374:
because one is only given a single option. The canonical example is a hiring decision made about two candidates being hired for a programming job. Subjects in an experiment were asked to give a starting salary to two candidates, Candidate J and
Candidate S. However, some viewed both candidates at the same time (joint evaluation), whereas others only viewed one candidate (separate evaluation). Candidate J had experience of 70 KY programs, and a GPA of 2.5, whereas Candidate S had experience of 10 KY programs and a GPA of 3.9. The results showed that in joint evaluation both candidates received roughly the same starting salary from subjects, who apparently thought a low GPA but high experience was approximately equal to a high GPA but low experience. However, in the separate evaluation, subjects paid Candidate S, the one with the high GPA, substantially more money. The explanation for this is that KY programs is an attribute that is difficult to evaluate and thus people cannot base their judgment on this attribute in separate evaluation.
414:
anguish after the choice is made as to whether it was indeed the best. Satisfiers may set high standards but are content with a good choice, and place less priority on making the best choice. Due to this different approach to decision-making, maximizers are more likely to avoid making a choice when the choice set size is large, probably to avoid the anguish associated with not knowing whether their choice was optimal. One study looked at whether the differences in choice satisfaction between the two are partially due to a difference in willingness to commit to one's choices. It found that maximizers reported a stronger preference for retaining the ability to revise choices. Additionally, after making a choice to buy a poster, satisfiers offered higher ratings of their chosen poster and lower ratings of the rejected alternatives. Maximizers, however, were less likely to change their impressions of the posters after making their choice which left them less satisfied with their decision.
383:
demonstrate a higher propensity to purchase a product from a larger choice set compared to a smaller one.Currently, the effect of choice set size on the probability of a purchase is unclear. In some cases, large choice set sizes discourage individuals from making a choice and in other cases it either encourages them or has no effect. One study compared the allure of more choice to the tyranny of too much choice. Individuals went virtual shopping in different stores that had a randomly determined set of choices ranging from 4 to 16, with some being good choices and some being bad. Researchers found a stronger effect for the allure of more choice. However, they speculate that due to random assignment of number of choices and goodness of those choices, many of the shops with fewer choices included zero or only one option that was reasonably good, which may have made it easier to make an acceptable choice when more options were available.
422:, happiness, optimism, and self-esteem, and significantly more regret and depression, than did satisfiers. In regards to buying products, maximizers were less satisfied with consumer decisions and were more regretful. They were also more likely to engage in social comparison, where they analyze their relative social standing among their peers, and to be more affected by social comparisons in which others appeared to be in higher standing than them. For example, maximizers who saw their peer solve puzzles faster than themselves expressed greater doubt about their own abilities and showed a larger increase in negative mood. On the other hand, people who refrain from taking better choices through drugs or other forms of escapism tend to be much happier in life.
402:. As increasing options are available, three problems emerge. First, there is the issue of gaining adequate information about the choices in order to make a decision. Second, having more choices leads to an escalation of expectation. When there are increased options, people's standards for what is an acceptable outcome rise; in other words, choice "spoils you." Third, with many options available, people may come to believe they are to blame for an unacceptable result because with so many choices, they should have been able to pick the best one. If there is one choice available, and it ends up being disappointing, the world can be held accountable. When there are many options and the choice that one makes is disappointing, the individual is responsible.
387:
only benefit from the smaller choice set would be to reduce the cognitive burden of the choice. A recent study supports this research, finding that human services workers indicated preferences for scenarios with limited options over extensive-options scenarios. As the number of choices within the extensive-options scenarios increased, the preference for limited options increased as well. Attempts to explain why choice can demotivate someone from a purchase have focuses on two factors. One assumes that perusing a larger number of choices imposes a cognitive burden on the individual. The other assumes that individuals can experience
472:. The synchronic dimension of identity is more about the various parts of an identity and how these shifting aspects can change behavior. The diachronic dimension of identity is how a person’s identity persists and is the same and how they understand an object in relation to their identity. They found that stereotypes in concepts like gender norms play a big role in decision-making and that this might stem from significant historical beliefs in gender roles and identity.
142:
43:
450:
84:
591:
605:
370:
attribute. Compare the SAT score to a poorly evaluable attribute, such as the number of hours spent doing homework. Most employers would not know what 10,000 hours spent doing homework means because they have no idea of the distribution of scores of potential workers in the population on this attribute.
409:
While it might be expected that it is preferable to keep one's options open, research has shown that having the opportunity to revise one's decisions leaves people less satisfied with the decision outcome. A recent study found that participants experienced higher regret after having made a reversible
230:
is generally cherished, whereas a severely limited or artificially restricted choice can lead to discomfort with choosing, and possibly an unsatisfactory outcome. In contrast, a choice with excessively numerous options may lead to confusion, reduced satisfaction, regret of the alternatives not taken,
1044:
Changing a reality can be a conscious choice, selected at will by the person, or it can be an unconscious choice based on an intended desire. It can also be an unconscious act of programming by something as simple as a friend telling you about something or a television commercial brainwashing you to
413:
Individual personality plays a significant role in how individuals deal with large choice set sizes. Psychologists have developed a personality test that determines where an individual lies on the satisfier spectrum. A maximizer is one who always seeks the very best option from a choice set, and may
373:
As a result, evaluability can cause preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations. For example, a 1999 review and theoretical analysis looked at how people choose between options when they are directly compared because they are presented at the same time or when they cannot be compared
1447:
What if the real problem is the imperative of making all those choices in all those different realms, from sex to software, in the first place? This is the view of a small number of philosophers, legal theorists and culturally aware psychologists, including Barry
Schwartz and, more recently, Sheena
506:
A study was conducted that looked into how attitude towards a particular brand would influence choice of a brand as it is being advertised. A picture of running shoes was created to either make the ad look good or bad and participants were asked to choose between four different brands. The attitude
386:
There is some evidence that while greater choice has the potential to improve a person's welfare, sometimes there is such a thing as too much choice. For example, in one experiment involving a choice of free soda, individuals explicitly requested to choose from six as opposed to 24 sodas, where the
361:
When choosing between options one must make judgments about the quality of each option's attributes. For example, if one is choosing between candidates for a job, the quality of relevant attributes such as previous work experience, college or high school GPA, and letters of recommendation will be
425:
Others say that there is never too much choice and that there is a difference between happiness and satisfaction: a person who tries to find better decisions will often be dissatisfied, but not necessarily unhappy since his attempts at finding better choices did improve his lifestyle (even if it
369:
An example of a highly evaluable attribute is the SAT score. It is widely known in the United States that an SAT score below 800 is very bad while an SAT score above 1500 is exceptionally good. Because the distribution of scores on this attribute is relatively well known it is a highly evaluable
440:
is the process of encouraging people to make good choices through grouping and ordering the decisions in a way that maximizes successful choices and minimizes the number of people who become so overwhelmed by complexity that they abandon the attempt to choose. Generally, success is improved by
382:
Several research studies in economic psychology have concentrated on examining the variations in individual behavior when confronted with a low versus high choice set size, which refers to the number of available options. A particular area of interest lies in determining whether individuals
405:
However, a recent meta-analysis of the literature on choice overload calls such studies into question. In many cases, researchers have found no effect of choice set size on people's beliefs, feelings, and behavior. Indeed, overall, the effect of "too many options" is minimal at best.
1380:
You can't be totally aware if you are choosing. you can't be aware totally if you are condemning, if you are justifying, or if you say, 'I will keep my beliefs, my experiences, my knowledge.' Then you are only partially aware, and partial awareness is really
507:
toward the add (Aad) shows to have a significant impact on choice of brand as well as the act of buying the brand (AB). This suggests that the attitude one had towards a brand can influence the choice and the intention to buy a particular item.
257:
avoided decisions, where the outcome could be so severe that the choice should not be made, as the consequences can not be recovered from if the wrong choice is made. This will most likely result in negative actions, such as
417:
Maximizers are less happy in life, perhaps due to their obsession with making optimal choices in a society where people are frequently confronted with choice. One study found that maximizers reported significantly less
465:, may be chosen solely for function alone, but non-functional items, such as music, clothing fashions, or home decorations, may instead be chosen to express a person's concept of self-identity or associated values.
1262:
Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2002). Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5)
1705:
Norwood, F. Bailey, Jayson L. Lusk, Bharath
Arunachalam, and Shida Rastegari Henneberry. "An Empirical Investigation Into the Excessive-Choice Effect." American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Forthcoming.
293:
Recognizing that "type" is an imprecise term, an alternate way to classify types of choices is to look at outcomes and the impacted entity. For example, using this approach three types of choices might be:
1243:
Sparks, E. A., Ehrlinger, J., & Eibach, R. P. (2012). Failing to commit: Maximizers avoid commitment in a way that contributes to reduced satisfaction. Personality And
Individual Differences, 52(1),
1097:
Hsee, C.K., Loewenstein, G.F., Blount, S., Bazerman, M.H. (1999). Preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations of option: A review and theoretical analysis. Psychological
Bulletin 125(5),
1085:
Existential choice is by definition irreversible and irrevocable. You cannot choose your destiny in a reversible way, for a reversible choice is not a choice of destiny, by definition not an existential
1139:
Reed, D. D., DiGennaro Reed, F. D., Chok, J., & Brozyna, G. A. (2011). The 'tyranny of choice': Choice overload as a possible instance of effort discounting. The
Psychological Record, 61(4), 547-60.
1234:
Bullens, L., van
Harreveld, F., & Förster, J. (2011). Keeping one's options open: The detrimental consequences of decision reversibility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(4), 800-05.
468:
A 2014 review of previous studies on choice investigated how synchronic (changing) and diachronic (persisting) identity can influence choices and decisions that an individual makes and especially in
410:
decision. The results suggest that reversible decisions cause people to continue to think about the still relevant choice options, which might increase dissatisfaction with the decision and regret.
254:
delegated decisions, which may be made by anyone. Decisions for example can be: The color of the bike shed can be delegated, as the decision must be made but the choice is inconsequential.
1643:
315:, decisions should be made by those most affected by the decision, but this is not normally applied to persons in jail, who might likely make a decision other than to remain in jail.
1225:
Gilbert, Daniel T., Ebert, Jane E. J. (2002). Decisions and revisions: The affective forecasting of changeable outcomes. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology. 82(4). 503-14.
1667:
Hsee, C.K., Loewenstein, G.F., Blount, S., Bazerman, M.H. (1999). Preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations of option: A review and theoretical analysis.
1680:
Iyengar, S.S. and M.R. Lepper. 2000. "When Choice is
Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of a Good Thing?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 70(6): 996–1006.
1448:
Iyengar, Sigal Ben-Porath, Kent Greenfield and Renata Salecl. They insist that we have become overwhelmed and even 'tyrannized' by our culture's overinvestment in choice.
231:
and indifference in an unstructured existence; and the illusion that choosing an object or a course, necessarily leads to the control of that object or course, can cause
152:
785:
1130:
White, C. M., & Hoffrage, U. (2009). Testing the tyranny of too much choice against the allure of more choice. Psychology & Marketing, 26(3), 280-98.
269:
decision, made in consultation with, and by agreement of others. Collaborative Decision Making revolutionized air-traffic safety by not deferring to the
677:
461:
or values. In general, the more utilitarian an item, the less the choice says about a person's self-concept. Purely functional items, such as a
1745:
1693:
1307:
1282:
362:
judged for each option and the decision will likely be based on these attribute judgments. However, each attribute has a different level of
94:
105:
1722:
1581:
1545:
1507:
1474:
1400:
1071:
1030:
984:
933:
853:
761:
530:: the age at which children or young adults can make meaningful and considered choices poses issues for ethics and for jurisprudence
199:
181:
123:
70:
334:
or other influencing strategies may have the effect of having unconscious choice masquerade as (praiseworthy) conscious choice.
1702:
Norwood, F. 2006. "Less Choice is Better, Sometimes." Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization. 4(1). Article 3.
1794:
1529:
496:
684:
945:
1177:
1323:
Urminsky, Oleg; Bartels, Daniel M.; Giuliano, Paola; Newman, George E.; Puntoni, Stefano; Rips, Lance (2014-09-01).
575:
521:
1677:
Irons, B. and C. Hepburn. 2007. "Regret Theory and the Tyranny of Choice." The Economic Record. 83(261): 191–203.
657:
1784:
1779:
1764:
623:
265:
A fifth type, however, (or fourth if "avoided" and "no-brainer" decisions are combined as one type), is the
243:
One can distinguish four or five main types of decisions, although they can be expressed in different ways.
56:
31:
1395:(Revised ed.). Ojai, California: Krishnamurti Foundation of America (published 2000). pp. 16–17.
308:
Or politicians may choose to support or oppose options based on local, national, or international effects.
890:
671:
908:
441:
presenting the smaller or simpler choices first, and by choosing and promoting sensible default options.
216:
is the range of different things from which a being can choose. The arrival at a choice may incorporate
1466:
The Art of Choosing: The Decisions We Make Everyday - What They Say About Us and How We Can Improve Them
738:
98:
that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
546:: a political movement in the United States and United Kingdom which favors the legal availability of
1166:
Schwartz, B. (2000). Self-determination: The tyranny of freedom. American Psychologist, 55(1), 79-88.
1057:
1010:
666:
662:
643:
537:
481:
276:
Another way of looking at decisions focuses on the thought mechanism used - whether the decision is:
391:
if they make a suboptimal choice, and sometimes avoid making a choice to avoid experiencing regret.
251:
command decisions, which can only be made by you, as the "Commander in Chief", or owner of a company
1789:
618:
437:
261:"No-brainer" decisions, where the choice is so obvious that only one choice can reasonably be made.
1425:"Free to Choose?: How Americans have become tyrannized by the culture's overinvestment in choice"
1424:
1386:
1371:
1352:
1208:
779:
491:
Sophia Rosenfeld analyses critical reactions to choice in her 2014 review of some of the work of
485:
638:
1392:
Choiceless Awareness: A Selection of Passages for the Study of the Teachings of J. Krishnamurti
1022:
366:, that is, the extent to which one can use information from that attribute to make a judgment.
1774:
1769:
1741:
1718:
1689:
1624:
1577:
1541:
1503:
1470:
1432:
1396:
1344:
1303:
1278:
1200:
1067:
1026:
980:
970:
929:
849:
828:
820:
767:
757:
694:
633:
610:
596:
462:
419:
399:
227:
713:
1616:
1336:
1192:
812:
561:
388:
270:
221:
1325:"Choice and self: how synchronic and diachronic identity shape choices and decision making"
979:. Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders. New York: Guilford Press (published 1993).
469:
395:
350:
312:
457:
Certain choices, as personal preferences, can be central to expressing one's concept of
1534:
1460:
1015:
648:
628:
492:
1060:(16 March 2009). "Existential Choice: Heller's Either/Or". In Terezakis, Katie (ed.).
1758:
1567:
500:
458:
266:
232:
1734:
1711:
The Era of Choice: The Ability to Choose and Its Transformation of Contemporary Life
1620:
1356:
1212:
331:
316:
1604:
1571:
1497:
1464:
1390:
1061:
974:
800:
244:
163:
62:
1178:"Can There Ever Be Too Many Options? A Meta-Analytic Review of Choice Overload"
1017:
Love and Power in a World Without Limits: A Woman's Guide to the Goddess Within
816:
1340:
689:
586:
551:
217:
1628:
1436:
1389:(1992). "The Nature of Choiceless Awareness". In Patterson, Albion W. (ed.).
1348:
1204:
824:
771:
1714:
1324:
832:
547:
801:"When choice is demotivating: Can one desire too much of a good thing?"
449:
17:
488:(1895–1986) pointed out the confusions and bias of exercising choice.
1176:
Scheibehenne, Benjamin; Greifeneder, Rainer; Todd, Peter M. (2010).
319:
cited this principle in allowing photographs of returning war-dead.
1196:
1066:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books (published 2009). p. 89.
448:
1499:
Tough Choices: Structured Paternalism and the Landscape of Choice
976:
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder
1603:
Biehal, Gabriel; Stephens, Debra; Curio, Eleonora (1992-09-01).
1536:
The Myth of Choice: Personal Responsibility in a World of Limits
1431:(June 23–30, 2014 ed.). New York: The Nation Company, L.P.
135:
77:
36:
998:
the intent and choice are simply conscious or unconscious.
95:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
865:
1576:. Big Ideas (reprint ed.). Profile Books Limited.
159:
101:
714:"CHOICE | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
273:
when a lesser crew-member becomes aware of a problem.
799:
Iyengar, Sheena S.; Lepper, Mark R. (December 2000).
1733:
1533:
1014:
1684:Kahneman, Daniel; Tversky, Amos, eds. (1999).
1191:(3). Oxford University Press (OUP): 409–425.
149:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1374:. "London, 4th Public Talk, June 12, 1962".
946:"Pentagon ends photo ban on war dead return"
805:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1121:Norwood, Lusk, Arunachalam, and Henneberry.
1063:Engaging Agnes Heller: A Critical Companion
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
784:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1605:"Attitude toward the Ad and Brand Choice"
866:"CDM CDM - Collaborative Decision Making"
200:Learn how and when to remove this message
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
891:"Types of decision making - an overview"
1736:The Paradox of Choice: Why More is Less
1117:
1115:
1113:
705:
678:The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less
345:outcomes; making irreversible choices (
777:
7:
540:is also known as the choice function
1740:(1st ed.). Harper Perennial.
153:include all significant viewpoints
25:
928:, Kenneth A. Strike, 2006, pg. 5
394:Further research has expanded on
52:This article has multiple issues.
27:Deciding between multiple options
1423:Rosenfeld, Sophie (2014-06-03).
756:(Tenth ed.). New York, NY.
603:
589:
140:
82:
41:
60:or discuss these issues on the
1688:. Cambridge University Press.
1621:10.1080/00913367.1992.10673373
1502:. Princeton University Press.
895:decision-making-confidence.com
1:
1709:Rosenthal, Edward C. (2006).
1496:Ben-Porath, Sigal R. (2010).
1378:. Vol. 13. p. 188.
926:Ethical leadership in schools
913:decision-making-solutions.com
848:, Brian Tracy, 2007, pg. 153
685:Two-alternative forced choice
398:, suggesting that there is a
378:Number of options and paradox
1277:. Twelve. pp. 208–213.
1185:Journal of Consumer Research
1021:. Harper & Row. p.
322:One can distinguish between
1686:Choices, Values, and Frames
480:As part of his thinking on
430:he will continually try to
1811:
909:"Types of Decision Making"
817:10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.995
564:", "nice" or "good"; e.g.
522:preference tests (animals)
330:choice. Processes such as
29:
1540:. Yale University Press.
1341:10.1007/s11002-014-9312-3
1045:buy a particular product.
658:Neuroscience of free will
434:the decisions he takes).
357:Evaluability in economics
1732:Schwartz, Barry (2005).
752:Myers, David G. (2010).
718:dictionary.cambridge.org
624:Decision making software
445:Relationship to identity
1302:. Twelve. p. 104.
1298:Sheena Iyengar (2010).
1273:Sheena Iyengar (2010).
247:breaks them down into:
32:Choice (disambiguation)
1795:Management cybernetics
1669:Psychological Bulletin
1609:Journal of Advertising
672:Rational choice theory
454:
104:by rewriting it in an
1644:"The Art of Choosing"
1573:The Tyranny of Choice
1058:Bernstein, Richard J.
1011:Cole-Whittaker, Terry
739:The Paradox of Choice
560:: slang synonym for "
453:Choosing a hairstyle.
452:
432:incrementally improve
667:social choice theory
663:Public choice theory
644:Intertemporal choice
538:binomial coefficient
482:choiceless awareness
337:Choices may lead to
30:For other uses, see
1654:– via Amazon.
1642:aa (3 April 1994).
1387:Krishnamurti, Jiddu
1372:Krishnamurti, Jiddu
1300:The Art of Choosing
1275:The Art of Choosing
1107:Iyengar and Lepper.
653:The Art of Choosing
619:Choice architecture
558:New Zealand English
438:Choice architecture
347:existential choices
160:improve the article
1157:Irons and Hepburn.
971:Linehan, Marsha M.
486:Jiddu Krishnamurti
455:
106:encyclopedic style
93:is written like a
1747:978-0-06-000569-6
1695:978-0-521-62749-8
1329:Marketing Letters
1309:978-0-446-50410-2
1284:978-0-446-50410-2
754:Social psychology
695:Will (philosophy)
634:Freedom of choice
611:Psychology portal
597:Philosophy portal
463:fire extinguisher
420:life satisfaction
400:paradox of choice
286:Recognition-based
228:Freedom of choice
210:
209:
202:
192:
191:
184:
164:discuss the issue
134:
133:
126:
75:
16:(Redirected from
1802:
1751:
1739:
1728:
1699:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1539:
1530:Greenfield, Kent
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1383:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1020:
1007:
1001:
1000:
995:
993:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
942:
936:
923:
917:
916:
905:
899:
898:
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
862:
856:
843:
837:
836:
796:
790:
789:
783:
775:
749:
743:
736:Barry Schwartz:
734:
728:
727:
725:
724:
710:
613:
608:
607:
606:
599:
594:
593:
592:
566:"That's choice!"
517:Animal behaviour
470:consumer choices
205:
198:
187:
180:
176:
173:
167:
144:
143:
136:
129:
122:
118:
115:
109:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1785:Liberty symbols
1780:Social concepts
1765:Decision-making
1755:
1754:
1748:
1731:
1725:
1708:
1696:
1683:
1664:
1662:Further reading
1659:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1469:. Hachette UK.
1461:Iyengar, Sheena
1459:
1458:
1454:
1441:
1439:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1385:
1376:Collected Works
1370:
1368:
1364:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1253:Schwartz, Barry
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1009:
1008:
1004:
991:
989:
987:
973:(14 May 1993).
969:
968:
964:
954:
952:
944:
943:
939:
924:
920:
907:
906:
902:
889:
888:
884:
874:
872:
870:cdm.fly.faa.gov
864:
863:
859:
844:
840:
811:(6): 995–1006.
798:
797:
793:
776:
764:
751:
750:
746:
735:
731:
722:
720:
712:
711:
707:
703:
639:Hobson's choice
609:
604:
602:
595:
590:
588:
585:
513:
478:
447:
396:choice overload
380:
359:
351:choice overload
313:moral principle
241:
206:
195:
194:
193:
188:
177:
171:
168:
157:
145:
141:
130:
119:
113:
110:
102:help improve it
99:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1729:
1723:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1634:
1595:
1582:
1568:Salecl, Renata
1559:
1546:
1521:
1508:
1488:
1475:
1452:
1415:
1401:
1362:
1335:(3): 281–291.
1315:
1308:
1290:
1283:
1265:
1255:
1246:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1197:10.1086/651235
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1109:
1100:
1090:
1072:
1049:
1031:
1002:
985:
962:
937:
918:
900:
882:
857:
838:
791:
762:
744:
729:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
674:
669:
660:
655:
649:Sheena Iyengar
646:
641:
636:
631:
629:Example choice
626:
621:
615:
614:
600:
584:
581:
580:
579:
568:
555:
550:calls itself "
541:
531:
525:
512:
509:
495:, Ben-Porath,
477:
474:
446:
443:
379:
376:
358:
355:
306:
305:
302:
299:
291:
290:
287:
284:
281:
263:
262:
259:
255:
252:
240:
237:
208:
207:
190:
189:
148:
146:
139:
132:
131:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1807:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1726:
1724:0-262-68165-X
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1585:
1583:9781846681868
1579:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1549:
1547:9780300169867
1543:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1511:
1509:9780691146416
1505:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1478:
1476:9780748117444
1472:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1404:
1402:9781888004045
1398:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:For example:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1075:
1073:9781461633341
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1032:9780062501530
1028:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1003:
999:
988:
986:9781606237786
982:
978:
977:
972:
966:
963:
951:
947:
941:
938:
935:
934:1-4129-1351-9
931:
927:
922:
919:
914:
910:
904:
901:
896:
892:
886:
883:
871:
867:
861:
858:
855:
854:0-8144-7470-5
851:
847:
842:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
792:
787:
781:
773:
769:
765:
763:9780073370668
759:
755:
748:
745:
741:
740:
733:
730:
719:
715:
709:
706:
700:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
680:
679:
675:
673:
670:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
612:
601:
598:
587:
582:
578:
577:
576:choice theory
572:
569:
567:
563:
559:
556:
553:
549:
545:
542:
539:
535:
532:
529:
526:
524:
523:
518:
515:
514:
510:
508:
504:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
475:
473:
471:
466:
464:
460:
459:self-identity
451:
444:
442:
439:
435:
433:
429:
428:best decision
423:
421:
415:
411:
407:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
384:
377:
375:
371:
367:
365:
356:
354:
352:
349:) may reduce
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
309:
303:
300:
297:
296:
295:
288:
285:
282:
279:
278:
277:
274:
272:
268:
267:collaborative
260:
256:
253:
250:
249:
248:
246:
238:
236:
234:
233:psychological
229:
225:
223:
219:
215:
204:
201:
186:
183:
175:
165:
161:
155:
154:
147:
138:
137:
128:
125:
117:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1735:
1710:
1685:
1671:
1668:
1648:. Retrieved
1637:
1615:(3): 19–36.
1612:
1608:
1598:
1587:. Retrieved
1572:
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1535:
1524:
1513:. Retrieved
1498:
1491:
1480:. Retrieved
1465:
1455:
1446:
1440:. Retrieved
1428:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1391:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1299:
1293:
1274:
1268:
1258:
1249:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1188:
1184:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1103:
1093:
1084:
1077:. Retrieved
1062:
1052:
1043:
1036:. Retrieved
1016:
1005:
997:
990:. Retrieved
975:
965:
953:. Retrieved
949:
940:
925:
921:
912:
903:
894:
885:
873:. Retrieved
869:
860:
845:
841:
808:
804:
794:
753:
747:
737:
732:
721:. Retrieved
717:
708:
676:
652:
651:, author of
574:
570:
565:
557:
543:
533:
527:
520:
516:
505:
490:
479:
467:
456:
436:
431:
427:
424:
416:
412:
408:
404:
393:
385:
381:
372:
368:
364:evaluability
363:
360:
346:
342:
339:irreversible
338:
336:
332:brainwashing
327:
323:
321:
317:Robert Gates
310:
307:
292:
275:
264:
242:
226:
213:
211:
196:
178:
169:
150:
120:
111:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
1384:Quoted in:
534:Mathematics
426:wasn't the
328:unconscious
289:Combination
245:Brian Tracy
1790:Motivation
1759:Categories
1674:, 576–590.
1589:2014-06-12
1553:2014-06-12
1515:2014-06-12
1482:2014-06-12
1442:2014-06-12
1429:The Nation
1381:blindness.
1079:3 November
950:boston.com
846:Time Power
723:2021-01-09
701:References
571:Psychology
552:pro-choice
511:Other uses
497:Greenfield
343:reversible
235:problems.
218:motivators
172:April 2015
114:April 2015
57:improve it
1715:MIT Press
1629:0091-3367
1437:0027-8378
1408:13 August
1349:1573-059X
1205:0093-5301
1038:4 October
992:4 October
825:1939-1315
780:cite book
772:667213323
476:Attitudes
324:conscious
283:Intuitive
63:talk page
1775:Autonomy
1770:Planning
1646:. Twelve
1570:(2011).
1532:(2012).
1463:(2010).
1263:1178-97.
1098:576–590.
1013:(1989).
833:11138768
583:See also
548:abortion
544:Politics
304:consumer
301:personal
298:business
280:Rational
151:may not
1650:3 April
1357:6708546
1213:5802575
1148:Norwood
1086:choice.
955:3 April
875:3 April
493:Iyengar
271:captain
158:Please
100:Please
18:Chooses
1744:
1721:
1692:
1672:125(5)
1627:
1580:
1544:
1506:
1473:
1435:
1399:
1355:
1347:
1306:
1281:
1244:72-77.
1211:
1203:
1070:
1029:
983:
932:
852:
831:
823:
770:
760:
742:(2004)
690:Option
681:(book)
573:: see
536:: the
519:: see
501:Salecl
499:, and
389:regret
341:or to
258:death.
222:models
214:choice
1353:S2CID
1209:S2CID
1181:(PDF)
311:As a
239:Types
1742:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1652:2018
1625:ISSN
1578:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1433:ISSN
1410:2020
1397:ISBN
1345:ISSN
1304:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1201:ISSN
1081:2021
1068:ISBN
1040:2019
1027:ISBN
994:2019
981:ISBN
957:2018
930:ISBN
877:2018
850:ISBN
829:PMID
821:ISSN
786:link
768:OCLC
758:ISBN
562:cool
326:and
220:and
1617:doi
1337:doi
1193:doi
813:doi
528:Law
224:.
162:or
1761::
1717:.
1713:.
1623:.
1613:21
1611:.
1607:.
1445:.
1427:.
1351:.
1343:.
1333:25
1331:.
1327:.
1207:.
1199:.
1189:37
1187:.
1183:.
1112:^
1083:.
1042:.
1025:.
1023:37
996:.
948:.
911:.
893:.
868:.
827:.
819:.
809:79
807:.
803:.
782:}}
778:{{
766:.
716:.
665:,
503:.
484:,
353:.
212:A
66:.
1750:.
1727:.
1698:.
1631:.
1619::
1592:.
1556:.
1518:.
1485:.
1412:.
1359:.
1339::
1312:.
1287:.
1215:.
1195::
959:.
915:.
897:.
879:.
835:.
815::
788:)
774:.
726:.
554:"
203:)
197:(
185:)
179:(
174:)
170:(
166:.
156:.
127:)
121:(
116:)
112:(
108:.
73:)
69:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.