1716:, which produces florets that feed predatory (and other beneficial) insects as well as large tubular stems that provide winter shelter for native bees, wasps, and other organisms that can be beneficial for agriculture. The plant is considered invasive in some areas of the United States and is also often considered undesirable due to its ability to cause contact skin irritation. However, it also serves as a host plant for the black swallowtail butterfly, helps to bring nutrients up from soils with its deep taproot, and possesses evergreen foliage even in climate zones such as US zone 6. This foliage increases soil warmth and moisture which can be beneficial for certain types of life. Perhaps the most dramatic example of a generally disliked plant's beneficial qualities being usually overlooked is the often-despised ragwort,
2470:
1116:
1102:
2406:
2373:
4670:
2422:
2390:
2258:
62:
2454:
2438:
1722:, which topped the list by a large amount for nectar production in a UK study, with a production per floral unit of (2921 ± 448μg). This very high nectar production, coupled with its early blooming period, makes the plant helpful for the establishment of bee colonies in spring — a period that is often not well-served by commercial flower meadow seed mixes. It also has the situationally-beneficial quality of being a spring
1411:
1081:
1741:
40:
1706:, plants growing in more wild areas adjacent to farms produce more insects that attract and support birds which can also feed on pests that would harm crops. Insect production is especially high for beetle banks that have enough plants that serve in the role of host plant for immature insects, rather than just in the roles of adult food and/or shelter provision.
4772:
4758:
1927:
1653:) as larval food; later generations switch to yellow starthistle. The flies are generally considered less efficient in destroying the growing seedheads than the weevils, but may be superior under certain conditions; employing flies and weevils in combination is expensive and does not noticeably increase their effect.
1709:
Some plants which are considered invasive or problematic in certain areas can have beneficial qualities that outweigh their negative qualities from a human and/or human agricultural point of view, although this sometimes requires some human management – particularly if adequate biological control has
1844:
will cause increased pollination. As most seedheads fail however when biocontrol pests have established themselves, the plants will bloom ever more abundantly in an attempt to replace the destroyed seedheads, to the point where they exhaust their resources in providing food for the pests (seeds),
2346:
consequences of a rearrangement might be severe, with hundreds of species needing to be moved to new genera. It has thus been proposed to change the type species to one of the main lineages to avoid this problem. What seems certain however is that the basketflowers – presently treated as a
1661:
Despite the negative agricultural and environmental impacts of the more aggressive
Centaurea species, there are many ways in which they benefit humans as well. For instance, due to their moderate to high nectar production, which can occur over a comparatively long duration, many species of
1853:
compounds is also liable to be reduced under such conditions – the plant has to compromise between allocating energy to reproduction and defense. This renders the weeds more likely to be suppressed by native vegetation or crops in the following years, especially if properly timed
1794:
also ranked higher than ragwort in another UK study, although ragwort was still in the top 10 for yearly nectar production. The strong nectar production of certain members of the genus can be exploited to the farmer's advantage, possibly in combination with
1150:
2333:. A number of 19th- and 20th-century efforts to reorganize the genus were not successful, and it is not yet clear what the consequences of the recent research will be for classification of this genus and other related genera. The
1827:
from these plants is light and slightly tangy, and one of the finest honeys produced in the United States – due to its better availability, it is even fraudulently relabeled and sold as the scarce and expensive
1922:
that break down or even feed on the abundantly secreted compound. Thus, 8-hydroxyquinoline is potentially useful to control
American plants that have become invasive weeds in the diffuse knapweed's native range.
1686:, though they support and attract a diversity of beneficial life beyond beetles. When certain Centaurea species are present, some pests may be drawn away from crops, and predatory insects and
4472:
1042:
plants. Their leaves, spiny in some species, are usually deeply divided into elongated lobes at least in the plants' lower part, becoming entire towards the top. The "flowers" (actually
1141:
Certain knapweeds have a tendency to dominate large stretches of landscape together with a few other plants, typically one or two grasses and as many other large herbaceous plants. The
1782:
produce the same amount of nectar. Growing conditions, such as climate and soil, can have a very strong impact, even if the plants grow and flower. For instance, cornflower plants,
4793:
4543:
1993:
are boiled and fried in mixtures with other weedy non-cultivated greens. According to research by the
Michael Heinrich group at the Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy (
4532:
1340:
may also be used, though the timing is important to avoid the plants having seeded already, and neither allowing sufficient time for them to regrow from the rootstock.
945:. Members of the genus are found only north of the equator, mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere; the Middle East and surrounding regions are particularly species-rich.
5069:
4627:
5108:
2469:
4306:
2017:
inhibition assays, very interesting and species should be investigated phytochemically and biochemically focusing on these properties". Extracts from
5007:
4624:
1994:
5082:
5020:
1690:
that feed upon pest insects will be better-supported by these more naturalized areas. They additionally have the beneficial aspect of supporting
2372:
5144:
4508:
4483:
4645:
5267:
4578:
1049:) are diverse in colour, ranging from intense blues, reds and yellows to any mixture of these and lighter shades towards white. Often, the
4691:
4540:
4916:
2230:
and its spiny seeds. This plant is attested to by the colloquial name "caltrop" at a time when the weapons were still called by their
4736:
4713:
4596:
4518:
4493:
4189:
2421:
2405:
4921:
5229:
1539:
5056:
2389:
1599:
5203:
1634:
3040:
1614:) larvae bore into the roots of spotted and to a lesser extentely diffuse knapweed, sometimes killing off the entire plant.
5087:
5095:
1583:
1547:
1399:
from the same region are certainly not abundant either. The last four species would be adversely affected by the proposed
1555:
1115:
1101:
4177:
Great Basin
Wildflowers: A Guide to Common Wildflowers of the High Deserts of Nevada, Utah, and Oregon (A Falcon Guide)
4890:
4391:
4181:
1563:
4684:
4678:
2453:
2437:
4605:(2004): Biogeographical variation in community response to root allelochemistry: Novel weapons and exotic invasion.
1308:
that stunt the growth of plants around them not adapted to this. Yellow starthistle, meanwhile, is inedible to most
5262:
5208:
5157:
4430:
1726:, as well as an annual that lacks difficult-to-combat roots. Plants that provide necessary structural supports for
61:
5113:
3658:
4818:
4100:
2490:
4695:
3940:
3891:
3850:
3023:
2864:
1383:
1120:
5162:
3821:
3610:
3433:
2854:
2837:
2791:
4310:
4053:
4014:
3956:
3665:
3527:
3395:
3296:
3095:
2818:
2808:
2650:
2428:
4994:
3906:
3507:
3385:
3033:
2923:
2763:
2167:
4063:
3967:
3930:
3675:
3639:
3451:
3378:
3327:
3183:
3166:
3145:
3054:
2930:
2685:
2590:
2444:
2073:"little pig") also has its leaves eaten boiled by the locals. In the same island an endemic local species,
4968:
4833:
3923:
3860:
3835:
3787:
3773:
3719:
3632:
3617:
3581:
3561:
3534:
3351:
3303:
3274:
3264:
3135:
3061:
3013:
2874:
2709:
2695:
2667:
2559:
2523:
2380:
2338:
1969:(Turkey), are used in folk medicine, and other species are presumably too. A South Italian variety of the
1935:
1888:
3916:
3797:
3737:
3730:
3603:
3466:
3289:
3229:
3152:
3102:
2962:
2955:
2916:
2899:
2884:
2844:
2784:
2719:
2622:
2612:
2569:
2537:
2396:
1978:
4999:
4973:
4809:
4561:
4522:
4497:
4124:
3984:
3974:
3843:
3814:
3780:
3755:
3320:
3313:
3128:
3078:
2660:
2632:
2516:
2460:
1833:
1598:). But perhaps most efficient in destroying developing yellow starthistle seedheads is the larva of the
1377:
4776:
4024:
3839:– yellow starthistle, golden starthistle, yellow cockspur, St. Barnaby's thistle, Barnaby thistle
3828:
3334:
3085:
2801:
2702:
2583:
2530:
1957:
1162:
1062:
4424:(2005): Effects of timing of prescribed fire on the demography of an invasive plant, spotted knapweed
3994:
3712:
3544:
3176:
3121:
2990:
2777:
2770:
2576:
1389:
5234:
5123:
5025:
4929:
4257:
4112:
3747:
3588:
3571:
3554:
3517:
3499:
3418:
3402:
3341:
3222:
3159:
2825:
2605:
2355:
1626:
1607:
1395:
1058:
208:
2257:
1883:
4785:
3898:
3193:
3114:
3047:
2972:
2937:
2891:
2752:
2597:
2544:
2207:
1414:
1293:
20:
2273:
175:
5257:
5216:
5149:
4981:
4004:
3765:
3702:
3425:
3362:
3215:
3068:
2982:
2476:
2343:
2014:
1970:
1895:
1855:
1800:
1796:
1744:
1591:
1571:
1538:
to particular knapweeds or starthistle and are used in biological control too. These include the
1337:
1325:
1273:
234:
56:
2159:
1153:
of
England and nearby regions. It is most prominently found in pastures or meadows dominated by
2951:– cornflower, bachelor's button, boutonniere flower, hurtsickle, bluebottle, basketflower
5131:
5074:
4903:
4732:
4641:
4592:
4514:
4489:
4403:
4285:
4195:
4185:
4088:
4034:
3804:
3695:
3685:
3595:
3481:
3458:
3236:
3203:
2997:
2906:
2509:
2412:
2262:
1718:
1194:
1005:
48:
5185:
5136:
4616:
4570:
4464:
4439:
4275:
4265:
3949:
3867:
3005:
2947:
2738:
2674:
2348:
2135:
2052:
2022:
1899:
1859:
1824:
1808:
1775:
1712:
1360:
1333:
1265:
1257:
1230:
999:
892:
5048:
4246:"Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows"
1332:
of these weeds have been developed; the knapweeds can also exploited to their detriment by
4607:
4547:
4530:(2002): Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae).
3491:
3281:
3244:
2745:
2726:
2277:
2242:
2143:
2075:
1875:
1674:. It may be advisable for some types of farms to allow certain Centaurea species, such as
1503:. Several of these are used in biological control of invasive knapweeds and starthistles.
1480:
1329:
1182:
1170:
1142:
1107:
1089:
1084:
1027:
982:
99:
4986:
4871:
4637:
Plant-Provided Food for
Carnivorous Insects - a protective mutualism and its applications
4559:
Antioxidant
Activity of Non-cultivated Vegetables of Ethnic Albanians in Southern Italy.
4512:
Vol. 19 (Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1). Oxford
University Press.
4487:
Vol. 19 (Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1). Oxford
University Press.
4960:
4261:
4455:
4280:
4245:
2552:
2033:
2002:
1966:
1907:
1424:
1186:
1154:
86:
1410:
1080:
5251:
4762:
4620:
4443:
4366:
2155:
2040:
1919:
1752:
1253:
1218:
1210:
1046:
192:
4801:
4392:
AMEA Botanika İnstitutunun əməkdaşları Azərbaycan florasında yeni növ aşkarlayıblar.
1069:, hence the name "basketflowers". Many species, in particular those inhabiting more
5221:
4653:
3462:– montane knapweed, perennial cornflower, mountain cornflower, mountain bluet
3257:
2334:
2330:
2231:
1982:
1850:
1740:
1727:
1703:
1475:
1400:
1297:
1043:
220:
200:
39:
4908:
4882:
1778:. Due to genetic differences related to evolutionary adaption, not all members of
1710:
not been established for the more aggressive species. An example is wild parsnip,
4895:
4649:
4270:
1590:) do not seem to live on anything other than yellow starthistle and occasionally
5100:
5033:
4865:
2223:
1998:
1683:
1618:
1510:
1492:
1458:
1451:
1281:
1050:
155:
5195:
4553:
Pieroni, A.; Janiak, V.; Dürr, C.M.; Lüdeke, S.; Trachsel E. & Heinrich, M.
1874:, some other livestock may eat the non-spiny knapweeds with relish. In Europe,
4468:
3411:
2147:
2125:
1952:
1911:
1906:); native North American plants are typically sensitive to it, while those of
1771:
1731:
1691:
1682:) in a European setting, to grow adjacent to fields. These areas are known as
1675:
1646:
1642:
1535:
1470:
1455:
1356:
1238:
1226:
1054:
1015:
997:
is used for a few species, but that term more often specifically means either
942:
145:
4856:
4955:
4942:
4603:
Vivanco, J.M.; Bais, H.P.; Stermitz, F.R.; Thelen, G.C. & Callaway, R.M.
4199:
2312:
2303:
2285:
1915:
1863:
1820:
1723:
1699:
1514:
1313:
1309:
1202:
1013:" is sometimes used, although this also refers to the unrelated plant genus
135:
5175:
4289:
4771:
4757:
3726:– Mexican basketflower, Rothrock's basketflower, Rothrock's knapweed
1866:
are also employed. While yellow starthistle and perhaps other species are
5170:
4850:
4175:
2280:
2270:
2037:
1962:
1892:) are locally important pollen sources for honeybees in mid-late summer.
1829:
1734:
1687:
1352:
1348:
1178:
165:
125:
112:
1248:
Due to their habit of dominating ecosystems under good conditions, many
19:"Basket flower" redirects here. For the unrelated Australian plant, see
5012:
2830:
2354:– will be reinstated as a distinct genus in the near future. The
2308:
2297:
2219:
2199:
2187:
2171:
1986:
1930:
1837:
1774:. This is another reason for the success of the (situationally) highly
1530:
1517:
1404:
1372:
1129:
1074:
1030:
who discovered medicinal uses of a plant eventually called "centaury".
938:
2342:
stands somewhat apart from the main lineage of knapweeds and thus the
1534:
whose larval food is flowerheads – have many species especially
5038:
4574:
2291:
2139:
2048:
2029:
1940:
1871:
1846:
1763:
1667:
1525:
1447:
1439:
1368:
1321:
1237:) is found much more rarely by comparison, often in association with
1065:. Each pseudanthium sits atop a cup- or basket-like cluster of scaly
1023:
4827:
2283:, the knapweeds are probably most closely related to genera such as
3495:– common knapweed, black knapweed, lesser knapweed, hardheads
1926:
1918:
with the knapweed and are little harmed if at all, aided by native
977:"; a vernacular name used for these plants in parts of England is "
4947:
4382:
Panero & Funk (2002), Keil (2006), Keil & Ochsmann (2006).
2256:
2239:
2044:
1925:
1867:
1816:
1756:
1739:
1695:
1506:
1488:
1465:) which visits introduced spotted knapweed – and day-flying
1423:
This butterfly can spend their entire lives living off a patch of
1409:
1317:
1301:
1114:
1100:
1079:
1066:
931:
73:
2036:
compound found mainly in the leaves and often used to flavor the
1446:. The high nectar yield of the genus makes it very attractive to
1296:. The two knapweeds are harmful mainly because they are strongly
1256:
in regions where they are not native. In parts of North
America,
5061:
2195:
2010:
1898:
has been identified as a main allelopathic compound produced by
1671:
1466:
1443:
1305:
1289:
1285:
1070:
1039:
935:
4831:
4934:
4663:
2179:
1288:
are typically transported by human traffic, in particular the
919:
3503:– Tyrol knapweed, short-fringed knapweed, Tyrol thistle
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2068:
2061:
1499:
species as food plants; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on
910:
4365:
In reference to their resemblance to the spiny seeds of the
989:
group – possibly a distinct genus – is known as
1955:
activity in laboratory studies. The roots of the long-lost
922:
901:
4729:
The Plant Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants
2307:(Syrian thistle), and somewhat less closely to most other
1633:) larvae eat spotted knapweed and some other species. The
3001:– diffuse knapweed, white knapweed, tumble knapweed
1407:
to push the two rarer ones over the brink of extinction.
4590:- Η Άγρια βρώσιμη χλωρίδα της Κρήτης . Rethymnon Crete.
1985:(southern Italy); e.g. in the Arbëreshë communities in
2028:
Spotted knapweed as well as other species are rich in
1177:). It is also often found in mesotrophic grassland on
4731:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 706 p.
1347:– mostly ones that occur between Italy and the
904:
898:
895:
1355:
of a single island or valley, and some of these are
916:
907:
4840:
4746:. State of California, Dept. of Agriculture. 547 p.
4742:Robbins, W.W., M. K. Bellue, and W. S. Ball. 1970.
2601:– American basketflower, American starthistle
913:
2214:), and one of those of Germany where it is called
2186:("rye-flower"). It is also the national flower of
2121:), has its leaves eaten boiled by the locals too.
1245:) in addition to cock's-foot and false oat-grass.
1977:) is traditionally consumed by ethnic Albanians (
4309:. Conservation Grade. 2014-10-15. Archived from
4227:
4225:
4633:Wäckers, Felix; van Rijn, Paul & Bruin, Jan
4453:(2003): Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion.
1737:can help to keep overall pest populations low.
4307:"Which flowers are the best source of nectar?"
2829:– purple starthistle, red starthistle, "
2226:weapon is probably in some way connected with
4301:
4299:
3440:– meadow knapweed, protean knapweed (=
3358:– globe knapweed, Armenian basketflower
3240:– Iberian starthistle, Iberian knapweed
2366:, are now already treated as separate genus.
2325:Research in the late 20th century shows that
2162:province (Sweden) – where is it called
1009:(the perennial cornflower). The common name "
8:
4244:Hicks, DM; Ouvrard, P; Baldock, KCR (2016).
1105:An example of divided leaves of a centaury (
2249:. Cornflower is also used as a cut flower.
2166:, literally "blue mountain" – and of
2021:were furthermore found to have significant
4828:
3366:– spotted knapweed (might belong in
1312:due to its spines and apparently outright
1128:), a highly distinctive and rare knapweed
38:
27:
4714:Learn how and when to remove this message
4279:
4269:
4211:
4209:
4160:
4158:
3285:– brown knapweed, brownray knapweed
1786:, produced 33% less seasonal nectar than
4677:This article includes a list of general
4239:
4237:
4164:Keil (2006), Keil & Ochsmann (2006).
2218:("cornflower"). The origin of the name "
1995:School of Pharmacy, University of London
4142:
2368:
1022:The name is said to be in reference to
4509:Flora of North America North of Mexico
4484:Flora of North America North of Mexico
4215:Hierro & Callaway (2003), Vivanco
3041:Centaurea emilae Hüseynova et Qaraxani
2895:– velvet centaurea, dusty miller
1403:, which might actually destroy enough
1375:, while the western Caucasus endemics
1284:due to their uncontrolled spread. The
1621:(peacock flies) whose larvae feed on
941:-like flowering plants in the family
7:
5209:cffc7fb9-a5d4-47ba-9468-e596d1fc625f
5124:bbe9fa0a-e40c-4bb2-9b54-87d874b60944
2318:seems in fact to properly belong in
1617:Also used in biological control are
1093:), perhaps the single most abundant
1053:are much darker or lighter than the
1442:producers, especially on high-lime
4683:it lacks sufficient corresponding
4639:. Cambridge University Press, UK.
4104:– Maltese rock-centaury (as
1694:, unlike many field crops such as
1670:that may otherwise attack certain
1570:) larvae eat diffuse, spotted and
1149:) for example is plentiful in the
14:
4503:Keil, David J. & Ochsmann, J.
4451:Hierro. J.L. & Callaway, R.M.
4180:(1st ed.). Guilford, Conn.:
1698:. Moreover, being untreated with
5163:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:330045-2
4770:
4756:
4668:
4621:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00576.x
4444:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00990.x
2468:
2452:
2436:
2420:
2404:
2388:
2371:
2362:), formerly usually included in
1849:) and humans (honey). Output of
1540:yellow starthistle flower weevil
1324:. However, efficient methods of
1073:regions, have a long and strong
953:Common names for this genus are
891:
60:
2134:Some species are cultivated as
1600:yellow starthistle hairy weevil
3009:– North African knapweed
2142:. As regards other aspects of
1635:yellow starthistle peacock fly
1:
4528:Panero, J.L. & Funk, V.A.
4422:Emery, S.M. & Gross, K.L.
4106:C. crassifolia, C. spathulata
4092:– Russian knapweed (as
3406:– Maltese starthistle;
1666:are popular food sources for
1584:yellow starthistle bud weevil
1548:lesser knapweed flower weevil
4586:(Κ. Γ. Σταυριδάκης) (2006):
4271:10.1371/journal.pone.0158117
4174:Blackwell, Laird R. (2006).
3963:– featherhead knapweed
3902:– Sicilian starthistle
3659:Centaurea pseudocaerulescens
2329:as traditionally defined is
2110:
2096:
2082:
2062:
1556:blunt knapweed flower weevil
227:
5268:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4588:Wild edible plants of Crete
4182:Morris Book Publishing, LLC
4150:Sunset Western Garden Book,
2222:" for the ancient low-tech
1645:each year which often uses
1564:Broad-nosed seedhead weevil
1554:) for diffuse knapweed and
1387:are at least very rare and
1280:) cause severe problems in
1003:(the annual cornflower) or
5284:
4408:Plants of the World Online
4047:– squarrose knapweed
3751:– Pannonian knapweed
2488:
2269:As namesake member of the
2117:
2103:
2089:
2069:
2025:(XO)-inhibiting activity.
1546:) for yellow starthistle,
18:
4584:Stavridakis, Kleonikos G.
4231:Emery & Gross (2005).
4101:Cheirolophus crassifolius
4083:in former times include:
3892:Centaurea straminicephala
3628:) – meadow knapweed
2869:Gabrieljan & Dittrich
2681:– rough starthistle
2211:
1463:Plebejus melissa samuelis
240:
233:
226:
219:
206:
199:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
37:
30:
16:Genus of flowering plants
4079:Plant species placed in
3941:Centaurea tchihatcheffii
3851:Centaurea sphaerocephala
3822:Centaurea simplicicaulis
3769:– greater knapweed
3611:Centaurea polypodiifolia
3024:Centaurea drabifolioides
2942:J.Berggr. & Wahlenb.
2865:Centaurea caroli-henrici
2855:Centaurea cariensiformis
2838:Centaurea calcitrapoides
2792:Centaurea brevifimbriata
2548:– Akamas centaurea
2253:Systematics and taxonomy
1562:) for spotted knapweed.
1121:Centaurea tchihatcheffii
973:and the more ambiguous "
455:(Boiss. ex Walp.) Dostál
414:Fern.Casas & Susanna
4698:more precise citations.
4469:10.1023/A:1026208327014
4054:Centaurea wiedemanniana
4015:Centaurea verbascifolia
3957:Centaurea trichocephala
3907:Centaurea tauromenitana
3666:Centaurea pseudophrygia
3528:Centaurea onopordifolia
3396:Centaurea marschalliana
3297:Centaurea kopetaghensis
3096:Centaurea forojuliensis
2819:Centaurea cachinalensis
2809:Centaurea busambarensis
2651:Centaurea appendicigera
2429:Centaurea pseudophrygia
2174:, where it is known as
2001:activity of the young
1513:(Curculionidae) of the
1161:) as well as either of
1057:, which also differ in
934:of over 700 species of
4727:Mabberley, D.J. 1987.
4628:Supplementary material
4533:Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
3836:Centaurea solstitialis
3648:C. diffusa × C. stoebe
3508:Centaurea nigrifimbria
3386:Centaurea margaritalba
3352:Centaurea macrocephala
3034:Centaurea dschungarica
2986:– low cornflower
2924:Centaurea crithmifolia
2764:Centaurea bieberseinii
2696:Centaurea atropurpurea
2266:
1944:
1770:flowers attracts many
1759:
1631:Chaetorellia acrolophi
1582:), while those of the
1454:– including the
1432:
1151:mesotrophic grasslands
1133:
1112:
1098:
4064:Centaurea yozgatensis
3975:Centaurea triumfettii
3968:Centaurea triniifolia
3931:Centaurea transalpina
3756:Centaurea salicifolia
3676:Centaurea pulcherrima
3640:Centaurea ×psammogena
3452:Centaurea monocephala
3434:Centaurea ×moncktonii
3379:Centaurea mannagettae
3328:Centaurea leucophylla
3321:Centaurea leptophylla
3184:Centaurea helenioides
3167:Centaurea haradjianii
3146:Centaurea glastifolia
3055:Centaurea eryngioides
2931:Centaurea crocodylium
2686:Centaurea atacamensis
2591:Centaurea amblyolepis
2461:Centaurea triumfettii
2445:Centaurea pulcherrima
2260:
2190:where its local name
1929:
1834:Appalachian Mountains
1799:. In particular, the
1743:
1413:
1343:Yet other species of
1300:, producing powerful
1207:Brachypodium pinnatum
1175:Arrhenatherum elatius
1118:
1104:
1083:
1038:Knapweeds are robust
4802:USDA Plant Profile:
4782:at Wikimedia Commons
4767:at Wikimedia Commons
4482:Plectocephalus. In:
4113:Femeniasia balearica
4075:Formerly placed here
3924:Centaurea tommasinii
3861:Centaurea stenolepis
3788:Centaurea scopulorum
3774:Centaurea scannensis
3748:Centaurea sadleriana
3720:Centaurea rothrockii
3633:Centaurea procurrens
3618:Centaurea ×pratensis
3599:– wig knapweed
3582:Centaurea parlatoris
3572:Centaurea paniculata
3562:Centaurea pallescens
3535:Centaurea orientalis
3500:Centaurea nigrescens
3429:– sweet sultan
3403:Centaurea melitensis
3304:Centaurea kotschyana
3275:Centaurea jabukensis
3265:Centaurea imperialis
3223:Centaurea hyalolepis
3160:Centaurea gymnocarpa
3136:Centaurea glaberrima
3090:Boiss. & Kotschy
3062:Centaurea filiformis
3014:Centaurea drabifolia
2875:Centaurea centaurium
2826:Centaurea calcitrapa
2710:Centaurea babylonica
2690:(Reiche) I.M.Johnst.
2668:Centaurea ascalonica
2606:Centaurea ammocyanus
2560:Centaurea albonitens
2524:Centaurea aegyptiaca
2289:(distaff thistles),
2007:Centaurea calcitrapa
1989:the young whorls of
1627:Knapweed peacock fly
1612:Cyphocleonus achates
1608:Knapweed root weevil
1294:all-terrain vehicles
1185:in association with
577:Nieuwl. & Lunell
209:Centaurea paniculata
4744:Weeds of California
4371:Tribulus terrestris
4262:2016PLoSO..1158117H
3917:Centaurea tenoreana
3899:Centaurea sulphurea
3798:Centaurea seguenzae
3792:Boiss. & Heldr.
3738:Centaurea rutifolia
3731:Centaurea ruthenica
3626:C. jacea × C. nigra
3604:Centaurea pindicola
3467:Centaurea napifolia
3290:Centaurea kasakorum
3230:Centaurea hypoleuca
3194:Centaurea hermannii
3153:Centaurea grinensis
3103:Centaurea friderici
3048:Centaurea eriophora
2973:Centaurea demirizii
2963:Centaurea debeauxii
2956:Centaurea damascena
2938:Centaurea cyanoides
2917:Centaurea corymbosa
2900:Centaurea clementei
2892:Centaurea cineraria
2885:Centaurea chilensis
2845:Centaurea cariensis
2785:Centaurea bracteata
2753:Centaurea benedicta
2720:Centaurea balsamita
2623:Centaurea antiochia
2613:Centaurea antennata
2598:Centaurea americana
2570:Centaurea alpestris
2545:Centaurea akamantis
2538:Centaurea aggregata
2397:Centaurea napifolia
2295:(blessed thistle),
2202:where it is called
1755:that yields a fine
1702:and providing more
1604:Eustenopus villosus
1568:Bangasternus fausti
1415:Knapweed fritillary
1365:Centaurea akamantis
1252:species can become
1167:Cynosurus cristatus
21:Adenanthos obovatus
4546:2012-03-27 at the
4426:Centaurea maculosa
4405:Centaurea tymphaea
4356:Stavridakis (2006)
4125:Volutaria muricata
4005:Centaurea uniflora
3985:Centaurea tymphaea
3844:Centaurea speciosa
3815:Centaurea sibirica
3781:Centaurea scoparia
3766:Centaurea scabiosa
3703:Centaurea ragusina
3445:Thuill non Salisb.
3426:Centaurea moschata
3408:tocalote, tocolote
3363:Centaurea maculosa
3314:Centaurea lanulata
3269:Hausskn. ex Bornm.
3212:fiordaliso spinoso
3129:Centaurea gigantea
3079:Centaurea floccosa
3069:Centaurea fischeri
2983:Centaurea depressa
2661:Centaurea argentea
2639:Centaurea aplolepa
2633:Centaurea aplolepa
2517:Centaurea adpressa
2477:Centaurea uniflora
2267:
2015:lipid peroxidation
1971:purple starthistle
1947:Arctiin, found in
1945:
1896:8-Hydroxyquinoline
1856:controlled burning
1801:yellow starthistle
1797:biological control
1760:
1745:Yellow starthistle
1592:purple starthistle
1572:squarrose knapweed
1469:– typically
1433:
1384:C. straminicephala
1338:Controlled burning
1326:biological control
1274:yellow starthistle
1215:Leontodon hispidus
1163:crested dog's-tail
1159:Dactylis glomerata
1134:
1124:(locally known as
1113:
1099:
1097:species of England
487:Sosn. & Takht.
5263:Asteraceae genera
5245:
5244:
5132:Open Tree of Life
4834:Taxon identifiers
4775:Media related to
4761:Media related to
4724:
4723:
4716:
4648:
4646:978-0-521-81941-1
4623:
4599:
4577:
4521:
4496:
4471:
4446:
4089:Acroptilon repens
4069:
4059:
4058:Fisch. & Mey.
4041:Centaurea virgata
4035:Centaurea virgata
4030:
4025:Centaurea verutum
4020:
4010:
4000:
3989:
3980:
3962:
3936:
3912:
3885:
3873:
3856:
3829:Centaurea sinaica
3810:
3805:Centaurea seridis
3793:
3761:
3743:
3725:
3708:
3696:Centaurea pumilio
3691:
3686:Centaurea pullata
3681:
3671:
3645:
3623:
3596:Centaurea phrygia
3577:
3567:
3550:
3540:
3523:
3522:(Bornm.) Wagenitz
3513:
3487:
3482:Centaurea nervosa
3475:fiordaliso romano
3472:
3459:Centaurea montana
3446:
3439:
3391:
3357:
3356:Puschk. ex Willd.
3347:
3335:Centaurea limbata
3309:
3270:
3237:Centaurea iberica
3209:
3204:Centaurea horrida
3199:
3189:
3172:
3141:
3111:palagruška zečina
3108:
3091:
3086:Centaurea foliosa
3074:
3029:
3019:
2998:Centaurea diffusa
2978:
2968:
2967:Gren. & Godr.
2943:
2912:
2907:Centaurea collina
2880:
2870:
2860:
2850:
2814:
2802:Centaurea bulbosa
2797:
2732:
2715:
2703:Centaurea ×aurata
2691:
2680:
2656:
2628:
2618:
2584:Centaurea ambigua
2565:
2531:Centaurea aeolica
2510:Centaurea acaulis
2503:species include:
2413:Centaurea nervosa
2263:Centaurea horrida
2168:Päijänne Tavastia
2136:ornamental plants
1719:Jacobaea vulgaris
1641:) has an initial
1026:, the centaur of
1006:Centaurea montana
882:
881:
874:
866:
858:
850:
842:
834:
826:
818:
810:
802:
794:
786:
778:
770:
762:
754:
746:
738:
730:
722:
714:
706:
698:
690:
682:
674:
666:
658:
650:
642:
634:
626:
618:
610:
602:
594:
586:
578:
570:
562:
553:
544:
536:
528:
527:Jaub. & Spach
520:
512:
504:
496:
488:
480:
472:
464:
456:
448:
440:
432:
424:
415:
406:
398:
390:
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
253:
195:
49:Centaurea pullata
5275:
5238:
5237:
5225:
5224:
5212:
5211:
5199:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5179:
5178:
5166:
5165:
5153:
5152:
5140:
5139:
5127:
5126:
5117:
5116:
5104:
5103:
5101:NHMSYS0000457015
5091:
5090:
5078:
5077:
5065:
5064:
5052:
5051:
5042:
5041:
5029:
5028:
5016:
5015:
5003:
5002:
4990:
4989:
4977:
4976:
4964:
4963:
4951:
4950:
4938:
4937:
4925:
4924:
4912:
4911:
4899:
4898:
4886:
4885:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4829:
4819:Flora of Chile:
4810:Flora of China:
4794:Flora Europaea:
4774:
4760:
4719:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4699:
4694:this article by
4685:inline citations
4672:
4671:
4664:
4640:
4634:
4615:
4604:
4591:
4585:
4575:10.1002/ptr.1243
4569:
4554:
4529:
4513:
4504:
4488:
4479:
4463:
4452:
4438:
4423:
4409:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4374:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4348:
4341:
4335:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4273:
4241:
4232:
4229:
4220:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4153:
4147:
4067:
4057:
4028:
4018:
4008:
3998:
3995:Centaurea ucriae
3987:
3978:
3960:
3935:Schleich. ex DC.
3934:
3910:
3883:
3877:Centaurea stoebe
3871:
3868:Centaurea stoebe
3854:
3808:
3791:
3759:
3741:
3723:
3713:Centaurea rigida
3706:
3689:
3679:
3669:
3643:
3621:
3575:
3565:
3548:
3545:Centaurea ornata
3538:
3521:
3511:
3485:
3470:
3444:
3437:
3389:
3355:
3345:
3307:
3268:
3207:
3197:
3187:
3177:Centaurea hedgei
3170:
3139:
3122:Centaurea gayana
3106:
3089:
3072:
3027:
3017:
3006:Centaurea diluta
2991:Centaurea deusta
2976:
2966:
2948:Centaurea cyanus
2941:
2910:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2848:
2812:
2795:
2778:Centaurea bovina
2771:Centaurea borjae
2730:
2713:
2689:
2678:
2675:Centaurea aspera
2654:
2626:
2616:
2577:Centaurea alpina
2563:
2472:
2456:
2440:
2424:
2408:
2392:
2378:Globe knapweed (
2375:
2213:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2023:xanthine oxidase
1979:Arbëreshë people
1943:cells in culture
1900:diffuse knapweed
1860:targeted grazing
1825:Monofloral honey
1809:spotted knapweed
1784:Centaurea cyanus
1776:invasive species
1713:Pastinaca sativa
1528:– such as
1361:Akamas Centaurea
1334:targeted grazing
1266:spotted knapweed
1258:diffuse knapweed
1231:greater knapweed
1183:calcareous soils
929:
928:
925:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
872:
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
808:
800:
792:
784:
776:
768:
760:
752:
744:
736:
728:
720:
712:
704:
696:
688:
680:
672:
664:
656:
648:
640:
632:
624:
616:
608:
600:
592:
584:
576:
568:
560:
551:
542:
534:
526:
518:
510:
502:
494:
486:
478:
471:(Rech.f.) Dostál
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
422:
413:
404:
396:
388:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
300:
292:
284:
276:
268:
260:
251:
228:Over 700 species
191:
65:
64:
42:
28:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5233:
5228:
5220:
5215:
5207:
5202:
5194:
5192:
5184:
5182:
5174:
5169:
5161:
5156:
5148:
5143:
5135:
5130:
5122:
5120:
5112:
5107:
5099:
5094:
5086:
5081:
5073:
5068:
5060:
5055:
5047:
5045:
5037:
5032:
5024:
5019:
5011:
5006:
4998:
4993:
4985:
4980:
4972:
4967:
4959:
4954:
4946:
4941:
4933:
4928:
4920:
4915:
4907:
4902:
4894:
4889:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4836:
4753:
4720:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4690:Please help to
4689:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4660:Further reading
4632:
4602:
4583:
4562:Phytother. Res.
4552:
4548:Wayback Machine
4527:
4507:Centaurea. In:
4502:
4477:
4450:
4447:(HTML abstract)
4421:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4398:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4342:
4338:
4329:
4325:
4316:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4256:(6): e0158117.
4243:
4242:
4235:
4230:
4223:
4214:
4207:
4192:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4077:
4072:
3961:Bieb. ex Willd.
3760:Bieb. ex Willd.
3589:Centaurea pecho
3555:Centaurea ovina
3518:Centaurea nivea
3492:Centaurea nigra
3486:Rchb. ex Steud.
3419:Centaurea minor
3342:Centaurea lydia
3282:Centaurea jacea
3245:Centaurea idaea
2746:Centaurea bella
2727:Centaurea behen
2497:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2441:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2409:
2400:
2393:
2384:
2381:C. macrocephala
2376:
2356:rock-centauries
2255:
2245:is named after
2243:cornflower blue
2144:popular culture
2132:
2129:
1889:C. macrocephala
1876:common knapweed
1840:near stands of
1805:C. solstitialis
1790:in a UK study.
1788:Centaurea nigra
1768:C. solstitialis
1749:C. solstitialis
1659:
1485:Z. filipendulae
1481:six-spot burnet
1422:
1419:Melitaea phoebe
1278:C. solstitialis
1171:false oat-grass
1143:common knapweed
1139:
1085:Common knapweed
1036:
1028:Greek mythology
983:common knapweed
951:
894:
890:
878:
877:
569:Neck. ex Fourr.
325:Heist. ex Fabr.
293:(Boiss.) Dostál
244:
215:
212:
190:
59:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5281:
5279:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5250:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5226:
5222:wfo-4000007161
5213:
5200:
5190:
5180:
5167:
5154:
5141:
5128:
5118:
5105:
5092:
5079:
5066:
5053:
5043:
5030:
5017:
5004:
4991:
4978:
4965:
4952:
4939:
4926:
4913:
4900:
4887:
4877:
4862:
4846:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4799:
4791:
4783:
4768:
4752:
4751:External links
4749:
4748:
4747:
4740:
4722:
4721:
4676:
4674:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4630:
4614:(4): 285–292.
4600:
4581:
4568:(5): 467–473.
4550:
4539:(4): 909–922.
4525:
4500:
4478:Keil, David J.
4475:
4456:Plant and Soil
4448:
4431:J. Appl. Ecol.
4417:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4396:
4394:science.gov.az
4384:
4375:
4369:, later named
4358:
4349:
4336:
4323:
4295:
4233:
4221:
4205:
4190:
4184:. p. 57.
4166:
4154:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4135:
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4133:
4121:
4109:
4097:
4076:
4073:
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4060:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4031:
4021:
4011:
4001:
3991:
3981:
3971:
3964:
3953:
3937:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3903:
3895:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3884:(Gugler) Hayek
3864:
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3512:(C.Koch) Sosn.
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2645:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2556:
2553:Centaurea alba
2549:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2489:Main article:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2370:
2352:Plectocephalus
2301:(crupinas) or
2254:
2251:
2238:. Lastly, the
2123:
2009:, both in the
1967:Hatay Province
1920:microorganisms
1908:Eastern Europe
1884:globe knapweed
1658:
1655:
1491:of some other
1425:brown knapweed
1378:C. leptophylla
1254:invasive weeds
1223:Bromus erectus
1201:), and either
1195:sheep's fescue
1187:glaucous sedge
1138:
1135:
1047:inflorescences
1035:
1032:
987:Plectocephalus
950:
947:
880:
879:
876:
875:
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
827:
825:Coss. ex Maire
822:Stephanochilus
819:
811:
803:
795:
790:Sphaerocephala
787:
779:
771:
763:
755:
747:
739:
731:
723:
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707:
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683:
675:
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441:
433:
425:
416:
407:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
330:Calcitrapoides
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
279:
271:
263:
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241:
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4737:0-521-34060-8
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4526:
4524:
4523:HTML fulltext
4520:
4519:0-19-530563-9
4516:
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4499:
4498:HTML fulltext
4495:
4494:0-19-530563-9
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4379:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4367:puncture vine
4362:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4313:on 2019-12-14
4312:
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3479:
3476:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3442:C. ×pratensis
3436:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3404:
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3227:
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3213:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3196:
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3191:
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3181:
3179:
3178:
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3143:
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3137:
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3130:
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3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3105:
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3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
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3066:
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3059:
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3016:
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2999:
2995:
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2901:
2897:
2894:
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2648:
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2615:
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2610:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
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2588:
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2585:
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2578:
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2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2499:Better-known
2496:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2439:
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2418:
2415:
2414:
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2399:
2398:
2391:
2386:
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2382:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2339:C. centaurium
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:C. calcitrapa
2225:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:floral emblem
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2112:
2100:
2098:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:C. calcitrapa
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:. In western
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:C. calcitrapa
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:C. calcitrapa
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:C. calcitrapa
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1949:C. imperialis
1942:
1938:
1937:
1936:C. imperialis
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:usually have
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:honey of the
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:) as well as
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:The abundant
1758:
1754:
1753:invasive weed
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1657:Use by humans
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:C. calcitrapa
1593:
1589:
1588:B. orientalis
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1520:also feed on
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
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1460:
1457:
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1408:
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1398:
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1354:
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1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
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1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1243:Festuca rubra
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:upright brome
1216:
1212:
1211:rough hawkbit
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:Festuca ovina
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
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1041:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
991:basketflowers
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
948:
946:
944:
940:
937:
933:
927:
888:
887:
871:
868:
863:
860:
855:
852:
847:
846:Triplocentron
844:
839:
836:
831:
830:Tetramorphaea
828:
823:
820:
815:
812:
807:
804:
799:
796:
791:
788:
783:
780:
775:
772:
767:
764:
759:
756:
751:
748:
743:
740:
735:
732:
727:
724:
719:
716:
711:
708:
703:
702:Plumosipappus
700:
695:
692:
687:
684:
679:
676:
671:
668:
663:
660:
655:
652:
647:
644:
639:
636:
631:
628:
623:
620:
615:
612:
607:
604:
599:
596:
591:
588:
583:
580:
575:
572:
567:
564:
559:
555:
550:
546:
541:
538:
533:
532:Hymenocentron
530:
525:
522:
517:
514:
509:
508:Hippophaestum
506:
501:
498:
493:
490:
485:
482:
477:
474:
469:
466:
461:
458:
453:
450:
445:
442:
437:
434:
429:
426:
421:
417:
412:
408:
403:
400:
395:
392:
387:
384:
379:
376:
371:
368:
363:
360:
355:
352:
347:
344:
339:
336:
331:
328:
323:
320:
315:
312:
307:
304:
299:
296:
291:
288:
283:
280:
275:
272:
267:
264:
259:
255:
250:
247:
246:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
211:
210:
205:
202:
198:
194:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:Tracheophytes
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
51:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
4841:
4820:
4814:species list
4811:
4803:
4795:
4786:
4777:
4763:
4743:
4728:
4710:
4704:January 2009
4701:
4682:
4654:Google Books
4636:
4625:PDF fulltext
4611:
4606:
4587:
4579:PDF fulltext
4565:
4560:
4556:
4541:PDF fulltext
4536:
4531:
4506:
4505:(2006): 24.
4481:
4480:(2006): 21.
4473:PDF fulltext
4462:(1): 29–39.
4459:
4454:
4437:(1): 60-69.
4434:
4429:
4425:
4404:
4399:
4387:
4378:
4370:
4361:
4352:
4344:
4339:
4331:
4326:
4315:. Retrieved
4311:the original
4253:
4249:
4216:
4176:
4169:
4152:1995:606–607
4149:
4145:
4129:
4123:
4118:C. balearica
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4080:
4078:
4062:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4023:
4013:
4003:
3993:
3983:
3973:
3966:
3955:
3945:
3939:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3905:
3897:
3890:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3859:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3803:
3796:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3754:
3746:
3736:
3729:
3718:
3711:
3701:
3694:
3684:
3674:
3664:
3657:
3651:
3647:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3570:
3560:
3553:
3543:
3533:
3526:
3516:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3480:
3474:
3465:
3457:
3450:
3441:
3432:
3424:
3417:
3407:
3401:
3394:
3384:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3350:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3273:
3263:
3258:Cretan Greek
3253:
3249:
3243:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3211:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3175:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3110:
3101:
3094:
3084:
3077:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3022:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2883:
2873:
2863:
2853:
2843:
2836:
2824:
2817:
2807:
2800:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2734:
2725:
2718:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2684:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2649:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2475:
2459:
2443:
2427:
2411:
2395:
2379:
2363:
2360:Cheirolophus
2359:
2351:
2337:
2335:type species
2331:polyphyletic
2326:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2274:Centaureinae
2268:
2261:
2246:
2235:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2183:
2182:-beaks") or
2176:ruiskaunokki
2175:
2163:
2160:Östergötland
2151:
2133:
2124:
2108:
2094:
2080:
2074:
2060:
2056:
2027:
2018:
2006:
1990:
1983:Vulture area
1974:
1956:
1951:, has shown
1948:
1946:
1934:
1903:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1862:by suitable
1851:allelopathic
1841:
1815:) are major
1812:
1804:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1767:
1766:produced by
1761:
1748:
1728:invertebrate
1717:
1711:
1708:
1684:beetle banks
1679:
1663:
1660:
1650:
1639:C. australis
1638:
1630:
1622:
1616:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1529:
1521:
1511:true weevils
1505:
1500:
1496:
1495:species use
1484:
1476:Zygaena loti
1474:
1462:
1438:are copious
1435:
1434:
1428:
1418:
1401:Yusufeli Dam
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1364:
1351:– are
1344:
1342:
1298:allelopathic
1277:
1269:
1261:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1234:
1225:). In these
1222:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1191:Carex flacca
1190:
1181:and similar
1174:
1166:
1158:
1146:
1140:
1125:
1119:
1106:
1094:
1088:
1051:disk flowers
1044:pseudanthium
1037:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1004:
998:
995:"Cornflower"
994:
990:
986:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:starthistles
962:
958:
954:
952:
949:Common names
885:
884:
883:
869:
861:
853:
845:
837:
829:
821:
813:
805:
797:
789:
782:Solstitiaria
781:
773:
765:
757:
749:
741:
733:
725:
717:
709:
701:
693:
685:
681:(Pers.) Bosc
677:
669:
661:
657:(DC.) Boiss.
653:
646:Petrodavisia
645:
638:Pectinastrum
637:
633:(DC.) Dostál
629:
621:
613:
605:
597:
589:
581:
573:
566:Lepteranthus
565:
557:
548:
539:
531:
523:
515:
507:
499:
491:
483:
475:
467:
459:
451:
443:
435:
427:
420:Colymbacosta
419:
410:
401:
393:
386:Chrysopappus
385:
377:
369:
361:
354:Cardosanctus
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
297:
289:
281:
273:
265:
257:
248:
207:
201:Type species
186:
185:
176:Centaureinae
119:
106:
93:
80:
47:
31:
25:
5034:iNaturalist
4866:Wikispecies
4696:introducing
4608:Ecol. Lett.
4130:C. muricata
3438:C.E.Britton
2224:area denial
2194:means "rye-
2013:and in the
1999:antioxidant
1819:plants for
1813:C. maculosa
1772:pollinators
1692:pollinators
1619:Tephritidae
1509:of several
1493:Lepidoptera
1459:Karner blue
1452:butterflies
1282:agriculture
1270:C. maculosa
1235:C. scabiosa
1155:cock's-foot
1055:ray flowers
1034:Description
979:loggerheads
814:Stenolophus
734:Pterolophus
718:Polyacantha
694:Platylophus
670:Philostizus
654:Phaeopappus
622:Microlophus
614:Mesocentron
606:Menomphalus
574:Leucacantha
484:Grossheimia
460:Eremopappus
378:Cheirolepis
370:Chartolepis
266:Acrocentron
258:Acostitrapa
156:Carduoideae
152:Subfamily:
100:Angiosperms
5252:Categories
4780:(category)
4679:references
4416:References
4317:2017-10-18
3946:yanardöner
3881:micranthos
3652:micranthos
3412:California
3372:micranthos
2643:carueliana
2208:Belarusian
2170:region in
2148:cornflower
2126:Cornflower
2118:ασπραγκάθα
2111:aspragatha
2070:γουρουνάκι
2063:gourounaki
1958:C. foliosa
1953:anticancer
1912:Asia Minor
1904:C. diffusa
1836:. Placing
1821:beekeepers
1732:vertebrate
1730:and small
1700:pesticides
1676:cornflower
1647:cornflower
1643:generation
1576:C. virgata
1560:L. obtusus
1552:L. minutus
1473:, such as
1471:Zygaenidae
1456:endangered
1371:is almost
1357:endangered
1328:by insect
1320:and other
1262:C. diffusa
1239:red fescue
1227:grasslands
1126:Yanardöner
1059:morphology
1016:Centaurium
971:centaureas
943:Asteraceae
936:herbaceous
870:Wagenitzia
742:Pycnocomus
686:Piptoceras
662:Phalolepis
630:Paraphysis
598:Melanoloma
558:Jaceitrapa
549:Jaceacosta
500:Hierapicra
468:Erinacella
452:Cynaroides
322:Calcitrapa
290:Ammocyanus
274:Acrolophus
172:Subtribe:
146:Asteraceae
5258:Centaurea
4987:Centaurea
4956:FloraBase
4922:Centaurea
4872:Centaurea
4842:Centaurea
4821:Centaurea
4812:Centaurea
4804:Centaurea
4796:Centaurea
4787:Centaurea
4778:Centaurea
4764:Centaurea
4137:Footnotes
4094:C. repens
4081:Centaurea
4045:squarrosa
3477:(Italian)
3368:C. stoebe
3198:F.Hermann
3028:Hub.-Mor.
2859:Hub.-Mor.
2796:Hub.-Mor.
2735:ak behmen
2501:Centaurea
2493:Centaurea
2364:Centaurea
2344:taxonomic
2327:Centaurea
2320:Centaurea
2313:monotypic
2304:Notobasis
2286:Carthamus
2247:C. cyanus
2216:Kornblume
2192:rukkilill
2184:ruiskukka
2154:) is the
2152:C. cyanus
1981:) in the
1916:coevolved
1864:livestock
1842:Centaurea
1780:Centaurea
1735:predators
1724:ephemeral
1704:diversity
1688:arachnids
1680:C. cyanus
1664:Centaurea
1651:C. cyanus
1623:Centaurea
1580:squarrosa
1544:L. curtus
1522:Centaurea
1515:subfamily
1501:Centaurea
1497:Centaurea
1436:Centaurea
1390:C. hedgei
1345:Centaurea
1314:poisonous
1310:livestock
1304:in their
1250:Centaurea
1203:tor-grass
1179:rendzinas
1132:to Turkey
1095:Centaurea
1000:C. cyanus
967:knapweeds
886:Centaurea
838:Tomanthea
798:Spilacron
590:Lopholoma
582:Leucantha
561:Rauschert
552:Rauschert
428:Colymbada
423:Rauschert
362:Cestrinus
314:Benedicta
261:Rauschert
221:Diversity
187:Centaurea
136:Asterales
70:Kingdom:
32:Centaurea
5204:VicFlora
5193:VASCAN:
5176:40003507
5171:Tropicos
4917:eFloraSA
4851:Wikidata
4635:(2005):
4557:In vitro
4555:(2002):
4544:Archived
4343:Pieroni
4330:Wäckers
4290:27341588
4250:PLOS ONE
4200:61461560
4068:Wagenitz
3988:Hausskn.
3944:—
3670:C.A.Mey.
3644:G.Gayer.
3473:–
3250:katsoula
3248:–
3210:–
3171:Wagenitz
3115:Croatian
3109:–
2977:Wagenitz
2755:–
2733:–
2491:List of
2309:thistles
2281:Cardueae
2271:subtribe
2236:tribulus
2164:blåklint
2130:#6495ED
2090:κατσούλα
2083:katsoula
2076:C. idaea
2051:a local
2038:digestif
1880:C. nigra
1838:beehives
1830:sourwood
1792:C. nigra
1450:such as
1429:C. jacea
1396:C. pecho
1353:endemics
1349:Caucasus
1147:C. nigra
1108:C. bella
1090:C. nigra
1061:and are
1011:centaury
955:centaury
862:Verutina
774:Setachna
492:Heraclea
346:Carbenia
298:Antaurea
282:Alophium
235:Synonyms
166:Cardueae
142:Family:
126:Asterids
113:Eudicots
5186:5867531
5137:1030541
5075:1299111
5013:3127469
4857:Q156414
4692:improve
4650:Preview
4347:(2002).
4281:4920406
4258:Bibcode
4219:(2004).
4043:subsp.
3999:Lacaita
3950:Turkish
3879:subsp.
3724:Greenm.
3650:subsp.
3622:Salisb.
3370:subsp.
3216:Italian
2831:caltrop
2739:Turkish
2641:subsp.
2564:Turrill
2495:species
2485:Species
2349:section
2298:Crupina
2220:caltrop
2212:валошка
2204:vałoška
2200:Belarus
2188:Estonia
2172:Finland
2140:gardens
2079:called
2059:called
2053:variety
1997:) "the
1987:Lucania
1963:endemic
1931:Arctiin
1872:equines
1858:and/or
1668:insects
1536:adapted
1531:Larinus
1524:. Some
1518:Lixinae
1487:). The
1479:or the
1448:insects
1405:habitat
1373:extinct
1322:equines
1137:Ecology
1130:endemic
1075:taproot
1063:sterile
985:). The
959:centory
939:thistle
930:) is a
766:Seridia
750:Rhacoma
705:Czerep.
678:Phrygia
476:Eriopha
436:Crepula
411:Colycea
394:Cistrum
338:Carbeni
182:Genus:
162:Tribe:
132:Order:
74:Plantae
5235:993732
5183:uBio:
5145:PLANTS
5121:NZOR:
5062:8142-1
5000:106012
4974:106012
4883:189219
4880:APDB:
4789:images
4735:
4681:, but
4644:
4595:
4517:
4492:
4345:et al.
4334:(2005)
4332:et al.
4288:
4278:
4217:et al.
4198:
4188:
3680:Willd.
3566:Delile
3549:Willd.
3346:Boiss.
3308:Heuff.
3208:Badarò
3188:Boiss.
3140:Tausch
3073:Willd.
2849:Boiss.
2757:Cnicus
2655:C.Koch
2627:Boiss.
2617:Dufour
2316:Cnicus
2311:. The
2292:Cnicus
2049:Greece
2034:bitter
2030:cnicin
2003:whorls
1941:cancer
1939:kills
1882:) and
1847:pollen
1845:bees (
1764:nectar
1751:), an
1526:genera
1507:Larvae
1489:larvae
1440:nectar
1369:Cyprus
1359:. The
1318:horses
1302:toxins
1272:) and
1217:), or
1209:) and
1169:) and
1067:bracts
1024:Chiron
975:bluets
873:Dostál
857:Adans.
854:Veltis
806:Staebe
758:Sagmen
753:Adans.
524:Hyalea
516:Hookia
503:Kuntze
463:Takht.
444:Cyanus
402:Cnicus
389:Takht.
381:Boiss.
357:Bubani
349:Adans.
341:Adans.
317:Bernh.
249:Acosta
5230:WoRMS
5150:CENTA
5114:41503
5088:36950
5070:IRMNG
5046:IPA:
5039:48160
4982:FoAO2
4961:22182
4948:1CENG
4935:59386
4896:58248
4823:(pdf)
4009:Turra
3911:Guss.
3390:Klok.
3254:tsita
2813:Guss.
2278:tribe
2240:color
2234:name
2232:Roman
2107:) or
2104:τσίτα
2097:tsita
2045:Crete
2041:amaro
1961:, an
1933:from
1868:toxic
1817:honey
1757:honey
1696:maize
1672:crops
1578:ssp.
1467:moths
1444:soils
1367:) of
1330:pests
1306:roots
1290:tires
1286:seeds
1040:weedy
932:genus
865:Cass.
849:Cass.
817:Cass.
801:Cass.
777:Dulac
769:Juss.
761:Hill.
737:Cass.
726:Psora
713:Neck.
710:Podia
697:Cass.
689:Cass.
673:Cass.
665:Cass.
649:Holub
641:Cass.
625:Cass.
617:Cass.
609:Pomel
601:Cass.
593:Cass.
543:Mill.
540:Jacea
535:Cass.
519:Neck.
447:Mill.
373:Cass.
365:Cass.
333:Fabr.
306:Behen
301:Neck.
285:Cass.
277:Cass.
269:Cass.
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
5158:POWO
5109:NCBI
5083:ITIS
5057:IPNI
5049:9563
5026:2232
5021:GRIN
5008:GBIF
4943:EPPO
4909:3K5Z
4891:APNI
4733:ISBN
4642:ISBN
4593:ISBN
4515:ISBN
4490:ISBN
4286:PMID
4196:OCLC
4186:ISBN
4128:(as
4116:(as
4019:Vahl
3979:All.
3107:Vis.
2196:lily
2128:blue
2032:, a
2011:DPPH
1910:and
1393:and
1381:and
1071:arid
809:Hill
793:Hill
785:Hill
745:Hill
729:Hill
721:Gray
585:Gray
511:Gray
495:Hill
479:Hill
439:Hill
431:Hill
397:Hill
309:Hill
243:List
5217:WFO
5196:967
5096:NBN
4995:FoC
4969:FNA
4930:EoL
4904:CoL
4652:at
4617:doi
4571:doi
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