1391:
814:
1376:
800:
before 6000 BC, China by 6000 BC and India by 2000 BC. A landmark 2020 Nature study that fully sequenced 863 chickens across the world suggests that all domestic chickens originate from a single domestication event of red junglefowl whose present-day distribution is predominantly in southwestern China, northern
Thailand and Myanmar. These domesticated chickens spread across Southeast and South Asia where they interbred with local wild species of junglefowl, forming genetically and geographically distinct groups. Analysis of the most popular commercial breed shows that the White Leghorn breed possesses a mosaic of divergent ancestries inherited from subspecies of red junglefowl.
1407:
229:
1426:
67:
781:
103:
1445:
1014:
479:
647:
1126:
5555:
464:
5521:
712:
1176:
1461:
4780:
1143:
rather than being slaughtered to re-invigorate egg-laying. This involves complete withdrawal of food (and sometimes water) for 7–14 days or sufficiently long to cause a body weight loss of 25 to 35%, or up to 28 days under experimental conditions. This stimulates the hen to lose her feathers but also
603:
To initiate courting, some roosters may dance in a circle around or near a hen (a circle dance), often lowering the wing which is closest to the hen. The dance triggers a response in the hen and when she responds to his call, the rooster may mount the hen and proceed with the mating. Mating typically
1133:
Chickens farmed primarily for eggs are called layer hens. The UK alone consumes more than 34 million eggs per day. Hens of some breeds can produce over 300 eggs per year; the highest authenticated rate of egg laying is 371 eggs in 364 days. After 12 months of laying, the commercial hen's egg-laying
799:
Exactly when and where the chicken was domesticated remains controversial. Genomic studies estimate that the chicken was domesticated 8,000 years ago in
Southeast Asia and spread to China and India 2,000 to 3,000 years later. Archaeological evidence supports domestic chickens in Southeast Asia well
1152:
Keeping chickens as pets became increasingly popular in the 2000s among urban and suburban residents. Many people obtain chickens for their egg production but often name them and treat them as any other pet like cats or dogs. Chickens provide companionship and have individual personalities. While
904:
The possibility that domestic chickens were in the
Americas before Western contact is debated by researchers, but blue-egged chickens, found only in the Americas and Asia, suggest an Asian origin for early American chickens. A lack of data from Thailand, Russia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast
1138:
systems, are sometimes infirm or have lost a significant amount of their feathers, and their life expectancy has been reduced from around seven years to less than two years. In the UK and Europe, laying hens are then slaughtered and used in processed foods, or sold as 'soup hens'. In some other
1085:
Chickens are common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018. More than 50 billion chickens are reared annually as a source of meat and eggs. In the United States alone, more than 8 billion chickens are slaughtered each year for meat, and more than 300
925:
Chicken remains have been difficult to date, given the small and fragile bird bones; this may account for discrepancies in dates given by different sources. Archaeological evidence is supplemented by mentions in historical texts from the last few centuries BC, and by depictions in prehistoric
1215:
to study developing embryos. Large numbers of embryos can be provided commercially; fertilized eggs can easily be opened and used to observe the developing embryo. Equally important, embryologists can carry out experiments on such embryos, close the egg again and study the effects later in
654:
Hens often try to lay in nests that already contain eggs and sometimes move eggs from neighbouring nests into their own. A flock thus uses only a few preferred locations, rather than having a different nest for every bird. Under natural conditions, most birds lay only until a
604:
involves a sequence in which the male approaches the female and performs a waltzing display. If the female is unreceptive, she runs off; otherwise, she crouches, and the male mounts, treading with both feet on her back. After copulation the male does a tail-bending display.
1153:
many do not cuddle much, they will eat from one's hand, jump onto one's lap, respond to and follow their handlers, as well as show affection. Chickens are social, inquisitive, intelligent birds, and many people find their behaviour entertaining. Certain breeds, such as
813:
511:
are too heavy to allow them to fly more than a short distance. Size and coloration vary widely between breeds. Adult chickens of both sexes have a fleshy crest on their heads called a comb or cockscomb, and hanging flaps of skin on either side under their beaks called
570:
1390:
308:
Chickens are common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 26.5 billion as of 2023, and an annual production of more than 50 billion birds. A hen bred for laying can produce over 300 eggs per year. There are numerous
1110:. Advocates of intensive farming say that their efficient systems save land and food resources owing to increased productivity, and that the animals are looked after in a controlled environment. Chickens farmed for meat are called
697:
expressed as reduced egg number and delayed sexual maturity. Strongly inbred
Langshan chickens display obvious inbreeding depression in reproduction, particularly for traits such as age when the first egg is laid and egg number.
1375:
3173:
Fumihito, A.; Miyake, T.; Sumi, S.; Takada, M.; Ohno, S.; Kondo, N. (December 20, 1994), "One subspecies of the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus gallus) suffices as the matriarchic ancestor of all domestic breeds",
670:
have special physiological adaptations that result in a higher hatching rate in low oxygen environments. When eggs are placed in a hypoxic environment, chicken embryos from these populations express much more
582:
A male's crowing is a loud and sometimes shrill call, serving as a territorial signal to other males, and in response to sudden disturbances within their surroundings. Hens cluck loudly after laying an
2762:
Sewalem, A.; Johansson, K.; Wilhelmson, M.; Lillpers, K. (1999). "Inbreeding and inbreeding depression on reproduction and production traits of White
Leghorn lines selected for egg production traits".
792:
gave rise to the modern chicken with minor transitions separating the modern breeds. The red junglefowl is well adapted to take advantage of the vast quantities of seed produced during the end of the
2004:
Ying Guo, Xiaorong Gu, Zheya Sheng, Yanqiang Wang, Chenglong Luo, Ranran Liu, Hao Qu, Dingming Shu, Jie Wen, Richard P. M. A. Crooijmans, Örjan
Carlborg, Yiqiang Zhao, Xiaoxiang Hu, Ning Li (2016).
3695:
917:
were radiocarbon dated as pre-Columbian, and DNA analysis suggested they were related to prehistoric populations in
Polynesia. However, further study of the same bones cast doubt on the findings.
572:
979:
about 1400 BC and became widely bred in Egypt around 300 BC. Three possible routes of introduction into Africa around the early first millennium AD could have been through the
Egyptian
573:
566:
in 1921 as the "pecking order". Male chickens tend to leap and use their claws in conflicts. Chickens are capable of mobbing and killing a weak or inexperienced predator, such as a young fox.
3415:
Liu, Yi-Ping; Wu, Gui-Sheng; Yao, Yong-Gang; Miao, Yong-Wang; Luikart, Gordon; Baig, Mumtaz; et al. (January 2006). "Multiple maternal origins of chickens: Out of the Asian jungles".
796:, to boost its own reproduction. In domesticating the chicken, humans took advantage of the red junglefowl's ability to reproduce prolifically when exposed to a surge in its food supply.
750:) and are scientifically classified as the same species. Domesticated chickens freely interbreed with populations of red junglefowl. The domestic chicken has subsequently hybridised with
4972:
2797:
Xue, Qian; Li, Guohui; Cao, Yuxia; Yin, Jianmei; Zhu, Yunfen; Zhang, Huiyong; Zhou, Chenghao; Shen, Haiyu; Dou, Xinhong; Su, Yijun; Wang, Kehua; Zou, Jianmin; Han, Wei (June 1, 2021).
4083:
905:
Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa makes it difficult to lay out a clear map of the spread of chickens in these areas; better description and genetic analysis of local breeds threatened by
2303:
2174:
2437:
Cheng, Kimberly M.; Burns, Jeffrey T. (August 1988). "Dominance
Relationship and Mating Behavior of Domestic Cocks: A Model to Study Mate-Guarding and Sperm Competition in Birds".
3323:
Al-Nasser, A.; Al-Khalaifa, H.; Al-Saffar, A.; Khalil, F.; Albahouh, M.; Ragheb, G.; Al-Haddad, A.; Mashaly, M. (June 1, 2007). "Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication".
1406:
574:
5318:
682:
to break out of the shell. Hens remain on the nest for about two days after the first chick hatches; during this time the newly hatched chicks feed by absorbing the internal
1460:
1425:
4892:
4754:
4404:
Tilman, David; Cassman, Kenneth G.; Matson, Pamela A.; Naylor, Rosamond; Polasky, Stephen (August 2002). "Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices".
2133:
5280:
5469:
1287:, and popular culture. The chicken is a sacred animal in many cultures and deeply embedded in belief systems and religious practices. Roosters are sometimes used for
1251:), with a total of 19,119 protein-coding genes, a similar number to the human genome. In 2006, scientists researching the ancestry of birds switched on a chicken
853:
4225:
3458:
Zeder, Melinda A.; Emshwiller, Eve; Smith, Bruce D.; Bradley, Daniel G. (March 2006). "Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology".
403:: a fertile adult male chicken, especially in North America. Originated in the 18th century, possibly as a euphemism to avoid the sexual connotation of the word
2008:
1305:, cockfighting is outlawed in the town of Macondo after the patriarch of the Buendia family murders his cockfighting rival and is haunted by the man's ghost.
4105:
Schiavone, Antonella; Pugliese, Nicola; Otranto, Domenico; Samarelli, Rossella; Circella, Elena; De
Virgilio, Caterina; Camarda, Antonio (January 20, 2022).
4811:
860:
since ancient times. Chickens, together with dogs and pigs, were carried throughout the entire range of the prehistoric Austronesian maritime migrations to
5757:
4317:
4286:
3687:
562:; dominant individuals take priority for access to food and nest sites. The concept of dominance, involving pecking, was described in female chickens by
4869:
4844:
735:
4518:
2949:
Lawal, Raman Akinyanju; Martin, Simon H.; Vanmechelen, Koen; Vereijken, Addie; Silva, Pradeepa; Al-Atiyat, Raed Mahmoud; et al. (December 2020).
2607:
5304:
Encyclopædia Perthensis; Or Universal Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, Literature, &c. Intended to Supersede the Use of Other Books of Reference
3000:
Eriksson, Jonas; Larson, Greger; Gunnarsson, Ulrika; Bed'hom, Bertrand; Tixier-Boichard, Michele; Strömstedt, Lina; et al. (February 29, 2008).
571:
6312:
5752:
5510:
3578:
616:
5413:
4581:
2355:
Evans, Christopher S.; Evans, Linda; Marler, Peter (July 1993). "On the meaning of alarm calls: functional reference in an avian vocal system".
1203:
from 2500 to 2100 BC. In the process of domestication, chickens were apparently kept initially for cockfighting, and only later used for food.
4339:
4463:
2421:
1938:
1851:
1144:
re-invigorates egg-production. Some flocks may be force-moulted several times. In 2003, more than 75% of all flocks were moulted in the US.
6422:
6245:
5351:
4369:
Ilea, Ramona Cristina (April 2009). "Intensive Livestock Farming: Global Trends, Increased Environmental Concerns, and Ethical Solutions".
4063:
1749:
1539:
2295:
397:: a young female chicken less than a year old. In the poultry industry, a pullet is a sexually immature chicken less than 22 weeks of age.
5511:
4040:
3997:
3664:
1587:
1565:
3621:
3267:
1639:
1613:
686:. The hen guards her chicks and broods them to keep them warm. She leads them to food and water and calls them towards food. The chicks
6447:
5015:
4553:
2006:
A Complex Structural Variation on Chromosome 27 Leads to the Ectopic Expression of HOXB8 and the Muffs and Beard Phenotype in Chickens
1794:
663:". The hen sits on the nest, fluffing up or pecking defensively if disturbed. She rarely leaves the nest until the eggs have hatched.
5199:
Warren, Wesley C.; Hillier, LaDeana W.; Tomlinson, Chad; Minx, Patrick; Kremitzki, Milinn; Graves, Tina; et al. (January 2017).
1444:
6457:
5998:
5589:
4034:
3991:
3658:
3615:
3572:
2333:
2272:
2141:
3557:"The Origins and Arrival of the Earliest Domestic Animals in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia: A Developing Story of Complexity"
6412:
5883:
3237:
2576:
2041:
1843:
5439:
5250:
4900:
1770:
611:
contact between the male and female, in an action called the 'cloacal kiss'. As with all birds, reproduction is controlled by a
5767:
4723:
1901:
1270:
643:) initiate and maintain sexual maturation changes. Reproduction declines with age, thought to be due to a decline in GnRH-I-N.
310:
218:
6150:
1667:
675:
than embryos from other chicken populations. This hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen, binding oxygen more readily.
5302:
4255:
4170:"Antiviral responses against chicken respiratory infections: Focus on avian influenza virus and infectious bronchitis virus"
2111:
5461:
3358:
Wang, Ming-Shan; Thakur, Mukesh; Peng, Min-Sheng; Jiang, Yu; Frantz, Laurent Alain François; Li, Ming; et al. (2020).
1720:
6402:
6338:
5910:
1301:
5526:
1817:
5833:
2239:
Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. (1975). "Contributions to the social psychology of the domestic chicken ". In Schein, M. W. (ed.).
1924:
1195:
is a contest held in a ring called a cockpit between two cocks. Cockfighting is outlawed in many countries as involving
1094:, 74% of the world's poultry meat and 68% of eggs are produced this way. An alternative to intensive poultry farming is
926:
artworks, such as across Central Asia. Chickens were widespread throughout southern Central Asia by the 4th century BC.
640:
5559:
5545:
5272:
1296:
6442:
5040:
4489:
4251:
4217:
2439:
1225:
849:
6379:
1513:
690:
on the hen and subsequently follow her continually. She continues to care for them until they are several weeks old.
4957:
1397:
1054:
feeds on blood, causing irritation and reducing egg production, and acts as a vector for bacterial diseases such as
6417:
4026:
3726:
3650:
3607:
1930:
4801:
5905:
5894:
5823:
4927:
2005:
1200:
563:
49:
228:
6452:
5669:
5258:
1087:
102:
66:
42:
35:
4573:
2631:"Influences of Hypoxia on Hatching Performance in Chickens with Different Genetic Adaptation to High Altitude"
1341:
438:
laments the death of "all my pretty chickens and their dam". The usage is preserved in placenames such as the
5109:"Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution"
4859:
4835:
2515:
2511:"Increasing persistency in lay and stabilising egg quality in longer laying cycles. What are the challenges?"
442:. In older sources, and still often in trade and scientific contexts, chickens as a species are described as
6071:
5960:
5955:
5664:
5382:
4510:
3919:"Earliest economic exploitation of chicken outside East Asia: Evidence from the Hellenistic Southern Levant"
1221:
687:
439:
5541:
4681:"The Effects of Alternative Forced-Molting Methods on The Performance and Egg Quality of Commercial Layers"
2857:(May 24, 2018). "Quaillike creatures were the only birds to survive the dinosaur-killing asteroid impact".
2603:
941:, chickens began to be widely domesticated for food. The first pictures of chickens in Europe are found on
6267:
6230:
6165:
6079:
5626:
5619:
3800:"Using ancient DNA to study the origins and dispersal of ancestral Polynesian chickens across the Pacific"
3498:"Using ancient DNA to study the origins and dispersal of ancestral Polynesian chickens across the Pacific"
1291:, a practice called alectryomancy. This involves the sacrifice of a sacred rooster, often during a ritual
1239:, the chicken genome is similarly sized compared to other birds, but smaller than nearly all mammals: the
1161:
varieties, are generally docile and are often recommended as good pets around children with disabilities.
829:
4999:
2672:"Early egg production in genetically blind (rc/rc) chickens in comparison with sighted (Rc+/rc) controls"
1259:, and found that the embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth, like those found in ancient bird fossils.
6099:
6089:
6051:
5991:
5582:
5060:"Saunders's framework for understanding limb development as a platform for investigating limb evolution"
1381:
861:
780:
755:
694:
197:
2164:
762:; a gene for yellow skin, for instance, was incorporated into domestic birds from the grey junglefowl (
3556:
6427:
6353:
6094:
5868:
5397:
5120:
4413:
4343:
3930:
3811:
3752:
3509:
3424:
3297:
3183:
3127:
3067:
2896:
1107:
1091:
1050:
881:
857:
6437:
6084:
6036:
5656:
4455:
4347:
2524:
1874:
1431:
1316:
1114:. Broiler breeds typically take less than six weeks to reach slaughter size, some weeks longer for
1099:
636:
612:
559:
425:
80:
4949:
4309:
4278:
983:
Valley, the East Africa Roman-Greek or Indian trade, or from Carthage and the Berbers, across the
678:
Fertile chicken eggs hatch at the end of the incubation period, about 21 days; the chick uses its
6170:
6160:
5848:
5181:
4746:
4620:
4545:
4437:
4386:
3397:
3340:
3093:
2574:
Sherwin, C.M.; Nicol, C.J. (1993). "Factors influencing floor-laying by hens in modified cages".
2556:
2491:
2456:
2372:
2276:
2221:
2080:
1980:
1196:
934:
344:
241:
97:
5920:
5355:
5156:
Gregory, T. Ryan (September 2005). "Synergy between sequence and size in Large-scale genomics".
2883:
Wong, G. K.; Liu, B.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, X.; Zhang, Z.; et al. (December 9, 2004).
2799:"Identification of genes involved in inbreeding depression of reproduction in Langshan chickens"
1742:
1535:
1134:
ability declines to the point where the flock is commercially unviable. Hens, particularly from
788:
According to one early study, a single domestication event of the red junglefowl in present-day
4485:
3116:"Radiocarbon and DNA evidence for a pre-Columbian introduction of Polynesian chickens to Chile"
2474:
Briskie, J. V.; R. Montgomerie (1997). "Sexual Selection and the Intromittent Organ of Birds".
1579:
1561:
766:). It is estimated that chickens share between 71 and 79% of their genome with red junglefowl.
6407:
6361:
6190:
5930:
5641:
5405:
5230:
5173:
5138:
5089:
5011:
4864:
4661:
4549:
4429:
4199:
4150:
4132:
4075:
4030:
4020:
3987:
3977:
3958:
3899:
3881:
3839:
3780:
3654:
3644:
3611:
3568:
3537:
3475:
3440:
3389:
3259:
3211:
3155:
3085:
3033:
2982:
2922:
2854:
2836:
2818:
2779:
2744:
2693:
2652:
2548:
2417:
2213:
1934:
1857:
1847:
1635:
1609:
1336:
1311:
1103:
1059:
531:. In the wild, they scratch at the soil to search for seeds, insects, and animals as large as
517:
435:
3601:
2413:
2402:
6432:
6366:
6235:
5984:
5775:
5717:
5575:
5220:
5212:
5165:
5128:
5079:
5071:
4738:
4702:
4692:
4651:
4612:
4421:
4378:
4189:
4181:
4140:
4122:
3983:
3948:
3938:
3889:
3873:
3829:
3819:
3770:
3760:
3527:
3517:
3467:
3432:
3379:
3371:
3332:
3305:
3201:
3191:
3145:
3135:
3075:
3023:
3013:
2972:
2962:
2912:
2904:
2862:
2826:
2810:
2771:
2734:
2724:
2683:
2642:
2585:
2538:
2528:
2483:
2448:
2364:
2268:
2205:
2024:
1366:
1217:
1158:
964:
910:
869:
759:
513:
499:. The body is round, the legs are unfeathered in most breeds, and the wings are short. Wild
356:
6374:
1791:
1488:
The surgical and chemical castration of chickens is now illegal in some parts of the world.
1013:
6215:
6210:
6142:
6122:
6109:
6061:
6041:
5915:
5828:
5810:
5712:
5707:
5697:
5679:
5614:
5323:
5254:
5021:
4973:"A Blood Sport Gets in the Blood; Fans of Cockfighting Don't Understand Its Outlaw Status"
4785:
4603:
Patwardhan, D.; King, A. (2011). "Review: feed withdrawal and non feed withdrawal moult".
2169:
2012:
1821:
1798:
1693:
1086:
million chickens are reared for egg production. The vast majority of poultry is raised in
1080:
1063:
1033:
1018:
1008:
942:
933:. Phoenicians spread chickens along the Mediterranean coasts as far as Iberia. During the
751:
731:
290:
31:
5124:
4417:
3934:
3894:
3861:
3815:
3756:
3513:
3428:
3301:
3187:
3131:
3071:
3002:"Identification of the Yellow Skin Gene Reveals a Hybrid Origin of the Domestic Chicken"
2900:
2325:
1106:
argue that it harms the environment, creates human health risks and is inhumane towards
6240:
6200:
6132:
6046:
6031:
5727:
5225:
5200:
5084:
5059:
4679:
Molino, A.B.; Garcia, E.A.; Berto, D.A.; Pelícia, K.; Silva, A.P.; Vercese, F. (2009).
4194:
4169:
4145:
4106:
3953:
3918:
3834:
3799:
3775:
3740:
3532:
3497:
3384:
3359:
3229:
3150:
3115:
3028:
3001:
2977:
2950:
2917:
2884:
2831:
2798:
2739:
2712:
2543:
2510:
2397:
1467:
1416:
1346:
1324:
1252:
1212:
1140:
1119:
960:
833:
743:
715:
646:
555:
469:
286:
282:
3288:
West, B.; Zhou, B.X. (1988). "Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication".
2885:"A genetic variation map for chicken with 2.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms"
2259:
Rajecki, D. W. (1988). "Formation of leap orders in pairs of male domestic chickens".
2243:. Vol. 3. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross. pp. 35–49.
2049:
1957:
1125:
967:
chickens became less aggressive and began to lay eggs earlier in the breeding season.
6396:
6175:
6026:
5965:
5838:
5818:
5742:
5435:
5247:
4724:"History, changing scenarios and future strategies to induce moulting in laying hens"
4390:
3401:
3309:
3206:
2589:
2409:
2280:
1893:
1766:
1332:
1315:
published one in 1847. Chickens have been featured in art in farmyard scenes such as
1055:
984:
889:
885:
775:
656:
508:
278:
214:
5185:
4750:
4697:
4680:
4624:
3741:"Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA"
3344:
2560:
2377:
6185:
6180:
6155:
5785:
5737:
5687:
4806:
4441:
3097:
2711:
Edgar, Joanne; Held, Suzanne; Jones, Charlotte; Troisi, Camille (January 5, 2016).
1306:
1240:
1135:
996:
976:
952:
632:
628:
620:
588:
2533:
2103:
1661:
478:
5509:
4247:
3018:
2028:
1689:
6343:
6325:
5940:
5873:
5863:
5853:
5075:
3436:
1714:
1353:
1349:
1098:
farming. Friction between these two main methods has led to long-term issues of
956:
929:
Middle Eastern chicken remains go back to a little earlier than 2000 BC in
893:
822:
727:
558:
and raise young communally. Individual chickens dominate others, establishing a
504:
463:
294:
164:
154:
5554:
4185:
4127:
3877:
524:
that causes extra feathering under the face, giving the appearance of a beard.
6225:
6205:
5945:
5935:
5925:
5878:
5780:
5692:
5462:"'Chicken' Recipe Simply Divine / Action comedy blends great story, animation"
4742:
4616:
4382:
3471:
3375:
3336:
2967:
2072:
1814:
1358:
1288:
1284:
1248:
1184:
1115:
1095:
1025:
980:
906:
877:
865:
672:
660:
547:
500:
496:
174:
5409:
4136:
4079:
3885:
3196:
2822:
2217:
784:
Chicken domestication and dispersal; possibility of early arrival in Americas
6299:
6195:
6127:
6056:
5950:
5800:
5795:
5722:
5529:
was created from a revision of this article dated 22 February 2024
5201:"A New Chicken Genome Assembly Provides Insight into Avian Genome Structure"
3943:
3917:
Perry-Gal, Lee; Erlich, Adi; Gilboa, Ayelet; Bar-Oz, Guy (August 11, 2015).
3862:"Archaeological and molecular evidence for ancient chickens in Central Asia"
3824:
3765:
3564:
3522:
3140:
2866:
1861:
1362:
1292:
1192:
1180:
1170:
873:
836:), inferred from genetic markers on ancient and modern chicken DNA (Thomson
826:
723:
711:
679:
592:
302:
114:
5234:
5177:
5142:
5093:
5025:
4665:
4433:
4203:
4154:
3962:
3903:
3843:
3784:
3541:
3479:
3444:
3393:
3159:
3089:
3037:
2986:
2926:
2840:
2783:
2775:
2748:
2656:
2552:
2368:
1247:. The final gene set contained 26,640 genes (including noncoding genes and
1129:
A commercial chicken house with open sides raising broiler pullets for meat
5216:
4656:
4639:
3215:
2697:
2647:
2630:
1509:
963:
of chicken bones from archaeological sites in Europe revealed that in the
6284:
6220:
5900:
5858:
5843:
5790:
5747:
5732:
5636:
5007:
2814:
1280:
1276:
1244:
1236:
1041:
1037:
914:
789:
739:
683:
624:
528:
521:
337:
134:
5133:
5108:
4425:
2908:
2273:
10.1002/1098-2337(1988)14:6<425::AID-AB2480140604>3.0.CO;2-#
1748:. Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. p. 8.
17:
6317:
6290:
6250:
6117:
6007:
5888:
5702:
5646:
5606:
5107:
International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium (December 9, 2004).
4923:
4707:
2729:
2688:
2671:
2495:
2460:
2076:
1879:
1175:
1111:
945:
818:
430:
6330:
2629:
Zhang, H.; Wang, X.T.; Chamba, Y.; Ling, Y.; Wu, C.X. (October 2008).
2225:
2165:"World's oldest chicken starred in magic shows, was on 'Tonight Show'"
1232:
1154:
938:
793:
608:
532:
289:
around 8,000 years ago. Most chickens are raised for food, providing
124:
6261:
5169:
3080:
3055:
2487:
2452:
659:
is complete; they then incubate all the eggs. This is called "going
6304:
4168:
Barjesteh, Neda; O'Dowd, Kelsey; Vahedi, Seyed Milad (March 2020).
3559:. In Piper, Philip J.; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.).
2241:
Social Hierarchy and Dominance. Benchmark Papers in Animal Behavior
2209:
1339:", its chorus line imitating the cockerel's call, was published in
1220:
have been made using chicken embryos, such as the discovery of the
909:
may also help with research into this area. Chicken bones from the
5631:
1174:
1124:
1045:
1012:
992:
930:
812:
779:
710:
667:
645:
568:
540:
536:
332:
4836:"How Caring for Backyard Chickens Stretched My Emotional Muscles"
1960:. Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute
1451:
1029:
988:
551:
492:
274:
144:
6265:
5980:
5571:
4860:"Chickens will become a beloved pet — just like the family dog"
2604:"Why Do Chickens Puff up Their Feathers? I 4 Reasons Explained"
4111:: the long journey of the poultry red mite to become a vector"
3688:"Study: The Chicken Didn't Cross The Pacific To South America"
584:
298:
5248:
Scientists Find Chickens Retain Ancient Ability to Grow Teeth
2296:"Chickens 'teamed up to kill fox' at Brittany farming school"
359:
5507:
5307:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). John Brown. 1816. p. 394.
3360:"863 genomes reveal the origin and domestication of chicken"
41:"Rooster" and "Roosters" redirect here. For other uses, see
1981:"Forget About the Road. Why Are Chickens So Bad at Flying?"
975:
Chickens reached Egypt via the Middle East for purposes of
253:
5976:
5567:
3646:
Anthropological Genetics: Theory, Methods and Applications
3561:
New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory
1840:
I Remember: Eighty Years of Black Entertainment, Big Bands
362:
4640:"Physiology and behavior of the hen during induced moult"
4019:
Chiffolo, Anthony F.; Hesse, Rayner W. (March 13, 2019).
1466:
Carved and painted wooden tribal statue of a cock fight,
1216:
development. For instance, many important discoveries in
3976:
Karayanis, Dean; Karayanis, Catherine (March 13, 2019).
999:
and date back to the middle of the first millennium AD.
4893:"Despite what you might think, chickens are not stupid"
4022:
Cooking with the Bible: Biblical Food, Feasts, and Lore
2951:"The wild species genome ancestry of domestic chickens"
817:
Prehistoric introduction of domesticated chickens into
543:. The world's oldest known chicken lived for 16 years.
2104:"Frequently asked questions about chickens & eggs"
539:. A chicken may live for 5–10 years, depending on the
5058:
Young, John J.; Tabin, Clifford J. (September 2017).
742:
relatives. Chickens are descended primarily from the
365:
1295:, used as a form of communication with the gods. In
896:
seafarers, but evidence for this is still putative.
693:
Inbreeding of White Leghorn chickens tends to cause
48:"Cockerel" redirects here. For the Fabergé egg, see
6274:
6141:
6108:
6070:
6014:
5809:
5766:
5678:
5655:
5605:
1231:The chicken was the first bird species to have its
1199:. The activity seems to have been practised in the
884:. These chickens might have been introduced during
4834:
2401:
666:Eggs of chickens from the high-altitude region of
587:and to call their chicks. Chickens give different
2196:Perrin, P. G. (1955). "'Pecking order' 1927–54".
4371:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
4218:"Number of chickens worldwide from 1990 to 2018"
2713:"Influences of Maternal Care on Chicken Welfare"
2509:Bain, M. M.; Nys, Y.; Dunn, I.C. (May 3, 2016).
1384:askos in the form of a rooster, 4th century B.C.
722:Water or ground-dwelling fowl similar to modern
5261:, February 27, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
3923:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3804:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3502:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3120:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3049:
3047:
413:: a chicken (southern United States, dialectal)
5520:
3603:The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders
3109:
3107:
1952:
1950:
738:that killed all tree-dwelling birds and their
734:of bird that chickens belong to, survived the
595:is approaching from the air or on the ground.
5992:
5583:
4340:"Towards Happier Meals In A Globalized World"
3056:"DNA reveals how the chicken crossed the sea"
373:: a chicken (Australia/New Zealand, informal)
8:
4781:"Some homeowners find chickens all the rage"
4722:Yousaf, M.; Chaudhry, A.S. (March 1, 2008).
2392:
2390:
2388:
5758:European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC
3855:
3853:
1926:Genetics and evolution of the domestic fowl
880:, starting from at least 3000 BC from
6262:
5999:
5985:
5977:
5590:
5576:
5568:
5338:The Knickerbocker, or The New York Monthly
5271:Adler, Jerry; Lawler, Andrew (June 2012).
5039:Lawler, Andrew; Adler, Jerry (June 2012).
3491:
3489:
2326:"Top cock: Roosters crow in pecking order"
227:
65:
56:
5354:. Painting World Magazine. Archived from
5224:
5132:
5083:
4800:Pollack-Fusi, Mindy (December 16, 2004).
4706:
4696:
4655:
4567:
4565:
4193:
4144:
4126:
3952:
3942:
3893:
3833:
3823:
3774:
3764:
3531:
3521:
3383:
3205:
3195:
3149:
3139:
3079:
3027:
3017:
2976:
2966:
2916:
2878:
2876:
2830:
2738:
2728:
2687:
2646:
2542:
2532:
2376:
5537:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
4062:Brown, Marley (September–October 2017).
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
937:(4th–2nd centuries BC), in the southern
617:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-I neurons
5379:The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes
4847:from the original on November 25, 2020.
4043:from the original on September 13, 2016
4000:from the original on September 13, 2016
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3667:from the original on September 13, 2016
3643:Crawford, Michael H. (March 13, 2019).
3624:from the original on September 13, 2016
3234:Nova and National Geographic Television
2114:from the original on September 16, 2008
1568:from the original on September 7, 2015.
1501:
1481:
1371:
328:: a chicken, or a newly hatched chicken
313:in folklore, religion, and literature.
4760:from the original on November 24, 2020
4521:from the original on December 30, 2016
4228:from the original on November 27, 2020
3581:from the original on November 28, 2022
2177:from the original on February 20, 2019
2083:from the original on December 11, 2021
1755:from the original on October 23, 2020.
1642:from the original on September 7, 2015
1616:from the original on September 7, 2015
1590:from the original on September 7, 2015
987:. The earliest known remains are from
30:For the culinary use of chickens, see
5416:from the original on January 24, 2023
5396:Corliss, Richard (December 4, 2000).
5283:from the original on November 3, 2012
5273:"How the Chicken Conquered the World"
5041:"How the Chicken Conquered the World"
4833:Kreilkamp, Ivan (November 25, 2020).
3725:The Cambridge History of Food, 2000,
3417:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2336:from the original on January 15, 2018
2134:"The Poultry Guide – A to Z and FAQs"
2102:Gerard P.Worrell AKA "Farmer Jerry".
1723:from the original on November 9, 2010
736:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
7:
6354:00228927-f07c-4b05-8012-b9e8fb65eb3c
5442:from the original on August 17, 2018
4971:Raymond Hernandez (April 11, 1995).
4924:"Providing a Good Home for Chickens"
4685:Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science
3270:from the original on August 21, 2017
3240:from the original on August 23, 2017
1904:from the original on August 21, 2008
273:) is a large and round short-winged
4960:from the original on July 30, 2009.
4320:from the original on April 26, 2017
4289:from the original on April 26, 2017
4258:from the original on April 26, 2017
3798:Thomson, Vicki A. (April 1, 2014).
3600:Meleisea, Malama (March 25, 2004).
2306:from the original on March 13, 2019
1773:from the original on April 22, 2021
718:, the wild ancestor of the chicken
5824:Avian infectious laryngotracheitis
5350:Kellogg, Diane M. (May 22, 2020).
5319:"Love and Immolation in Argentina"
4872:from the original on April 2, 2019
4814:from the original on March 4, 2016
4572:Browne, Anthony (March 10, 2002).
4466:from the original on July 12, 2010
4310:"Chickens and Eggs Annual Summary"
4279:"Poultry Slaughter Annual Summary"
4086:from the original on July 25, 2019
2610:from the original on June 18, 2021
1979:Geggel, Laura (December 8, 2016).
1743:"Overview of the Poultry Industry"
1670:from the original on March 7, 2016
1369:chickens with many chicken jokes.
1299:'s Nobel-Prize-winning 1967 novel
1263:In culture, folklore, and religion
623:. Reproductive hormones including
25:
5839:Histomoniasis (blackhead disease)
5472:from the original on June 2, 2021
5377:Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1997) .
4979:. New York City Metropolitan Area
4930:from the original on June 5, 2009
4584:from the original on May 16, 2008
4540:Glenday, Craig (April 26, 2011).
3686:Neumann, Scott (March 18, 2014).
3563:. terra australis. Vol. 45.
3054:Borrell, Brendan (June 1, 2007).
1024:Chickens are susceptible both to
844:A word for the domestic chicken (
794:multi-decade bamboo seeding cycle
484:Comb of female, generally smaller
5884:Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome
5553:
5519:
3698:from the original on May 5, 2023
3496:Thomson, Vicki A. (April 2014).
3228:King, Rick (February 24, 2009),
2577:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1844:University of Pennsylvania Press
1542:from the original on May 7, 2021
1516:from the original on May 7, 2021
1459:
1443:
1424:
1405:
1389:
1374:
1275:Chickens are featured widely in
1211:Chickens have long been used as
1139:countries, flocks are sometimes
477:
462:
355:
101:
74:Male (left) and female chickens
5753:Abnormal behaviour in captivity
4858:Boone, Lisa (August 27, 2017).
4731:World's Poultry Science Journal
4698:10.1590/s1516-635x2009000200006
4605:World's Poultry Science Journal
3860:Peters, Carli (April 2, 2024).
3325:World's Poultry Science Journal
3258:King, Rick (February 1, 2009),
3114:Storey, A. A. (June 19, 2007).
2163:Smith, Jamon (August 6, 2006).
1883:, Act 4 Scene 3, lines 217–229.
1271:Cultural references to chickens
848:) is part of the reconstructed
311:cultural references to chickens
1933:. pp. 11 and throughout.
1838:Berhardt, Clyde E. B. (1986).
1538:. Collins English Dictionary.
1536:"Biddy definition and meaning"
1309:have been made at least since
491:Chickens are relatively large
379:: a fertile adult male chicken
1:
5002:Poultry Breeding and Genetics
4456:"Broiler Chickens Fact Sheet"
2670:Ali, A.; Cheng, K.M. (1985).
2534:10.1080/00071668.2016.1161727
2400:; Johnson, Catherine (2005).
1801:"Why Do We Say...? Rooster",
1302:One Hundred Years Of Solitude
951:Breeding increased under the
5834:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
4779:Fly, Colin (July 27, 2007).
3310:10.1016/0305-4403(88)90080-5
3019:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010
2590:10.1016/0168-1591(93)90011-d
2029:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006071
1345:in 1765. The 2000 animated
641:follicle-stimulating hormone
321:Terms for chickens include:
27:Domesticated species of bird
6423:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
5076:10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.005
4542:Guinness World Records 2011
4490:Compassion in World Farming
4252:Compassion in World Farming
3751:(30). et al.: 10308–10313.
3437:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.014
3126:(25). et al.: 10335–10339.
2247:Zeitschrift für Psychologie
2073:"Chicken Kills Rattlesnake"
1815:Online Etymology Dictionary
1226:zone of polarizing activity
850:Proto-Austronesian language
599:Reproduction and life-cycle
6474:
4486:"Chickens Farmed for Meat"
4186:10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154961
4128:10.1186/s13071-021-05142-1
4027:Greenwood Publishing Group
3878:10.1038/s41467-024-46093-2
3727:Cambridge University Press
3651:Cambridge University Press
3608:Cambridge University Press
1931:Cambridge University Press
1898:Merriam Webster Dictionary
1820:November 11, 2020, at the
1268:
1168:
1078:
1006:
773:
535:, small snakes, and young
47:
40:
29:
6448:National symbols of Kenya
5906:Infectious bursal disease
5895:Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3
5352:"Chickens in Art History"
4922:United Poultry Concerns.
4743:10.1017/s0043933907001729
4617:10.1017/s0043933911000286
4383:10.1007/s10806-008-9136-3
4051:– via Google Books.
4008:– via Google Books.
3810:(13). et al.: 4826–4831.
3675:– via Google Books.
3555:Piper, Philip J. (2017).
3508:(13). et al.: 4826–4831.
3472:10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007
3376:10.1038/s41422-020-0349-y
3337:10.1017/S004393390700147X
2968:10.1186/s12915-020-0738-1
2071:D Lines (July 27, 2013).
2011:November 5, 2021, at the
1201:Indus Valley civilisation
1062:. Viral diseases include
607:Sperm transfer occurs by
564:Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe
391:: an adult female chicken
247:
240:
235:
226:
203:
196:
98:Scientific classification
96:
87:
78:
73:
64:
59:
6458:Austronesian agriculture
6276:Gallus gallus domesticus
5670:List of poultry feathers
5561:Gallus gallus domesticus
4998:Crawford, R. D. (1990).
4950:"Choosing Your Chickens"
4314:usda.mannlib.cornell.edu
4283:usda.mannlib.cornell.edu
3197:10.1073/pnas.91.26.12505
2476:Journal of Avian Biology
1805:, August–September 2006.
1719:. Dictionary Reference.
1666:. Dictionary Reference.
1638:. Cambridge Dictionary.
1612:. Cambridge Dictionary.
1564:. Cambridge Dictionary.
516:; combs and wattles are
207:Gallus gallus domesticus
43:Rooster (disambiguation)
36:Chicken (disambiguation)
6413:Birds described in 1758
5961:Tibial dyschondroplasia
5956:Squamous cell carcinoma
5665:List of chicken colours
5383:Oxford University Press
5158:Nature Reviews Genetics
4802:"Cooped up in suburbia"
4115:Parasites & Vectors
3944:10.1073/pnas.1504236112
3825:10.1073/pnas.1320412111
3766:10.1073/pnas.0801991105
3739:Gongora, Jaime (2008).
3523:10.1073/pnas.1320412111
3141:10.1073/pnas.0703993104
2867:10.1126/science.aau2802
2764:British Poultry Science
2516:British Poultry Science
2108:Gworrell.freeyellow.com
1923:Stevens, Lewis (1991).
1767:"Definition of Rooster"
1222:apical ectodermal ridge
948:of the 7th century BC.
852:, indicating they were
518:more prominent in males
440:Hen and Chicken Islands
6231:Organic egg production
6166:Cannibalism in poultry
5515:
5495:Listen to this article
5253:June 20, 2008, at the
4638:Webster, A.B. (2003).
4511:"UK Egg Industry Data"
3979:Regional Greek Cooking
2776:10.1080/00071669987601
2404:Animals in Translation
2369:10.1006/anbe.1993.1158
2294:AFP (March 12, 2019).
2048:. 2003. Archived from
2042:"Info on Chicken Care"
1470:, West Africa, c. 2000
1436:Spanish Cock and Snail
1297:Gabriel García Márquez
1188:
1130:
1021:
841:
830:Austronesian expansion
785:
719:
651:
579:
385:: a young male chicken
50:Cockerel (Fabergé egg)
34:. For other uses, see
5514:
5340:, March 1847, p. 283.
5217:10.1534/g3.116.035923
5064:Developmental Biology
3866:Nature Communications
2648:10.3382/ps.2008-00122
1797:July 1, 2017, at the
1510:"Definition of biddy"
1450:Wooden chicken mask,
1342:Mother Goose's Melody
1178:
1128:
1017:8 day old chick with
1016:
862:Island Southeast Asia
832:(starting at c. 4000
816:
783:
774:Further information:
756:Sri Lankan junglefowl
714:
695:inbreeding depression
649:
577:
520:. Some breeds have a
507:; chickens and their
297:; others are kept as
236:Chicken distribution
189:G. g. domesticus
6403:Domesticated animals
6246:In the United States
5869:Dermanyssus gallinae
5546:More spoken articles
5045:Smithsonian Magazine
4344:Worldwatch Institute
4109:Dermanyssus gallinae
3729:, vol.1, pp. 496-499
3260:"Plant vs. Predator"
2815:10.5713/ajas.20.0248
2525:Taylor & Francis
2249:, 1922, 88:225–252.)
2144:on November 28, 2010
1875:Shakespeare, William
1584:Cambridge Dictionary
1413:Feeding the chickens
1398:Đông Hồ folk woodcut
1329:Feeding the Chickens
1321:Turkeys and Chickens
1092:Worldwatch Institute
1051:Dermanyssus gallinae
858:Austronesian peoples
650:Newly hatched chicks
578:Crowing (with audio)
5398:"Run, Chicken Run!"
5358:on February 2, 2024
5134:10.1038/nature03154
5125:2004Natur.432..695C
4657:10.1093/ps/82.6.992
4574:"Ten weeks to live"
4426:10.1038/nature01014
4418:2002Natur.418..671T
3935:2015PNAS..112.9849P
3872:(1). et al.: 2697.
3816:2014PNAS..111.4826T
3757:2008PNAS..10510308G
3514:2014PNAS..111.4826T
3429:2006MolPE..38...12L
3302:1988JArSc..15..515W
3188:1994PNAS...9112505F
3182:(26): 12505–12509,
3132:2007PNAS..10410335S
3072:2007Natur.447R.620B
2909:10.1038/nature03156
2901:2004Natur.432..717B
2261:Aggressive Behavior
1769:. Merriam-Webster.
1454:, late 20th century
1432:Joseph Crawhall III
1317:Adriaen van Utrecht
1235:sequenced. At 1.21
1100:ethical consumerism
1090:. According to the
955:and reduced in the
915:south-central Chile
637:luteinizing hormone
591:to indicate that a
426:William Shakespeare
81:Conservation status
6443:Cosmopolitan birds
6171:Chicken eyeglasses
5849:Campylobacteriosis
5516:
5436:"AFI|Catalog"
5327:. August 16, 1981.
5257:Ammu Kannampilly,
5010:. pp. 10–11.
4977:The New York Times
4841:The New York Times
4546:Jim Pattison Group
3460:Trends in Genetics
2855:Pennisi, Elizabeth
2730:10.3390/ani6010002
2689:10.3382/ps.0640789
2606:. August 8, 2020.
2046:Ideas-4-pets.co.uk
1512:. Dictionary.com.
1197:cruelty to animals
1189:
1131:
1022:
995:, East Coast, and
961:Genetic sequencing
935:Hellenistic period
842:
786:
720:
652:
580:
6418:Bird common names
6390:
6389:
6362:Open Tree of Life
6268:Taxon identifiers
6259:
6258:
6191:Chicken harvester
5974:
5973:
5931:Newcastle disease
5911:Infectious coryza
5512:
5468:. June 21, 2000.
5119:(7018): 695–716.
4954:Clucks and Chooks
4865:Los Angeles Times
4515:Official Egg Info
4460:Animals Australia
4412:(6898): 671–677.
3929:(32): 9849–9854.
3066:(7145): 620–621.
2895:(7018): 717–722.
2803:Animal Bioscience
2641:(10): 2112–2116.
2423:978-0-7432-4769-6
2408:. New York City:
1940:978-0-521-40317-7
1853:978-0-8122-8018-0
1803:American Heritage
1396:Rooster and hen,
1337:Cock a doodle doo
1312:The Knickerbocker
1104:intensive farming
575:
348:: a young chicken
336:: a castrated or
270:Gallus domesticus
261:
260:
256:
250:Gallus domesticus
91:
16:(Redirected from
6465:
6383:
6382:
6370:
6369:
6357:
6356:
6347:
6346:
6344:NHMSYS0020975169
6334:
6333:
6321:
6320:
6308:
6307:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6263:
6236:Pastured poultry
6001:
5994:
5987:
5978:
5718:Broiler industry
5592:
5585:
5578:
5569:
5558:Data related to
5557:
5536:
5534:
5523:
5522:
5513:
5503:
5501:
5496:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5381:(2nd ed.).
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5347:
5341:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5268:
5262:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5228:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5136:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5087:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5036:
5030:
5029:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4899:. Archived from
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4838:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4728:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4700:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4659:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4346:. Archived from
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4248:"About chickens"
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4130:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3984:Hippocrene Books
3973:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3946:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3897:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3827:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3768:
3736:
3730:
3723:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3525:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3387:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3290:J. Archaeol. Sci
3285:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3209:
3199:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3083:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3021:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2970:
2946:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2584:(2–3): 211–222.
2571:
2565:
2564:
2546:
2536:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2407:
2394:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2357:Animal Behaviour
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2256:
2250:
2245:(Reprinted from
2244:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2173:. Alabama, USA.
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2140:. Archived from
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2052:on June 25, 2015
2038:
2032:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1835:
1829:
1812:
1806:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1506:
1489:
1486:
1463:
1447:
1428:
1409:
1393:
1378:
1218:limb development
1108:sentient animals
965:High Middle Ages
911:Arauco Peninsula
870:Island Melanesia
760:green junglefowl
576:
481:
466:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
361:
252:
231:
209:
106:
105:
90:
69:
57:
21:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6453:Heraldic beasts
6393:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6378:
6373:
6365:
6360:
6352:
6350:
6342:
6337:
6329:
6324:
6316:
6311:
6303:
6298:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6270:
6260:
6255:
6216:Furnished cages
6211:Free-range eggs
6143:Poultry farming
6137:
6104:
6066:
6042:Domestic pigeon
6010:
6005:
5975:
5970:
5921:Marek's disease
5829:Avian influenza
5805:
5762:
5713:Poultry farming
5708:Chicken tractor
5698:Furnished cages
5674:
5651:
5601:
5596:
5550:
5549:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5527:This audio file
5524:
5517:
5508:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5486:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5445:
5443:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5419:
5417:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5359:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5324:Washington Post
5317:
5316:
5312:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5286:
5284:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5255:Wayback Machine
5246:
5242:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5170:10.1038/nrg1674
5155:
5154:
5150:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5018:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4980:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4903:on June 5, 2021
4891:Barras, Colin.
4890:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4786:Chicago Tribune
4778:
4777:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4726:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4650:(6): 992–1002.
4644:Poultry Science
4637:
4636:
4632:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4548:. p. 286.
4539:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4522:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4492:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4469:
4467:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4350:on May 29, 2014
4338:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4308:Fereira, John.
4307:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4290:
4277:Fereira, John.
4276:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4029:. p. 207.
4018:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3994:
3986:. p. 176.
3975:
3974:
3970:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3724:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3661:
3653:. p. 411.
3642:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3625:
3618:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3575:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3273:
3271:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3081:10.1038/447620b
3053:
3052:
3045:
3012:(2): e1000010.
2999:
2998:
2994:
2948:
2947:
2934:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2676:Poultry Science
2669:
2668:
2664:
2635:Poultry Science
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2488:10.2307/3677097
2473:
2472:
2468:
2453:10.2307/1368360
2436:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2398:Grandin, Temple
2396:
2395:
2386:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2300:Theguardian.com
2293:
2292:
2288:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2198:American Speech
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2170:Tuscaloosa News
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2138:Ruleworks.co.uk
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2023:(6): e1006071.
2013:Wayback Machine
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1873:
1869:
1854:
1846:. p. 153.
1837:
1836:
1832:
1822:Wayback Machine
1813:
1809:
1799:Wayback Machine
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1694:Merriam-Webster
1688:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1429:
1420:
1410:
1401:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1367:anthropomorphic
1273:
1265:
1213:model organisms
1209:
1173:
1167:
1150:
1102:. Opponents of
1083:
1081:Poultry farming
1077:
1072:
1064:avian influenza
1048:. The parasite
1019:avian influenza
1011:
1009:Poultry disease
1005:
973:
923:
902:
811:
806:
778:
772:
752:grey junglefowl
709:
704:
601:
569:
489:
488:
487:
486:
485:
482:
474:
473:
467:
456:
358:
354:
319:
222:
211:
205:
192:
100:
92:
83:
53:
46:
39:
32:Chicken as food
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6471:
6469:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6395:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6371:
6358:
6348:
6335:
6322:
6309:
6296:
6280:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6241:Poultry litter
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6201:Forced molting
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6133:White striping
6130:
6125:
6120:
6114:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6080:Chicken breeds
6076:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6047:Japanese quail
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5981:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5728:Forced molting
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5661:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5611:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5564:at Wikispecies
5539:
5525:
5518:
5506:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:External links
5487:
5484:
5483:
5453:
5427:
5388:
5385:. p. 128.
5369:
5342:
5330:
5310:
5294:
5263:
5240:
5211:(1): 109–117.
5191:
5164:(9): 699–708.
5148:
5099:
5070:(2): 401–408.
5050:
5031:
5017:978-0444885579
5016:
4990:
4963:
4941:
4914:
4883:
4850:
4825:
4792:
4771:
4714:
4691:(2): 109–113.
4671:
4630:
4611:(2): 253–268.
4595:
4561:
4555:978-0440423102
4554:
4532:
4502:
4477:
4447:
4396:
4377:(2): 153–167.
4361:
4331:
4300:
4269:
4239:
4209:
4160:
4097:
4054:
4035:
4011:
3992:
3968:
3909:
3849:
3790:
3731:
3709:
3678:
3659:
3635:
3616:
3610:. p. 56.
3592:
3573:
3547:
3485:
3466:(3): 139–155.
3450:
3407:
3370:(8): 693–701.
3350:
3331:(2): 285–300.
3315:
3296:(5): 515–533.
3280:
3250:
3220:
3165:
3103:
3043:
2992:
2932:
2872:
2846:
2809:(6): 975–984.
2789:
2770:(2): 203–208.
2754:
2703:
2682:(5): 789–794.
2662:
2621:
2595:
2566:
2501:
2466:
2447:(3): 697–704.
2429:
2422:
2384:
2347:
2317:
2286:
2267:(6): 425–436.
2251:
2231:
2210:10.2307/453561
2204:(4): 265–268.
2188:
2155:
2125:
2094:
2063:
2033:
1997:
1971:
1946:
1939:
1915:
1885:
1867:
1852:
1830:
1807:
1784:
1758:
1734:
1706:
1681:
1653:
1627:
1601:
1571:
1553:
1527:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1417:Walter Osborne
1411:
1404:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1357:, directed by
1325:Walter Osborne
1269:Main article:
1264:
1261:
1253:recessive gene
1208:
1205:
1187:, India, 2011
1169:Main article:
1166:
1163:
1149:
1146:
1079:Main article:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1060:spirochaetosis
1007:Main article:
1004:
1001:
972:
969:
922:
919:
901:
898:
810:
807:
805:
802:
771:
768:
744:red junglefowl
716:Red junglefowl
708:
705:
703:
700:
613:neuroendocrine
600:
597:
509:flight muscles
483:
476:
475:
468:
461:
460:
459:
458:
457:
455:
452:
415:
414:
408:
398:
392:
386:
380:
374:
349:
341:
329:
318:
315:
287:Southeast Asia
283:red junglefowl
259:
258:
245:
244:
238:
237:
233:
232:
224:
223:
212:
201:
200:
194:
193:
186:
184:
180:
179:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
94:
93:
88:
85:
84:
79:
76:
75:
71:
70:
62:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6470:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6381:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6345:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6301:
6297:
6292:
6286:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6264:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6176:Chick culling
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6100:Pigeon breeds
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6090:Turkey breeds
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
5997:
5995:
5990:
5988:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5967:
5966:Toxoplasmosis
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5819:Aspergillosis
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:Chick culling
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5723:Beak trimming
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5588:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5563:
5562:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5528:
5488:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5454:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5428:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5370:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5331:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5298:
5295:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5244:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4994:
4991:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4929:
4925:
4918:
4915:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4884:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4854:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4829:
4826:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4796:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4775:
4772:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4715:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4599:
4596:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4533:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4362:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4301:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4270:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4098:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4042:
4038:
4036:9780313334108
4032:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4015:
4012:
3999:
3995:
3993:9780781811460
3989:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3666:
3662:
3660:9780521546973
3656:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3636:
3623:
3619:
3617:9780521003544
3613:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3596:
3593:
3580:
3576:
3574:9781760460945
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3364:Cell Research
3361:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3281:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:PLOS Genetics
3003:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2348:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:PLoS Genetics
2014:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1916:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1333:nursery rhyme
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1307:Chicken jokes
1304:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:force moulted
1137:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:factory farms
1082:
1074:
1070:Use by humans
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:salmonellosis
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
970:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
920:
918:
916:
912:
908:
899:
897:
895:
891:
890:South America
887:
886:pre-Columbian
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
815:
808:
803:
801:
797:
795:
791:
782:
777:
776:Domestication
770:Domestication
769:
767:
765:
764:G. sonneratii
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:Gallus gallus
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
717:
713:
706:
701:
699:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
669:
664:
662:
658:
648:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:gonadotropins
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
598:
596:
594:
590:
589:warning calls
586:
567:
565:
561:
560:pecking order
557:
556:incubate eggs
553:
549:
546:Chickens are
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:Chickens are
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:active by day
494:
480:
471:
465:
453:
451:
449:
448:domestic fowl
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
427:
423:
419:
412:
409:
406:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
370:
353:
350:
347:
346:
342:
339:
335:
334:
330:
327:
324:
323:
322:
316:
314:
312:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
257:
255:
251:
246:
243:
239:
234:
230:
225:
220:
216:
210:
208:
202:
199:
198:Binomial name
195:
191:
190:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
95:
89:Domesticated
86:
82:
77:
72:
68:
63:
58:
55:
51:
44:
37:
33:
19:
6275:
6186:Chicken coop
6181:Chick sexing
6156:Battery cage
6095:Goose breeds
6052:Muscovy duck
6021:
5893:
5801:Rooster Flag
5786:Cockfighting
5738:Chick sexing
5688:Battery cage
5598:
5560:
5474:. Retrieved
5465:
5456:
5444:. Retrieved
5430:
5418:. Retrieved
5401:
5391:
5378:
5372:
5360:. Retrieved
5356:the original
5345:
5337:
5333:
5322:
5313:
5303:
5297:
5285:. Retrieved
5276:
5266:
5243:
5208:
5204:
5194:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5116:
5112:
5102:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5047:(June 2012).
5044:
5034:
5003:
5000:
4993:
4981:. Retrieved
4976:
4966:
4953:
4944:
4932:. Retrieved
4917:
4907:September 6,
4905:. Retrieved
4901:the original
4896:
4886:
4874:. Retrieved
4863:
4853:
4840:
4828:
4816:. Retrieved
4807:Boston Globe
4805:
4795:
4784:
4774:
4762:. Retrieved
4737:(1): 65–75.
4734:
4730:
4717:
4688:
4684:
4674:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4586:. Retrieved
4578:The Guardian
4577:
4541:
4535:
4523:. Retrieved
4514:
4505:
4493:. Retrieved
4480:
4468:. Retrieved
4459:
4450:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4352:. Retrieved
4348:the original
4334:
4322:. Retrieved
4313:
4303:
4291:. Retrieved
4282:
4272:
4260:. Retrieved
4242:
4232:February 23,
4230:. Retrieved
4221:
4212:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4071:
4067:
4057:
4045:. Retrieved
4021:
4014:
4002:. Retrieved
3978:
3971:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3869:
3865:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3700:. Retrieved
3691:
3681:
3669:. Retrieved
3645:
3638:
3626:. Retrieved
3602:
3595:
3583:. Retrieved
3560:
3550:
3505:
3501:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3423:(1): 12–19.
3420:
3416:
3410:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3272:, retrieved
3263:
3253:
3242:, retrieved
3233:
3230:"Rat Attack"
3223:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3123:
3119:
3063:
3059:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2958:
2954:
2892:
2888:
2858:
2849:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2598:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2520:
2514:
2504:
2482:(1): 73–86.
2479:
2475:
2469:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2403:
2363:(1): 23–38.
2360:
2356:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2329:
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2299:
2289:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2168:
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:the original
2137:
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2107:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2050:the original
2045:
2036:
2020:
2016:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1985:Live Science
1984:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1925:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1878:
1870:
1839:
1833:
1826:rooster (n.)
1825:
1810:
1802:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1761:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1715:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1662:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1583:
1574:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1504:
1484:
1435:
1412:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1274:
1266:
1256:
1241:human genome
1230:
1210:
1190:
1165:Cockfighting
1151:
1136:battery cage
1132:
1084:
1049:
1023:
997:South Africa
977:cockfighting
974:
953:Roman Empire
950:
928:
924:
903:
854:domesticated
845:
843:
837:
798:
787:
763:
747:
721:
692:
677:
665:
653:
629:progesterone
621:hypothalamus
615:system, the
606:
602:
581:
550:, living in
545:
526:
490:
447:
443:
429:
421:
417:
416:
410:
404:
400:
394:
388:
382:
376:
351:
343:
340:male chicken
331:
325:
320:
317:Nomenclature
307:
303:cockfighting
279:domesticated
269:
268:
264:
262:
249:
248:
206:
204:
188:
187:
175:
54:
6428:Junglefowls
6326:iNaturalist
6151:Antibiotics
6085:Duck breeds
5941:Psittacosis
5926:Mycoplasmas
5874:Egg binding
5859:Coccidiosis
5854:Candidiasis
5657:Terminology
5362:February 2,
5277:Smithsonian
4897:www.bbc.com
4764:October 23,
4708:11449/14340
4495:February 2,
4068:Archaeology
4064:"Fast Food"
3692:The Two Way
2955:BMC Biology
2527:: 330–338.
2412:. pp.
2340:January 14,
1990:February 3,
1964:February 2,
1792:Hugh Rawson
1699:February 2,
1365:, featured
1354:Chicken Run
1350:comedy film
1249:pseudogenes
957:Middle Ages
823:Philippines
809:Austronesia
728:Galliformes
454:Description
444:common fowl
420:can mean a
165:Phasianidae
155:Galliformes
6438:Subspecies
6397:Categories
6226:Hock burns
6206:Free range
6037:Guineafowl
5936:Omphalitis
5879:Erysipelas
5781:Cockatrice
5693:Free range
5607:As poultry
5542:Audio help
5533:2024-02-22
5446:August 17,
4580:. London.
4470:August 29,
4180:: 154961.
3274:August 25,
3244:August 25,
2440:The Condor
2410:Scribner's
2148:August 29,
2118:August 13,
2056:August 13,
1828:, May 2019
1824:Entry for
1727:August 29,
1690:"Hen noun"
1674:August 29,
1496:References
1359:Peter Lord
1289:divination
1285:literature
1207:In science
1185:Tamil Nadu
1122:broilers.
1116:free range
1096:free-range
1036:caused by
943:Corinthian
907:extinction
894:Polynesian
878:Madagascar
866:Micronesia
724:partridges
673:hemoglobin
548:gregarious
501:junglefowl
6196:Debeaking
6128:Scaly leg
6057:Puna ibis
5951:Scaly leg
5796:Sarimanok
5680:Husbandry
5420:March 23,
5410:0040-781X
4588:April 28,
4525:April 25,
4391:154306257
4324:April 25,
4293:April 25,
4262:April 25,
4137:1756-3305
4121:(1): 29.
4080:0003-8113
4074:(5): 18.
4047:March 13,
4004:March 13,
3886:2041-1723
3671:March 13,
3628:March 13,
3565:ANU Press
3402:220050312
2961:(1): 13.
2823:2765-0189
2310:March 13,
2281:141664966
2218:0003-1283
2087:March 13,
1958:"Chicken"
1894:"Chicken"
1438:, c. 1900
1400:, Vietnam
1363:Nick Park
1347:adventure
1293:cockfight
1193:cockfight
1181:cockfight
1171:Cockfight
1157:and many
1038:pathogens
1032:, and to
1026:parasites
888:times to
874:Polynesia
827:Neolithic
821:from the
804:Dispersal
726:, in the
707:Phylogeny
680:egg tooth
529:omnivores
281:from the
183:Species:
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
6408:Chickens
6285:Wikidata
6221:Hatchery
6161:Blinders
6110:Diseases
5946:Pullorum
5901:Gapeworm
5844:Botulism
5811:Diseases
5791:Kapparos
5748:Candling
5733:Hatchery
5637:Poularde
5544: ·
5470:Archived
5440:Archived
5414:Archived
5281:Archived
5259:ABC News
5251:Archived
5235:27852011
5186:24237594
5178:16151375
5143:15592404
5094:27840200
5026:2207173M
5008:Elsevier
4958:Archived
4928:Archived
4876:April 3,
4870:Archived
4845:Archived
4812:Archived
4755:Archived
4751:34761543
4666:12817455
4625:88353703
4582:Archived
4519:Archived
4464:Archived
4434:12167873
4318:Archived
4287:Archived
4256:Archived
4226:Archived
4222:Statista
4204:31901597
4174:Cytokine
4155:35057849
4090:July 25,
4084:Archived
4041:Archived
3998:Archived
3963:26195775
3904:38565545
3895:10987595
3844:24639505
3785:18663216
3696:Archived
3665:Archived
3622:Archived
3579:Archived
3542:24639505
3480:16458995
3445:16275023
3394:32581344
3345:86734013
3268:archived
3238:archived
3160:17556540
3090:17554271
3038:18454198
2987:32050971
2927:15592405
2841:33152217
2784:10465386
2749:26742081
2723:(1): 2.
2657:18809874
2614:June 16,
2608:Archived
2561:17842329
2553:26982003
2378:53165305
2334:Archived
2330:Phys.org
2304:Archived
2175:Archived
2112:Archived
2081:Archived
2009:Archived
1908:March 4,
1902:Archived
1862:12805260
1818:Archived
1795:Archived
1777:March 6,
1771:Archived
1750:Archived
1721:Archived
1668:Archived
1663:Cockerel
1646:March 4,
1640:Archived
1620:March 4,
1614:Archived
1594:March 4,
1588:Archived
1566:Archived
1540:Archived
1514:Archived
1382:Etruscan
1327:'s 1885
1319:'s 1646
1281:religion
1277:folklore
1224:and the
1112:broilers
1042:bacteria
1040:such as
1034:diseases
1028:such as
1003:Diseases
900:Americas
790:Thailand
740:dinosaur
684:yolk sac
625:estrogen
593:predator
522:mutation
434:, where
428:'s play
424:, as in
411:Yardbird
383:Cockerel
338:neutered
242:Synonyms
215:Linnaeus
161:Family:
135:Chordata
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
60:Chicken
18:Chickens
6433:Poultry
6318:9457155
6251:Yarding
6123:Malaria
6118:Fowlpox
6022:Chicken
6015:Species
6008:Poultry
5916:Malaria
5889:Fowlpox
5776:As pets
5768:Culture
5703:Yarding
5647:Broiler
5642:Poussin
5615:As food
5599:Chicken
5531: (
5502:minutes
5476:June 2,
5287:May 24,
5226:5217101
5121:Bibcode
5085:5426996
4983:May 10,
4818:June 4,
4442:3016610
4414:Bibcode
4354:May 29,
4195:7129915
4146:8772161
3954:4538678
3931:Bibcode
3835:3977275
3812:Bibcode
3776:2492461
3753:Bibcode
3694:. NPR.
3533:3977275
3510:Bibcode
3425:Bibcode
3385:7395088
3298:Bibcode
3216:7809067
3184:Bibcode
3151:1965514
3128:Bibcode
3098:4418786
3068:Bibcode
3029:2265484
2978:7014787
2918:2263125
2897:Bibcode
2859:Science
2832:8100482
2740:4730119
2717:Animals
2698:4001066
2544:4940894
2496:3677097
2461:1368360
2181:May 18,
2077:YouTube
1880:Macbeth
1580:"Chook"
1562:"Chick"
1257:talpid2
1243:is 3.2
1155:silkies
1148:As pets
1120:organic
1075:Farming
1046:viruses
946:pottery
921:Eurasia
856:by the
840:, 2014)
819:Oceania
688:imprint
619:in the
609:cloacal
533:lizards
514:wattles
472:of male
436:Macduff
431:Macbeth
418:Chicken
401:Rooster
301:or for
265:chicken
171:Genus:
151:Order:
141:Class:
6367:153563
6351:NZOR:
6331:505478
6305:GALUDO
6072:Breeds
6062:Turkey
5627:Breeds
5620:Dishes
5466:SFGate
5408:
5233:
5223:
5184:
5176:
5141:
5113:Nature
5092:
5082:
5024:
5014:
4934:May 4,
4749:
4664:
4623:
4552:
4440:
4432:
4406:Nature
4389:
4202:
4192:
4153:
4143:
4135:
4078:
4033:
3990:
3961:
3951:
3902:
3892:
3884:
3842:
3832:
3783:
3773:
3702:May 5,
3657:
3614:
3585:May 5,
3571:
3540:
3530:
3478:
3443:
3400:
3392:
3382:
3343:
3214:
3204:
3158:
3148:
3096:
3088:
3060:Nature
3036:
3026:
2985:
2975:
2925:
2915:
2889:Nature
2839:
2829:
2821:
2782:
2747:
2737:
2696:
2655:
2559:
2551:
2541:
2494:
2459:
2420:
2375:
2279:
2226:453561
2224:
2216:
1937:
1860:
1850:
1716:Pullet
1610:"Cock"
1546:May 7,
1520:May 7,
1468:Yoruba
1419:, 1885
1331:. The
1233:genome
1159:bantam
985:Sahara
971:Africa
939:Levant
882:Taiwan
876:, and
846:*manuk
838:et al.
730:, the
702:Origin
661:broody
657:clutch
631:, and
554:, and
552:flocks
395:Pullet
176:Gallus
6032:Goose
5864:Colds
5632:Capon
5182:S2CID
4758:(PDF)
4747:S2CID
4727:(PDF)
4621:S2CID
4438:S2CID
4387:S2CID
3398:S2CID
3341:S2CID
3207:45467
3094:S2CID
2557:S2CID
2523:(3).
2492:JSTOR
2457:JSTOR
2414:69–71
2373:S2CID
2277:S2CID
2222:JSTOR
1753:(PDF)
1746:(PDF)
1636:"Hen"
1476:Notes
1030:mites
993:Nubia
931:Syria
732:order
668:Tibet
541:breed
493:birds
422:chick
352:Chook
345:Chick
333:Capon
326:Biddy
6380:7267
6313:GBIF
6300:EPPO
6291:Q780
6027:Duck
5478:2021
5448:2018
5422:2023
5406:ISSN
5402:Time
5364:2024
5289:2012
5231:PMID
5174:PMID
5139:PMID
5090:PMID
5012:ISBN
4985:2014
4936:2009
4909:2020
4878:2019
4820:2020
4766:2020
4662:PMID
4590:2010
4550:ISBN
4527:2017
4497:2024
4472:2010
4430:PMID
4356:2014
4326:2017
4295:2017
4264:2017
4234:2020
4200:PMID
4151:PMID
4133:ISSN
4092:2019
4076:ISSN
4049:2019
4031:ISBN
4006:2019
3988:ISBN
3959:PMID
3900:PMID
3882:ISSN
3840:PMID
3781:PMID
3745:PNAS
3704:2023
3673:2019
3655:ISBN
3630:2019
3612:ISBN
3587:2023
3569:ISBN
3538:PMID
3476:PMID
3441:PMID
3390:PMID
3276:2017
3264:NOVA
3246:2017
3212:PMID
3176:PNAS
3156:PMID
3086:PMID
3034:PMID
2983:PMID
2923:PMID
2837:PMID
2819:ISSN
2780:PMID
2745:PMID
2694:PMID
2653:PMID
2616:2021
2549:PMID
2418:ISBN
2342:2018
2312:2019
2214:ISSN
2183:2020
2150:2010
2120:2008
2089:2019
2058:2008
1992:2024
1966:2024
1935:ISBN
1910:2021
1858:OCLC
1848:ISBN
1779:2021
1729:2010
1701:2024
1676:2010
1648:2021
1622:2021
1596:2021
1548:2021
1522:2021
1452:Bali
1361:and
1323:and
1118:and
1058:and
1044:and
989:Mali
981:Nile
892:via
825:via
758:and
639:and
537:mice
503:can
470:Comb
405:cock
377:Cock
299:pets
295:eggs
293:and
291:meat
275:bird
263:The
219:1758
145:Aves
6375:TSA
6339:NBN
5221:PMC
5213:doi
5166:doi
5129:doi
5117:432
5080:PMC
5072:doi
5068:429
4739:doi
4703:hdl
4693:doi
4652:doi
4613:doi
4422:doi
4410:418
4379:doi
4190:PMC
4182:doi
4178:127
4141:PMC
4123:doi
3949:PMC
3939:doi
3927:112
3890:PMC
3874:doi
3830:PMC
3820:doi
3808:111
3771:PMC
3761:doi
3749:105
3528:PMC
3518:doi
3506:111
3468:doi
3433:doi
3380:PMC
3372:doi
3333:doi
3306:doi
3202:PMC
3192:doi
3146:PMC
3136:doi
3124:104
3076:doi
3064:447
3024:PMC
3014:doi
2973:PMC
2963:doi
2913:PMC
2905:doi
2893:432
2863:doi
2827:PMC
2811:doi
2772:doi
2735:PMC
2725:doi
2684:doi
2643:doi
2586:doi
2539:PMC
2529:doi
2484:doi
2449:doi
2365:doi
2269:doi
2206:doi
2025:doi
1415:by
1183:in
913:in
585:egg
505:fly
446:or
389:Hen
285:of
6399::
6377::
6364::
6341::
6328::
6315::
6302::
6287::
5500:18
5464:.
5438:.
5412:.
5404:.
5400:.
5321:.
5279:.
5275:.
5229:.
5219:.
5207:.
5205:G3
5203:.
5180:.
5172:.
5160:.
5137:.
5127:.
5115:.
5111:.
5088:.
5078:.
5066:.
5062:.
5043:.
5022:OL
5020:.
5006:.
4975:.
4956:.
4952:.
4926:.
4895:.
4868:.
4862:.
4843:.
4839:.
4810:.
4804:.
4783:.
4753:.
4745:.
4735:64
4733:.
4729:.
4701:.
4689:11
4687:.
4683:.
4660:.
4648:82
4646:.
4642:.
4619:.
4609:67
4607:.
4576:.
4564:^
4544:.
4517:.
4513:.
4488:.
4462:.
4458:.
4436:.
4428:.
4420:.
4408:.
4385:.
4375:22
4373:.
4342:.
4316:.
4312:.
4285:.
4281:.
4254:.
4250:.
4224:.
4220:.
4198:.
4188:.
4176:.
4172:.
4149:.
4139:.
4131:.
4119:15
4117:.
4113:.
4082:.
4072:70
4070:.
4066:.
4039:.
4025:.
3996:.
3982:.
3957:.
3947:.
3937:.
3925:.
3921:.
3898:.
3888:.
3880:.
3870:15
3868:.
3864:.
3852:^
3838:.
3828:.
3818:.
3806:.
3802:.
3779:.
3769:.
3759:.
3747:.
3743:.
3712:^
3690:.
3663:.
3649:.
3620:.
3606:.
3577:.
3567:.
3536:.
3526:.
3516:.
3504:.
3500:.
3488:^
3474:.
3464:22
3462:.
3439:.
3431:.
3421:38
3419:.
3396:.
3388:.
3378:.
3368:30
3366:.
3362:.
3339:.
3329:63
3327:.
3304:.
3294:14
3292:.
3266:,
3262:,
3236:,
3232:,
3210:,
3200:,
3190:,
3180:91
3178:,
3154:.
3144:.
3134:.
3122:.
3118:.
3106:^
3092:.
3084:.
3074:.
3062:.
3058:.
3046:^
3032:.
3022:.
3008:.
3004:.
2981:.
2971:.
2959:18
2957:.
2953:.
2935:^
2921:.
2911:.
2903:.
2891:.
2887:.
2875:^
2861:.
2835:.
2825:.
2817:.
2807:34
2805:.
2801:.
2778:.
2768:40
2766:.
2743:.
2733:.
2719:.
2715:.
2692:.
2680:64
2678:.
2674:.
2651:.
2639:87
2637:.
2633:.
2582:36
2580:.
2555:.
2547:.
2537:.
2521:57
2519:.
2513:.
2490:.
2480:28
2478:.
2455:.
2445:90
2443:.
2416:.
2387:^
2371:.
2361:46
2359:.
2332:.
2328:.
2302:.
2298:.
2275:.
2265:14
2263:.
2220:.
2212:.
2202:30
2200:.
2167:.
2136:.
2110:.
2106:.
2079:.
2075:.
2044:.
2021:12
2019:.
2015:.
1983:.
1949:^
1929:.
1900:.
1896:.
1877:,
1856:.
1842:.
1692:.
1586:.
1582:.
1434:,
1283:,
1279:,
1255:,
1245:Gb
1237:Gb
1228:.
1191:A
1179:A
1066:.
991:,
959:.
872:,
868:,
864:,
834:BP
754:,
627:,
495:,
450:.
360:tʃ
305:.
277:,
254:L.
217:,
6000:e
5993:t
5986:v
5591:e
5584:t
5577:v
5548:)
5540:(
5535:)
5504:)
5497:(
5480:.
5450:.
5424:.
5366:.
5291:.
5237:.
5215::
5209:7
5188:.
5168::
5162:6
5145:.
5131::
5123::
5096:.
5074::
5028:.
4987:.
4938:.
4911:.
4880:.
4822:.
4789:.
4768:.
4741::
4711:.
4705::
4695::
4668:.
4654::
4627:.
4615::
4592:.
4558:.
4529:.
4499:.
4474:.
4444:.
4424::
4416::
4393:.
4381::
4358:.
4328:.
4297:.
4266:.
4236:.
4206:.
4184::
4157:.
4125::
4107:"
4094:.
3965:.
3941::
3933::
3906:.
3876::
3846:.
3822::
3814::
3787:.
3763::
3755::
3706:.
3632:.
3589:.
3544:.
3520::
3512::
3482:.
3470::
3447:.
3435::
3427::
3404:.
3374::
3347:.
3335::
3312:.
3308::
3300::
3194::
3186::
3162:.
3138::
3130::
3100:.
3078::
3070::
3040:.
3016::
3010:4
2989:.
2965::
2929:.
2907::
2899::
2869:.
2865::
2843:.
2813::
2786:.
2774::
2751:.
2727::
2721:6
2700:.
2686::
2659:.
2645::
2618:.
2592:.
2588::
2563:.
2531::
2498:.
2486::
2463:.
2451::
2426:.
2381:.
2367::
2344:.
2314:.
2283:.
2271::
2228:.
2208::
2185:.
2152:.
2122:.
2091:.
2060:.
2031:.
2027::
1994:.
1968:.
1943:.
1912:.
1864:.
1781:.
1731:.
1703:.
1678:.
1650:.
1624:.
1598:.
1550:.
1524:.
1335:"
746:(
635:(
407:.
369:/
366:k
363:ʊ
357:/
267:(
221:)
213:(
52:.
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
