Chartism - Knowledge (XXG)

2402: 38: 1546: 2246: 2644:. One protester, Josiah Heapy, 19 years old, was shot dead. The government's most ambitious prosecution, personally led by the Attorney General, of O'Connor and 57 others, including almost all Chartism's national executive failed: none was convicted of the serious charges, and those found guilty of minor offences were never sentenced. Cooper alone of the national Chartist leadership was convicted at a different trial, having spoken at strike meetings in the Potteries. He wrote a long poem in prison called " ‘The Purgatory of Suicides’. 2516:, where there was a confrontation. It seems that Frost and other local leaders were expecting to seize the town and trigger a national uprising. The result of the Newport Rising was a disaster for Chartism. The hotel was occupied by armed soldiers. A brief, violent, and bloody battle ensued. Shots were fired by both sides, although most contemporaries agree that the soldiers holding the building had vastly superior firepower. The Chartists were forced to retreat in disarray: more than twenty were killed, at least another fifty wounded. 2462: 2573:'House' has resolved they should not be heard! Three and a half millions of the slave-class have holden out the olive branch of peace to the enfranchised and privileged classes and sought for a firm and compact union, on the principle of EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW; and the enfranchised and privileged have refused to enter into a treaty! The same class is to be a slave class still. The mark and brand of inferiority are not to be removed. The assumption of inferiority is still to be maintained. The people are not to be free. 2715:, when O'Connor was elected for Nottingham. O'Connor became the only Chartist to be elected an MP; it was a remarkable victory for the movement. More commonly, Chartist candidates participated in the open meetings, called hustings, that were the first stage of an election. They frequently won the show of hands at the hustings, but then withdrew from the poll to expose the deeply undemocratic nature of the electoral system. This is what Harney did in a widely reported challenge against Lord 2385:. This set out the movement's six main aims. The achievement of these aims would give working men a say in lawmaking: they would be able to vote, their vote would be protected by a secret ballot, and they would be able to stand for election to the House of Commons as a result of the removal of property qualifications and the introduction of payment for MPs. None of these demands were new, but the People's Charter became one of the most famous political manifestos of 19th-century Britain. 2548: 3105: 2108: 2953:

confidence and support of the great crowds who made up the Chartist meetings in their heyday. Over 6 ft (183 cm) tall—he was almost the tallest man in the House of Commons—and with a voice which could easily carry an open-air meetings of tens of thousands, with a handsome appearance, a quick wit and a rich vein of scurrility when it came to abusing his opponents, Connor possessed all the qualities of the first rate popular orator.

3110: 2736: 2096: 1478: 3526: 2898:. One proclaims, "Men of wealth and men of power/ Like locusts all thy gifts devour". Two celebrate the martyrs of the movement. "Great God! Is this the Patriot's Doom?" was composed for the funeral of Samuel Holberry, the Sheffield Chartist leader, who died in prison in 1843, while another honours John Frost, Zephaniah Williams, and William Jones, the Chartist leaders transported to 3100: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2468: 2866:: "We are commanded ... to love our neighbours as ourselves ... this command is universal in its application, whether as a friend, Christian or citizen. A man may be devout as a Christian ... but if as a citizen he claims rights for himself he refuses to confer upon others, he fails to fulfil the precept of Christ". The conflicts between these two views led many like 2993: 2394: 1466: 2465: 3008: 2194:. The strategy employed was to use the scale of support which these petitions and the accompanying mass meetings demonstrated to put pressure on politicians to concede male suffrage. Chartism thus relied on constitutional methods to secure its aims, though some became involved in insurrectionary activities, notably in South Wales and in 2672:. Workers would buy shares in the company, and the company would use those funds to purchase estates that would be subdivided into 2, 3, and 4 acres (0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 hectare) lots. Between 1844 and 1848, five estates were purchased, subdivided, and built on, and then settled by lucky shareholders, who were chosen by lot. 2469: 3589:. Within two years of the military suppression of the Eureka revolt, the first elections of the Victoria parliament were held, with near-universal male suffrage and by secret ballot. (and with the successful use of secret voting in Australia, it spread to the UK and Canada in the 1870s, and later gradually to the U.S.) 2341:(1841). The papers gave justifications for the demands of the People's Charter, accounts of local meetings, commentaries on education and temperance and a great deal of poetry. They also advertised upcoming meetings, typically organised by local grassroots branches, held either in public houses or their halls. 4321:

50,000. Historians say 150,000. The Chartists declared that their petition was signed by 6 million people, but House of Commons clerks announced that it was 1.9 million. In truth, the clerks could not have done their work in the time allocated to them, but their figure was widely reported, along with

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He was one of the few leading figures who entered the movement in its earliest days—coming in straight from an active part in the dramatic and principled fight against the stamp duties on newspapers which is one of the highlights of 19th century radical action—and remained active throughout the years

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Library in the North of England. This is believed to be the only Chartist Hymnal in existence. Heavily influenced by dissenting Christians, the hymns are about social justice, "striking down evildoers", and blessing Chartist enterprises, rather than the conventional themes of crucifixion, heaven, and

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that forbade more than 10 persons from presenting a petition in person. That was followed on April 7 by new legislation making certain seditious acts "proposing to make war against the Queen, or seeking to intimidate or overawe both Houses of Parliament" or openly speaking or writing "to that effect"

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There were outbreaks of serious violence, including property destruction and the ambushing of police convoys, in the Potteries and the West Riding. Though the government deployed soldiers to suppress violence, it was the practical problems in sustaining an indefinite stoppage that ultimately defeated

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interpretation, showing the strikes as highly organized with sophisticated political intentions. The unrest began in the Potteries of Staffordshire in early August, spreading north to Cheshire and Lancashire, where at Manchester a meeting of the Chartist national executive endorsed the strikes on the

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George Julian Harney, Chartism's enfant terrible ... was firmly on the radical side of the movement, advocating the use of physical force and enjoying riling his conservative comrades by flaunting the red cap of liberty at public meetings. In and out of jail, endlessly feuding with fellow Chartists,

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To further this idea, some Christian Chartist churches were formed where Christianity and radical politics were combined and considered inseparable. More than 20 Chartist churches existed in Scotland by 1841. Pamphlets made the point and vast audiences came to hear lectures on the same themes by the

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There were associations all over the county, but there was a great lack of cohesion. One wanted the ballot, another manhood suffrage and so on ... The radicals were without unity of aim and method, and there was but little hope of accomplishing anything. When, however, the People's Charter was

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In December 1842 the Chartists held a joint national delegate conference with the National Complete Suffrage Union in Birmingham. Tensions with the NCSU soon surfaced and came to a head over their proposals both for a union with the Anti-Corn Law League, which was also broadly middle class, and for

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The movement organised a National Convention in London in early 1839 to facilitate the presentation of the first petition. Delegates used the term MC, Member of Convention, to identify themselves; the convention undoubtedly saw itself as an alternative parliament. In June 1839, the petition, signed

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to see Britain's churches as pointless. "I have no faith in church organisations," he explained. "I believe it my duty to be a man; to live and move in the world at large; to battle with evil wherever I see it, and to aim at the annihilation of all corrupt institutions and the establishment of all

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led an abortive rising in Sheffield on 12 January, and on 26 January Robert Peddie attempted similar action in Bradford. In both Sheffield and Bradford spies had kept magistrates aware of the conspirators' plans, and these attempted risings were easily quashed. Frost and two other Newport leaders,

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Unsurprisingly, there are no surviving letters outlining plans for insurrection, but Chartists had undoubtedly started organising physical force. By early autumn men were being drilled and armed in south Wales and the West Riding. Secret cells were set up, covert meetings were held in the Chartist

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declared that Chartism was a "knife and fork, a bread and cheese question". These words indicate the importance of economic factors in the launch of Chartism. If, as the movement came together, there were different priorities amongst local leaders, the Charter and the Star soon created a national,

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Facing severe persecution in 1839, Chartists took to attending services at churches they held in contempt to display their numerical strength and express their dissatisfaction. Often they forewarned the preacher and demanded that he preach from texts they believed supported their cause, such as 2

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Three and a half million have quietly, orderly, soberly, peaceably but firmly asked of their rulers to do justice; and their rulers have turned a deaf ear to that protest. Three and a half millions of people have asked permission to detail their wrongs, and enforce their claims for RIGHT, and the

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Testimonies exist from contemporaries, such as the Yorkshire Chartist Ben Wilson, that Newport was to have been the signal for a national uprising. Despite this significant setback the movement remained remarkably buoyant and remained so until late 1842. While the majority of Chartists, under the

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Participation in the Chartist Movement filled some working men with self-confidence: they learned to speak publicly, to send their poems and other writings off for publication—to be able, in short, to confidently articulate the feelings of working people. Many former Chartists went on to become

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During this period, some Christian churches in Britain held "that it was 'wrong for a Christian to meddle in political matters ... All of the denominations were particularly careful to disavow any political affiliation and he who was the least concerned with the 'affairs of this world' was

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O'Connor, seeing that any form of resistance to authorities would be impossible, cancelled the planned procession to Parliament to present the petition. The meeting was peaceful and finished without incident, after which the petition with its many signatures was sent to Parliament in three cabs

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Political elites feared the Chartists in the 1830s and 1840s as a dangerous threat to national stability. In the Chartist stronghold of Manchester, the movement undermined the political power of the old Tory-Anglican elite that had controlled civic affairs. But the reformers of Manchester were

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Eventually, after Chartism died out, Britain adopted the first five reforms. Chartists saw themselves fighting against political corruption and for democracy in an industrial society, but attracted support beyond the radical political groups for economic reasons, such as opposing wage cuts and

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shows that the movement was not uniformly spread across the metropolis but clustered in the West End, where a group of Chartist tailors had shops, as well as in Shoreditch in the east, and relied heavily on pubs that also supported local friendly societies. Readers also found denunciations of

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For the Chartists ... O'Connor was the acknowledged leader of the movement. Abler men among the leadership there certainly were and men with a clearer sense of direction in which a working-class movement should go, but none of them had the appeal which O'Connor had nor his ability to win the

2593:, Yorkshire, and the Strathclyde region of Scotland. Typically, strikers resolved to cease work until wages were increased "until the People's charter becomes the Law of the Land". How far these strikes were directly Chartist in inspiration "was then, as now, a subject of much controversy". 2913:

for unequal distribution of the state funds it received, resulting in some bishops and higher dignitaries having grossly larger incomes than other clergymen. This state of affairs led some Chartists to question the very idea of a state-sponsored church, leading them to call for absolute

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considered the most saintly and worthy of emulation." This was at odds with many Christian Chartists for whom Christianity was "above all practical, something that must be carried into every walk of life. Furthermore, there was no possibility of divorcing it from political science."

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Thessalonians 3:10, 2 Timothy 2:6, Matthew 19:23 and James 5:1–6. In response, the set-upon ministers often preached the need to focus on things spiritual and not material, and of meekness and obedience to authority, citing such passages as Romans 13:1–7 and 1 Peter 2:13–17.

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was published between 1837 and 1852, and in 1839 was the best-selling provincial newspaper in Britain, with a circulation of 50,000. Like other Chartist papers, it was often read aloud in coffeehouses, workplaces and the open air. Other Chartist periodicals included the

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as, in many cases, protesters removed the plugs from steam boilers powering industry to prevent their use. Amongst historians writing in the 20th century, the term General Strike was increasingly used. Some modern historians prefer the description "strike wave".

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Many of the early historians of Chartism attributed the failure of Chartism at least in part to O'Connor. He was accused of egotism and of being quarrelsome. In recent years, however, there has been a trend to reassess him in a more favourable light.

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Both nationally and locally a Chartist press thrived in the form of periodicals, which were important to the movement for their news, editorials, poetry and especially in 1848, reports on international developments. They reached a huge audience.

2937:(1819–1869), was born into the landed gentry, became a barrister, and left a large documentary record. "He is the best-remembered of the Chartist leaders, among the pioneers of the modern Labour movement, and a friend of both Marx and Engels." 2763:

felonies in Great Britain and Ireland, punishable by death or transportation. The authorities knew that the Chartists were planning a peaceful demonstration, but still wanted a large-scale display of force to counter the challenge, so 100,000

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In 1848 a Select Committee was appointed by Parliament to investigate the financial viability of the scheme, and it was ordered that it be shut down. Cottages built by the Chartist Land Company are still standing and inhabited today in

2485:, on trial for treason, claimed in his defence that he had toured his territory of industrial Wales urging people not to break the law, although he was himself guilty of using language that some might interpret as a call to arms. 3618:

In the African colonies after 1920, there were occasional appearances of a "colonial Chartism" that called for improved welfare, upgraded education, freedom of speech, and greater political representation for native people.

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Chartism was also an important influence in some British colonies. Some leaders were punished by transportation to Australia, where they spread their beliefs. In 1854, Chartist demands were put forward by the miners at the

2401: 1339: 2882:, which was printed as a 64-page pamphlet and distributed for a nominal fee, although no known copy is thought to remain. In 2011, a previously unknown and uncatalogued smaller pamphlet of 16 hymns was discovered in 2280:, the preeminent historian of Chartism, defines the movement as the time when "thousands of working people considered that their problems could be solved by the political organization of the country." In 1836, the 2625:

the strikers. The drift back to work began on 19 August. Only Lancashire and Cheshire were still strike-bound by September, the Manchester power loom weavers being the last to return to work on 26 September.

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Edward Stanley, 1839, "A Sermon Preached in Norwich Cathedral, on Sunday, August 18th, 1839, by the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Norwich, before an assemblage of a body of mechanics termed Chartists"

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was agitating in the country for franchise reform. But working-class radicals had not gone away. The Reform League campaigned for manhood suffrage in the 1860s and included former Chartists in its ranks.

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Parliament's repressive measures strengthened an already-present impulse to violent resistance. In June there was widespread drilling and arming in the West Riding and the devising of plots in London. In

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that erupted from 1838 to 1857 and was strongest in 1839, 1842 and 1848. It took its name from the People's Charter of 1838 and was a national protest movement, with particular strongholds of support in

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The massive wave of opposition to this measure in the north of England in the late 1830s made Chartism a mass movement. It seemed that only securing the vote for working men would change things.

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Equal constituencies, securing the same amount of representation for the same number of electors, instead of allowing less populous constituencies to have as much or more weight than larger ones.

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continued to press for an extension of the franchise in such organisations as the National Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association and the Reform Union. By the late 1850s, the celebrated

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drawn up ... clearly defining the urgent demands of the working class, we felt we had a real bond of union; and so transformed our Radical Association into local Chartist centres ...

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Chartism did not directly generate any reforms. However after 1848, as the movement faded, its demands appeared less threatening and were gradually enacted by other reformers. Middle-class

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Despite this second set of arrests, Chartist activity continued. Beginning in 1843, O'Connor suggested that the land contained the solution to workers' problems. This idea evolved into the

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argues that, "Chartism was a movement whose members, supporters, and most of its leaders, were working men. A few were shopkeepers, innkeepers or marginal members of lesser professions."

4738: 2073: 576: 2747:, Chartist activity increased. In March there were protests or bread riots in Manchester, Glasgow, and Dublin, and a new demonstration was announced for 10 April 1848, to be held on 2439:

by 1.3 million working people, was presented to the House of Commons, but MPs voted, by a large majority, not to hear the petitioners. At the Convention, there was talk of a general

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Malcolm Chase argues that Chartism was not, "a movement that failed but a movement characterized by multiplicity of small victories." Moreover, eventually "Chartism collapsed, but

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Kovalev, Yu. V. ed. (1956). "Antologiya Chartistskoy Literatury" , Izd. Lit. na Inostr. Yazykakh, Moscow, 413 pp. (Russian introduction, with original Chartist texts in English).

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and ultimately expelled from the party, the Robespierre-admiring Harney remained convinced that insurrection was the surest route to achieve the demands of the charter.

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Chartism as an organized movement declined rapidly after 1848. Throughout the 1850s, pockets of strong support for Chartism could still be found in places such as the

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Payment of Members, enabling tradesmen, working men, or other persons of modest means to leave or interrupt their livelihood to attend to the interests of the nation.

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rewriting the People's Charter as a legislative Bill of Rights. In both, O'Connor perceived a threat to his leadership, and unable to find agreement the NCSU leader

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Emma Griffin, "The making of the Chartists: popular politics and working-class autobiography in early Victorian Britain," English Historical Review, 538, June 2014

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alone, 116 men and women went to prison. A smaller number, but still amounting to many dozens—such as William Ellis, who was convicted on perjured evidence—were

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Annual parliamentary elections, thus presenting the most effectual check to bribery and intimidation, since no purse could buy a constituency under a system of

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Zu einigen ausgewählten Fragen und Problemen der Zusammenarbeit von Marx und Engels mit dem Führer der revolutionären Chartisten, Ernest Jones, im Jahre 1854

1508: 5554: 3633: 2159: 2805:, a veteran chartist and later historian of the movement, blamed Chartism's decline on O'Connor's egotism and vanity, but more recent historians (notably 4519: 2183:, where working people depended on single industries and were subject to wild swings in economic activity. Chartism was less strong in places, such as 5559: 2780: 1525: 994: 650: 5509: 2501:

and weapons were manufactured as the Chartists armed themselves. Behind closed doors and in pub back rooms, plans were drawn up for a mass protest.

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Chartism was launched in 1838 by a series of large-scale meetings in Birmingham, Glasgow and the north of England. A huge mass meeting was held on

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According to Dorothy Thompson, "1842 was the year in which more energy was hurled against the authorities than in any other of the 19th century".

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It has been argued that Chartist influence in Australia led to other reforms in the late 19th century and well into the 20th century, including

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that manufacturers among its members deliberately closed mills to stir-up unrest. At the time, these disputes were collectively known as the

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In early May 1842, a second petition, of over three million signatures, was submitted, and was yet again rejected by Parliament. The

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personally. Marx and Engels at the same time commented on the Chartist movement and Jones' work in their letters and articles.

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is a particularly good figure to take as central to the study of Chartism. For five years (1845–50) he was the editor of the

2915: 2539:. Holberry and Peddie received long prison sentences with hard labour; Holberry died in prison and became a Chartist martyr. 2068: 1309: 1279: 1111: 892: 4803: 3774: 960: 596: 5298:

Griffin, Emma. "The Making of the Chartists: Popular Politics and Working-class Autobiography in Early Victorian Britain."

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Griffin, Emma. "The Making of the Chartists: Popular Politics and Working-Class Autobiography in Early Victorian Britain."

2493:—more of a maverick than a mainstream Chartist—described Frost as putting "a sword in my hand and a rope around my neck". 5499: 3628: 3470: 3204: 3138: 3133: 1334: 1267: 1169: 709: 687: 3495: 3249: 2930: 2806: 2779:, Yorkshire, a group of "physical force" Chartists led by Isaac Ickeringill were involved in a huge fracas at the local 2277: 1968: 1194: 660: 4315:

The estimate of the number of attendees at the meeting varies by source; O'Connor said 300,000, the government 15,000,

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Support for the movement was at its highest when petitions signed by millions of working people were presented to the

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Kuduk, Stephanie (1 June 2001). "Sedition, Chartism, and Epic Poetry in Thomas Cooper's The Purgatory of Suicides".

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likes of J. R. Stephens, who was highly influential in the movement. Political preachers thus came into prominence.

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An Underground History of Early Victorian Fiction: Chartism, Radical Print Culture, and the Social Problem Novel

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A vote for every man aged twenty-one years and above, of sound mind, and not undergoing punishment for a crime.

1304: 1201: 815: 720: 463: 4908:"120th Anniversary of the 1902 Franchise and Electoral Acts: Proceedings of a Parliamentary Library Symposium" 328: 3347: 2809:) have tended to see the process as too complex to be attributed to the personality of a single individual. 2693: 2172: 1845: 1825: 1667: 1614: 1587: 1435: 1272: 1262: 1144: 1134: 922: 872: 837: 655: 613: 608: 571: 566: 508: 433: 5331: 5063: 3455: 3269: 3209: 3160: 2425: 2124: 1943: 1565: 1164: 1139: 917: 857: 770: 478: 343: 2481:

Several outbreaks of violence ensued, leading to arrests and trials. One of the leaders of the movement,

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Roberts, Stephen, 'The People's Charter: Democratic Agitation in Early Victorian Britain' (2003) Essays

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Taylor, Miles. "Rethinking the chartists: Searching for synthesis in the historiography of chartism",

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Chase, Malcolm. "'Labour's Candidates': Chartist Challenges at the Parliamentary Polls, 1839–1860."

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to be pardoned, significant minorities in Sheffield and Bradford planned their risings in response.

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Gibson, Josh. "The Chartists and the constitution: revisiting British popular constitutionalism."

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On the night of 3–4 November 1839 Frost led several thousand marchers through South Wales to the

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can be traced to the foundation in the autumn of 1836 of Carmarthen Working Men's Association.

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Roberts, Stephen and Thompson, Dorothy. 'Images of Chartism' (1998) Contemporary illustrations

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became a leading figure in the National Charter Association during its decline, together with

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Claeys, Gregory. "The Triumph of Class-Conscious Reformism in British Radicalism, 1790–1860"

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Saunders, Robert. "Chartism from Above: British Elites and the Interpretation of Chartism",

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Radical Politicians and Poets in Early Victorian Britain: The Voices of Six Chartist Leaders

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Robert Saunders, "Chartism from above: British elites and the interpretation of Chartism",

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In anticipation of the announced march, Parliament revived a statute dating to the time of

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The People's Charter called for six reforms to make the political system more democratic:

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An Anthology of Chartist Poetry. The poetry of the British Working Class, the 1830s–1850s

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The Chartist Movement in Britain, ed. Gregory Claeys (6 vols, Pickering and Chatto, 2001)

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Michael J. Turner, "Local Politics and the Nature of Chartism: The Case of Manchester",

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Between late 1844 and November 1845, subscriptions were raised for the publication of a

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Research of the distribution of Chartist meetings in London that were advertised in the

5027: 4081: 3175: 3109: 3012: 2903: 2859: 2831: 2819:, and helped to give the movement a clearer socialist direction. Jones and Harney knew 2784: 2735: 2681: 2509: 2505: 2456: 2374: 2285: 2270: 1810: 1780: 1770: 1704: 1470: 1091: 1029: 714: 528: 518: 488: 408: 383: 333: 295: 273: 197: 180: 165: 5114:

Gibson, Josh. "Natural right and the intellectual context of early Chartist thought."

5493: 5252: 5242: 5182: 4142: 3658: 3396: 3279: 3254: 3234: 3032: 2835: 2796: 2649: 2440: 2429:

and largely united, campaign of national protest. John Bates, an activist, recalled:

2209: 2176: 2168: 2155: 1991: 1958: 1900: 1785: 1775: 1742: 1709: 1688: 1609: 1344: 1244: 1239: 1231: 1024: 847: 628: 268: 246: 231: 5438: 3984: 2621:

16th. The strikes had begun spreading in Scotland and West Yorkshire from the 13th.

4327: 4317: 3643: 3284: 2891: 2001: 1890: 1800: 830: 694: 591: 493: 458: 378: 5460: 4041: 3881: 3864: 2095: 1477: 5443: 5397: 3919: 3771: 2783:

and later were prosecuted for rescuing two of their compatriots from the police.

4107:

F.C. Mather, "The General Strike of 1842", in John Stevenson R. Quinault (eds),

3309: 3239: 3099: 3036: 2677: 2628:

The state hit back. Several Chartist leaders were arrested, including O'Connor,

2490: 2413: 2350: 1850: 1830: 1795: 1699: 1694: 1647: 1039: 927: 882: 842: 635: 523: 388: 236: 5019: 4330:

MP), and Chartism's credibility was undermined. See Slosson, Preston William,

3274: 3104: 3043:

In 1867 part of the urban working men was admitted to the franchise under the

3001: 2586: 2498: 2421: 2358: 2318:

It was succeeded as the voice of radicalism by an even more famous paper: the

1905: 1875: 1860: 1637: 1329: 775: 623: 618: 438: 363: 256: 251: 28: 5204:

The Chartist Prisoners: The Radical Lives of Thomas Cooper and Arthur O'Neill

3056:

themselves factionalised. Chartism has also been seen as a forerunner to the

2600:

headlined them "The Chartist Insurrection", but suspicion also hung over the

5163:"Perish the Privileged Orders": A Socialist history of the Chartist movement 5051:(2016), a creative non-fiction account of the life of a Chartist journalist. 5041: 4923:

From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting

4223: 3586: 2883: 2820: 2195: 2016: 214: 2846:

in the early 1960s, commemorating the Chartists' meeting on 10 April 1848.

2656:

introduced the NCSU approved bill to "a small and bored" House of Commons.

2992: 2393: 5032: 4134: 2899: 2590: 2034: 1580: 283: 219: 4468:

There are eight letters from Jones to Engels between 1852 and 1867 kept.

5342: 5319: 5293: 5126: 3510: 2895: 2776: 2617: 2184: 1953: 825: 305: 5473:

Left-wing article about the Chartist armed uprising in Newport in 1839

4777:

After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics 1848–1874

3891: 3007: 2292:, providing a platform for Chartists in the southeast. The origins of 1340:

Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes

5423: 4322:

some of the pseudonyms appended to the petition such as "Punch" and "

3693: 2879: 2752: 2636:. During the late summer of 1842, hundreds were incarcerated. In the 2273:

and driving the poor into workhouses, where families were separated.

2219:(MPs), to allow the constituencies to return the man of their choice. 1299: 765: 4987:

Radical Language, Meaning and Identity in the Age of the Chartists.

4459:

There are 52 letters from Jones to Marx between 1851 and 1868 kept.

4380:

A Black Studies Primer: Heroes and Heroines of the African Diaspora

3798:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press Board. pp. 100, 104, 107. 2405:

The national convention, meeting on Monday 4 February 1839, at the

3006: 2991: 2734: 2724: 2703:

Candidates embracing Chartism also stood on numerous occasions in

2546: 2460: 2400: 2392: 2381:, set up in 1836, formed a committee. In 1838, they published the 2244: 36: 5448: 4947:

Imperialism, race, and resistance: Africa and Britain, 1919–1945

3698:(Bristol Historical Association pamphlets, no. 10, 1964), 18 pp. 3574: 5429:

British Library page including an image of the original charter

5142:

Voices of the People: Democracy and Chartist Political Identity

2871:

good, and generous, and useful institutions in their places."

796:

International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties

4493:, in Beiträge Zur Marx-Engels-Forschung 22. 1987, pp. 208–217. 5485:

How the police foiled a planned armed Chartist uprising, 1848

5062:, 2007), A standard scholarly history of the entire movement 2361:

about the civilizing and pacifying influences of free trade.

5239:

The Chartists: popular politics in the Industrial Revolution

3760:

The Chartists: Popular Politics in the Industrial Revolution

3108: 5418: 4423:

Lion of Freedom: Feargus O'Connor and the Chartist Movement

4726:

Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels

3834:

Cris Yelland, "Speech and Writing in the Northern Star",

4505:"Murals and Public Art on the Brandon | BrandonTRA" 4970:

Social Unrest and Popular Protest in England 1780–1840.

4162:. London: Constable and Company. pp. 194–196, 198. 2443:

or "sacred month". In the West Riding of Yorkshire and

577:

Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe

3850:

Protest and the Politics of Space and Place, 1789–1848

2524:, concentrated on petitioning for Frost, Williams and 5218:

The poetry of Chartism: aesthetics, politics, history

2743:

In February 1848, following the arrival of news of a

2739:

An 1848 poster advertising the Great Chartist Meeting

5307:

A mad, bad, and dangerous people?: England 1783–1846

5172:

Chartism and the Chartists in Manchester and Salford

4570:

Methodism and politics in British society, 1750–1850

3821:

Bob Breton, "Violence and the Radical Imagination",

3810:

Papers for the People: A Study of the Chartist Press

3772:

Minute Book of the London Working Men’s Association.

3738:

A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846

5261:(Verso Books, 2015), Essays by leading specialists. 4978:Ashton, Owen, Fyson, Robert, and Roberts, Stephen, 4895:

The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria

4524:

Henry Moore: Sculptural Process and Public Identity

4012:

The Chartists: The First National Workers' Movement

3596:, relatively short three-year parliamentary terms, 2212:

to protect the elector in the exercise of his vote.

5367:Forty Years' Recollections: Literary and Political 5232:Ernest Jones, Chartism and the Romance of Politics 4080: 3863:Navickas, Katrina; Crymble, Adam (20 March 2017). 2771:accompanied by a small group of Chartist leaders. 5449:Ursula Stange: Annotated Bibliography on Chartism 4635:"National Chartist Hymn Book: From Weaver to Web" 4345:1848: The British State and the Chartist Movement 3905:Shijie Guan, "Chartism and the First Opium War", 2265:governments of the 1830s. Notably, the hated new 4739:"Sources for the Study of Chartism in Sheffield" 4633:Calderdale Libraries, Northgate (15 July 2009). 3069:journalists, poets, ministers, and councillors. 2357:(1839–42) was condemned—and of the arguments of 2269:was passed in 1834, depriving working people of 5434:Punch Series on "Great Chartist Demonstrations" 5375:Chartism and society: an anthology of documents 5314:Kovalev, Yuri V. "The Literature of Chartism." 5309:Oxford University Press, 2008) pp 612–629, 681. 4557:Chartism and the churches: a study in democracy 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4006: 4004: 4002: 2948:was the "most well-loved man" of the movement: 2570: 2473:Dramatisation of the trial of the Chartists at 2431: 5156:The Last Rising; The Newport Insurrection 1839 4296: 4294: 4074: 4072: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 2909:The Chartists were especially critical of the 2890:Some of the hymns protest the exploitation of 1127:Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance 746:Free Democratic Party/Radical Democratic Party 688:Democratic Union-Agricultural and Labour Party 41:A photograph of the Great Chartist Meeting on 3549: 3358:40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot 2132: 1502: 8: 5370:, Samson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington 4663:Manchester and Salford Advertiser, 17/8/1839 2767:were recruited to bolster the police force. 5049:Shark Alley: The Memoirs of a Penny-a-Liner 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3634:Constitutional reform in the United Kingdom 5103:History of the Chartist Movement 1837–1854 4480:, Berlin (DDR) 1960/61, vol. 8, 9, 10, 27. 3556: 3542: 3076: 2700:, and is open to visitors by appointment. 2321:Northern Star and Leeds General Advertiser 2139: 2125: 1520: 1509: 1495: 48: 16:British working-class movement (1838–1857) 3909:(October 1987), Issue 24, pp. 17–31. 3890: 3880: 995:Progressive Democratic Party of the North 651:Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party 5565:Left-wing politics in the United Kingdom 4764:The Chartists: perspectives and legacies 3944:Rosanvallon, Pierre (15 November 2013). 3344:Victorian police in the Eureka Rebellion 3082:This article is part of a series on the 2707:. There were concerted campaigns in the 933:Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente 5179:Feargus O'Connor: Irishman and Chartist 4791:The Origins of the Twenty-First Century 3686: 3088: 3064:Development of working class confidence 1532: 60: 5461:Illustrated London News, 15 April 1848 5075:Epstein, James and Thompson, Dorothy, 3353:William Wright (Australian politician) 1320:Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club 3920:"The six points | chartist ancestors" 3649:Representation of the People Act 1884 3015:in Newport commemorating the uprising 2373:(MPs) and six working men, including 2158:movement for political reform in the 7: 5545:Social history of the United Kingdom 5386:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 5358:(Hodder and Stoughton, 1992), 124pp. 4989:Journal of Victorian Culture. (2005) 4382:, Hansib Publications, 2008, p. 137. 4332:The Decline of the Chartist Movement 4262:The Decline of the Chartist Movement 4249:The Decline of the Chartist Movement 3320:Robert Nickle (British Army officer) 3220:British army in the Eureka Rebellion 2064:Libertarianism in the United Kingdom 888:Movement for Constitutional Freedoms 671:Democratic Socialist Party of Greece 5590:Working class in the United Kingdom 5575:Republicanism in the United Kingdom 5268:(Cambridge University Press, 2018). 5220:(Cambridge University Press, 2009). 4608:"Hymns and the Chartists revisited" 4520:"Henry Moore and the Welfare State" 3838:, Spring 2000, 65#1 pp. 22–40. 3825:, Spring 2011, 44#1 pp. 24–41. 3654:Republicanism in the United Kingdom 3466:Eureka Rebellion in popular culture 3340:Vexillology of the Eureka Rebellion 3260:John Foster (Australian politician) 2253:on 16 May 1832, attended by 200,000 1255:Republican Democratic Concentration 741:Federal Democratic Republican Party 5555:19th century in the United Kingdom 4431:Feargus O'Connor: A Political Life 3432:1855 Victorian high treason trials 2666:Chartist Co-operative Land Company 2477:, including background information 2052:Conservatism in the United Kingdom 1939:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland 1227:Radical Socialist Republican Party 20:For other uses of "Chartist", see 14: 4040:. 20 January 2012. Archived from 3808:, Joan Allen and Owen R. Ashton, 3300:List of Eureka Stockade defenders 3000:in Sheffield's Peace Gardens, by 2696:, is owned and maintained by the 2612:In contrast, Mick Jenkins in his 903:National Progressive Center Union 5560:Liberalism in the United Kingdom 5373:Mather, Frederick C. ed. (1980) 5177:Read, Donald and Glasgow, Eric, 5004:The Age of Improvement 1783–1867 4406:History of the Chartist movement 4109:Popular Protest and Public Order 4087:. London: Lawrence and Wishart. 3869:The Journal of Victorian Culture 3524: 3481:The Eureka Stockade (1855 novel) 3103: 3098: 2688:and on the outskirts of London. 2379:London Working Men's Association 2282:London Working Men's Association 2106: 2094: 1544: 1476: 1464: 853:Liberals, Democrats and Radicals 801:Italian Democratic Liberal Party 700:Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 5510:Communism in the United Kingdom 5330:81:213 (August 2008): 463–484 ( 4863:Giles Fraser (5 October 2012). 4840:, (2008) 81#213 pp 463–484 4503:Lloyd, Tom (26 February 2024). 4199:"Welcome to Chartist Ancestors" 4174:"Welcome to Chartist Ancestors" 4025:John Frost: a study in Chartism 3796:John Frost: A Study in Chartism 3245:Eureka Stockade (fortification) 3051:Enabling political progressions 2364: 2074:Socialism in the United Kingdom 761:Free-thinking Democratic League 582:Authentic Radical Liberal Party 5550:Protests in the United Kingdom 5380:Scheckner, Peter, ed. (1989). 5225:Women in the Chartist Movement 5125:129#538, (2014), pp. 578–605, 4853:, (2008), 45#2 pp 323–345 3676:Politics of the United Kingdom 3119:by John Black Henderson (1854) 2916:separation of church and state 2577:The depression of 1842 led to 2215:No property qualification for 2069:Politics of the United Kingdom 893:National and Social Liberation 602:Union of the Democratic Centre 1: 5444:Victorian Web – The Chartists 5292:(1983) 26#4 pp. 969–985 4584:The Scottish Nation 1700–2000 3882:10.1080/13555502.2017.1301179 3784:2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018. 3629:Condition of England question 3471:Eureka Stockade Memorial Park 3205:Anti-Gold Licence Association 2339:Midland Counties' Illuminator 1335:Union, Progress and Democracy 943:Party of Independence and '48 938:Party of Democratic Socialism 710:European Republicans Movement 4965:Merlin Press. London. (2005) 4612:richardjohnbr.blogspot.co.uk 4442:George Douglas Howard Cole: 4358:"Chartists arrested in 1848" 3823:Victorian Periodicals Review 3496:Eureka Stockade (miniseries) 3250:Forest Creek Monster Meeting 2568:commented on the rejection: 661:Democratic Left of Catalonia 210:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 5530:History of social movements 5439:Spartacus index on Chartism 5364:Frost, Thomas, ed. (1880). 5241:(1984) by a leading expert 5060:Manchester University Press 4555:Harold Underwood Faulkner, 4526:. Tate Research Publication 3613:proportional representation 3491:Eureka Stockade (1949 film) 3486:Eureka Stockade (1907 film) 2978:According to Tristram Hunt: 1325:Transnational Radical Party 1087:Radical Federative Movement 983:Portuguese Republican Party 973:Political Party of Radicals 666:Democratic-Republican Party 641:Czech National Social Party 5606: 5341:, (1996), 39#2 pp 479–495 5149:Chartism and the Chartists 5109:Journal of British Studies 5072:74#1 (April 2009): 64–89. 4973:Cambridge University Press 4961:Allen, J and Ashton, R.O. 4805:Frequently Asked Questions 4303:London Chartism, 1838–1848 4260:Slosson, Preston William, 4247:Slosson, Preston William, 4159:A History of Chartism, III 4083:The General Strike of 1842 3848:Navickas, Katrina (2015). 3295:John King (police officer) 2834:featured a large mural by 2614:The General Strike of 1842 2454: 2251:Birmingham Political Union 2230:universal manhood suffrage 1964:Scottish Liberal Democrats 1643:Civil and political rights 1020:Progressive People's Party 751:Free-minded People's Party 18: 5570:Revolutionary Syndicalism 5300:English Historical Review 5135:The Chartist Land Company 5123:English Historical Review 4789:Gabriel Tortella (2010). 4347:(1987), pp. 130–199. 4276:Nineteenth Century Europe 4274:Rapport, Michael (2005), 4038:"British republican flag" 3407:John Manning (journalist) 3230:Charles Pasley (engineer) 2535:Jones and Williams, were 2335:English Chartist Circular 2257:After the passing of the 2113:United Kingdom portal 1177:Radical Party of the Left 1056:Radical Democratic Party 705:European Radical Alliance 676:Georgios Papandreou Party 597:Centre Union – New Forces 22:Chartist (disambiguation) 5302:129.538 (2014): 578–605. 5116:History Workshop Journal 5036:(1st ed.), London, 4744:. Sheffield City Council 4586:. Penguin. p. 279. 4450:, Macmillan, London 1941 4429:(2007); Paul Pickering, 4421:See also James Epstein, 3952:Harvard University Press 3794:Williams, David (1939). 3696:The Chartists in Bristol 3610:single transferable vote 3506:William Bramwell Withers 3476:Eureka Stockade Monument 2974:of its mass influence. 2961:According to Thompson, 2902:in the aftermath of the 2692:, a Chartist cottage in 2654:William Sharman Crawford 2365:People's Charter of 1838 2311:in the 1830s, edited by 1524:This article is part of 1211:Radical Socialist Party 1202:Radical Republican Party 816:Italian Republican Party 721:German Free-minded Party 27:Not to be confused with 5580:Radicalism (historical) 5275:(1999), short textbook 5259:The Dignity of Chartism 5257:Thompson, Dorothy, ed. 5077:The Chartist Experience 5056:Chartism: A New History 5018:(1999), short textbook 4715:(2015) chapter 9 p. 111 4713:The Dignity of Chartism 4689:(2015) chapter 9 p. 109 4687:The Dignity of Chartism 4676:(2015) chapter 9 p. 115 4674:The Dignity of Chartism 4427:Chartism: A New History 4425:(1982); Malcolm Chase, 4378:Keith A. P. Sandiford, 3777:28 October 2021 at the 3725:Chartism: A New History 3348:William Edward Atherden 2996:A plaque commemorating 2940:According to Thompson, 2862:minister, wrote in the 2694:Dodford, Worcestershire 2308:The Poor Man's Guardian 2232:in every twelve months. 2173:Staffordshire Potteries 1969:Social Democratic Party 1668:Equality before the law 1436:Conservative liberalism 1315:Socialist Radical Party 1310:Social Democratic Party 1181:Radical People's Party 1161:Radical Party of Chile 1052:Radical Democracy Party 952:People's Radical Party 923:Opportunist Republicans 873:Manhood Suffrage League 838:Labour Democratic Party 614:Colombian Liberal Party 572:Alsatian Progress Party 567:Alfarista Radical Front 5356:Chartists and Chartism 5133:Hadfield, Alice Mary, 5086:(2000) short textbook 4963:Papers For the People. 4925:. Text Publishing Co. 4921:Brett, Judith (2019). 4518:Pereira, Dawn (2015). 4278:, Palgrave Macmillan, 4079:Jenkins, Mick (1980). 3740:(2006) pp 612–621 3456:Australian nationalism 3270:Henry Richard Nicholls 3265:Henry Christopher Wise 3210:Ballarat Reform League 3161:Australian gold rushes 3113: 3033:parliamentary Radicals 3016: 3004: 2985: 2976: 2955: 2944:the proprietor of the 2904:Newport rising of 1839 2740: 2652:withdrew. In May 1843 2575: 2556: 2478: 2436: 2426:Joseph Rayner Stephens 2409: 2398: 2254: 1096:Radical Liberal Party 898:National Radical Party 46: 5535:History of liberalism 5478:20 March 2012 at the 5466:14 April 2005 at the 5070:Labour History Review 4582:Devine, T.M. (2000). 4156:West, Julius (1920). 3947:The Society of Equals 3836:Labour History Review 3727:(Manchester UP, 2007) 3639:John Frost (Chartist) 3602:Instant-runoff voting 3112: 3010: 2995: 2980: 2967: 2950: 2840:London County Council 2803:Robert George Gammage 2738: 2670:National Land Company 2550: 2472: 2404: 2396: 2371:Members of Parliament 2248: 2217:Members of Parliament 2101:Liberalism portal 1537:in the United Kingdom 1483:Liberalism portal 908:National Reform Union 878:Mexican Liberal Party 868:Liberal Swedish Party 806:Italian Radical Party 726:German People's Party 108:History of liberalism 40: 5500:Communism in England 5424:The People's Charter 5223:Schwarzkopf, Jutta, 5147:Jones, David J. V., 5094:Chartism in Scotland 4446:, in G. D. H. Cole: 4135:10.1353/vp.2001.0012 3531:Australia portal 3392:Henry Samuel Chapman 3387:Butler Cole Aspinall 3290:John Basson Humffray 3196:The Eureka Rebellion 3117:Eureka Stockade Riot 2963:George Julian Harney 2817:George Julian Harney 2813:Ernest Charles Jones 2630:George Julian Harney 2602:Anti-Corn Law League 2475:Shire Hall, Monmouth 2407:British Coffee House 2057:Liberal conservatism 1738:Anti-Corn Law League 1673:Freedom of the press 1451:Liberalism in Europe 1441:History of socialism 1236:Radicals of the Left 821:Jacksonian Democrats 791:Independent Radicals 609:Civic Workers' Party 156:Classical radicalism 146:Classical liberalism 81:Atlantic Revolutions 76:Age of Enlightenment 5328:Historical Research 5249:The early Chartists 5247:Thompson, Dorothy. 5237:Thompson, Dorothy. 5111:56.1 (2017): 70–90. 5092:Fraser, W. Hamish, 5006:(1979), pp 302–312 4980:The Chartist Legacy 4838:Historical Research 4822:The Chartist Legacy 4766:(2015) pp 1–2, 106. 4408:(1854); J.T. Ward, 4393:Chartism after 1848 4368:on 30 October 2008. 3987:on 19 February 2008 3598:preferential voting 3461:Eureka Jack Mystery 3402:John Joseph (rebel) 3373:High treason trials 3325:Robert William Rede 3181:Victorian gold rush 3171:Revolutions of 1848 2830:In Kennington, the 2745:revolution in Paris 2668:, later called the 2337:(1841–43), and the 2249:The meeting of the 2181:South Wales Valleys 1733:Glorious Revolution 1678:Freedom of religion 1658:Economic liberalism 1446:Irish republicanism 1207:Radical Republicans 1035:Radical Civic Union 781:Historical Far Left 771:Giustizia e Libertà 646:Czech Realist Party 203:Left-libertarianism 171:Freedom of movement 151:Cultural radicalism 86:American Revolution 5505:Communism in Wales 5419:Chartist Ancestors 5339:Historical Journal 5290:Historical Journal 5202:Roberts, Stephen, 5189:Roberts, Stephen, 4711:Dorothy Thompson, 4698:Dorothy Thompson: 4685:Dorothy Thompson, 4672:Dorothy Thompson, 4614:. 20 February 2013 4448:Chartist portraits 4203:chartist ancestors 4178:chartist ancestors 4044:on 28 October 2020 3924:chartist ancestors 3758:Dorothy Thompson, 3330:Sir Charles Hotham 3114: 3017: 3005: 2838:, commissioned by 2791:Decline after 1848 2781:magistrates' court 2765:special constables 2741: 2557: 2553:British Republican 2479: 2410: 2399: 2331:Northern Liberator 2313:Henry Hetherington 2290:Henry Hetherington 2267:Poor Law Amendment 2255: 1881:Mill (John Stuart) 1471:History portal 1112:Radical Left Party 999:Progressive Party 444:Mill (John Stuart) 225:Left-wing populism 98:Belgian Revolution 47: 5318:(1958): 117–138. 5316:Victorian Studies 5170:Pickering, Paul, 5154:Jones, David J., 5047:Carver, Stephen, 4489:Ingolf Neunübel: 4478:Marx-Engels-Werke 4285:978-0-333-65246-6 3961:978-0-674-72644-4 3664:Chartism in Wales 3606:compulsory voting 3566: 3565: 3422:William à Beckett 3417:Sir Redmond Barry 3412:Raffaello Carboni 2911:Church of England 2749:Kennington Common 2705:general elections 2579:a wave of strikes 2470: 2294:Chartism in Wales 2149: 2148: 2079:Liberal socialism 1944:Liberal Democrats 1728:English Civil War 1683:Freedom of speech 1519: 1518: 1250:Republican Action 1047:Radical Democracy 863:Liberal Reformers 786:Independence Club 756:Free-minded Union 301:Utopian socialism 279:Social liberalism 186:Liberal socialism 136:Civic nationalism 91:French Revolution 43:Kennington Common 5597: 5271:Walton, John K. 5264:Vargo, Gregory. 5118:Vol. 84. (2017). 5054:Chase, Malcolm. 5044: 4994:Chartist Studies 4950: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4893:Geoffrey Serle, 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4860: 4854: 4851:Northern History 4847: 4841: 4834: 4828: 4818: 4812: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4786: 4780: 4775:Margot C. Finn, 4773: 4767: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4743: 4735: 4729: 4722: 4716: 4709: 4703: 4696: 4690: 4683: 4677: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4579: 4573: 4566: 4560: 4553: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4500: 4494: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4440: 4434: 4419: 4413: 4402: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4364:. 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Gammage, 4397: 4384: 4371: 4349: 4343:John Saville, 4336: 4308: 4290: 4284: 4266: 4253: 4240: 4228:National Trust 4215: 4190: 4165: 4148: 4129:(2): 165–186. 4113: 4100: 4094:978-0853155300 4093: 4068: 4066:(1996), p. 30. 4062:Edward Royle, 4055: 4029: 4016: 3998: 3975:Bloy, Marjie. 3967: 3960: 3954:. p. 82. 3936: 3911: 3898: 3875:(2): 232–247. 3855: 3840: 3827: 3814: 3801: 3786: 3764: 3742: 3729: 3701: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3621: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3201: 3200: 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Cannon, 3690: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3659:Richard Spurr 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3521: 3520: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3441: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3397:Henry Seekamp 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3367: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3315:Pikeman's dog 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280:Henry Seekamp 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3255:Fredrick Vern 3253: 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Retrieved 4733: 4725: 4720: 4712: 4707: 4699: 4694: 4686: 4681: 4673: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4638:. Retrieved 4628: 4616:. Retrieved 4611: 4602: 4583: 4577: 4572:(1984) p 213 4569: 4564: 4556: 4528:. Retrieved 4523: 4513: 4498: 4490: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4447: 4444:Ernest Jones 4443: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4392: 4387: 4379: 4374: 4366:the original 4361: 4352: 4344: 4339: 4331: 4318:The Observer 4316: 4311: 4301: 4275: 4269: 4261: 4256: 4248: 4243: 4231:. Retrieved 4227: 4218: 4206:. Retrieved 4202: 4193: 4181:. Retrieved 4177: 4168: 4158: 4151: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4108: 4103: 4082: 4063: 4058: 4046:. Retrieved 4042:the original 4032: 4027:(1969) p 193 4024: 4019: 4011: 3989:. Retrieved 3985:the original 3980: 3970: 3946: 3939: 3927:. 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(1996) 4702:, p. 96. 4640:27 April 4618:27 April 4410:Chartism 4324:Sibthorp 4233:27 April 4208:27 April 4183:27 April 4064:Chartism 3929:12 April 3775:Archived 3670:General: 3623:See also 3583:Victoria 3579:Ballarat 3166:Chartism 3129:Timeline 3073:Colonies 2900:Tasmania 2721:Tiverton 2690:Rosedene 2591:Cheshire 2583:Midlands 2179:and the 2152:Chartism 2035:Centrism 1959:Radicals 1871:Macaulay 1841:Hobhouse 1748:Chartism 1600:Economic 1593:Muscular 1581:Whiggist 1526:a series 1398:Paraguay 1363:Bulgaria 1105:Paraguay 1060:Bulgaria 736:Far Left 489:Rosselli 399:Hobhouse 284:Suffrage 220:Populism 103:Chartism 54:a series 52:Part of 5520:Marxism 5251:(1971) 5151:(1975). 5064:excerpt 4433:(2008). 4306:(1982). 4111:(1974). 3812:(2005). 3762:(1984). 3573:on the 3511:Len Fox 3152:Origins 3011:Former 2896:slavery 2777:Bingley 2618:Marxist 2510:Newport 2418:Salford 2185:Bristol 1954:Peelite 1933:Parties 1911:Spencer 1901:Ricardo 1886:Naoroji 1851:Jenkins 1821:Fawcett 1781:Bentham 1776:Asquith 1722:History 1615:Radical 1555:Schools 1430:Related 1403:Romania 1388:Hungary 1378:Ecuador 1373:Denmark 1220:Estonia 1185:Finland 1145:Hungary 1135:Bolivia 1080:Ukraine 1065:Estonia 1003:Belgium 826:Jacobin 519:Virchow 504:Stevens 449:Mommsen 429:Mazzini 414:Leclerc 409:Lacombe 359:Cobbett 339:Bolívar 334:Bentham 329:Atatürk 306:Welfare 262:Laicité 70:History 5392: 5320:online 5277:online 5253:online 5243:online 5234:(2003) 5227:(1991) 5206:(2008) 5193:(1993) 5183:online 5174:(1995) 5165:(1995) 5158:(1985) 5127:online 5096:(2010) 5088:online 5040: 5020:online 5008:online 4998:online 4929: 4883:in EHR 4779:(2004) 4590: 4559:(1916) 4412:(1973) 4395:(2006) 4326:" (an 4282: 4141: 4091: 4048:14 May 4014:(1997) 3958: 3447:Legacy 2988:Legacy 2880:hymnal 2753:London 2632:, and 2441:strike 2324:. 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