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chaparral has a high-intensity crown-fire regime, meaning that fires consume nearly all the above ground growth whenever they burn, with a historical frequency of 30 to 150 years or more. A detailed analysis of historical fire data concluded that fire suppression activities have been ineffective at excluding fire from southern
California chaparral, unlike in ponderosa pine forests. In addition, the number of fires is increasing in step with population growth and exacerbated by climate change. Chaparral stand age does not have a significant correlation to its tendency to burn.
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smoke or charred wood). During the time shortly after a fire, chaparral communities may contain soft-leaved herbaceous, fire following annual wildflowers and short-lived perennials that dominate the community for the first few years β until the burl resprouts and seedlings of chaparral shrub species create a mature, dense overstory. Seeds of annuals and shrubs lie dormant until the next fire creates the conditions needed for germination.
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Because of the hot, dry conditions that exist in the
California summer and fall, chaparral is one of the most fire-prone plant communities in North America. Some fires are caused by lightning, but these are usually during periods of high humidity and low winds and are easily controlled. Nearly all of
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The perspective that older chaparral is unhealthy or unproductive may have originated during the 1940s when studies were conducted measuring the amount of forage available to deer populations in chaparral stands. However, according to recent studies, California chaparral is extraordinarily resilient
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Some chaparral plant communities may grow so dense and tall that it becomes difficult for large animals and humans to penetrate, but may be teeming with smaller fauna in the understory. The seeds of many chaparral plant species are stimulated to germinate by some fire cue (heat or the chemicals from
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forests in the
Southwest of the United States has unnaturally increased forest density. Historically, mixed-severity fires likely burned through these forests every decade or so, burning understory plants, small trees, and downed logs at low-severity, and patches of trees at high-severity. However,
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The chaparral ecosystem as a whole is adapted to be able to recover from naturally infrequent, high-intensity fire (fires occurring between 30 and 150 years or more apart); indeed, chaparral regions are known culturally and historically for their impressive fires. (This does create a conflict with
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Chaparral characteristically is found in areas with steep topography and shallow stony soils, while adjacent areas with clay soils, even where steep, tend to be colonized by annual plants and grasses. Some chaparral species are adapted to nutrient-poor soils developed over serpentine and other
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In its natural state, chaparral is characterized by infrequent fires, with natural fire return intervals ranging between 30 years and over 150 years. Mature chaparral (at least 60 years since time of last fire) is characterized by nearly impenetrable, dense thickets (except the more open desert
2343:
Pratt, R. Brandon; Jacobsen, Anna L.; Ramirez, Aaron R.; Helms, Anjel M.; Traugh, Courtney A.; Tobin, Michael F.; Heffner, Marcus S.; Davis, Stephen D. (2014-03-01). "Mortality of resprouting chaparral shrubs after a fire and during a record drought: physiological mechanisms and demographic
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spp. This high frequency disallows seeder plants to reach their reproductive size before the next fire and the community shifts to a sprouter-dominance. If high frequency fires continue over time, obligate resprouting shrub species can also be eliminated by exhausting their energy reserves
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Zedler, P.H. 1995. Fire frequency in southern
California shrublands: biological effects and management options, pp. 101β112 in J.E. Keeley and T. Scott (eds.), Brushfires in California wildlands: ecology and resource management. International Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfield,
1221:. It is distinguished from the cismontane chaparral found on the coastal side of the mountains, which experiences higher winter rainfall. Naturally, desert chaparral experiences less winter rainfall than cismontane chaparral. Plants in this community are characterized by small, hard (
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Large, infrequent, high-intensity wildfires are part of the natural fire regime for
California chaparral. Extreme weather conditions (low humidity, high temperature, high winds), drought, and low fuel moisture are the primary factors in determining how large a chaparral fire becomes.
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Pratt, R. B., A. L. Jacobsen, A. R. Ramirez, A. M. Helms, C. A. Traugh, M. F. Tobin, M. S. Heffner, and S. D. Davis. 2013. Mortality of resprouting chaparral shrubs after a fire and during a record drought: physiological mechanisms and demographic consequences. Global Change
Biology
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human development adjacent to and expanding into chaparral systems.) Additionally, Native
Americans burned chaparral near villages on the coastal plain to promote plant species for textiles and food. Before a major fire, typical chaparral plant communities are dominated by
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and southern
California. It was suggested that fire suppression activities in southern California allowed more fuel to accumulate, which in turn led to larger fires. This is similar to the observation that fire suppression and other human-caused disturbances in dry,
190:, and along the eastern side of central Mexico's mountain chains, all having summer rains in contrast to the Mediterranean climate of other chaparral formations. Chaparral comprises 9% of California's wildland vegetation and contains 20% of its plant species.
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Venturas, M. D., E. D. MacKinnon, H. L. Dario, A. L. Jacobsen, R. B. Pratt, and S. D. Davis. 2016. Chaparral shrub hydraulic traits, size, and life history types relate to species mortality during
California's historic drought of 2014. PLoS ONE 11(7):
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There are two older hypotheses relating to
California chaparral fire regimes that caused considerable debate in the past within the fields of wildfire ecology and land management. Research over the past two decades have rejected these hypotheses:
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Chaparral is a coastal biome with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. The chaparral area receives about 38β100 cm (15β39 in) of precipitation a year. This makes the chaparral most vulnerable to fire in the late summer and fall.
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chaparral). These plants are flammable during the late summer and autumn months when conditions are characteristically hot and dry. They grow as woody shrubs with thick, leathery, and often small leaves, contain green leaves all year (are
232:), and are typically drought resistant (with some exceptions). After the first rains following a fire, the landscape is dominated by small flowering herbaceous plants, known as fire followers, which die back with the summer dry period.
1158:. Unlike cismontane chaparral, which forms dense, impenetrable stands of plants, desert chaparral is often open, with only about 50 percent of the ground covered. Individual shrubs can reach up to 10 feet (3.0 m) in height.
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below-ground. Today, frequent accidental ignitions can convert chaparral from a native shrubland to non-native annual grassland and drastically reduce species diversity, especially under drought brought about by climate change.
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Though adapted to infrequent fires, chaparral plant communities can be eliminated by frequent fires. A high frequency of fire (less than 10-15 years apart) will result in the loss of obligate seeding shrub species such as
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Moritz, M.A., J.E. Keeley, E.A. Johnson, and A.A. Schaffner. 2004. Testing a basic assumption of shrubland fire management: How important is fuel age? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2:67β72.
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Syphard, A. D., V. C. Radeloff, J. E. Keeley, T. J. Hawbaker, M. K. Clayton, S. I. Stewart, and R. B. Hammer. 2007. Human influence on California fire regimes. Ecological Applications 17:1388β1402.
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to very long periods without fire and continues to maintain productive growth throughout pre-fire conditions. Seeds of many chaparral plants actually require 30 years or more worth of accumulated
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The complex ecology of chaparral habitats supports a very large number of animal species. The following is a short list of birds which are an integral part of the cismontane chaparral ecosystems.
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Syphard, Alexandra D.; Radeloff, Volker C.; Keeley, Jon E.; Hawbaker, Todd J.; Clayton, Murray K.; Stewart, Susan I.; Hammer, Roger B. (2007-07-01). "Human Influence on California Fire Regimes".
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Keeley, J.E., A.H. Pfaff, and H.D. Stafford. 2005. Fire suppression impacts on postfire recovery of Sierra Nevada chaparral shrublands. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14: 255β265.
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Transmontane (desert) chaparral typically grows on the lower (3,500β4,500 feet (1,100β1,400 m) elevation) northern slopes of the southern Transverse Ranges (running east to west in
971:
474:
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3000:
1758:). When intervals between fires drop below 10 to 15 years, many chaparral species are eliminated and the system is typically replaced by non-native, invasive, weedy grassland.
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Moritz, Max A.; Keeley, Jon E.; Johnson, Edward A.; Schaffner, Andrew A. (2004-03-01). "Testing a basic assumption of shrubland fire management: how important is fuel age?".
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2009:
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Due to the lower annual rainfall (resulting in slower plant growth rates) when compared to cismontane chaparral, desert chaparral is more vulnerable to
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ultramafic rock, with a high ratio of magnesium and iron to calcium and potassium, that are also generally low in essential nutrients such as nitrogen.
2521:
2950:
283:). According to the California Academy of Sciences, Mediterranean shrubland contains more than 20 percent of the world's plant diversity. The word
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Zedler, P.H. (1995). Keeley, J.E.; Scott, T (eds.). "Fire frequency in southern California shrublands: biological effects and management options".
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chaparral forms a dominant habitat. Members of the chaparral biota native to California, all of which tend to regrow quickly after fires, include:
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1689:. These human-caused fires are commonly ignited by power line failures, vehicle fires and collisions, sparks from machinery, arson, or campfires.
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Larigauderie, A., T.W. Hubbard, and J. Kummerow. 1990. Growth dynamics of two chaparral shrub species with time after fire. Madrono 37: 225β236.
1233:. It is further distinguished from the deciduous sub-alpine scrub above the pinyon-juniper woodlands on the same side of the Peninsular ranges.
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Keeley, J. E., C. J. Fotheringham, and M. Morais. 1999. Reexamining fire suppression impacts on brushland fire regimes. Science 284:1829β1832.
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counties) and on the lower (2,500β3,500 feet (760β1,070 m)) eastern slopes of the Peninsular Ranges (running south to north from lower
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Hubbard, R.F. 1986. Stand age and growth dynamics in chamise chaparral. Master's thesis, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
1924:"Chaparral Shrub Hydraulic Traits, Size, and Life History Types Relate to Species Mortality during California's Historic Drought of 2014"
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Halsey, R.W. 2008. Fire, Chaparral, and Survival in Southern California. Second Edition. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego, CA. 232 p.
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The idea that older chaparral is responsible for causing large fires was originally proposed in the 1980s by comparing wildfires in
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system uses two California chaparral and woodlands subdivisions: the cismontane chaparral and the transmontane (desert) chaparral.
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Keeley, J.E. 1995. Future of California floristics and systematics: wildfire threats to the California flora. Madrono 42: 175β179.
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Hanson, C.T; Sherriff, R.L; Hutto, R.L.; DellaSala, D.A.; Veblen, T.T.; Baker, W.L. (2015). DellaSala, D.A.; Hanson, C.T. (eds.).
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Venturas, Martin D.; MacKinnon, Evan D.; Dario, Hannah L.; Jacobsen, Anna L.; Pratt, R. Brandon; Davis, Stephen D. (2016-07-08).
1824:
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Larigauderie, A.; Hubbard, T.W.; Kummerow, J. (1990). "Growth dynamics of two chaparral shrub species with time after fire".
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in California, growing on the western (and coastal) sides of large mountain range systems, such as the western slopes of the
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Haidinger, T.L., and J.E. Keeley. 1993. Role of high fire frequency in destruction of mixed chaparral. Madrono 40: 141β147.
2013:
405:
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For the numerous individual plant and animal species found within the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, see:
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1408:
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2654:
449:
1991:
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Keeley, Jon E. (1995). "Future of California Floristics and Systematics: Wildfire Threats to the California Flora".
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Similar plant communities are found in the four other Mediterranean climate regions around the world, including the
2955:
2789:"A 560 year record of Santa Ana fires reconstructed from charcoal deposited in the Santa Barbara Basin, California"
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425:
319:
35:
1358:, bigberry manzanita (smooth red bark with large edible berries; glauca means blue-green, the color of its leaves)
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1482:
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145:
50:
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2721:
1584:
1273:
1182:
570:
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Minnich, R. A. 1983. Fire mosaics in southern California and northern Baja California. Science 219:1287β1294.
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Hanes, T. L. 1971. Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern California. Ecol. Monographs 41: 27β52.
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Plants that are long-lived in the seed bank or serotinous with induced germination after fire include chamise
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1324:
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1412:, California flannel bush (lobed leaves with fine coating of hair, covered with yellow blossoms in spring)
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1032:
890:
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502:
2131:"Disjunct chaparral relicts in the New York Mountains of Mojave National Preserve: a preliminary survey"
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1133:
826:
562:
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1229:) leaves. Desert chaparral grows above California's desert cactus scrub plant community and below the
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Vale, T. R. 2002. Fire, Native Peoples, and the Natural Landscape. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA.
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2470:
2412:
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1937:
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The California transmontane (desert) chaparral is found in the rain shadow deserts of the following:
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327:
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policies have allowed dead chaparral to accumulate unnaturally, creating ample fuel for large fires.
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and the invasion of non-native weeds and grasses if disturbed by human activity and frequent fire.
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452:, covering the foothills and lower slopes of the northeastern Transverse Ranges and the western
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County of San Diego Department of Planning and Land Use Multiple Species Conservation Program,
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There is overlap of animals with those of the adjacent desert and pinyon-juniper communities.
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31:
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Hanes, Ted L. (1971-02-01). "Succession after Fire in the Chaparral of Southern California".
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the very large wildfires are caused by human activity during periods of hot, dry easterly
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Impact of high fire frequency: chaparral/sage scrub type converted to non-native grassland
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Some of the indicator plants of the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion include:
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adjacent and inland California regions, including covering some of the mountains of the
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1968:
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1214:
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2547:"Fire suppression impacts on postfire recovery of Sierra Nevada chaparral shrublands*"
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2934:
2522:"Chaparral as a natural resource: changing the conversation about chaparral and fire"
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grazing species in grasslands will promote tree growth, reducing wildfire likelihood
980:
1819:
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Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) resprouting after a high-intensity chaparral fire
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Transmontane chaparral or desert chaparral is found on the eastern slopes of major
1048:
330:
with a large number of different species β that is under threat by human activity.
260:
2482:
1332:(a low shrub common to most chaparral with clusters of tiny needle like leaves or
2029:
A Natural History of California, Allan A. Schoenerr, Figure 8.9 β 8.10, Table 8.2
1950:
2235:
1737:
1613:
Wildflower display after the 2007 Witch Creek Fire, San Diego County, California
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counties and the Transverse Ranges). It can also be found in higher-elevation
357:
30:
This article is about the plant community. For the plant used medicinally, see
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933:
622:
137:
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1959:
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fix nitrogen, increasing the availability of nitrogen compounds in the soil.
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786:
632:
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1977:
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An old-growth manzanita, a classic member of the chaparral plant community
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Three other closely related chaparral shrubland systems occur in southern
17:
2546:
1928:
1834:
1724:", thus implying that fire is necessary for the plants to remain healthy,
1721:
1445:
1165:
Transmontane chaparral in the Laguna Mountains, Cleveland National Forest
288:
157:
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2612:
2925:
2440:
2278:
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1552:
1329:
1117:
486:
278:
183:
41:
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2313:
156:(mild wet winters and hot dry summers) and infrequent, high-intensity
2706:"Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage for the future"
2690:. Fairfield, WA: International Association of Wildland Fire: 101β112.
1129:
1113:
818:
650:
266:
149:
2562:
2424:
2230:
Parker, V. T. (2016). Mooney, H.; Zavaleta, E. (eds.). "Chaparral".
194:
See US Forest Service map and details of distribution and occurrence
2738:
The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires: Nature's Phoenix
2688:
Brushfires in California Wildlands: Ecology and Resource Management
740:
Category: Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
2459:"Fire Mosaics in Southern California and Northern Baja California"
1643:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1436:, desert prickly pear (fruit is important food source for animals)
1160:
1148:
979:
751:
707:
376:
356:
348:
248:
187:
167:
evergreen leaves, as contrasted with the associated soft-leaved,
2946:
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub in the United States
1659:
606:
322:
and other conservation organizations consider chaparral to be a
2655:"Role of high fire frequency in destruction of mixed chaparral"
2545:
Keeley, Jon E.; Pfaff, Anne H.; Safford, Hugh D. (2005-10-03).
1393:, bush poppy (a fire follower with four petaled yellow flowers)
2184:. Vale, Thomas R., 1943-. Washington, DC: Island Press. 2002.
1464:, desert almond (commonly infested with tent caterpillars of
678:
California cismontane and transmontane chaparral subdivisions
99:
2898:
Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006).
2253:
Kummerow, J.; Alexander, J.V.; Neel, J.W.; Fishbeck (1978).
1891:
Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences
1877:
1875:
1428:, silver or golden cholla (depending on color of the spines)
2766:
10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0067:tabaos]2.0.co;2
2722:
10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1189:AHEUTP]2.0.CO;2
78:
1740:
before they will successfully germinate (e.g., scrub oak,
69:
2961:
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
2588:. San Diego: Masterβs thesis, San Diego State University.
2157:
Ecological Restoration: Wildfire Ecology Reference Manual
972:
Category: Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
102:
87:
72:
1370:, has hair on both sides of leaves for heat dissipation)
2225:
2223:
1420:, buckhorn cholla (branches resemble antlers of a deer)
1128:
of these ranges. Transmontane chaparral features xeric
2836:
The Serengeti Rules documentary: example Serengeti/gnu
2010:"The Biodiversity Hotspots_Conservation International"
984:
Wrentit, the most characteristic bird of the chaparral
730:
in the Central Coast and Southern California regions.
2704:
Swetnam, T.W.; Allen, C.D.; Betancourt, J.L. (1999).
1268:
in the interior of the deserts, such as in the upper
114:
96:
66:
2037:
2035:
105:
90:
84:
75:
81:
2741:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 3β22.
2586:Stand Age and Growth Dynamics in Chamise Chaparral
27:Shrubland plant community in western North America
2787:Mensing, S.A.; Michaelsen, J.; Byrne, R. (1999).
2540:
2538:
1650:), and other drought-resistant shrubs with hard (
2904:. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall.
2255:"Symbiotic Nitrogen fixation in ceanothus roots"
2135:2022 Desert Symposium at Copper Mountain College
1177:. The mountain systems include the southeastern
179:, found often on drier, southern facing slopes.
2699:
2697:
2529:Proceedings of the CNPS Conservation Conference
2452:
2450:
2182:Fire, native peoples, and the natural landscape
475:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
470:Flora of the California chaparral and woodlands
448:In central interior California surrounding the
264:
2966:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
989:Characteristic chaparral bird species include:
295:
276:
252:
208:
8:
3001:Ecology of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
2112:, Allan A. Schoenherr, pp. 327, Figure 8.9,
2025:
2023:
1041:Other common chaparral bird species include:
699:("this side of the mountain") refers to the
353:Old-growth chaparral more than a century old
339:California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion
311:
240:
2653:Haidinger, Tori L.; Keeley, Jon E. (1993).
1884:"Conservation Issues: California chaparral"
1808:California interior chaparral and woodlands
705:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
547:β California sagebrush, coastal sage brush
444:California interior chaparral and woodlands
374:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
2926:The California Chaparral Institute website
2093:, Allan A. Schoenherr, pp. 8β9, 357, 327,
1840:International Association of Wildland Fire
1803:California montane chaparral and woodlands
1646:(which can sometimes be interspersed with
1093:California transmontane (desert) chaparral
416:California montane chaparral and woodlands
1967:
1949:
436:, and the western slopes of the northern
2976:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
2971:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
2754:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
1366:, desert ceanothus, California lilac (a
669:Chaparral soils and nutrient composition
40:
1851:
1716:That older stands of chaparral become "
2551:International Journal of Wildland Fire
2205:
2073:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2066:
1522:), foothill yucca β our lord's candle.
361:Coastal sage scrub in San Diego County
2086:
2084:
1798:California coastal sage and chaparral
1654:) leaves; these plants resprout (see
1296:creating the western through eastern
1136:habitats, and is also referred to as
392:California coastal sage and chaparral
7:
1197:and Inland Empire; and the northern
1173:systems on the western sides of the
726:, and south-southwest slopes of the
215:, which translates to "place of the
1882:Halsey, R.W.; Keeley, J.E. (2016).
1444:, buckbrush, antelope bitterbrush (
1336:; similar in appearance to coastal
1244:Transmontane chaparral distribution
1151:, with some plant species from the
1108:("the other side of the mountain")
144:and in the northern portion of the
2941:California chaparral and woodlands
2457:Minnich, Richard A. (1983-03-18).
2271:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1978.tb10836.x
1992:"Discovering Rainforest Locations"
1899:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09584-1
1790:California chaparral and woodlands
1486:, desert scrub oak or Muller's oak
1153:California chaparral and woodlands
1140:. Desert chaparral is a regional
734:Cismontane chaparral plant species
367:California chaparral and woodlands
345:California chaparral and woodlands
25:
1693:Threatened by high fire frequency
1378:, curl leaf mountain mahogany, a
966:Cismontane chaparral bird species
718:foothills, western slopes of the
2675:from the original on 2016-04-14.
379:, has three sub-ecoregions with
163:Many chaparral shrubs have hard
62:
2951:Plant communities of California
2110:A Natural History of California
2091:A Natural History of California
1825:Keystone species reintroduction
690:California cismontane chaparral
271:), and in Western and Southern
2240:University of California Press
1996:California Academy of Sciences
1893:. Elsevier Publications, Inc.
1785:California Chaparral Institute
1677:Several shrub species such as
1527:Transmontane chaparral animals
1:
2483:10.1126/science.219.4590.1287
1318:Transmontane chaparral plants
584:species β California lilacs:
461:Chaparral and woodlands biota
316:, that has the same meaning.
2129:Jordan, Shane (April 2022).
1951:10.1371/journal.pone.0159145
1409:Fremontodendron californicum
1146:deserts and xeric shrublands
738:For more flora species, see
306:, which itself comes from a
263:Cape Region (known there as
1752:; and holly-leafed cherry,
1193:north and northeast of the
970:For more bird species, see
886:, islay or hollyleaf cherry
3032:
1382:important food source for
1290:and northern Mojave Desert
969:
737:
342:
320:Conservation International
36:Chaparral (disambiguation)
29:
1865:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1483:Quercus cornelius-mulleri
400:and northwestern coastal
146:Baja California Peninsula
2981:San Bernardino Mountains
2232:Ecosystems of California
1585:Stagmomantis californica
1274:Mojave National Preserve
953:, Californian black sage
945:, Californian white sage
921:, California coffeeberry
662:β Californian black sage
571:Arctostaphylos manzanita
404:, as well as all of the
203:The name comes from the
2901:Biology: Exploring Life
2710:Ecological Applications
2294:Ecological Applications
2154:Knowling, Doug (2016).
1749:Heteromeles arbutifolia
1633:Adenostoma fasciculatum
1325:Adenostoma fasciculatum
1231:pinyon-juniper woodland
1085:Geococcyx californianus
835:Heteromeles arbutifolia
798:spp., mountain mahogany
771:Adenostoma sparsifolium
763:Adenostoma fasciculatum
724:California Coast Ranges
430:California Coast Ranges
302:, meaning place of the
277:
2991:Santa Susana Mountains
2816:10.1006/qres.1999.2035
2584:Hubbard, R.F. (1986).
2212:: CS1 maint: others (
1827:: (sufficient) native
1743:Quercus berberidifolia
1622:
1614:
1606:
1375:Cercocarpus ledifolius
1339:Eriogonum fasciculatum
1276:in the Mojave Desert.
1209:), which separate the
1166:
1098:Transmontane chaparral
1033:Aphelocoma californica
1030:California scrub jay (
985:
891:Quercus berberidifolia
822:spp., silk-tassel bush
814:, California buckwheat
811:Eriogonum fasciculatum
757:
644:β California buckwheat
641:Eriogonum fasciculatum
636:species β buckwheats:
558:species β manzanitas:
503:Quercus berberidifolia
362:
354:
312:
296:
265:
253:
241:
239:(where it is known as
209:
54:
34:. For other uses, see
2986:San Gabriel Mountains
2520:Halsey, R.W. (2009).
2405:Ecological Monographs
2346:Global Change Biology
1620:
1612:
1604:
1515:Hesperoyucca whipplei
1355:Arctostaphylos glauca
1217:) from lower coastal
1187:San Gabriel Mountains
1175:deserts of California
1164:
1134:Mediterranean climate
1073:Costa's hummingbird (
1003:California thrasher (
983:
827:Hesperoyucca whipplei
755:
563:Arctostaphylos glauca
545:Artemisia californica
540:species β sagebrush:
360:
352:
154:Mediterranean climate
44:
1729:wildfire suppression
1556:sp., desert pack rat
1499:Simmondsia chinensis
1417:Opuntia acanthocarpa
1384:desert bighorn sheep
1082:Greater roadrunner (
1067:Psaltriparus minimus
1046:Anna's hummingbird (
696:Cismontane chaparral
597:Ceanothus megacarpus
566:β bigberry manzanita
334:California chaparral
328:biological community
324:biodiversity hotspot
251:(where it is called
152:. It is shaped by a
47:Santa Ynez Mountains
3016:Sclerophyll forests
3011:Nearctic ecoregions
2996:Santa Ana Mountains
2808:1999QuRes..51..295M
2796:Quaternary Research
2475:1983Sci...219.1287M
2469:(4590): 1287β1294.
2417:1971EcoM...41...27H
2358:2014GCBio..20..893P
2306:2007EcoAp..17.1388S
1942:2016PLoSO..1159145V
1658:) from underground
1588:, California mantis
1561:Odocoileus hemionus
1478:, holly-leaf cherry
1433:Opuntia phaeacantha
1425:Opuntia echinocarpa
1219:Southern California
1058:Thryomanes bewickii
1012:California towhee (
1006:Toxostoma redivivum
961:, mission manzanita
918:Rhamnus californica
875:Pickeringia montana
870:, bush monkeyflower
867:Mimulus aurantiacus
747:Southern California
701:chaparral ecosystem
529:β interior live oak
511:Quercus chrysolepis
408:off California and
398:Southern California
237:Mediterranean Basin
136:found primarily in
1623:
1615:
1607:
1461:Prunus fasciculata
1441:Purshia tridentata
1390:Dendromecon rigida
1288:Great Basin Desert
1270:New York Mountains
1167:
1015:Melozone crissalis
986:
958:Xylococcus bicolor
803:Cneoridium dumosum
758:
716:San Joaquin Valley
610:species β sumacs:
600:β bigpod ceanothus
589:Ceanothus cuneatus
574:β common manzanita
363:
355:
177:coastal sage scrub
55:
2956:Plants by habitat
2366:10.1111/gcb.12477
2314:10.1890/06-1128.1
2118:978-0-520-06922-0
2099:978-0-520-06922-0
1755:Prunus ilicifolia
1475:Prunus ilicifolia
1363:Ceanothus greggii
1303:Peninsular Ranges
1294:Transverse Ranges
1260:to Riverside and
1238:biodiversity loss
1225:) evergreen (non-
1199:Peninsular Ranges
1195:Los Angeles basin
1179:Transverse Ranges
926:Rhus integrifolia
883:Prunus ilicifolia
859:Marah macrocarpus
728:Transverse Ranges
720:Peninsular Ranges
654:species β sages:
615:Rhus integrifolia
527:Quercus wislizeni
519:Quercus douglasii
514:β canyon live oak
495:Quercus agrifolia
438:Peninsular Ranges
434:Transverse Ranges
169:drought-deciduous
45:Chaparral in the
32:Larrea tridentata
16:(Redirected from
3023:
3006:Wildfire ecology
2915:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2793:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2716:(4): 1189β1206.
2701:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2650:
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2623:
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2400:
2394:
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2334:
2333:
2300:(5): 1388β1402.
2289:
2283:
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2250:
2244:
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2227:
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2178:
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2049:. Archived from
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2018:
2017:
2012:. Archived from
2006:
2000:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1953:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1856:
1569:Peromyscus truei
1507:Yucca schidigera
1456:, desert apricot
1453:Prunus fremontii
1207:Laguna Mountains
1138:desert chaparral
1102:desert chaparral
1024:Pipilo maculatus
1021:Spotted towhee (
997:Chamaea fasciata
950:Salvia mellifera
929:, lemonade berry
659:Salvia mellifera
618:β lemonade berry
498:β coast live oak
490:species β oaks:
410:Guadalupe Island
315:
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270:
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2578:
2563:10.1071/wf05049
2544:
2543:
2536:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2425:10.2307/1942434
2402:
2401:
2397:
2344:consequences".
2342:
2341:
2337:
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2204:
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2104:
2089:
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2059:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2044:"Archived copy"
2042:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1936:(7): e0159145.
1921:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1815:Heath (habitat)
1781:
1763:Baja California
1709:
1707:Wildfire debate
1695:
1687:Santa Ana winds
1595:
1580:, mountain lion
1529:
1320:
1307:Colorado Desert
1258:Baja California
1246:
1211:Colorado Desert
1124:growing in the
1122:plant community
1112:βrefers to the
1095:
1055:Bewick's wren (
975:
968:
878:, chaparral pea
862:, wild cucumber
851:Malosma laurina
843:Acmispon glaber
790:spp., ceanothus
782:spp., manzanita
745:In Central and
743:
736:
692:
680:
463:
447:
419:
406:Channel Islands
402:Baja California
395:
385:plant community
347:
341:
336:
225:
201:
142:southern Oregon
134:plant community
123:
119:
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2968:
2963:
2958:
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2928:
2921:
2920:External links
2918:
2917:
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2910:
2895:
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2829:
2802:(3): 295β301.
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2693:
2678:
2645:
2634:(2): 175β179.
2618:
2607:(4): 225β236.
2591:
2576:
2557:(3): 255β265.
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2446:
2395:
2352:(3): 893β907.
2335:
2284:
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2080:
2031:
2019:
2016:on 2007-07-14.
2001:
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1871:
1868:(Online). n.d.
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1780:
1777:
1768:ponderosa pine
1733:
1732:
1725:
1708:
1705:
1694:
1691:
1669:and fiddleneck
1662:after a fire.
1652:sclerophyllous
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1572:, pinyon mouse
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:Yucca whipplei
1511:
1510:, Mojave yucca
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1457:
1449:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
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1380:nitrogen fixer
1371:
1368:nitrogen fixer
1359:
1351:
1350:, desert agave
1343:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1300:
1291:
1250:San Bernardino
1245:
1242:
1215:Sonoran Desert
1201:(San Jacinto,
1183:San Bernardino
1171:mountain range
1144:subset of the
1120:and chaparral
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1076:Calypte costae
1071:
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855:
854:, laurel sumac
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779:Arctostaphylos
775:
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684:phytogeography
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450:Central Valley
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387:subdivisions:
343:Main article:
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1577:Puma concolor
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1322:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1305:creating the
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:Mojave Desert
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:creating the
1285:
1284:Sierra Nevada
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:sclerophyllic
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:Mojave Desert
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:climate, not
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1078:
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1063:
1060:
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1039:
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1034:
1029:
1026:
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1020:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1002:
999:
998:
993:
992:
988:
987:
982:
978:
973:
965:
960:
959:
955:
952:
951:
947:
944:
943:
942:Salvia apiana
939:
936:
935:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:
919:
915:
913:
909:
908:
907:Q. wislizenii
904:
901:
900:
896:
893:
892:
888:
885:
884:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
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856:
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848:
845:
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840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
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824:
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808:
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797:
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792:
789:
788:
784:
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776:
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772:
768:
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764:
760:
759:
754:
750:
748:
741:
733:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:Sierra Nevada
709:
706:
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698:
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689:
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677:
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476:
473:
471:
468:
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460:
455:
454:Sierra Nevada
451:
445:
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439:
435:
431:
427:
426:central coast
423:
417:
414:
411:
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393:
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359:
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317:
314:
309:
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294:
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286:
281:
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274:
269:
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262:
261:South African
257:
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244:
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231:
222:
220:
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213:
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206:
198:
196:
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189:
185:
180:
178:
175:community of
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
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147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
127:
110:
59:
52:
51:Santa Barbara
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2900:
2844:Bibliography
2832:
2799:
2795:
2782:
2760:(2): 67β72.
2757:
2753:
2747:
2737:
2730:
2713:
2709:
2687:
2681:
2665:
2661:
2648:
2631:
2627:
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2604:
2600:
2594:
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2579:
2554:
2550:
2528:
2515:
2466:
2462:
2411:(1): 27β52.
2408:
2404:
2398:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2265:(1): 63β69.
2262:
2258:
2248:
2231:
2181:
2176:
2160:. Lulu.com.
2156:
2149:
2138:. Retrieved
2134:
2124:
2109:
2105:
2090:
2058:. Retrieved
2051:the original
2014:the original
2004:
1995:
1986:
1933:
1927:
1917:
1890:
1863:
1854:
1820:Fire ecology
1773:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1710:
1699:
1696:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1667:, Ceanothus,
1666:
1664:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1596:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1494:, sugar bush
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1396:
1388:
1373:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1278:
1247:
1235:
1168:
1109:
1106:transmontane
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1049:Calypte anna
1047:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
976:
956:
948:
940:
937:, sugar bush
932:
924:
916:
911:
905:
897:
889:
881:
873:
865:
857:
849:
841:
833:
825:
817:
809:
801:
793:
785:
777:
769:
761:
744:
695:
694:
693:
681:
672:
668:
667:
657:
649:
639:
631:
626:β sugar bush
621:
613:
605:
595:
587:
579:
569:
561:
553:
543:
535:
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
485:
480:
464:
364:
318:
284:
234:
226:
223:Introduction
202:
192:
181:
162:
57:
56:
53:, California
2890:p.e0159145.
2880:20:893β907.
2668:: 141β147.
2236:Oakland, CA
1860:"chaparral"
1738:leaf litter
1563:, mule deer
1403:Mormon teas
1311:Yuha Desert
1272:within the
1266:sky islands
1254:Los Angeles
902:, scrub oak
894:, scrub oak
795:Cercocarpus
774:, redshanks
592:β buckbrush
506:β scrub oak
396:In coastal
247:), central
158:crown fires
2935:Categories
2242:: 479β507.
2140:2024-03-01
2060:2010-09-14
1846:References
1656:resprouter
1648:scrub oaks
1630:, chamise
1545:Lynx rufus
1491:Rhus ovata
1467:Malacosoma
1203:Santa Rosa
1126:rainshadow
1116:shrubland
934:Rhus ovata
912:frutescens
846:, deerweed
806:, bush rue
623:Rhus ovata
522:β blue oak
186:, western
138:California
18:Chaparrals
2774:1540-9309
2571:1448-5516
2491:0036-8075
2433:1557-7015
2374:1365-2486
2322:1939-5582
2208:cite book
2200:614708491
1960:1932-6203
1793:ecoregion
1746:; toyon,
1718:senescent
1700:Manzanita
1679:Ceanothus
1642:species,
1639:Ceanothus
1628:manzanita
1334:fascicles
1227:deciduous
1213:(western
1189:) in the
1156:ecoregion
1142:ecosystem
1110:chaparral
1064:Bushtit (
994:Wrentit (
899:Q. dumosa
787:Ceanothus
766:, chamise
633:Eriogonum
581:Ceanothus
537:Artemisia
412:(Mexico).
381:ecosystem
372:, of the
370:ecoregion
304:scrub oak
285:chaparral
273:Australia
230:evergreen
217:scrub oak
199:Etymology
131:shrubland
58:Chaparral
2824:55801393
2670:Archived
2640:41425064
2613:41424817
2531:: 82β86.
2507:46485059
2499:17735593
2390:19688559
2382:24375846
2330:17708216
2069:cite web
1978:27391489
1929:PLOS One
1835:Garrigue
1829:keystone
1779:See also
1722:decadent
1547:, bobcat
1539:, coyote
1502:, jojoba
1446:Rosaceae
682:Another
422:southern
298:chaparro
289:loanword
255:matorral
211:chaparro
2804:Bibcode
2662:MadroΓ±o
2628:MadroΓ±o
2601:MadroΓ±o
2471:Bibcode
2463:Science
2441:1942434
2413:Bibcode
2354:Bibcode
2302:Bibcode
2279:2442555
1969:4938587
1938:Bibcode
1553:Neotoma
1448:family)
1398:Ephedra
1330:chamise
1118:habitat
838:, toyon
830:, yucca
714:in the
703:in the
487:Quercus
293:Spanish
279:kwongan
259:), the
205:Spanish
184:Arizona
129:) is a
49:, near
2908:
2822:
2772:
2638:
2611:
2569:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2439:
2431:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2328:
2320:
2277:
2259:Botany
2198:
2188:
2164:
2116:
2097:
1976:
1966:
1958:
1905:
1720:" or "
1518:(syn.
1401:spp.,
1262:Orange
1205:, and
1130:desert
1114:desert
819:Garrya
651:Salvia
456:range.
432:, the
313:txapar
310:word,
308:Basque
267:fynbos
243:maquis
150:Mexico
2894:Wash.
2820:S2CID
2792:(PDF)
2673:(PDF)
2658:(PDF)
2636:JSTOR
2609:JSTOR
2525:(PDF)
2503:S2CID
2437:JSTOR
2386:S2CID
2275:JSTOR
2054:(PDF)
2047:(PDF)
1887:(PDF)
1727:That
1660:burls
1644:toyon
1470:spp.)
1181:(the
1149:biome
910:var.
708:biome
377:biome
291:from
287:is a
249:Chile
207:word
188:Texas
173:scrub
140:, in
2906:ISBN
2770:ISSN
2567:ISSN
2495:PMID
2487:ISSN
2429:ISSN
2378:PMID
2370:ISSN
2326:PMID
2318:ISSN
2214:link
2196:OCLC
2186:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2095:ISBN
2075:link
1974:PMID
1956:ISSN
1903:ISBN
1636:and
1593:Fire
1309:and
1252:and
1185:and
722:and
607:Rhus
424:and
365:The
326:β a
275:(as
124:CHAP
116:SHAP
2812:doi
2762:doi
2718:doi
2559:doi
2479:doi
2467:219
2421:doi
2362:doi
2310:doi
2267:doi
1964:PMC
1946:doi
1895:doi
1100:or
420:In
219:".
148:in
120:RAL
118:-Ι-
2937::
2818:.
2810:.
2800:51
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2794:.
2768:.
2756:.
2712:.
2708:.
2696:^
2666:40
2664:.
2660:.
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2605:37
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2565:.
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2493:.
2485:.
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2435:.
2427:.
2419:.
2409:41
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2348:.
2324:.
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2308:.
2298:17
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2210:}}
2206:{{
2194:.
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2071:}}
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1994:.
1972:.
1962:.
1954:.
1944:.
1934:11
1932:.
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160:.
122:,
109:-/
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2170:.
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1948::
1940::
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1070:)
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418::
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