550:
526:
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31:
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362:; the highest summit is 6,057 metres (19,872 ft) high, making Chachani the 84th highest peak in the Andes. The Chachani complex has an arcuate shape encompassing both the main Chachani volcano and the 5,784 metres (18,976 ft) high Nocarane to the north of Chachani, while the 5,484 metres (17,992 ft) high La Horqueta together with El Rodado to its west and Chachani proper to its east forms an east–west trending ridge. La Horqueta has a young appearance and resembles an ash cone with a
538:
129:
370:
511:. Some of them (about six in total) are still active and are located above 4,810 metres (15,780 ft) elevation, while the lowest inactive ones end at 4,160 metres (13,650 ft) elevation. Permafrost is expected to be continuous above 5,420 metres (17,780 ft) with discontinuous occurrence above 5,050 metres (16,570 ft). Other
2739:
Puma, Roger
Machacca; Calienes, José Alberto Del Carpio; Porras, Marco Antonio Rivera; Huarache, Hernando Jhonny Tavera; Franco, Luisa Diomira Macedo; Calle, Jorge Andrés Concha; Zerpa, Ivonne Alejandra Lazarte; Quico, Riky Gustavo Centeno; Sacsi, Nino Celestino Puma; Aguilar, José Luis Torres; Alva,
3395:
Pallares, Carlos; Fabre, Denis; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Bacconnet, Claude; Charca-Chura, Juan
Antonio; Martelli, Kim; Talon, Aurélie; Yanqui-Murillo, Calixtro (1 June 2015). "Geological and geotechnical characteristics of recent lahar deposits from El Misti volcano in the city area of Arequipa, South
763:
climate with less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) annual precipitation in
Arequipa. The mountain is occasionally covered in snow. The zero degree elevation at Chachani lies at about 5,000 metres (16,000 ft). The diurnal temperature range is large and can reach 20 °C (36 °F), while
227:
such as the La Joya, Arequipa
Airport and Yura Tuff ignimbrites; afterwards the volcanic group proper grew in the caldera until about 56,500 years ago. There have not been any eruptions during historical time, but the volcano is considered to be only dormant and due to its closeness to the city of
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which are also known as Cerro
Penones in turn are located northwest from Nocarane. To the south of Chachani lie the Airport Domes, a 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) wide lava shield with two discernible vents and a pristine appearance. The lava shield consists of overlapping lava flows with a wavy and
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Chachani is considered to be a high-risk volcano and the
Geophysical Institute of Peru in 2018 installed a monitoring station on Chachani. Several volcano hazard map exist: One shows three levels of danger depending on the distance from the edifice, the other two show areas threatened by
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falls are additional hazards. Four hazard scenarios have been established: An effusive eruption would cause serious physical damage, but only little threat to humans. Lava dome forming eruptions may give rise to pyroclastics, but there is no evidence of such pyroclastic deposits.
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grow on the slopes of
Chachani and other regional volcanoes. Vegetation is scarce to absent above 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) elevation, and much of its lower slopes were stripped of their vegetation during the colonial era. The dry soils are not suitable for
839:. The 16–24 cubic kilometres (3.8–5.8 cu mi) 4.8 million years old La Joya, the 18–20 cubic kilometres (4.3–4.8 cu mi) 1.65 million years old Arequipa Airport, and less certainly the 1.5 cubic kilometres (0.36 cu mi) early
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in the
Arequipa area may be located underneath Chachani; to the north its outline is marked by a 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide amphitheatre while its southern part is continuous with the Arequipa depression and is generally poorly recognizable. The
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occur. The volcanic complex covers an area of about 600 square kilometres (230 sq mi) and has a present-day volume of about 154–248 cubic kilometres (37–59 cu mi); this makes
Chachani one of the largest volcanoes of the Andes.
3077:
Arteaga, D.; Manrique, N.; Aguilar, R.; Soncco, Y.; Van Wyk de Vries, B.; Palacios, C.; Tito, V.; Pacsi, E.; Delgado, R.; Sanz, S. (2023). "Mapa de peligros del complejo volcánico
Chachani, Arequipa–Perú". In Masías, P.; Ortega, M. (eds.).
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occurs at a rate of 4.6 centimetres per year (1.8 in/year); the subduction process is responsible for the volcanism and earthquake activity of the region. In the Andes, volcanism is distributed between three volcanic belts, the
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They occur in the wider region of Chachani and crop out in the Arequipa area and in river valleys. Their emplacement took place in the form of fast-moving hot streams of rock. An additional ignimbrite is the 13 million years old
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field (about 230,000 - 280,000 years ago) far west from Chachani, the Airport Domes south (between 290,000 - 400,000 years ago), the Cabrería lava domes south-southeast and the Volcancillo dome northeast from Chachani.
3308:
Lebti, Perrine Paquereau; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Wörner, Gerhard; Fornari, Michel (June 2006). "Neogene and Quaternary ignimbrites in the area of Arequipa, Southern Peru: Stratigraphical and petrological correlations".
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Ayala-Arenas, Jorge S.; Cano, Nilo F.; Rivera-Porras, Marco; Gonzales-Lorenzo, Carlos D.; Watanabe, Shigueo (November 2018). "Dating volcanic ash and pumice stones from volcano El Misti, Peru, by thermoluminescence".
457:. The Rio Sumbay, one of its tributaries, runs along the eastern side of Chachani. The Rio Yura flows southward along the western side of Chachani, and upon reaching the then westward-flowing Rio Chili becomes the
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The people of Arequipa sometimes refer to Chachani as the "father" of El Misti (Pichu Pichu is the "mother") and ascribed to it the ability to influence the gender of newborn children, making them daughters. The
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are within range of Chachani and human settlement has spread around its base. As of 2023, about 349000 people live on its slopes and infrastructure such as schools are within the volcano's reach. The western
366:. Additional peaks are the northerly 5,852 metres (19,199 ft) high los Ángeles and the southeasterly 5,820 metres (19,090 ft) high Trigo. In total, Chachani is made up of more than 12 edifices.
886:
The youngest reported date of 56,500 ± 31,600 years ago has been obtained on the Cabrería lava domes; formerly the Airport Domes/Los Angeles/Pampa de Palacio were considered to be the youngest and of
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however still exist at Chachani, especially close to Nocarane, and reach lengths of 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi); they are characterized by lobate appearances and their location at the foot of tall
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and good physical health are required to ascend it. In the late 19th century, the good sight from Chachani was remarked upon. Politically, it lies in the Cayma, Yura and Cerro Colorado districts.
3441:
Rivera, Marco; Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Tavera, Hernando; Cruz Igme, John Edward; Vargas Alva, Katherine Andrea; Torres Aguilar, José Luis; Concha Calle, Jorge Andrés (February 2021).
2148:
Paquereau, P.; Thouret, J.-C.; Wörner, G.; Fornari, M.; Roperch, P. (2003-04-01). "Neogene ignimbrites in the area of Arequipa, southern Peru: correlations, flow directions and sources".
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worshipped Chachani and its neighbouring mountains and turned its summit into a mountain sanctuary that was later destroyed by sulfur mining and plundering to the point that no trace of
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the Chachani volcanic complex grew in the caldera. The older activity formed the older volcanoes Chingana northeast, Estribo east and Nocarane north of Chachani as well as the Colorado
2305:
Polk, Mary H.; Young, Kenneth R.; Crews-Meyer, Kelley A. (1 December 2005). "Biodiversity conservation implications of landscape change in an urbanizing desert of Southwestern Peru".
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during the colonial era and for the white "sillar" rocks that were used in construction of the famous buildings of colonial-era Arequipa, which is also known as the "white city".
339:. Some of these volcanoes are among the highest in the world, and on average, there is one eruption of a Peruvian volcano every 13 years. The Peruvian volcanoes are part of the
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of Arequipa are 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) below and less than 25 kilometres (16 mi) away from the volcano and in case of renewed eruptions they would be threatened by
1651:
Alcalá, J.; Zamorano, J. J.; Palacios, D. (2012-04-01). "Volcanic and glacial evolution of Chachani-Nocarane complex (Southern Peru) deduced from the geomorphologic map".
843:
Yura Tuff as well as the Capillune Formation ignimbrites appear to have been erupted by Chachani or (in the case of the Yura Tuff) from a vent north of it. Together with
449:. The Quebrada Canchero, Quebrada Cabrería and Quebrada Traccra drain south to eastward into the river which flows around the southeastern side of Chachani and has cut a
549:
894:
may have formed Holocene-age craters on Chachani. No historical eruptions are known at the volcanic complex, and the date of the last activity is likewise unclear.
616:
and the "Barroso" volcanics developed; Chachani is classified as part of the Barroso volcanics although the oldest volcanism might belong to the "Sillapaca" unit.
3463:
Vela, Jesica; Cáceres, Jesús; Calderón, Javier; Chijcheapaza, Rolando; Apaza, Freddy; Vilca, Javier; Masias, Pablo; Álvarez, Yovana; Miranda, Rafael (May 2016).
276:
reaches to an elevation of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft). It is considered to be one of the most easily climbed mountains between 6,000 - 7,000 m high, although
2988:
Aguilar, Rigoberto; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Samaniego, Pablo; Wörner, Gerhard; Jicha, Brian; Paquette, Jean-Louis; Suaña, Edwin; Finizola, Anthony (June 2022).
3565:
909:
occurs on Chachani's southwestern flank; this activity may relate to either geothermal or tectonic phenomena. Currently, the volcano is considered to be
3190:
de Silva, SL; Francis, PW (1 March 1990). "Potentially active volcanoes of Peru-Observations using Landsat Thematic Mapper and Space Shuttle imagery".
489:
marking the limit of glaciation are located at 3,440 metres (11,290 ft) elevation on the southern flank. Glaciers may have also formed during the
386:
rugose texture and a steep front which reaches heights of 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi); evidently these were formed by viscous lava flows. A volcanic
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age. However, Volcancillo may be even younger, and a post-glacial lava flow descends the western slope of Chachani between Chachani and Nocarane and
801:
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composition were erupted as well while the younger volcanoes are usually more homogeneous; this was paralleled by a decrease in the eruption rate.
2742:"Monitoring of active volcanoes in Peru by the Instituto Geofísico del Perú: Early warning systems, communication, and information dissemination"
2740:
Katherine Andrea Vargas; Igme, John Edward Cruz; Quispe, Lizbeth Velarde; Nina, Javier Vilca; Garay, Alan Reinhold Malpartida (1 November 2021).
2701:
493:, where there are moraines at 5,100–5,300 metres (16,700–17,400 ft) elevation; presently however the mountain lacks glaciers and only has a
1219:
3032:
Andrés, Nuria; Palacios, David; Úbeda, Jose; Alcalá, Jesús (1 September 2011). "Ground thermal conditions at chachani volcano, southern peru".
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are known under the name "Tacaza", and underwent erosion and folding before the next phase which is known as "Sillapaca". Finally, during the
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has yielded ages ranging between 1,000,000 - 500,000 years ago for these volcanoes. Later the volcanoes El Rodado, La Horqueta and Chachani (
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3281:
La caldera Chachani, gran centro explosivo Plioceno–Holoceno del sur del Perú? Identificacíon y evolucíon en imagenes Landsat y Radar ERS
1532:
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497:. In general, glaciers in the tropical Andes have been shrinking after the end of the Little Ice Age, and especially after the 1970s.
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2003:
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1982:
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3465:"Evaluación del riesgo volcánico en el sur del Perú, situación de la vigilancia actual y requerimientos de monitoreo en el futuro"
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Finizola, Anthony; Lénat, Jean-François; Macedo, Orlando; Ramos, Domingo; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Sortino, Francesco (August 2004).
4229:
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Permafrost and Periglacial Activity Distribution and Geothermal Anomalies in the Chachani and El Misti Volcanoes (Southern Peru)
2990:"Growth and evolution of long-lived, large volcanic clusters in the Central Andes: The Chachani Volcano Cluster, southern Peru"
373:
Chachani volcanic complex in Peru. Standing at over 6000 m, Chachani is the tallest of the mountains near the Peruvian city of
2514:
Degg, Martin R.; Chester, David K. (2005). "Seismic and Volcanic Hazards in Peru: Changing Attitudes to Disaster Mitigation".
3558:
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Rio Chili Ignimbrite; the vents of the Miocene units are unknown and the Rio Chili Ignimbrite appears to be related to the
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ground temperatures are much more stable and higher than air temperatures. A meteorological observatory installed by the
3237:"Fluid circulation and structural discontinuities inside Misti volcano (Peru) inferred from self-potential measurements"
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of the Andes, one of three separate volcanic belts in that mountain chain; the Central Volcanic Zone contains 44 named
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3157:"Stratovolcanoes in the Western Cordillera – Polish Scientific Expedition to Peru 2003–2012 reconnaissance research"
1977:
León, Hairo; Medina, Katy; Loarte, Edwin; Azócar, Guillermo; Iribarren, Pablo; Huggel, Christian (21 October 2021).
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and removing much of the original shape of the individual volcanoes. Some moraines have been overrun by lava flows.
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was found during archeological expeditions; a finding from 1896 is the earliest known finding of such a sacrifice.
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2173:"Medio periglaciar, permafrost y riesgos naturales en un volcán tropical extinto: Nevado Chachani (sur de Perú)"
1943:
Payne, D. (1998). "Climatic implications of rock glaciers in the arid Western Cordillera of the Central Andes".
3489:
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3283:. IX Congreso Peruano de Geologia (in Spanish). Vol. Especial. Sociedad Geológica del Perú – via
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Reygosa, Jesús Alcalá; Palenque, Jose Úbeda; Estremera, David Palacios; Pablo, Nuria de Andrés de (2011).
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American Meteorological Journal. A Monthly Review of Meteorology and Allied Branches of Study (1884-1896)
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or "mountain of man"/"mountain of male"; alternative spellings "Cacheni" and "Charchani" are also known.
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3723:
2801:"Distribution and assessment of the environmental risk of heavy metals in Aguada Blanca reservoir, Peru"
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Different studies have come to different numbers of individual volcanoes making up the Chachani complex.
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characteristics; adakites are magmas that form when the downgoing plate in a subduction setting melts.
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739:. The composition of the volcanic rocks has varied over the lifespan of Chachani, sometimes rocks of
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these form the "Pre-Chachani" units and probably are the largest eruptions experienced by Chachani.
350:
Chachani is an about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) high and 17 kilometres (11 mi) wide complex of
4051:
3655:
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Aguilar, R.; Thouret, J.-C.; Suaña, E.; Samaniego, P.; Jicha, B.; Rivera, M. (14–16 October 2015).
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volcano later arose on the margin of the Chachani caldera, where it intersects the border of the
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1999:
1979:"Mountain Permafrost in the Tropical Andes of Peru: The 0°C Isotherm as a Potential Indicator"
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which coincide with segments where the downgoing Nazca plate falls steeply into the mantle.
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2098:"Petrography and major element chemistry of the volcanic rocks of the Andes, southern Peru"
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804:. Lizards on the mountain are the highest-altitude known reptile population in the world.
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and Jollojello northwest, Baquetane, Hucullani and Nevado Calcha north, Yanarico east and
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of the Andes, it is 6,057 metres (19,872 ft) above sea level. It consists of several
4071:
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Análisis y evaluación de escenarios críticos por descenso de lahares en volcanes peruanos
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3409:
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3136:"Chachani, Misti y Pichu Picchu: pasado y presente de los volcanes sagrados de Arequipa"
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2983:. Foro Internacional sobre la Gestion del Riesgo Geológico, Arequipa. pp. 138–141.
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The city of Arequipa with about one million inhabitants and infrastructure such as the
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336:
185:
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Hatch, Frederick H. (1886-07-01). "Ueber die Gesteine der Vulcangruppe von Arequipa".
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130,000 - 131,000 years ago) formed as a west–east alignment, along with the Uyupampa
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2013:
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2567:"Sismos distales de fractura observados en la zona de los volcanes Misti y Chachani"
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2017:
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913:. Occasionally, mudflows descend its slopes and cause damages at lower elevations.
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southeast from Chachani. Of these, Misti, Pichu Pichu and Chachani are aligned on
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Espirilla, Alfonso Torres; Gómez, Trinidad Betty Paredes de (2 September 2022).
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208:, along with lava shields such as the Airport Domes. Underneath Chachani lies a
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3484:
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ROTCH, A. LAWRENCE. (1893). "THE HIGHEST METEOROLOGICAL STATION IN THE WORLD".
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Evolution of along-lived volcanic complex: The Chachani case study (South Peru)
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Kosaka Masuno, Roberto; Macedo Franco, Luisa; Diaz Urquizo, Hector G (2000).
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3084:(in Spanish). Lima: Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico. pp. 49–54.
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that rarely reach lengths of about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi); additionally
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north-northwest from Nocarane and the volcanoes Chachani Base and El Angel;
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beds. These ignimbrites include the La Joya Ignimbrite of Pliocene age, the
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in the form of the "Toquepala" volcanics. The oldest volcanic rocks of the
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The Independent Republic of Arequipa: Making Regional Culture in the Andes
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Libro de Resúmenes IX Foro Internacional de Peligros Volcánicos – IX FIPVO
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Volcanic activity in the Chachani region appears to have begun during the
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3390:. 2009EGU General Assembly. Geophysical Research Abstracts. Vol. 11.
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2358:"A high mountain lizard from Peru: The world's highest-altitude reptile"
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1222:(in Spanish). Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo. Archived from
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Arequipa Airport Ignimbrite and the Quaternary Yura Tuff and Capillune
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482:
427:
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387:
324:
209:
3338:
Legros, F (April 2001). "Tephra stratigraphy of Misti volcano, Peru".
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Socha, Dagmara M.; Reinhard, Johan; Perea, Ruddy Chávez (March 2021).
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2702:"Arequipa: IGP inicia vigilancia de actividad volcánica del Chachani"
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The oldest volcanic formations linked to Chachani are the so-called "
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Cerdeña, José; Farfán, Jackie; Quiroz, Aarón J. (15 February 2021).
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Volcanoes in the southern part of Peru include from north to south
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Bullard, Fred M. (1 December 1962). "Volcanoes of Southern Peru".
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2272:
2177:
Scripta Nova. Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales
2096:
Portillo, Felix; Onuma, Naoki; Aramaki, Shigeo (20 October 1984).
1583:
1581:
1579:
1007:
772:
508:
368:
249:
3155:
Cuber, Piotr; Panajew, Paweł; Gałaś, Andrzej (30 November 2015).
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1455:
1453:
1416:
1414:
1019:
can be found, such as e.g. walls. Nevertheless, evidence of Inka
949:. In addition, melting ice and snow on the summit could generate
1066:
1012:
879:
792:
776:
771:
From 3,500 to 3,900 metres (11,500 to 12,800 ft) elevation
760:
253:
189:
3547:
2688:
2634:
1444:
264:; the city of Arequipa is situated on the foot of Chachani and
668:
that trend northwest–southeast and has been active during the
2498:
2459:
1964:
1891:
1713:
1137:
Also known as Las Cortaderas or Los Angeles-Pampa de Palacio.
641:. Chachani straddles the margin between the higher-elevation
2726:
2676:
2661:
2486:
2471:
1802:
1732:
1570:
1486:"USGS EROS Archive - Digital Elevation - SRTM Coverage Maps"
1405:
920:
4211:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
998:
of neighbouring water resources is a concern at Chachani.
619:
The terrain of the volcano is formed by volcanic rocks of
2447:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2213:
2059:
1925:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1354:
1327:
1172:
485:
at 3,150–3,600 metres (10,330–11,810 ft) elevation;
3386:
Palacios, D.; Andrés, N.; Úbeda, J.; Alcalá, J. (2009).
2943:
2941:
2071:
1677:
2565:
Macedo, Orlando; Ancassi, Rosa; Centeno, Ricky (2014).
768:
was active on the mountain in the latest 19th century.
192:, 22 kilometres (14 mi) northwest of the city of
2396:
1906:
1842:
Huntington, Ellsworth (1935). "Climatic Pulsations".
1814:
1751:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
905:
at Socosani and Yura has been reported, and frequent
2043:
Kosaka Masuno, Macedo Franco & Diaz Urquizo 2000
1830:
Kosaka Masuno, Macedo Franco & Diaz Urquizo 2000
272:
runs along the southeastern foot of Chachani, and a
4165:
3987:
3714:
3581:
169:
159:
154:
116:
77:
65:
55:
45:
40:
23:
3303:(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de San Agustín.
2509:
2507:
3034:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
2280:
1587:
1471:
1366:
719:of the Arequipa ignimbrites additionally contain
2143:
2141:
2898:"Inca Human Sacrifices on Misti Volcano (Peru)"
1629:
1612:
1459:
1420:
1272:Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen
1128:Also known as Nocarani, Noccarani and Nocorane.
1090:is 4,094 metres (13,432 ft), leading to a
652:volcano lies southeast of Chachani, across the
3311:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
3244:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2997:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
3559:
1025:
1006:Chachani is the protector mountain spirit of
519:are also encountered on the volcanic complex.
319:which has erupted intermittently since 1954,
8:
3294:"Mapa de peligro potencial del volcán Misti"
3279:García, FF; Chorowicz, J; Legros, F (1997).
1938:
1936:
1934:
974:constitute the other two hazard scenarios.
434:have affected the volcanic complex, forming
1249:. Cambridge University Press. p. 262.
3566:
3552:
3544:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
645:and the Arequipa basin at lower altitude.
256:, 22 kilometres (14 mi) northwest of
20:
3172:
3140:Anuario de Arqueología, Rosario (2013), 5
2913:
2816:
2767:
2757:
2373:
2121:
1653:EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts
481:extensive glaciers formed well-developed
406:The volcanic complex is formed mainly by
323:where a large eruption occurred in 1600,
3340:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
1533:"Copernicus Space Component Data Access"
1183:
1181:
994:. Apart from eruptions, volcano-induced
802:Salinas y Aguada Blanca National Reserve
3398:Geotechnical and Geological Engineering
2030:
1698:
1432:
1150:
1094:of 1,976 metres (6,483 ft) with a
1054:
521:
461:, which eventually discharges into the
2959:
2947:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2083:
1378:
1110:is 1,022.9 kilometres (635.6 mi).
1069:yields 6,056 metres (19,869 ft),
3507:"Nevado Chachani, Peru" on Peakbagger
2225:
2201:
1390:
473:The volcano underwent five stages of
268:volcanoes. The road from Arequipa to
7:
2847:
2292:
656:. Other volcanoes in the region are
223:, the volcanic group produced large
2397:García, Chorowicz & Legros 1997
1907:García, Chorowicz & Legros 1997
1815:García, Chorowicz & Legros 1997
1752:García, Chorowicz & Legros 1997
1002:Religious importance and archeology
377:. 2017 false-color satellite image.
1073:6,043 metres (19,826 ft) and
1041:Chachani was reportedly mined for
228:Arequipa is considered high risk.
14:
1945:Glacial Geology and Geomorphology
204:and individual volcanoes such as
3331:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.02.014
3301:Centro de Información del INDECI
3264:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.03.009
3134:Ceruti, María Constanza (2013).
3054:10.1111/j.1468-0459.2011.00424.x
3017:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107539
2536:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00155.x
800:. Part of the volcano is in the
751:Under the influence of the cold
548:
536:
524:
135:
134:
127:
29:
3469:Repositorio Institucional - IGP
2571:Repositorio Institucional - IGP
2281:Cuber, Panajew & Gałaś 2015
1588:Cuber, Panajew & Gałaś 2015
1472:Cuber, Panajew & Gałaś 2015
1367:Cuber, Panajew & Gałaś 2015
623:to recent age, which overlie a
2150:Egs - AGU - Eug Joint Assembly
1245:Adelaar, Willem F. H. (2004).
1077:6,012 metres (19,724 ft).
465:together with the Rio Siguas.
35:Chachani viewed from the south
1:
3371:. University of Texas Press.
3360:10.1016/S0895-9811(00)00062-6
2249:(1351): 514. September 1895.
986:. Chachani is monitored with
875:
555:Chachani viewed from El Misti
51:6,057 m (19,872 ft)
4260:Six-thousanders of the Andes
4235:Mountains of Arequipa Region
2599:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.11.013
901:in the summit region and of
61:1,976 m (6,483 ft)
2805:Revista Ambiente & Água
2375:10.3897/herpetozoa.34.61393
1630:de Silva & Francis 1990
1613:de Silva & Francis 1990
1460:de Silva & Francis 1990
1421:de Silva & Francis 1990
766:Harvard College Observatory
390:associated with widespread
244:Geography and geomorphology
4276:
3174:10.7494/geotour.2014.37.61
1247:The Languages of the Andes
1086:The height of the nearest
531:Chachani, looking eastward
236:The name means "brave" in
4208:
3418:10.1007/s10706-015-9848-x
2327:10.1007/s11252-005-4864-x
2239:"Our Astronomical Column"
1996:10.1061/9780784483589.011
759:, the region features an
445:Chachani drains into the
121:
28:
4255:Quaternary South America
3490:Global Volcanism Program
3367:Love, Thomas F. (2017).
2902:Latin American Antiquity
2587:Quaternary International
2516:The Geographical Journal
1063:digital elevation models
477:in the past. During the
248:The volcano lies in the
4230:Stratovolcanoes of Peru
3539:Video of Chachani climb
3495:Smithsonian Institution
3192:Bulletin of Volcanology
3161:Geotourism/Geoturystyka
3091:Bulletin Volcanologique
2759:10.30909/vol.04.S1.4971
2123:10.2343/geochemj.18.217
1776:volcano.oregonstate.edu
1511:ssl.jspacesystems.or.jp
1096:topographical dominance
630:and include widespread
3988:Southern Volcanic Zone
3774:Andagua volcanic field
3582:Northern Volcanic Zone
3533:NASA Earth Observatory
3524:Chachani on Summitpost
3502:Chachani on SummitPost
2818:10.4136/ambi-agua.2838
1531:TanDEM-X, TerraSAR-X.
1092:topographic prominence
1026:
925:
781:Peruvian feather grass
747:Climate and vegetation
587:Southern Volcanic Zone
579:Northern Volcanic Zone
378:
297:Andagua volcanic field
4166:Austral Volcanic Zone
4092:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
3764:Huambo volcanic field
3715:Central Volcanic Zone
1108:Topographic isolation
924:
857:Huaylillas Ignimbrite
675:Chachani has erupted
583:Central Volcanic Zone
453:between Chachani and
372:
341:Central Volcanic Zone
198:Central Volcanic Zone
4250:Quaternary volcanoes
4240:Andean Volcanic Belt
3701:Licto volcanic field
3512:Chachani on Peakware
2460:Pallares et al. 2015
2214:Palacios et al. 2009
2072:Finizola et al. 2004
1965:Pallares et al. 2015
1892:Pallares et al. 2015
1678:Finizola et al. 2004
1507:"ASTER GDEM Project"
1484:USGS, EROS Archive.
1173:Palacios et al. 2009
479:last glacial maximum
3410:2015GGEng..33..641P
3352:2001JSAES..14...15L
3323:2006JVGR..154..251L
3256:2004JVGR..135..343F
3204:1990BVol...52..286D
3103:1962BVol...24..443B
3046:2011GeAnA..93..151A
3009:2022JVGR..42607539A
2915:10.1017/laq.2020.78
2874:, pp. 360–361.
2727:Arteaga et al. 2023
2677:Arteaga et al. 2023
2662:Arteaga et al. 2023
2528:2005GeogJ.171..125D
2499:Aguilar et al. 2022
2487:Arteaga et al. 2023
2474:, pp. 138–139.
2472:Aguilar et al. 2015
2423:, pp. 254–255.
2319:2005UrbEc...8..313P
2255:1895Natur..52..514.
2158:2003EAEJA....10465P
2114:1984GeocJ..18..217A
2102:Geochemical Journal
1844:Geografiska Annaler
1803:Aguilar et al. 2015
1733:Aguilar et al. 2015
1714:Aguilar et al. 2022
1665:2012EGUGA..14.3677A
1632:, pp. 294–295.
1571:Aguilar et al. 2015
1406:Arteaga et al. 2023
1284:1886ZKMP....7..308H
1017:archeological sites
691:suite with unusual
574:South America Plate
97: /
4087:Carrán-Los Venados
4032:Nevados de Chillán
4017:Descabezado Grande
3212:10.1007/BF00304100
3111:10.1007/BF02599360
2708:. 2 September 2018
2650:Rivera et al. 2021
2620:Rivera et al. 2021
1355:Andrés et al. 2011
1328:Andrés et al. 2011
1292:10.1007/BF02992577
926:
892:phreatic eruptions
872:argon-argon dating
862:Later, during the
859:of southern Peru.
602:Western Cordillera
515:phenomena such as
379:
41:Highest point
4245:Mountains of Peru
4217:
4216:
4027:Nevado de Longaví
3969:Cueros de Purulla
3949:Cordón del Azufre
3611:Nevado del Tolima
3485:"Nevado Chachani"
2769:20.500.12816/5024
2448:Lebti et al. 2006
2433:Lebti et al. 2006
2421:Lebti et al. 2006
2409:Lebti et al. 2006
2060:Lebti et al. 2006
1926:Lebti et al. 2006
1220:"Volcán Chachani"
1193:Andes Specialists
972:Plinian eruptions
955:pyroclastic flows
947:pyroclastic flows
934:hydropower plants
897:The existence of
821:pyroclastic flows
757:subtropical ridge
741:basaltic andesite
683:, which define a
419:pyroclastic flows
260:and north of the
179:
178:
101:16.183°S 71.517°W
4267:
4212:
4082:Mocho-Choshuenco
3616:Nevado del Huila
3575:Andean volcanoes
3568:
3561:
3554:
3545:
3529:Chachani volcano
3498:
3472:
3459:
3446:
3437:
3391:
3382:
3363:
3334:
3317:(3–4): 251–275.
3304:
3298:
3288:
3275:
3241:
3231:
3186:
3176:
3151:
3130:
3085:
3073:
3028:
2994:
2984:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2917:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2820:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2771:
2761:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2698:
2692:
2689:Vela et al. 2016
2686:
2680:
2674:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2638:
2635:Vela et al. 2016
2632:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2573:(in Spanish): 4.
2562:
2556:
2555:
2511:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2307:Urban Ecosystems
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2267:
2266:
2263:10.1038/052514a0
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1989:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1947:: 6 – via
1940:
1929:
1923:
1910:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1778:. Archived from
1768:
1755:
1749:
1736:
1730:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1648:
1633:
1627:
1616:
1610:
1591:
1585:
1574:
1568:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1539:on 12 April 2020
1535:. Archived from
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1448:
1445:Vela et al. 2016
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1331:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1084:
1078:
1061:Other data from
1059:
1031:
984:pyroclastic fall
968:Pyroclastic flow
907:seismic activity
877:
808:Eruption history
753:Humboldt Current
614:Sencca Formation
552:
540:
528:
487:lateral moraines
440:U-shaped valleys
262:Arequipa Airport
165:Volcanic complex
138:
137:
131:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:-16.183; -71.517
102:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
33:
21:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4210:
4204:
4167:
4161:
3989:
3983:
3979:Ojos del Salado
3909:Aguas Calientes
3716:
3710:
3606:Nevado del Ruiz
3583:
3577:
3572:
3520:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3462:
3449:
3440:
3394:
3385:
3379:
3366:
3337:
3307:
3296:
3291:
3278:
3239:
3234:
3189:
3154:
3133:
3088:
3076:
3031:
2992:
2987:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2939:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2270:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2006:
1990:. p. 118.
1987:
1984:Permafrost 2021
1976:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1942:
1941:
1932:
1924:
1913:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1879:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1750:
1739:
1731:
1720:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1650:
1649:
1636:
1628:
1619:
1611:
1594:
1586:
1577:
1569:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1334:
1326:
1315:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1098:of 32.55%. Its
1085:
1081:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1039:
1021:human sacrifice
1004:
919:
833:Plio-Quaternary
810:
749:
563:
556:
553:
544:
541:
532:
529:
471:
356:stratovolcanoes
345:stratovolcanoes
278:acclimatization
246:
234:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
139:
105:
103:
99:
96:
91:
88:
86:
84:
83:
36:
17:
16:Volcano in Peru
12:
11:
5:
4273:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3899:Purico complex
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3526:
3519:
3518:External links
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3460:
3447:
3438:
3404:(3): 641–660.
3392:
3383:
3377:
3364:
3335:
3305:
3289:
3276:
3250:(4): 343–360.
3232:
3198:(4): 286–301.
3187:
3152:
3131:
3097:(1): 443–453.
3086:
3074:
3040:(3): 151–162.
3029:
2985:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:, p. 361.
2952:
2950:, p. 369.
2937:
2888:
2886:, p. 362.
2876:
2864:
2862:, p. 370.
2852:
2840:
2791:
2731:
2719:
2693:
2681:
2666:
2654:
2639:
2624:
2612:
2576:
2557:
2503:
2491:
2476:
2464:
2462:, p. 645.
2452:
2450:, p. 257.
2437:
2435:, p. 273.
2425:
2413:
2411:, p. 253.
2401:
2399:, p. 449.
2389:
2348:
2297:
2285:
2268:
2230:
2228:, p. 282.
2218:
2206:
2204:, p. 285.
2194:
2163:
2137:
2088:
2076:
2074:, p. 348.
2064:
2062:, p. 254.
2047:
2035:
2033:, p. 443.
2023:
2004:
1969:
1967:, p. 643.
1954:
1930:
1928:, p. 252.
1911:
1909:, p. 451.
1896:
1894:, p. 644.
1877:
1856:10.2307/519887
1834:
1819:
1817:, p. 450.
1807:
1805:, p. 140.
1792:
1756:
1754:, p. 453.
1737:
1735:, p. 139.
1718:
1703:
1701:, p. 445.
1682:
1680:, p. 346.
1670:
1634:
1617:
1615:, p. 293.
1592:
1575:
1573:, p. 138.
1550:
1523:
1498:
1476:
1464:
1462:, p. 287.
1449:
1437:
1435:, p. 444.
1425:
1423:, p. 288.
1410:
1395:
1393:, p. 284.
1383:
1371:
1359:
1357:, p. 152.
1332:
1330:, p. 151.
1313:
1262:
1255:
1237:
1226:on 3 July 2020
1204:
1177:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1079:
1053:
1052:
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1047:
1038:
1035:
1003:
1000:
918:
915:
809:
806:
748:
745:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
547:
545:
542:
535:
533:
530:
523:
491:Little Ice Age
470:
467:
360:volcanic cones
245:
242:
233:
230:
196:. Part of the
186:volcanic group
177:
176:
173:
167:
166:
163:
157:
156:
152:
151:
141:
140:
133:
132:
126:
125:
124:
123:
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118:
114:
113:
81:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
59:
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52:
49:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4272:
4261:
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4253:
4251:
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4246:
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4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Michinmahuida
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
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4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:San Francisco
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Aucanquilcha
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Hualca Hualca
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:(6° N – 3° S)
3580:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:, May 1, 2022
3534:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3471:(in Spanish).
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3378:9781477314593
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2850:, p. 25.
2849:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2732:
2729:, p. 52.
2728:
2723:
2720:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2691:, p. 29.
2690:
2685:
2682:
2679:, p. 51.
2678:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2664:, p. 53.
2663:
2658:
2655:
2652:, p. 20.
2651:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:, p. 14.
2636:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2501:, p. 15.
2500:
2495:
2492:
2489:, p. 50.
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2295:, p. 26.
2294:
2289:
2286:
2283:, p. 66.
2282:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2086:, p. 26.
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2045:, p. 14.
2044:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2005:9780784483589
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1832:, p. 11.
1831:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1782:on 2019-02-20
1781:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1590:, p. 65.
1589:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1474:, p. 63.
1473:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1408:, p. 49.
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1381:, p. 16.
1380:
1375:
1372:
1369:, p. 64.
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:(in German).
1273:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1256:9781139451123
1252:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Huascaran Sur
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
975:
973:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
935:
931:
923:
916:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
884:
881:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
816:", which are
815:
807:
805:
803:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
762:
758:
754:
746:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
689:calc-alkaline
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
666:normal faults
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
575:
571:
567:
560:
551:
546:
539:
534:
527:
522:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:rock glaciers
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
468:
466:
464:
463:Pacific Ocean
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
420:
416:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
393:
389:
384:
381:The Colorado
376:
371:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
243:
241:
239:
231:
229:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
174:
172:
171:Last eruption
168:
164:
162:
161:Mountain type
158:
153:
130:
120:
115:
110:
82:
80:
76:
73:
70:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
50:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4072:Quetrupillán
3934:Llullaillaco
3799:Huaynaputina
3778:
3488:
3478:Bibliography
3468:
3455:
3451:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3368:
3346:(1): 15–29.
3343:
3339:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3285:ResearchGate
3280:
3247:
3243:
3195:
3191:
3164:
3160:
3139:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3037:
3033:
3000:
2996:
2979:
2955:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2749:
2745:
2734:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2705:
2696:
2684:
2657:
2622:, p. 3.
2615:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2570:
2560:
2519:
2515:
2494:
2467:
2455:
2428:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2288:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2221:
2216:, p. 2.
2209:
2197:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2149:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2038:
2031:Bullard 1962
2026:
2018:ResearchGate
2016:– via
1983:
1972:
1949:ResearchGate
1944:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1810:
1784:. Retrieved
1780:the original
1775:
1716:, p. 2.
1699:Bullard 1962
1673:
1656:
1652:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:the original
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1479:
1467:
1447:, p. 4.
1440:
1433:Bullard 1962
1428:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1246:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:the original
1196:. Retrieved
1192:
1175:, p. 1.
1133:
1124:
1115:
1082:
1057:
1040:
1024:
1005:
988:seismometers
976:
927:
896:
885:
861:
849:
811:
770:
750:
674:
648:The younger
647:
618:
591:
572:beneath the
564:
499:
472:
444:
430:erosion and
405:
380:
349:
321:Huaynaputina
307:, Chachani,
282:
252:of southern
247:
235:
214:
188:in southern
181:
180:
18:
4168:(49°–55° S)
4152:Mate Grande
4002:Tupungatito
3990:(33°–46° S)
3869:Olca-Paruma
3864:Irruputuncu
3854:Tata Sabaya
3794:Pichu Pichu
3724:Quimsachata
3717:(14°–27° S)
3601:Cerro Bravo
2960:Ceruti 2013
2948:Ceruti 2013
2884:Ceruti 2013
2872:Ceruti 2013
2860:Ceruti 2013
2706:El Comercio
2084:Legros 2001
1379:Legros 2001
1100:parent peak
903:hot springs
841:Pleistocene
827:containing
825:ignimbrites
798:agriculture
729:plagioclase
713:hypersthene
697:Phenocrysts
662:Pichu Pichu
639:ignimbrites
625:Precambrian
570:Nazca Plate
543:Summit area
513:periglacial
392:ignimbrites
313:Pichu Pichu
225:ignimbrites
221:Pleistocene
215:During the
104: /
79:Coordinates
67:Parent peak
4224:Categories
4112:Hornopirén
4097:Casablanca
4067:Villarrica
4062:Sollipulli
4022:Cerro Azul
3894:Licancabur
3889:Sairecabur
3849:Guallatiri
3839:Parinacota
3819:Purupuruni
3729:Auquihuato
3696:Tungurahua
3691:Chimborazo
3651:Reventador
3626:Doña Juana
3003:: 107539.
2908:(1): 143.
2752:(S1): 52.
2522:(2): 135.
2362:Herpetozoa
2313:(3): 314.
2226:ROTCH 1893
2202:ROTCH 1893
2108:(5): 226.
1786:2019-05-26
1772:"Chachani"
1391:ROTCH 1893
1278:(4): 313.
1198:2020-04-12
1189:"Chachani"
1145:References
992:tiltmeters
959:lava flows
938:reservoirs
899:solfataras
868:lava domes
864:Quaternary
845:lava flows
709:hornblende
636:Quaternary
610:Quaternary
594:Cretaceous
566:Subduction
517:needle ice
501:Permafrost
475:glaciation
469:Glaciation
432:landslides
415:lava flows
383:lava domes
352:lava domes
285:Auquihuato
219:and early
202:lava domes
57:Prominence
4132:Corcovado
4052:Lonquimay
4012:Calabozos
3997:Tupungato
3974:Incahuasi
3939:Lastarria
3919:Chiliques
3759:Sabancaya
3739:Sara Sara
3656:Pichincha
3591:Paipa-Iza
3445:(Report).
3434:140190353
3426:1573-1529
3272:129363841
3228:140559785
3220:1432-0819
3183:2353-3641
3167:(2): 61.
3148:1852-8554
3127:140637499
3119:1432-0819
3070:128858886
3062:0435-3676
3025:247896674
2932:230526835
2924:1045-6635
2848:Love 2017
2835:251690349
2827:1980-993X
2786:240447272
2778:2610-3540
2746:Volcanica
2607:135125919
2544:0016-7398
2384:2682-955X
2368:: 61–65.
2335:1573-1642
2293:Love 2017
2189:1138-9788
2152:: 10465.
2132:0016-7002
2014:239545739
1864:1651-3215
1308:172863412
1300:1438-1168
1028:capacocha
1023:known as
996:pollution
837:Formation
818:rhyolitic
787:but also
725:magnetite
717:rhyolites
685:potassium
654:Rio Chili
643:Altiplano
598:Paleocene
495:snowfield
459:Rio Vitor
447:Rio Chili
401:Altiplano
301:Sabancaya
274:dirt road
117:Geography
72:Huascaran
47:Elevation
4200:Fueguino
4185:Aguilera
4137:Mentolat
4047:Callaqui
3884:Zapaleri
3814:Yucamane
3809:Tutupaca
3779:Chachani
3749:Coropuna
3744:Solimana
3686:Quilotoa
3681:Cotopaxi
3676:Illiniza
3661:Antisana
2811:(4): 5.
2343:33036188
1659:: 3677.
1543:12 April
1516:14 April
1491:12 April
1106:and the
1075:TanDEM-X
980:mudflows
951:mudflows
888:Holocene
755:and the
737:sanidine
721:ilmenite
699:include
677:andesite
670:Holocene
650:El Misti
628:basement
585:and the
483:moraines
455:El Misti
397:El Misti
375:Arequipa
333:Yucamane
329:Tutupaca
309:El Misti
293:Coropuna
266:El Misti
258:Arequipa
217:Pliocene
206:Nocarane
194:Arequipa
182:Chachani
142:Chachani
24:Chachani
4175:Lautaro
4127:Chaitén
4107:Calbuco
4042:Copahue
3959:Peinado
3944:Lazufre
3929:Socompa
3834:Taapaca
3804:Ticsani
3646:Cayambe
3636:Azufral
3631:Galeras
3596:Romeral
3406:Bibcode
3396:Peru".
3348:Bibcode
3319:Bibcode
3252:Bibcode
3200:Bibcode
3099:Bibcode
3042:Bibcode
3005:Bibcode
2970:Sources
2552:3451364
2524:Bibcode
2315:Bibcode
2251:Bibcode
2154:Bibcode
2110:Bibcode
1850:: 578.
1661:Bibcode
1280:Bibcode
1088:key col
943:suburbs
930:airport
917:Hazards
911:dormant
853:Miocene
814:sillars
789:lichens
705:biotite
693:adakite
632:Neogene
606:Miocene
568:of the
561:Geology
436:cirques
428:Glacial
388:caldera
325:Ticsani
210:caldera
175:Unknown
155:Geology
92:71°31′W
89:16°11′S
4195:Burney
4190:Reclus
4180:Viedma
4157:Hudson
4117:Huequi
4102:Osorno
4057:Llaima
4037:Antuco
3924:Aracar
3914:Lascar
3904:Pacana
3879:Azufre
3859:Isluga
3829:Tacora
3824:Casiri
3789:Ubinas
3769:Ampato
3734:Firura
3706:Sangay
3641:Chiles
3621:Puracé
3432:
3424:
3375:
3270:
3226:
3218:
3181:
3146:
3125:
3117:
3068:
3060:
3023:
2930:
2922:
2833:
2825:
2784:
2776:
2712:26 May
2605:
2550:
2542:
2382:
2341:
2333:
2243:Nature
2187:
2130:
2012:
2002:
1872:519887
1870:
1862:
1306:
1298:
1253:
1230:26 May
1043:sulfur
1037:Mining
970:- and
963:tephra
953:, and
829:pumice
793:mosses
785:yareta
733:quartz
715:; the
701:augite
687:-rich
681:dacite
658:Ampato
621:Eocene
581:, the
509:cliffs
451:canyon
423:tephra
364:crater
337:Casiri
317:Ubinas
305:Ampato
289:Firura
270:Chivay
238:Aymara
4077:Lanín
4007:Maipo
3954:Galán
3844:Lauca
3784:Misti
3671:Soche
3666:Aliso
3430:S2CID
3297:(PDF)
3268:S2CID
3240:(PDF)
3224:S2CID
3123:S2CID
3066:S2CID
3021:S2CID
2993:(PDF)
2928:S2CID
2831:S2CID
2782:S2CID
2603:S2CID
2593:: 1.
2548:JSTOR
2339:S2CID
2010:S2CID
1988:(PDF)
1868:JSTOR
1304:S2CID
1071:ASTER
1049:Notes
1008:Cayma
777:herbs
773:cacti
412:block
250:Andes
184:is a
4147:Macá
3458:(6).
3422:ISSN
3373:ISBN
3216:ISSN
3179:ISSN
3144:ISSN
3115:ISSN
3058:ISSN
2920:ISSN
2823:ISSN
2774:ISSN
2714:2019
2540:ISSN
2380:ISSN
2331:ISSN
2185:ISSN
2128:ISSN
2000:ISBN
1860:ISSN
1545:2020
1518:2020
1493:2020
1296:ISSN
1251:ISBN
1232:2019
1067:SRTM
1013:Inca
990:and
982:and
961:and
936:and
880:lava
791:and
761:arid
735:and
711:and
679:and
612:the
503:and
438:and
421:and
410:and
358:and
335:and
254:Peru
232:Name
190:Peru
4142:Cay
3531:at
3414:doi
3356:doi
3327:doi
3315:154
3260:doi
3248:135
3208:doi
3169:doi
3107:doi
3050:doi
3013:doi
3001:426
2910:doi
2813:doi
2764:hdl
2754:doi
2595:doi
2591:512
2532:doi
2520:171
2370:doi
2323:doi
2259:doi
2118:doi
1992:doi
1852:doi
1288:doi
1102:is
4226::
3493:.
3487:.
3467:.
3456:10
3454:.
3428:.
3420:.
3412:.
3402:33
3400:.
3354:.
3344:14
3342:.
3325:.
3313:.
3299:.
3266:.
3258:.
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3206:.
3196:52
3194:.
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3165:37
3163:.
3159:.
3142:.
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3121:.
3113:.
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3095:24
3093:.
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3036:.
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2999:.
2995:.
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