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552:, his emissaries enlisted the help of a group of Chachapoyas. However, Huaman's supporters remained loyal to the Spaniards. By 1547, a large faction of Spanish soldiers arrived in the city of Chachapoyas, effectively ending the Chachapoyas' independence. Residents were relocated to Spanish-style towns, often with members of several different
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335:, there are multiple available sources pointing to how the Chachapoya responded to said conquest. While archaeological evidence shows both Inca and Chachapoya settlements in the area, suggesting that they accepted Inca rule over their lands, historical sources say that the Chachapoya had more of a rebellious attitude towards their
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is located. This territory also included land to the south up to the
Chuntayaku River, exceeding the limits of the current Amazonas Region towards the south. But the center of the Chachapoya culture was the basin of the Utcubamba river. Due to the great size of the Marañón river and the surrounding
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The area of the
Chachapoyas is sometimes referred to as the "Amazonian Andes" due to its being part of a mountain range covered by dense tropical forest. The Amazonian Andes constitute the eastern flank of the Andes, which were once covered by dense Amazon vegetation. The region extended from the
722:
This theory has been described as "mountainization of the rain forest" for both geographical and cultural reasons: first, after the fall of the tropical forests, the scenery of the
Amazonian Andes changed to resemble the barren mountains of the Andes; second, the people who settled there brought
502:
In the fifteenth century, the Inca empire expanded to incorporate the
Chachapoyas region. Although fortifications such as the citadel at Kuélap may have been an adequate defense against the invading Inca, it is possible that by this time the Chachapoyas settlements had become decentralized and
759:
The architectural model of the
Chachapoyas is characterized by circular stone constructions as well as raised platforms constructed on slopes. Their walls were sometimes decorated with symbolic figures. Some structures such as the monumental fortress of Kuelap and the ruins of
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fragmented after the threat of Wari invasion had dissipated. The
Chachapoyas were conquered by Inca ruler Tupac Inca Yupanqui around 1475. The defeat of the Chachapoyas was fairly swift; however, smaller rebellions continued for many years. Using the
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However, there is no other account at the time from other travelers to the region that mentions the particular "whiteness" of the
Chachapoyas. These comments have led to claims, not supported by Cieza de León's chronicle, that the Chachapoyas were
613:, described all indigenous Peruvians as "white". Although some authors have quoted Pizarro saying that Chachapoyas were blond, these authors do not quote him directly; instead they quote remarks attributed to him and others by race scientist
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occupying the same settlement. Disease, poverty, and attrition led to severe decreases in population; by some accounts the population of the
Chachapoyas region decreased by 90% over the course of 200 years after the arrival of the Spanish.
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The
Chachapoyan culture indicated an egalitarian non-hierarchical society through a lack of archaeological evidence and a lack of power expressing architecture that would be expected for societal leaders such as royalty or aristocracy.
526:. Many of the Chachapoyas were conscripted into Huáscar's army, and heavy casualties ensued. After Atahualpa's eventual victory, many more of the Chachapoyas were executed or deported due to their former allegiance with Huáscar.
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spurs up to elevations where primary forests still stand, usually above 3,500 metres (11,500 ft). The cultural realm of the
Amazonian Andes occupied land situated between 2,000–3,000 metres (6,600–9,800 ft) elevation.
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They are the whitest and most handsome of all the people that I have seen in Indies, and their wives were so beautiful that because of their gentleness, many of them deserved to be the Incas' wives and to also be taken to the
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Since the Incas and conquistadors were the principal sources of information on the Chachapoyas, there is little first-hand or contrasting knowledge of the Chachapoyas. Writings by the major chroniclers of the time, such as
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granted them. In memory of this event of a peace agreement, the place where the negotiation had taken place was declared sacred and closed so from that point on "no creature, man or beast, should ever set foot upon it."
809:, clothes were generally colored in red. A monumental textile from the precincts of Gran Pajatén had been painted with figures of birds. The Chachapoyas also used to paint their walls, as an extant sample in the
178:, were based on fragmentary second-hand accounts. Much of what is known about the Chachapoya culture is based on archaeological evidence from ruins, pottery, tombs, and other artifacts. Spanish chronicler
428:' land at the time, sent messengers to negotiate peace. But again "his messengers were greeted with threats of death". Huayna Capac then ordered an attack. He crossed the Marañón over a bridge of wooden
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mountainous terrain, the region was relatively isolated from the coast and other areas of Peru, although there is archaeological evidence of some interaction between the Chachapoyas and other cultures.
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examined Chachapoya remains and found them consistent with other ancient Peruvians. She found, for example, a universal occurrence of shovel-shaped upper incisors and a near-complete absence of the
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It was due to the harsh treatment of the Chachapoyas during the years of subjugation that many of the Chachapoyas initially chose to side with the Spanish conquistadors when they arrived in Peru.
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719:, characterized by its extensive desert areas and limited soil suitable for farming, became insufficient for sustaining a population like the ancestral Peruvians, which had grown for 3000 years.
843:. Later, Indiana Jones encounters the fictional Hovitos tribe which are the modern descendants of the Chachapoyan region. While the temple and idol are entirely fictionalized, screenwriter
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351:, with more than four hundred interior buildings and massive exterior stone walls reaching upwards of 60 feet (18 m) in height, and Gran Pajatén possibly served to defend against the
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was given to this culture by the Inca; the name that these people may have actually used to refer to themselves is not known. The meaning of the word Chachapoya may be derived from the
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in the second half of the 15th century. He recounts that the warlike actions began in Pias, a community on a mountain on the edge of Chachapoyas territory likely to the southwest of
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The Chachapoyas' territory was located on the eastern slopes of the Andes, in present-day northern Peru. It encompassed the triangular region formed by the confluence of the
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system of ethnic dispersion, the Inca attempted to quell these rebellions by forcing large numbers of Chachapoya people to resettle in remote locations of the empire.
451:), with the intention to "raze the entire country" of the Chachapoyas. From Cajamarquilla, a delegation of women came to meet them, led by a matron who was a former
170:, the Chachapoyas were one of the many nations ruled by the Incas, although their incorporation had been difficult due to their constant resistance to Inca troops.
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According to de la Vega, the Chachapoyas anticipated an Inca incursion and began preparations to withstand it at least two years earlier. The chronicle of
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until the latter part of the 16th century. To be sure, the Incas introduced their own style after conquering the Chachapoyas, such as in the case of the
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Inca. By the 18th century, the Chachapoyas had been devastated; however, they remain a distinct strain within the indigenous peoples of modern Peru.
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652:, the Chachapoyas do not exhibit Amazon cultural tradition but one more closely resembling an Andean one. Given that the terrain facilitates
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The period from the adoption of ceramic technology until conquest, around 1400 to 1450 AD, is called the "Initial Period Manachaqui phase".
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Peru is roughly five times the size of the UK. The Chachapoya were found to the north, and on the Eastern side of the Andean mountains
668:, and/or related phenomena in an initially small population sharing a relatively recent common ancestor with other indigenous groups.
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their Andean culture with them. This phenomenon, which still occurs today, was repeated in the southern Amazonian Andes during the
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Cieza de León remarked that, among the indigenous Peruvians, the Chachapoyas were unusually fair-skinned and famously beautiful:
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When civil war broke out within the Inca Empire, the Chachapoyas were located on middle ground between the northern capital at
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Chachapoyan constructions may date to the 9th or 10th century; this architectural tradition still thrived at the time of the
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provided with wooden masks typical of the "Middle Horizon", a dominant culture on the coast and highlands, also known as the
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all of his governors and ministers having been killed, along with a great number of soldiers, and others taken into slavery.
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609:. The chronicle's use of the term "white" here predates its emergence as a racial classification. Another Spanish author,
378:("Mummy Lake"), among others. It is estimated that only 5% of sites of the Chachapoyas have been excavated according to a
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land, as evidenced by extensive terracing throughout the region. The agricultural environments of both the Andes and the
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541:. The Spanish moved in and occupied Cochabamba, extorting from the local inhabitants whatever riches they could find.
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on upper molars — characteristics consistent with other indigenous peoples and inconsistent with Europeans.
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region, where it was thirty leagues wider still, might well be called a kingdom, rather than a province.
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The presence of two funeral patterns is also typical of the Chachapoyas culture. One is represented by
584:(...) The women and their husbands always dressed in woolen clothes and in their heads they wear their
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It gave them grounds to work and places for houses not much far from a hill that is next to the city (
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derives its name from the word for this ancient culture as does the defined architectural style.
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of Tupac Inca Yupanqui, Huayna Capac's father. They asked for mercy and forgiveness, which the
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of the Andean region, the physical attributes of the Chachapoyas are most likely reflecting
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noted that, after their annexation to the Inca Empire, they adopted customs imposed by the
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in the region. They also arranged the transfer of groups of villagers under the system of
433:
48:
944:; MacLaverty, John (Director and Producer); Downes, Mary (Series Producer) (2013-01-14).
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1301:. C. H. Beck, 2013, 2nd revised edition March 2014. Published in the German Language as
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had brought civilization to the Americas. Following up on these claims, anthropologist
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Wurde Amerika in der Antike entdeckt? Karthager, Kelten und das Rätsel der Chachapoya
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The Incas: The Classic Account of the Rise and Fall of a Great American Civilization
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The Incas: The Classic Account of the Rise and Fall of a Great American Civilization
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The Incas: The Classic Account of the Rise and Fall of a Great American Civilization
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reveals. These walls represent stages of a ritual dance of couples holding hands.
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213:= cloud) meaning "cloud forest". Another possibility is that it may derive from
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Tomb Raiders of El Dorado: Archaeological conservation dilemmas in Chachapoyas
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Their territory, which measured fifty by twenty leagues, without counting the
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of the Chachapoyans is the artifact of the opening section seen in the film
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533:, a local ruler from Quchapampa, pledged his allegiance to the conquistador
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The conquest of the Chachapoyas by the Inca Empire took place, according to
307:
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Chachapoyan handmade ceramics did not reach the technological level of the
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culture that covered much of the coast and highlands. Referred to as the '
17:
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1932:
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997:"Chachapoyas: Cultural Development at an Andean Cloud Forest Crossroads"
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of the north,' Kuélap receives few visitors due to its remote location.
235:) that the Incas used as a collective term for the many kingdoms around
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New Chachapoyan archaeological site discovered, September 16, 2010
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To assure the pacification of the Chachapoyas, the Incas installed
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Other archaeological sites in the region include the settlement of
251:
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1349:
The Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru by Pedro de Cieza de Leon
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describes a "Temple of the Chachapoyan Warriors 2000 years old."
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constructed like tiny houses located in caves worked into cliffs.
746:
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553:
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476:
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142:, also called the "Warriors of the Clouds", was a culture of the
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According to the analysis of the Chachapoya objects made by the
155:
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1334:
Chachapoyas: Cultural Development at a Cloud Forest Crossroads
1142:
953:
379:
1293:
201009165074 | New Chachapoyan archaeological site discovered
2816:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1020:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 435–436.
409:
also documents Chachapoya resistance. During the time of
1063:
de la Vega, Garcilaso (1961). Gheerbrant, Alain (ed.).
1048:
de la Vega, Garcilaso (1961). Gheerbrant, Alain (ed.).
980:
de la Vega, Garcilaso (1961). Gheerbrant, Alain (ed.).
347:
The major urban centers, such as the great fortress of
166:
in the 16th century. At the time of the arrival of the
1286:
Incas and Spaniards in the Conquest of the Chachapoyas
2811:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
1279:
Antisuyo: The Search for the Lost Cities of the Andes
1138:
Lost Kingdoms of South America - People of the Clouds
1120:
Incas and Spaniards in the Conquest of the Chachapoya
1274:. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1998.
805:
are frequently decorated by cordoned motifs. As for
590:, which are a sign they wear to be known everywhere.
302:
noted that the Chachapoyas territory was extensive:
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Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin#Chacha
99:
89:
78:
68:
58:
711:seems to have been driven by the desire to expand
1254:An Overview of Chachapoya Archaeology and History
495:in the outskirts of the Utcubamba in the current
370:, the Atumpucro complex, and the burial sites at
764:are prime examples of this architectural style.
735:, raising examples of Inca architecture such as
286:, up to the basin of the Abiseo River where the
162:conquered their civilization shortly before the
1190:"How Indiana Jones Actually Changed Archeology"
1094:Los Hombres Barbados en la América Precolombina
1014:Mujica, Sonia Alconini; Covey, R. Alan (2018).
595:"The Incas", Pedro de Cieza de Leon, Chapter 27
577:
473:
415:
304:
2791:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2776:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
952:. Series 1. Episode 1. Event occurs at 5:44.
1369:
1309:Secrets of the Dead: Carthage's Lost Warriors
34:civilization. For the contemporary city, see
8:
755:Area, Abisco or Pajaten culture, AD 900–1400
41:
432:that he ordered to be built, probably near
134:Walls of Soloco fortress, Chachapoyas, Peru
2759:
1376:
1362:
1354:
1322:Ethnography and Archaeology of Chachapoyas
421:In response, Huayna Capac, who was in the
47:
2781:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1158:
1156:
2869:Archaeological cultures of South America
1385:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
1299:Was America Discovered in Ancient Times?
250:
1165:Indiana Jones : the ultimate guide
1082:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
995:Church, Warren B.; Von Hagen, Adriana.
883:
563:, an Incan site in south Peru close to
386:Inca occupation and forced resettlement
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
231:= the name of a pre-Inca kingdom from
40:
413:'s regime, the Chachapoyas rebelled:
7:
1344:Peru North map including Chachapoyas
1221:"Raiders of the Lost Ark Screenplay"
1067:. New York: Avon Books. p. 324.
1052:. New York: Avon Books. p. 322.
984:. New York: Avon Books. p. 297.
443:From here, Inca troops proceeded to
1809:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
769:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
2801:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
1780:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
1311:. Single DVD, in English language.
650:Instituto de Arqueología Amazónica
537:after the capture of Atahualpa in
294:The contemporary Peruvian city of
25:
1792:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
1763:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
1092:Ibarra Grasso, Dick Edgar (1997)
2833:
1785:Archaeological sites in Colombia
1758:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
1167:. New York: DK Pub. p. 58.
1149:from the original on 2021-11-13.
1080:The Incas of Pedro Cieza de Leon
1017:The Oxford Handbook of the Incas
104:
1768:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
1145:. Event occurs at 39 minutes.
857:Amazonas before the Inca Empire
694:" may be modified forms of the
522:, ruled by Atahualpa's brother
382:documentary from January 2013.
950:Lost Kingdoms of South America
917:"Diccionario Quechua - Aymara"
892:"Diccionario Quechua - Aymara"
707:Population expansion into the
617:in support of his thesis that
518:, and the southern capital at
1:
2712:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
1773:Archaeological sites in Chile
1281:. Simon & Schuster, 1970.
1078:Cieza de Léon, Pedro (1959).
82:
53:Map of the Chachapoya culture
2806:Mesoamerican writing systems
1802:Archaeological sites in Peru
1288:. Göteborg University, 1997.
1105:Llanos, Oscar Olmedo (2006)
150:of the southern part of the
2702:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
727:, which projected into the
656:, as evidenced by the high
394:, during the government of
2890:
2728:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2631:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
499:, as well as other sites.
30:This article is about the
29:
2829:
2771:
2762:
2126:
1953:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
1118:Schjellerup, Inge (1997)
548:'s rebellion against the
487:The Inca presence in the
300:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
176:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
46:
2840:Civilizations portal
1797:Cultural periods of Peru
942:Cooper, Jago (Presenter)
489:territory of Chachapoyas
243:who live in the woods".
2734:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
1580:Mesoamerican chronology
840:Raiders of the Lost Ark
678:resemble imitations of
471:(forced resettlement):
1437:Archaeological periods
1272:Warriors of the Clouds
1194:nationalgeographic.com
1163:Luceno, James (2008).
946:"People of the Clouds"
811:tunnels of San Antonio
756:
641:
640:. Chachapoyas culture.
607:European in appearance
598:
571:Appearance and origins
485:
449:Bolívar Province, Peru
419:
312:
271:
152:Department of Amazonas
135:
127:
2740:List of Conquistadors
2627:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
2038:Quebrada de Humahuaca
1457:Caddoan Mississippian
1284:Schjellerup, Inge R.
1265:Conquest of the Incas
1001:www.researchgate.net/
750:
654:peripatric speciation
635:
254:
239:, the equivalent of "
133:
122:
2864:Andean civilizations
2707:Francisco de Montejo
2635:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
1748:Andean civilizations
1675:Shaft tomb tradition
1252:von Hagen, Adriana.
1230:. Medway Productions
1135:(Presenter) (2013).
493:Quchapampa, Amazonas
376:Laguna de las Momias
343:Archaeological sites
2874:Archaeology of Peru
2673:Manco Inca Yupanqui
1978:Manteño-Huancavilca
1447:Ancestral Puebloans
872:Purum Llaqta, Cheto
777:Leimebamba District
773:ruins of Quchapampa
648:expeditions of the
546:Manco Inca Yupanqui
497:Leimebamba District
491:left structures at
407:Pedro Cieza de León
396:Tupac Inca Yupanqui
265:Leimebamba District
180:Pedro Cieza de León
43:
2796:Columbian exchange
2786:Portal:Mesoamerica
1938:La Tolita (Tumaco)
1753:Indigenous peoples
1492:Hopewell tradition
1419:Indigenous peoples
1327:2015-03-23 at the
1219:Kasdan, Lawrence.
825:In popular culture
757:
666:assortative mating
642:
272:
136:
128:
59:Geographical range
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2821:Pre-Columbian art
2757:
2756:
2751:Francisco Pizarro
2717:Pedro de Alvarado
2033:Pucará de Tilcara
1267:. Harcourt, 1970.
1174:978-0-7566-3500-8
751:Painted textile,
627:cusp of Carabelli
615:Jacques de Mahieu
535:Francisco Pizarro
296:Chachapoyas, Peru
261:Chachapoyas, Peru
117:
116:
73:Late Intermediate
36:Chachapoyas, Peru
32:pre-Columbian era
16:(Redirected from
2881:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2760:
2746:Spanish Conquest
2723:Spanish Conquest
2698:Spanish Conquest
2687:Spanish Conquest
2129:
2128:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1297:Giffhorn, Hans.
1270:Muscutt, Keith.
1258:Museo Leymebamba
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1228:dailyscripts.com
1225:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1196:. Archived from
1188:Berlin, Jeremy.
1185:
1179:
1178:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1128:
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1103:
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932:
931:
929:
928:
913:
907:
906:
904:
903:
888:
801:cultures. Their
673:anthropomorphous
623:Inge Schjellerup
596:
164:Spanish conquest
110:
108:
107:
84:
51:
44:
21:
2889:
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2714:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2689:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2644:Quemuenchatocha
2642:
2633:
2629:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2573:
2442:
2351:
2325:
2314:
2261:Human Sacrifice
2258:
2250:Human Sacrifice
2247:
2221:
2194:Mayan Languages
2122:
1734:
1566:
1423:
1404:Genetic history
1387:
1382:
1329:Wayback Machine
1318:
1307:PBS TV Program
1263:Hemming, John.
1249:
1247:Further reading
1244:
1243:
1233:
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1223:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
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1154:
1141:(video). Peru:
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1107:Paranoia Aimara
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853:
845:Lawrence Kasdan
833:franchise, the
827:
745:
743:Characteristics
709:Amazonian Andes
680:funeral bundles
662:founder effects
597:
594:
573:
434:Balsas District
388:
345:
326:
249:
192:
154:of present-day
105:
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54:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2624:
2607:
2606:Notable Rulers
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:Neo-Inca State
2568:
2563:
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2055:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
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1317:
1316:External links
1314:
1313:
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1261:
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1211:
1200:on May 4, 2020
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1123:
1111:
1098:
1085:
1070:
1055:
1033:
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987:
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921:www.katari.org
908:
896:www.katari.org
882:
881:
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875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
852:
849:
826:
823:
803:small pitchers
744:
741:
717:coastal region
636:Sarcophagi of
592:
572:
569:
550:Spanish Empire
387:
384:
357:Middle Horizon
355:around 800, a
344:
341:
331:Following the
325:
322:
284:Bagua Province
255:Valley of the
248:
245:
215:sach'a-p-qulla
191:
188:
146:living in the
115:
114:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
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63:Amazonas, Peru
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27:Andean culture
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14:
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10:
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2:
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2692:Hernán Cortés
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1740:South America
1737:
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1562:Weeden Island
1560:
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1537:Poverty Point
1535:
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1528:
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1523:
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1502:Mississippian
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1429:North America
1426:
1420:
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1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:Paleo-Indians
1397:
1396:
1394:
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1386:
1379:
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1277:Savoy, Gene.
1276:
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1259:
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1199:
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1034:
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1027:9780190219376
1023:
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850:
848:
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836:
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831:Indiana Jones
824:
822:
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815:Luya Province
812:
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804:
800:
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611:Pedro Pizarro
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445:Cajamarquilla
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427:
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418:
414:
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385:
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333:Inca conquest
329:
323:
321:
318:
311:
309:
303:
301:
297:
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:Marañón River
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:Marañón River
253:
246:
244:
242:
238:
237:Lake Titicaca
234:
230:
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220:
216:
212:
208:
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201:
197:
189:
187:
185:
181:
177:
171:
169:
168:conquistadors
165:
161:
157:
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149:
148:cloud forests
145:
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98:
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67:
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61:
57:
50:
45:
37:
33:
19:
2831:
2764:
2614:Moctezuma II
2571:Inca history
2496:Andean Music
2440:Architecture
2435:Architecture
2430:Architecture
2425:Architecture
2421:Architecture
2415:Gender Roles
2160:Tenochtitlan
2083:Timoto–Cuica
2078:Tierradentro
1867:
1863:Casma–Sechin
1595:Chalcatzingo
1308:
1302:
1298:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1253:
1232:. Retrieved
1227:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:the original
1193:
1183:
1164:
1137:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1016:
1009:
1000:
990:
981:
975:
967:
961:. Retrieved
949:
936:
925:. Retrieved
923:(in Spanish)
920:
911:
900:. Retrieved
898:(in Spanish)
895:
886:
838:
828:
819:
792:
781:
766:
758:
752:
737:Machu Picchu
721:
706:
701:
695:
688:Wari culture
670:
658:biodiversity
643:
605:-haired and
599:
586:
578:
574:
565:Machu Picchu
561:Choquequirao
559:
543:
528:
509:
501:
486:
474:
462:
442:
420:
416:
411:Huayna Capac
404:
400:Gran Pajatén
389:
368:Gran Saposoa
365:
361:Machu Picchu
353:Wari culture
346:
330:
327:
313:
305:
293:
288:Gran Pajáten
273:
241:qulla people
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:sach'a phuyu
202:
195:
193:
172:
139:
137:
2677:Túpac Amaru
2661:Manco Cápac
2610:Moctezuma I
2521:Agriculture
2516:Agriculture
2511:Agriculture
2502:Agriculture
2445:Road System
2334:Mathematics
2199:Muysc Cubun
2053:San Agustín
2003:Monte Verde
1680:Teotihuacan
1572:Mesoamerica
1467:Coles Creek
1452:Anishinaabe
1409:Archaeology
1234:31 December
1204:31 December
1133:Jago Cooper
867:Machu Pirqa
835:Golden Idol
807:textile art
753:Chachapoyas
729:mountainous
725:Inca Empire
514:, ruled by
184:Cusco-based
160:Inca Empire
140:Chachapoyas
112:Inca Empire
100:Followed by
90:Preceded by
2858:Categories
2648:Tisquesusa
2622:Cuauhtémoc
2618:Cuitláhuac
1948:Lauricocha
1918:Gran Chaco
1908:Cupisnique
1893:Chinchorro
1868:Chachapoya
1858:Caral–Supe
1700:Tlaxcaltec
1690:Teuchitlán
1605:Chupícuaro
1532:Plum Bayou
1527:Plaquemine
1497:Marksville
1462:Chichimeca
963:2018-07-30
927:2016-10-03
902:2016-10-03
878:References
788:mausoleums
784:sarcophagi
762:Cerro Olán
733:Vilcabamba
692:mausoleums
676:sarcophagi
582:Sun Temple
423:Ecuadorian
337:conquerors
317:cordillera
225:= of the,
196:Chachapoya
85:800 - 1470
42:Chachapoya
18:Chachapoya
2669:Atahualpa
2665:Pachacuti
2640:Nemequene
2506:Chinampas
2328:Astronomy
2317:Astronomy
2297:Mythology
2292:Mythology
2287:Mythology
2282:Mythology
2278:Mythology
2108:Wankarani
2098:Tuncahuán
1988:Marajoara
1943:Las Vegas
1829:Atacameño
1725:Xochipala
1665:Purépecha
1625:Epi-Olmec
1615:Cuicuilco
1557:Troyville
1547:St. Johns
1256:from the
539:Cajamarca
516:Atahualpa
479:) called
465:garrisons
457:Sapa Inca
453:concubine
392:Garcilaso
308:Muyupampa
280:Utcubamba
247:Geography
194:The name
190:Etymology
2765:See also
2683:Conquest
2656:Zoratama
2323:Calendar
2312:Calendar
2307:Calendar
2303:Calendar
2272:Religion
2267:Religion
2256:Religion
2245:Religion
2241:Religion
2230:Numerals
2224:Numerals
2185:Language
2165:Multiple
2103:Valdivia
2088:Tiwanaku
2048:Saladoid
2043:Quimbaya
1933:Kuhikugu
1913:Diaguita
1903:Chorrera
1720:Veraguas
1715:Veracruz
1695:Tlatilco
1507:Mogollon
1414:Cultures
1392:Americas
1325:Archived
1260:website.
1147:Archived
958:BBC Four
851:See also
731:zone of
713:agrarian
684:Tiwanaku
646:Antisuyo
593:—
481:Carmenga
447:(now in
438:Celendín
278:and the
269:Celendín
259:between
221:= tree,
209:= tree,
2652:Tundama
2581:Peoples
2566:History
2561:History
2556:History
2552:History
2546:Cuisine
2541:Cuisine
2536:Cuisine
2531:Cuisine
2527:Cuisine
2385:Warfare
2380:Warfare
2375:Warfare
2371:Warfare
2365:Society
2360:Economy
2349:Society
2344:Society
2340:Society
2210:Writing
2204:Quechua
2189:Nahuatl
2156:Capital
2093:Toyopán
2073:Tairona
1983:Mapuche
1898:Chiripa
1873:Chancay
1844:Cañaris
1819:Amotape
1814:El Abra
1730:Zapotec
1710:Totonac
1685:Tepanec
1670:Quelepa
1640:Mezcala
1630:Huastec
1600:Cholula
1590:Capacha
1585:Acolhua
1542:Sinagua
1517:Patayan
1487:Hohokam
1477:Fremont
829:In the
702:pucullo
697:chullpa
690:. The "
638:Carajía
619:Vikings
587:llautos
544:During
524:Huáscar
426:Cañaris
324:History
200:Quechua
123:Inside
2595:Muisca
2590:Mayans
2585:Aztecs
2219:Script
2214:Script
2174:Bacatá
2145:Muisca
2028:Pucará
2023:Piaroa
2018:Paiján
2013:Omagua
1968:Lupaca
1963:Lokono
1928:Kalina
1923:Huetar
1883:Chavín
1878:Chango
1853:Nariño
1849:Capulí
1839:Calima
1834:Aymara
1824:Arawak
1705:Toltec
1655:Olmecs
1650:Nicoya
1645:Mixtec
1620:Diquis
1522:Picosa
1512:Oshara
1482:Glades
1472:Dorset
1171:
1109:p. 182
1024:
531:Huaman
372:Revash
349:Kuelap
267:) and
219:sach'a
207:sach'a
158:. The
125:Kuélap
109:
69:Period
2600:Incas
2491:Music
2486:Music
2481:Music
2477:Music
2410:Women
2405:Women
2400:Women
2396:Women
2354:Trade
2235:Quipu
2179:Cusco
2170:Hunza
2135:Aztec
2068:Taíno
2063:Sican
2058:Shuar
2008:Nazca
1998:Mollo
1993:Moche
1973:Luzia
1888:Chimú
1660:Pipil
1635:Izapa
1610:Coclé
1552:Thule
1442:Adena
1224:(PDF)
1096:p. 66
799:Nazca
795:Moche
603:blond
554:ayllu
520:Cusco
512:Quito
505:mitma
477:Cusco
469:mitma
436:near
430:rafts
228:qulla
211:phuyu
144:Andes
79:Dates
2390:Army
2172:and
2150:Inca
2140:Maya
2118:Zenú
2113:Wari
1958:Lima
1236:2020
1206:2020
1169:ISBN
1022:ISBN
671:The
374:and
233:Puno
156:Peru
138:The
94:Wari
2471:Art
2466:Art
2461:Art
2456:Art
2452:Art
1143:BBC
1131:Dr
954:BBC
813:in
797:or
775:in
700:or
380:BBC
282:in
2860::
2709:)
1226:.
1192:.
1155:^
1036:^
999:.
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956:.
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83:c.
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686:–
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223:p
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20:)
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