bind to reagents.
1597:, who discovered the acid-catalyzed conversion of starch to glucose. The term
1432:
1252:
1211:
1183:
1153:
1149:
887:
573:
522:. Consequently, more molecular collisions have the energy needed to reach the
498:
462:
72:
51:
3399:
3322:
3305:
3168:
2782:
2760:
2662:
2601:
2470:
2293:
2167:""Elizabeth Fulhame and the discovery of catalysis: 100 years before Buchner"
2140:
2132:
1952:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1478:, many pharmaceuticals are produced by enantioselective catalysis (catalytic
1326:
and related biofuels require processing via both inorganic and biocatalysts.
283:
this reaction proceeds much more rapidly. This effect is readily seen by the
5424:
5414:
5373:
5029:
4498:
3686:
3551:
3487:
Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
1991:
1961:
1706:
1641:
sponge, which became a commercial success in the 1820s that lives on today.
1549:
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1387:
1329:
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1232:
985:
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470:
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2859:
2751:
2734:
2565:
2523:
2506:
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1302:
With regard to synthetic fuels, an old but still important process is the
625:. Because of this preactivation step, many catalytic reactions involve an
5102:
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2556:
2539:
2439:
1880:
1638:
1634:
1535:
1515:
1420:
1409:
1405:
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1157:
1044:
1039:. For inorganic chemists, homogeneous catalysis is often synonymous with
1024:
1008:
969:
915:
876:
872:
775:
Zeolites are extruded as pellets for easy handling in catalytic reactors.
734:
442:
331:(TOF), which is the TON per time unit. The biochemical equivalent is the
296:
38:
17:
4957:
3519:
1979:
1287:, break down some of the more harmful byproducts of automobile exhaust.
1126:
is usually produced by photocatalysis. Photocatalysts are components of
771:
5409:
4426:
2942:
1806:
1773:
1691:
1391:
1319:
1284:
1227:
A Ti-Cr-Pt tube (~40 ÎŒm long) releases oxygen bubbles when immersed in
1195:
1086:
911:
868:
804:
800:
764:
668:
622:
2462:
2387:
Steinfeld, Jeffrey I.; Francisco, Joseph S.; Hase, William L. (1999).
2040:
Steinfeld, Jeffrey I.; Francisco, Joseph S.; Hase, William L. (1999).
59:
1790:
1778:
1730:
1702:
1698:
1687:
1519:
1355:
1178:, enzymes are employed to prepare many commodity chemicals including
1145:
1067:
981:
973:
792:
742:
438:
337:
292:
252:
202:
3267:
Roberts, M.W. (2000). "Birth of the catalytic concept (1800â1900)".
3481:
2505:
VlatkoviÄ, Matea; Collins, Beatrice S. L.; Feringa, Ben L. (2016).
1526:. Many other foodstuffs are prepared via biocatalysis (see below).
1071:
651:
two or more different catalysts are coupled in a one-pot reaction.
5394:
4756:
1542:
1487:
1345:
1217:
1205:
1078:
811:
788:
770:
758:
664:
609:. Precatalysts convert to catalysts in the reaction. For example,
577:
508:
320:
291:
this reaction. In living organisms, this reaction is catalyzed by
66:
3439:
Bender, Myron L; Komiyama, Makoto and Bergeron, Raymond J (1984)
2215:
Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey William (2001).
1027:. High-volume processes requiring a homogeneous catalyst include
591:
in energy between starting material and the transition state. It
567:, a contradiction to the laws of thermodynamics. Thus, catalysts
366:
As a simple example occurring in the gas phase, the reaction 2 SO
205:
and other biocatalysts are often considered as a third category.
4401:
880:
741:
is one where the reaction components are not in the same phase.
4961:
4502:
3523:
3496:
5429:
4576:
4411:
3497:
Carbons & Catalysts Group, University of Concepcion, Chile
1332:
rely on catalysts for both the anodic and cathodic reactions.
884:
636:, chemical species that improve catalytic activity are called
234:, based on her novel work in oxidation-reduction experiments.
165:
2115:
Carroll, Gregory T.; Kirschman, David L. (January 23, 2023).
219:
1809:(Berlin Graduate School of Natural Sciences and Engineering)
1496:
2210:
2208:
1645:
discovered the use of platinum in catalysis. In the 1880s,
1338:
generate flameless heat from a supply of combustible fuel.
903:. Many heterogeneous catalysts are in fact nanomaterials.
118:
103:
3501:
1482:). (R)-1,2-Propandiol, the precursor to the antibacterial
75:
that uses a low-temperature oxidation catalyst to convert
3234:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2904:. Documentroot.com (2010-03-06). Retrieved on 2015-11-11.
1510:
One of the most obvious applications of catalysis is the
168:
159:
124:
112:
1446:
processes require metal catalysts, examples include the
1259:(breaking long-chain hydrocarbons into smaller pieces),
841:
are known, depending on how the adsorption takes place (
2176:. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia. pp. 123â126.
1408:
is combined with hydrogen over an iron oxide catalyst.
1097:) organocatalysts referring to the preferred catalyst-
1902:
171:
156:
127:
121:
100:
27:
Process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction
3482:
Alumite Catalyst, Kameyama-Sakurai Laboratory, Japan
2630:(2nd ed.). Pearson Prentice-Hall. p. 805.
1670:
An added substance that lowers the rate is called a
980:
in a fuel cell, this platinum increases the rate of
174:
162:
115:
109:
5387:
5359:
5181:
5057:
4995:
4882:
4816:
4790:
4746:
4710:
4662:
4623:
4600:
4537:
4343:
4104:
4020:
3941:
3891:
3767:
3710:
3586:
2507:"Dynamic Responsive Systems for Catalytic Function"
1986:. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 2009.
1416:or carbon dioxide but using copper-zinc catalysts.
153:
106:
2626:Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G. (2005).
2216:
767:ZSM-5 is exploited in catalysts used in refineries
473:together. The intermediate reaction states are: HO
3470:W.A. Herrmann Technische UniversitÀt presentation
2834:"Introduction: Photochemical Catalytic Processes"
2391:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 147â150.
2165:Laidler, Keith J.; Cornish-Bowden, Athel (1997).
1690:inhibits the catalyst, which becomes covered by
1240:of particular concentration are surveyed below.
1214:, Right: burning cube sugar with ash as catalyst
3441:The Bioorganic Chemistry of Enzymatic Catalysis
3368:Physical Chemistry with Biological Applications
3123:and the decomposition of bodies by this force
558:result since reactions are spontaneous only if
469:. The dissociated, surface-bound O and H atoms
30:"Catalyst" redirects here. For other uses, see
3516:, Science News magazine online, April 6, 2009.
2676:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1251:refining makes intensive use of catalysis for
1015:of carboxylic acids, such as the formation of
201:, whose components are not in the same phase.
63:A range of industrial catalysts in pellet form
4973:
4514:
3535:
3064:BÄrd Lindström and Lars J. Petterson (2003) "
2739:Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
2621:
2619:
1545:. These radicals are formed by the action of
190:presence of the catalyst and never decrease.
8:
3362:
3360:
3304:Nicholas, Christopher P. (August 21, 2018).
2382:
2380:
2044:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 147.
799:. Important heterogeneous catalysts include
3087:Ă
rsberÀttelsen om framsteg i fysik och kemi
2331:Laidler, Keith J.; Meiser, John H. (1982).
2087:Laidler, Keith J.; Meiser, John H. (1982).
2070:"7 things you may not know about catalysis"
976:particles. When in contact with one of the
779:Heterogeneous catalysts act in a different
763:The microporous molecular structure of the
541:change the extent of a reaction: they have
327:(or TON) and the catalytic activity by the
295:(proteins that serve as catalysts) such as
4980:
4966:
4958:
4521:
4507:
4499:
3542:
3528:
3520:
3492:Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
3343:. India: S. Chand Publishing. p. 66.
2360:(8th ed.). W.H.Freeman. p. 839.
689:A true catalyst can work in tandem with a
3321:
2849:
2750:
2555:
2538:Roelz M, Butschke B, Breit B (May 2024).
2522:
2452:
2283:
2160:
2158:
1231:(via catalytic decomposition), forming a
807:, higher-order oxides, graphitic carbon,
2544:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1984:IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1974:
1972:
83:at room temperature. It can also remove
58:
2356:Atkins, Peter; de Paula, Julio (2006).
2335:. Benjamin/Cummings. pp. 424â425.
2305:
2303:
1968:
1909:
1474:. Because most bioactive compounds are
906:Heterogeneous catalysts are typically "
4547:Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution
2649:
2647:
2309:Laidler, K.J. and Meiser, J.H. (1982)
972:that are supported on slightly larger
725:Catalysis may be classified as either
713:, and only catalytic quantities of OsO
193:Catalysis may be classified as either
4557:Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution
3421:Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology
3147:[On the formation of ether].
2902:Catalytic Antibodies Simply Explained
2882:Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry
1709:(Pd) catalyst partly "poisoned" with
382:. The reaction occurs in two steps:
143:due to an added substance known as a
7:
4457:
3507:"Bubbles turn on chemical catalysts"
2994:(1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT.
2960:from the original on March 28, 2019.
2884:3rd Ed. Worth Publishing: New York.
2775:Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2655:Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2493:Catalysis of Gas Reactions by Metals
603:Some so-called catalysts are really
215:The term "catalyst" is derived from
4610:Electrophilic aromatic substitution
4481:
3340:A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry
2971:1.4.3 Industrial Process Efficiency
2923:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
2815:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021"
2415:Jacoby, Mitch (February 16, 2009).
787:. Most heterogeneous catalysts are
4577:Nucleophilic internal substitution
4567:Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
3466:Page for high school level science
3443:Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, U.S.
2880:Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. (2000)
2172:. In Cornish-Bowden, Athel (ed.).
2091:. Benjamin/Cummings. p. 425.
1949:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1814:Catalysis Science & Technology
1666:Inhibitors, poisons, and promoters
1322:from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
863:For example, the catalyst for the
497:), after which the water molecule
461:showed that the molecules undergo
359:(reaction pathway) having a lower
25:
3370:, Benjamin/Cummings. pp. 415â17.
3127:, just as we signify by the word
1741:catalysis while sites catalyzing
50:For the stage of metabolism, see
5048:
4480:
4468:
4456:
4445:
4444:
3106:sönderdelning genom denna kraft
2121:ACS Chemical Health & Safety
2019:. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
1924:
1912:
1892:Temperature-programmed reduction
1310:, which itself is processed via
984:reduction either to water or to
149:
96:
4733:LindemannâHinshelwood mechanism
2422:Chemical & Engineering News
2251:. March 2, 2005. Archived from
2017:Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis
1897:Thermal desorption spectroscopy
1492:Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation
1148:are protein-based catalysts in
922:. Specialized supports include
4782:Outer sphere electron transfer
4777:Inner sphere electron transfer
4587:Nucleophilic acyl substitution
2389:Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics
2042:Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics
1431:. Polyesters, polyamides, and
1:
4947:Diffusion-controlled reaction
3809:Interface and colloid science
3563:Glossary of chemical formulae
3211:Journal fĂŒr Chemie und Physik
3188:Journal fĂŒr Chemie und Physik
3149:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
2684:10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2
2674:Appl, Max (2006). "Ammonia".
2594:10.1080/01614940.2020.1780824
2511:Chemistry: A European Journal
2313:, Benjamin/Cummings, p. 425.
2223:. American Chemical Society.
1846:Kelvin probe force microscope
1122:that effect redox reactions.
856:A heterogeneous catalyst has
459:Scanning tunneling microscopy
345:Catalytic reaction mechanisms
3066:A brief history of catalysis
1448:Monsanto acetic acid process
1210:Left: Partially caramelized
791:that act on substrates in a
727:homogeneous or heterogeneous
555:second law of thermodynamics
4602:Electrophilic substitutions
4086:Bioorganometallic chemistry
3573:List of inorganic compounds
3337:Dhara SS; Umare SS (2018).
3050:Clark, Jim (October 2013).
2851:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00993
2417:"Making Water Step by Step"
2074:Argonne National Laboratory
1419:Bulk polymers derived from
705:, the sacrificial catalyst
501:from the catalyst surface.
378:can be catalyzed by adding
208:Catalysis is ubiquitous in
5482:
4912:Energy profile (chemistry)
4874:More O'FerrallâJencks plot
4539:Nucleophilic substitutions
4012:Dynamic covalent chemistry
3983:Enantioselective synthesis
3963:Physical organic chemistry
3916:Organolanthanide chemistry
3408:, vol. 5, p. 880
2832:Melchiorre, Paolo (2022).
2358:Atkins' Physical Chemistry
1821:Catalytic resonance theory
1619:Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
1398:from propane and ammonia.
1137:
1128:dye-sensitized solar cells
1111:
1093:) and non-covalent (e.g.,
1058:
999:
945:
752:
707:N-methylmorpholine N-oxide
493:and the reaction product (
348:
220:
49:
36:
29:
5138:Metalâair electrochemical
5046:
4942:MichaelisâMenten kinetics
4440:
3601:Electroanalytical methods
3558:
3475:October 28, 2005, at the
3145:"Ueber die Aetherbildung"
3143:Mitscherlich, E. (1834).
3029:10.1038/s41570-018-0049-z
2793:Elschenbroich, C. (2006)
2491:Robertson, A.J.B. (1970)
2015:Masel, Richard I (2001).
1798:(includes Base catalysis)
1490:-ruthenium complexes, in
1314:, catalyzed by iron. The
1312:water-gas shift reactions
1304:Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
32:Catalyst (disambiguation)
4869:Potential energy surface
4748:Electron/Proton transfer
4633:Unimolecular elimination
4356:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4272:Supramolecular chemistry
3911:Organometallic chemistry
3400:10.15227/orgsyn.046.0089
3323:10.1021/acscatal.8b02310
3169:10.1002/andp.18341071802
3017:Nature Reviews Chemistry
2783:10.1002/14356007.a18_215
2663:10.1002/14356007.a05_313
2133:10.1021/acs.chas.2c00071
1866:Phase-boundary catalysis
1656:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1472:FriedelâCrafts reactions
1279:, typically composed of
1180:high-fructose corn syrup
1134:Enzymes and biocatalysts
1095:thiourea organocatalysis
1041:organometallic catalysts
565:perpetual motion machine
37:Not to be confused with
4917:Transition state theory
4718:Intramolecular reaction
4644:Bimolecular elimination
4294:Combinatorial chemistry
4205:Food physical chemistry
4168:Environmental chemistry
4052:Bioorthogonal chemistry
3978:Retrosynthetic analysis
3799:Chemical thermodynamics
3782:Spectroelectrochemistry
3725:Computational chemistry
3423:McGraw-Hill, New York.
3283:10.1023/A:1016622806065
3085:Berzelius, J.J. (1835)
2980:. climatetechnology.gov
2797:. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim.
2777:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
2708:"Chemistry of Vanadium"
2657:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
2249:University of Minnesota
2068:Lerner, Louise (2011).
1992:10.1351/goldbook.C00876
1962:10.1351/goldbook.C00876
1871:Phase transfer catalyst
1429:Ziegler-Natta catalysis
1427:are often prepared via
1291:2 CO + 2 NO â 2 CO
837:Diverse mechanisms for
818:for hydrogenation, and
755:Heterogeneous catalysis
749:Heterogeneous catalysis
739:heterogeneous catalysis
435:heterogeneous catalysis
5440:Semipermeable membrane
5229:Lithiumâironâphosphate
4711:Unimolecular reactions
4672:Electrophilic addition
4366:of element discoveries
4212:Agricultural chemistry
4200:Carbohydrate chemistry
4091:Bioinorganic chemistry
3956:Alkane stereochemistry
3901:Coordination chemistry
3730:Mathematical chemistry
3596:Instrumental chemistry
3512:July 22, 2012, at the
3464:Science Aid: Catalysts
3246:10.1098/rstl.1817.0009
3228:Davy, Humphry (1817).
3133:
3113:
2524:10.1002/chem.201602453
2495:. Logos Press, London.
1831:Environmental triggers
1613:who referred to it as
1570:ClO + O â Cl + O
1502:
1501:levofloxaxin synthesis
1351:
1236:
1215:
899:for the production of
879:is often described as
776:
768:
709:(NMMO) regenerates OsO
703:Upjohn dihydroxylation
515:
88:
64:
5311:Rechargeable alkaline
4989:Electrochemical cells
4902:Rate-determining step
4834:Reactive intermediate
4692:Free-radical addition
4682:Nucleophilic addition
4625:Elimination reactions
4361:Timeline of chemistry
4258:Post-mortem chemistry
4243:Clandestine chemistry
4173:Atmospheric chemistry
4096:Biophysical chemistry
3928:Solid-state chemistry
3878:Equilibrium chemistry
3787:Photoelectrochemistry
3366:Laidler, K.J. (1978)
3114:
3098:
2990:Smil, Vaclav (2004).
2285:10.3390/catal13050837
1861:Pharmaceutic adjuvant
1817:(a chemistry journal)
1500:
1349:
1306:of hydrocarbons from
1226:
1209:
1191:monoclonal antibodies
1002:Homogeneous catalysis
996:Homogeneous catalysis
867:for the synthesis of
839:reactions on surfaces
774:
762:
731:homogeneous catalysis
634:cooperative catalysis
580:, where the produced
512:
495:water molecule dimers
319:of a catalyst is the
135:) is the increase in
70:
62:
5291:Nickelâmetal hydride
4897:Equilibrium constant
4351:History of chemistry
4306:Chemical engineering
4081:Bioorganic chemistry
3831:Structural chemistry
3568:List of biomolecules
3419:Jencks, W.P. (1969)
3052:"Types of catalysis"
2752:10.1155/2022/1552334
2712:Chemistry LibreTexts
2557:10.1021/jacs.4c01138
1841:Industrial catalysts
1611:Eilhard Mitscherlich
1603:Jöns Jakob Berzelius
1541:in the breakdown of
1522:catalyst to produce
1480:asymmetric synthesis
1277:Catalytic converters
918:or various kinds of
843:Langmuir-Hinshelwood
691:sacrificial catalyst
683:Switchable catalysis
611:Wilkinson's catalyst
547:chemical equilibrium
457:) to produce water.
5301:Polysulfideâbromide
5143:Nickel oxyhydroxide
5035:Thermogalvanic cell
4907:Reaction coordinate
4839:Radical (chemistry)
4824:Elementary reaction
4767:Grotthuss mechanism
4531:reaction mechanisms
4374:The central science
4328:Ceramic engineering
4253:Forensic toxicology
4226:Chemistry education
4124:Radiation chemistry
4106:Interdisciplinarity
4059:Medicinal chemistry
3997:Fullerene chemistry
3873:Microwave chemistry
3742:Molecular mechanics
3737:Molecular modelling
3205:Döbereiner (1823).
3182:Döbereiner (1822).
3161:1834AnP...107..273M
3104:katalytiska kraft,
2935:2011PCCP...1310131S
2628:Inorganic Chemistry
2550:(19): 13210â13225.
2517:(48): 17080â17111.
2245:"Genie in a Bottle"
2193:on January 23, 2015
1554:chlorofluorocarbons
1518:gas) of fats using
1437:acid-base catalysis
1358:. Examples include
1075:amount of substance
535:elementary reaction
505:Reaction energetics
437:is the reaction of
329:turn over frequency
5064:(non-rechargeable)
5008:Concentration cell
4932:Arrhenius equation
4702:Oxidative addition
4664:Addition reactions
4417:Chemical substance
4279:Chemical synthesis
4248:Forensic chemistry
4129:Actinide chemistry
4071:Clinical chemistry
3752:Molecular geometry
3747:Molecular dynamics
3702:Elemental analysis
3655:Separation process
3076:(4) : 130â38.
2976:2008-05-17 at the
2943:10.1039/C1CP20542K
2333:Physical Chemistry
2311:Physical Chemistry
2089:Physical Chemistry
1674:if reversible and
1672:reaction inhibitor
1651:Leipzig University
1601:was later used by
1595:Gottlieb Kirchhoff
1503:
1352:
1257:catalytic cracking
1237:
1216:
956:, specifically in
952:In the context of
777:
769:
516:
445:on the surface of
402:(rate-determining)
357:reaction mechanism
317:catalytic activity
315:for measuring the
238:General principles
89:
65:
5466:Chemical kinetics
5448:
5447:
4955:
4954:
4927:Activated complex
4922:Activation energy
4884:Chemical kinetics
4829:Reaction dynamics
4728:Photodissociation
4496:
4495:
4432:Quantum mechanics
4397:Chemical compound
4380:Chemical reaction
4318:Materials science
4236:General chemistry
4231:Amateur chemistry
4159:Photogeochemistry
4144:Stellar chemistry
4114:Nuclear chemistry
4035:Molecular biology
4002:Polymer chemistry
3973:Organic synthesis
3968:Organic reactions
3933:Ceramic chemistry
3923:Cluster chemistry
3853:Chemical kinetics
3841:Molecular physics
3720:Quantum chemistry
3633:Mass spectrometry
3406:Collected Volumes
3391:Organic Syntheses
3270:Catalysis Letters
2803:978-3-527-29390-2
2714:. October 3, 2013
2582:Catalysis Reviews
2463:10.1021/nn8008245
2255:on April 5, 2008.
2230:978-0-8412-3522-9
2001:978-0-9678550-9-7
1883:(RNA biocatalyst)
1764:Chemical reaction
1660:Vladimir Ipatieff
1627:Döbereiner's lamp
1591:Elizabeth Fulhame
1412:is prepared from
1380:terephthalic acid
1336:Catalytic heaters
1316:Sabatier reaction
1244:Energy processing
1229:hydrogen peroxide
1224:
1049:terephthalic acid
990:hydrogen peroxide
932:calcium carbonate
897:vanadium(V) oxide
822:for oxidation of
820:vanadium(V) oxide
814:, metals such as
560:Gibbs free energy
533:In the catalyzed
520:activation energy
361:activation energy
281:manganese dioxide
249:hydrogen peroxide
232:Elizabeth Fulhame
210:chemical industry
141:chemical reaction
16:(Redirected from
5473:
5244:Lithiumâtitanate
5189:
5065:
5052:
5013:Electric battery
4982:
4975:
4968:
4959:
4859:Collision theory
4808:Matrix isolation
4762:Harpoon reaction
4639:E1cB-elimination
4523:
4516:
4509:
4500:
4484:
4483:
4472:
4460:
4459:
4448:
4447:
4392:Chemical element
4047:Chemical biology
3906:Magnetochemistry
3883:Mechanochemistry
3836:Chemical physics
3777:Electrochemistry
3682:Characterization
3544:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3451:
3437:
3431:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3402:
3385:
3379:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3140:
3134:
3083:
3077:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2987:
2981:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2929:(21): 10131â35.
2920:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2853:
2844:(2): 1483â1484.
2838:Chemical Reviews
2829:
2823:
2822:
2811:
2805:
2791:
2785:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2671:
2665:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2502:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2456:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2328:
2322:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2222:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2186:. Archived from
2171:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1976:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1851:Limiting reagent
1836:Enzyme catalysis
1727:Lindlar catalyst
1711:lead(II) acetate
1676:catalyst poisons
1623:contact action.
1452:hydroformylation
1435:are derived via
1362:(from ammonia),
1225:
1160:, and synthetic
1140:Enzyme catalysis
1083:hydrogen bonding
1029:hydroformylation
954:electrochemistry
942:Electrocatalysts
928:titanium dioxide
920:activated carbon
809:transition metal
797:reaction mixture
737:'s molecules. A
695:osmium tetroxide
649:tandem catalysis
627:induction period
599:Related concepts
524:transition state
447:titanium dioxide
397:
389:
225:
224:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
21:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5383:
5362:
5355:
5276:Nickelâhydrogen
5234:Lithiumâpolymer
5190:
5187:
5186:
5177:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5053:
5044:
4991:
4986:
4956:
4951:
4937:Eyring equation
4878:
4849:Stereochemistry
4812:
4798:Solvent effects
4786:
4742:
4706:
4687:
4677:
4658:
4653:
4619:
4615:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4572:
4562:
4552:
4533:
4527:
4497:
4492:
4436:
4339:
4333:Polymer science
4289:Click chemistry
4284:Green chemistry
4178:Ocean chemistry
4154:Biogeochemistry
4100:
4016:
3988:Total synthesis
3951:Stereochemistry
3937:
3887:
3804:Surface science
3794:Thermochemistry
3763:
3706:
3677:Crystallography
3582:
3554:
3548:
3514:Wayback Machine
3477:Wayback Machine
3460:
3455:
3454:
3438:
3434:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3121:catalytic force
3093:(catalysis) on
3084:
3080:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3023:(12): 396â408.
3014:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2978:Wayback Machine
2969:
2965:
2957:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2879:
2875:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2795:Organometallics
2792:
2788:
2772:
2768:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2308:
2301:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1940:
1935:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1856:Murburn concept
1826:Electrocatalyst
1759:
1725:) can be used (
1724:
1720:
1716:
1694:side products.
1668:
1647:Wilhelm Ostwald
1617:processes, and
1580:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1532:
1514:(reaction with
1508:
1506:Food processing
1460:
1414:carbon monoxide
1382:from p-xylene,
1376:contact process
1372:sulfur trioxide
1344:
1298:
1294:
1267:(conversion of
1265:steam reforming
1246:
1218:
1204:
1142:
1136:
1116:
1110:
1063:
1061:Organocatalysis
1057:
1055:Organocatalysis
1033:hydrosilylation
1004:
998:
950:
948:Electrocatalyst
944:
924:silicon dioxide
832:contact process
828:sulfur trioxide
757:
751:
723:
716:
712:
700:
673:carboxylic acid
658:, the catalyst
620:
616:
601:
582:carboxylic acid
537:, catalysts do
507:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
452:
428:
416:
412:
408:
401:
395:
393:
387:
377:
373:
369:
353:
351:catalytic cycle
347:
325:turnover number
313:SI derived unit
309:
274:
270:
266:
262:
251:into water and
245:
240:
152:
148:
99:
95:
77:carbon monoxide
55:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5479:
5477:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5453:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5369:Atomic battery
5365:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5341:Vanadium redox
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5316:Silverâcadmium
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5286:Nickelâlithium
5283:
5278:
5273:
5271:Nickelâcadmium
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5239:Lithiumâsulfur
5236:
5231:
5226:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5193:
5191:
5188:(rechargeable)
5184:Secondary cell
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5108:EdisonâLalande
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5023:Trough battery
5020:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4962:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4818:
4817:Related topics
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4791:Medium effects
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4636:
4629:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4503:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4217:Soil chemistry
4209:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4195:Food chemistry
4192:
4190:Carbochemistry
4187:
4185:Clay chemistry
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4146:
4140:Astrochemistry
4136:Cosmochemistry
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4119:Radiochemistry
4110:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4076:Neurochemistry
4073:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4007:Petrochemistry
4004:
3999:
3994:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3868:Spin chemistry
3865:
3863:Photochemistry
3860:
3855:
3850:
3848:Femtochemistry
3845:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3660:Chromatography
3657:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3578:Periodic table
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3467:
3459:
3458:External links
3456:
3453:
3452:
3432:
3412:
3380:
3356:
3349:
3329:
3316:(9): 8531â39.
3296:
3259:
3220:
3197:
3174:
3155:(18): 273â82.
3135:
3078:
3057:
3042:
3007:
3000:
2982:
2963:
2906:
2894:
2873:
2824:
2819:NobelPrize.org
2806:
2786:
2766:
2725:
2699:
2692:
2666:
2643:
2636:
2615:
2571:
2530:
2497:
2484:
2454:10.1.1.711.974
2428:
2407:
2397:
2376:
2366:
2348:
2341:
2323:
2299:
2258:
2236:
2229:
2204:
2182:
2154:
2107:
2097:
2079:
2060:
2050:
2032:
2025:
2007:
2000:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1921:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:Photocatalysis
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1799:
1796:Acid catalysis
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1739:hydrogenolysis
1722:
1718:
1714:
1667:
1664:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1531:
1528:
1507:
1504:
1464:fine chemicals
1459:
1458:Fine chemicals
1456:
1368:sulfur dioxide
1343:
1342:Bulk chemicals
1340:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1263:reforming and
1245:
1242:
1203:
1200:
1162:deoxyribozymes
1138:Main article:
1135:
1132:
1124:Singlet oxygen
1114:Photocatalysis
1112:Main article:
1109:
1108:Photocatalysts
1106:
1059:Main article:
1056:
1053:
1037:hydrocyanation
1017:methyl acetate
1013:esterification
1000:Main article:
997:
994:
962:half reactions
946:Main article:
943:
940:
936:barium sulfate
824:sulfur dioxide
753:Main article:
750:
747:
722:
721:Classification
719:
714:
710:
698:
618:
614:
600:
597:
551:thermodynamics
545:effect on the
528:energy profile
506:
503:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
450:
433:An example of
431:
430:
426:
419:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
391:
375:
371:
367:
349:Main article:
346:
343:
308:
305:
276:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
244:
241:
239:
236:
81:carbon dioxide
79:to less toxic
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5478:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5331:Sodiumâsulfur
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5306:Potassium ion
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5123:Lithium metal
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5078:Aluminiumâair
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:Galvanic cell
5001:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4978:
4976:
4971:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:Rate equation
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:Arrow pushing
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:Marcus theory
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:Isomerization
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:Cycloaddition
4695:
4693:
4690:
4683:
4680:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4588:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4568:
4565:
4558:
4555:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4519:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4489:
4488:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Chemical bond
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4311:Stoichiometry
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4267:Nanochemistry
4265:
4264:
4259:
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4254:
4251:
4250:
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4241:
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4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:Semisynthesis
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
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3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Sonochemistry
3824:
3822:
3821:Cryochemistry
3819:
3815:
3814:Micromeritics
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
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3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3692:Wet chemistry
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3658:
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3641:
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3579:
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3574:
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3569:
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3560:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3449:0-471-05991-9
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3429:0-07-032305-4
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3376:0-8053-5680-0
3373:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3350:9789352830688
3346:
3342:
3341:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:ACS Catalysis
3307:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
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3235:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3003:
3001:9780262693134
2997:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2890:1-57259-153-6
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2447:(3): 517â26.
2446:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2429:
2425:. p. 10.
2424:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2398:0-13-737123-3
2394:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2367:0-7167-8759-8
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2342:0-8053-5682-7
2338:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2319:0-618-12341-5
2316:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2183:9788437033280
2179:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2098:0-8053-5682-7
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2051:0-13-737123-3
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2026:0-471-24197-0
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Autocatalysis
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1743:hydrogenation
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:heterogeneous
1679:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:He developed
1624:
1621:who spoke of
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1564:â ClO + O
1559:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:free radicals
1537:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:hydrogenation
1505:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:Heck reaction
1465:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:carbonylation
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:Haber process
1399:
1397:
1396:acrylonitrile
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:sulfuric acid
1361:
1357:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:synthesis gas
1305:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:synthesis gas
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:excited state
1115:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
995:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:nanoparticles
963:
959:
955:
949:
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
901:sulfuric acid
898:
893:
889:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:Haber process
861:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
773:
766:
761:
756:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
720:
718:
708:
704:
696:
692:
687:
684:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
656:autocatalysis
652:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
612:
608:
607:
598:
596:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
570:
566:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
511:
504:
502:
500:
496:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
448:
444:
440:
436:
424:
423:
422:
404:
385:
384:
383:
381:
364:
362:
358:
352:
344:
342:
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
304:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:effervescence
282:
258:
257:
256:
254:
250:
242:
237:
235:
233:
229:
223:
218:
213:
211:
206:
204:
200:
199:heterogeneous
196:
191:
187:
185:
184:intermediates
179:
146:
142:
138:
132:
93:
87:from the air.
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
61:
57:
53:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
5404:
5346:Zincâbromine
5153:Silver oxide
5088:Chromic acid
5060:Primary cell
5040:Voltaic pile
5018:Flow battery
4853:
4844:Molecularity
4485:
4473:
4461:
4449:
4384:
4299:Biosynthesis
4149:Geochemistry
4064:Pharmacology
4040:Cell biology
4030:Biochemistry
3858:Spectroscopy
3757:VSEPR theory
3606:Spectroscopy
3550:Branches of
3440:
3435:
3420:
3415:
3405:
3389:
3383:
3367:
3339:
3332:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3060:
3054:. Chemguide.
3045:
3020:
3016:
3010:
2991:
2985:
2966:
2926:
2922:
2909:
2897:
2881:
2876:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2794:
2789:
2774:
2769:
2745:: e1552334.
2742:
2738:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2711:
2702:
2675:
2669:
2654:
2637:0130-39913-2
2627:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2420:
2410:
2402:
2388:
2371:
2357:
2351:
2332:
2326:
2310:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2253:the original
2239:
2218:
2195:. Retrieved
2188:the original
2173:
2127:(1): 21â28.
2124:
2120:
2110:
2102:
2088:
2082:
2063:
2055:
2041:
2035:
2016:
2010:
1983:
1947:
1887:SUMO enzymes
1812:
1748:
1735:
1696:
1680:
1669:
1643:Humphry Davy
1622:
1614:
1598:
1581:
1533:
1509:
1484:levofloxacin
1461:
1441:
1418:
1400:
1384:acrylic acid
1353:
1334:
1328:
1301:
1269:hydrocarbons
1247:
1238:
1202:Significance
1188:
1176:biocatalysis
1173:
1166:
1144:In biology,
1143:
1117:
1064:
1005:
951:
905:
862:
858:active sites
857:
855:
851:van Krevelen
836:
816:Raney nickel
778:
724:
717:are needed.
688:
682:
681:
659:
653:
646:
641:
637:
633:
631:
606:precatalysts
604:
602:
592:
588:
586:
568:
542:
538:
532:
517:
467:dissociation
454:
432:
420:
380:nitric oxide
365:
354:
336:
328:
316:
310:
301:
288:
277:
246:
227:
214:
207:
192:
188:
144:
91:
90:
85:formaldehyde
56:
43:
5435:Salt bridge
5420:Electrolyte
5351:Zincâcerium
5336:Solid state
5321:Silverâzinc
5296:Nickelâzinc
5281:Nickelâiron
5256:Molten salt
5224:Dual carbon
5219:Lithium ion
5214:Lithiumâair
5173:Zincâcarbon
5148:Siliconâair
5128:Lithiumâair
4803:Cage effect
4738:RRKM theory
4654:elimination
4487:WikiProject
3712:Theoretical
3697:Calorimetry
3117:Translation
2588:(1): 1â86.
1751:platforming
1686:catalysis,
1547:ultraviolet
1530:Environment
1433:isocyanates
1360:nitric acid
1021:acetic acid
895:dioxide on
892:triple bond
849:, and Mars-
847:Eley-Rideal
795:or gaseous
638:cocatalysts
333:enzyme unit
195:homogeneous
44:Cathalistis
5455:Categories
5388:Cell parts
5379:Solar cell
5361:Other cell
5326:Sodium ion
5197:Automotive
4323:Metallurgy
4022:Biological
3588:Analytical
3277:(1): 1â4.
3100:Original:
2693:3527306730
2278:(5): 837.
1980:"Catalyst"
1938:References
1330:Fuel cells
1253:alkylation
1212:cube sugar
1184:acrylamide
1154:catabolism
1150:metabolism
978:electrodes
589:difference
574:hydrolysis
463:adsorption
73:air filter
52:catabolism
5461:Catalysis
5425:Half-cell
5415:Electrode
5374:Fuel cell
5251:Metalâair
5202:Leadâacid
5118:Leclanché
5030:Fuel cell
4854:Catalysis
4750:reactions
4385:Catalysis
3893:Inorganic
3687:Titration
3552:chemistry
3240:: 77â85.
3217:: 321â26.
3125:catalysis
3108:katalys,
3037:106394152
2868:246287799
2761:1687-8434
2610:225777024
2602:0161-4940
2471:1520-605X
2449:CiteSeerX
2294:2073-4344
2272:Catalysts
2197:March 14,
2149:255047115
2141:1871-5532
1919:Chemistry
1769:Substrate
1707:palladium
1692:polymeric
1633:based on
1599:catalysis
1587:ÎșαÏαλÏΔÎčÎœ
1550:radiation
1524:margarine
1425:propylene
1388:propylene
1324:Biodiesel
1318:produces
1249:Petroleum
1233:micropump
1158:ribozymes
1099:substrate
986:hydroxide
958:fuel cell
908:supported
785:reactants
783:than the
642:promoters
530:diagram.
413:â NO + SO
228:kataluein
222:ÎșαÏαλÏΔÎčÎœ
92:Catalysis
18:Catalyzed
5405:Catalyst
5266:Nanowire
5261:Nanopore
5207:gelâVRLA
5168:Zincâair
5073:Alkaline
4451:Category
4407:Molecule
4344:See also
3769:Physical
3510:Archived
3473:Archived
3291:91507819
3254:97988261
3194:: 91â92.
3129:analysis
2974:Archived
2955:Archived
2951:21505711
2860:35078320
2566:38709955
2479:19309169
2440:ACS Nano
1954:catalyst
1881:Ribozyme
1757:See also
1639:platinum
1635:hydrogen
1560:Cl + O
1556:(CFCs).
1536:chlorine
1516:hydrogen
1421:ethylene
1410:Methanol
1406:nitrogen
1281:platinum
1169:membrane
1045:p-xylene
1025:methanol
970:platinum
916:zeolites
877:hydrogen
873:nitrogen
801:zeolites
735:reactant
667:such as
613:RhCl(PPh
593:does not
485:, then H
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297:catalase
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5410:Cathode
5163:Zamboni
5133:Mercury
5098:Daniell
4463:Commons
4427:Alchemy
3943:Organic
3157:Bibcode
3091:katalys
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2931:Bibcode
2718:July 8,
1931:Biology
1905:Portals
1807:BIG-NSE
1784:Product
1774:Reagent
1703:alkenes
1699:alkynes
1631:lighter
1615:contact
1607:Fulhame
1578:History
1392:propane
1374:by the
1320:methane
1285:rhodium
1261:naphtha
1196:abzymes
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1102:binding
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1068:enzymes
1011:on the
912:alumina
869:ammonia
830:by the
805:alumina
765:zeolite
743:Enzymes
677:alcohol
675:and an
669:aspirin
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553:). The
499:desorbs
471:diffuse
455:titania
338:enzymes
293:enzymes
271:O + O
267:â 2 H
243:Example
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5158:Weston
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1366:(from
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888:adsorb
812:oxides
793:liquid
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578:esters
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417:(fast)
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390:NO + O
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2606:S2CID
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1944:IUPAC
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1386:from
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