2019:
2553:
2136:
1711:
2775:
2657:
3373:
2982:
3232:
3170:
6168:
3342:
3252:
1244:
1064:
3081:
2948:
161:
1613:
3404:
2594:
3635:
2852:
2079:
2797:
2926:
2318:
140:
3049:
3310:
2629:
2110:
2040:
1548:(four-limbed vertebrates; 35,100+ species) (The classification below follows Benton 2004, and uses a synthesis of rank-based Linnaean taxonomy and also reflects evolutionary relationships. Benton included the Superclass Tetrapoda in the Subclass Sarcopterygii in order to reflect the direct descent of tetrapods from lobe-finned fish, despite the former being assigned a higher taxonomic rank.)
2302:
3201:
2904:
2726:
2677:
814:
1890:
3535:
3019:
2873:
3103:
3425:
2820:
1693:(also known as Larvacea), retain tadpole-like shapes and active swimming all their lives, and were for a long time regarded as larvae of sea squirts or salps. The etymology of the term Urochordata (Balfour 1881) is from the ancient Greek οὐρά (oura, "tail") + Latin chorda ("cord"), because the notochord is only found in the tail. The term
1654:
4946:
Although I was among the early supporters of vertebrate paraphyly, I am impressed by the evidence provided by
Heimberg et al. and prepared to admit that cyclostomes are, in fact, monophyletic. The consequence is that they may tell us little, if anything, about the dawn of vertebrate evolution, except
2443:
genes eliminated some older ideas, but opened up the possibility that tunicates (urochordates) are "basal deuterostomes", surviving members of the group from which echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates evolved. Some researchers believe that, within the chordates, craniates are most closely related
1909:
There is still much ongoing differential (DNA sequence based) comparison research that is trying to separate out the simplest forms of chordates. As some lineages of the 90% of species that lack a backbone or notochord might have lost these structures over time, this complicates the classification of
5929:
Putnam, N. H.; Butts, T.; Ferrier, D. E. K.; Furlong, R. F.; Hellsten, U.; Kawashima, T.; Robinson-Rechavi, M.; Shoguchi, E.; Terry, A.; Yu, J. K.; Benito-Gutiérrez, E. L.; Dubchak, I.; Garcia-Fernàndez, J.; Gibson-Brown, J. J.; Grigoriev, I. V.; Horton, A. C.; De Jong, P. J.; Jurka, J.; Kapitonov,
2472:
Traditionally, Cephalochordata and
Craniata were grouped into the proposed clade "Euchordata", which would have been the sister group to Tunicata/Urochordata. More recently, Cephalochordata has been thought of as a sister group to the "Olfactores", which includes the craniates and tunicates. The
5341:
Fedonkin, M. A.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Swalla, B.; Trusler, P.; Hall, M. (2008). "A Neoproterozoic chordate with possible affinity to the ascidians: New fossil evidence from the
Vendian of the White Sea, Russia and its evolutionary and ecological implications". HPF-07 Rise and fall of the Ediacaran
2408:(505 Ma), is also regarded as a primitive chordate. On the other hand, fossils of early chordates are very rare, since invertebrate chordates have no bones or teeth, and only one has been reported for the rest of the Cambrian. The best known and earliest unequivocally identified Tunicate is
1063:
2382:, also from the Chengjiang fauna, is interpreted as a chordate and possibly a craniate, as it shows signs of a heart, arteries, gill filaments, a tail, a neural chord with a brain at the front end, and possibly eyes—although it also had short tentacles round its mouth.
5328:
Vickers-Rich P. (2007). "Chapter 4. The Nama Fauna of
Southern Africa". In: Fedonkin, M. A.; Gehling, J. G.; Grey, K.; Narbonne, G. M.; Vickers-Rich, P. "The Rise of Animals: Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia", Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.
3687:, a material not used by chordates. Their hard, calcified shells keep their bodies well protected from the environment, and these skeletons enclose their bodies, but are also covered by thin skins. The feet are powered by another unique feature of echinoderms, a
1867:
features to classify organisms, has produced both results that group them with vertebrates and others that group them with hagfish. If lampreys are more closely related to the hagfish than the other vertebrates, this would suggest that they form a
1639:, one of the three subdivisions of chordates, are small, "vaguely fish-shaped" animals that lack brains, clearly defined heads and specialized sense organs. These burrowing filter-feeders compose the earliest-branching chordate subphylum.
3707:"), and use their feather-like arms to filter food particles out of the water; most live anchored to rocks, but a few species can move very slowly. Other echinoderms are mobile and take a variety of body shapes, for example
1669:. Both of these are soft-bodied filter-feeders that lack the standard features of chordates, which are only retained in their larvae. Sea squirts are sessile and consist mainly of water pumps and filter-feeding apparatus;
5036:
Delabre, Christiane; et al. (2002). "Complete
Mitochondrial DNA of the Hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri: The Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Strongly Supports the Cyclostome Monophyly".
4294:
2436:, and paleontological data have produced different "family trees". Some closely linked chordates and hemichordates, but that idea is now rejected. Combining such analyses with data from a small set of
2284:
lived in shallow coastal waters slightly more than 555 to 548 million years ago, and are believed to be the oldest evidence of the chordate lineage of metazoans. The
Russian Precambrian fossil
2480:
is also strongly supported by two CSIs found in the proteins predicted exosome complex RRP44 and serine palmitoyltransferase, that are exclusively shared by species from these two subphyla but not
3920:
He, K.; Liu, J.; Han, J.; Ou, Q.; Chen, A.; Zhang, Z.; Fu, D.; Hua, H.; Zhang, X.; Shu, D. (2023). "Comment on "Ultrastructure reveals ancestral vertebrate pharyngeal skeleton in yunnanozoans"".
4738:
2432:
The evolutionary relationships between the chordate groups and between chordates as a whole and their closest deuterostome relatives have been debated since 1890. Studies based on anatomical,
4127:
Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (19 March 2021).
4076:
Gupta, Radhey S. (January 2016). "Molecular signatures that are distinctive characteristics of the vertebrates and chordates and supporting a grouping of vertebrates with the tunicates".
4947:
that the intuitions of 19th century zoologists were correct in assuming that these odd vertebrates (notably, hagfishes) are strongly degenerate and have lost many characters over time
3823:
Fedonkin, M. A.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Swalla, B. J.; Trusler, P.; Hall, M. (2012). "A new metazoan from the
Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians".
1848:. However the cladistic exclusion of hagfish from the vertebrates is controversial, as they may instead be degenerate vertebrates who have secondarily lost their vertebral columns.
1051:
5930:
V. V.; Kohara, Y.; Kuroki, Y.; Lindquist, E.; Lucas, S.; Osoegawa, K.; Pennacchio, L. A.; Salamov, A. A.; Satou, Y.; Sauka-Spengler, T.; Schmutz, J.; Shin-i, T. (June 2008).
4314:
5246:, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia (eds.),
8351:
4985:
Shigehiro Kuraku, S.; Hoshiyama, D.; Katoh, K.; Suga, H & Miyata, T. (December 1999). "Monophyly of
Lampreys and Hagfishes Supported by Nuclear DNA-Coded Genes".
4224:
9018:
5705:
2193:
While this has been well known since the 19th century, an insistence on only monophyletic taxa has resulted in vertebrate classification being in a state of flux.
9044:
802:
1844:
and no vertebrae, and are therefore not regarded as vertebrates, but they are members of the craniates, the group within which vertebrates are thought to have
2018:
3806:
1959:
offers a reasonable prospect of dating their emergence. However, the use of molecular phylogenetics for dating evolutionary transitions is controversial.
9141:
5376:
2325:, the world's fastest animal. Peregrines use gravity and aerodynamics to achieve their top speed of around 242mph (390km/h), as opposed to locomotion.
801:
described a taxon comprising tunicates, cephalochordates, and vertebrates in 1866. Though he used the German vernacular form, it is allowed under the
4745:
8992:
4712:
1913:
Attempts to work out the evolutionary relationships of the chordates have produced several hypotheses. The current consensus is that chordates are
9136:
9031:
8057:
4527:
1776:
1251:
6138:
6088:
5263:
4877:
4790:
4696:
4578:
4441:
4416:
4345:
4055:
4835:
9146:
4959:
2310:
688:) was previously considered a fourth chordate subphylum, but now is treated as a separate phylum which are now thought to be closer to the
4199:
7496:
6210:
1910:
chordates. Some chordate lineages may only be found by DNA analysis, when there is no physical trace of any chordate-like structures.
6103:
5862:
5402:
1925:(CSIs) in the proteins cyclophilin-like protein and mitochondrial inner membrane protease ATP23, which are exclusively shared by all
6173:
4369:
1276:
483:
426:
6020:
Delsuc F, Philippe H, Tsagkogeorga G, Simion P, Tilak MK, Turon X, López-Legentil S, Piette J, Lemaire P, Douzery EJ (April 2018).
1917:, meaning that the Chordata include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor, which is itself a chordate, and that
9103:
6247:
2465:. However, molecular estimates of dates often disagree with each other and with the fossil record, and their assumption that the
1962:
It has also proved difficult to produce a detailed classification within the living chordates. Attempts to produce evolutionary "
4389:
6242:
5083:
Shu, D-G.; Conway Morris, S. & Han, J. (January 2003). "Head and backbone of the Early
Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys".
2447:
Since early chordates have left a poor fossil record, attempts have been made to calculate the key dates in their evolution by
1001:
There are soft constraints that separate chordates from other biological lineages, but are not part of the formal definition:
2224:
was a member of the protostomes. If so, this means the protostome and deuterostome lineages must have split some time before
1855:
is ambiguous. They have complete braincases and rudimentary vertebrae, and therefore may be regarded as vertebrates and true
9036:
5530:
5135:
770:
The name "chordate" comes from the first of these synapomorphies, the notochord, which plays a significant role in chordate
2552:
2524:. The positions (relationships) of the lancelets, tunicates, and craniates/vertebrates are based on the following studies:
533:
In addition to the morphological characteristics used to define chordates, analysis of genome sequences has identified two
6326:
6316:
6299:
2451:
techniques—by analyzing biochemical differences, mainly in RNA. One such study suggested that deuterostomes arose before
2444:
to cephalochordates, but there are also reasons for regarding tunicates (urochordates) as craniates' closest relatives.
542:
492:). All chordates possess, at some point during their larval or adult stages, five distinctive physical characteristics (
2242:. Three enigmatic species that are possible very early tunicates, and therefor deuterostomes, were also found from the
1263:. Bolded items are components of all chordates at some point in their lifetimes, and distinguish them from other phyla.
144:
8914:
8891:
8050:
2774:
2656:
2426:
5884:
Schwartz, J. H.; Maresca, B. (December 2006). "Do
Molecular Clocks Run at All? A Critique of Molecular Systematics".
5286:
Butterfield, N.J. (December 2006). "Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale".
8971:
1922:
1689:-like tails; they also have rudimentary brains, light sensors and tilt sensors. The third main group of tunicates,
534:
493:
4501:
3614:
animals, often less than 1 millimetre (0.039 in) long individually, whose dwellings are interconnected. Each
2135:
1710:
9049:
8984:
8194:
5440:
Shu, D.; Zhang, X.; Chen, L. (April 1996). "Reinterpretation of Yunnanozoon as the earliest known hemichordate".
2290:
is identified as a tunicate only tentatively, because its fossils are nowhere near as well-preserved as those of
1618:
1259:
906:
160:
5762:"Evaluating Hypotheses of Deuterostome Phylogeny and Chordate Evolution with New LSU and SSU Ribosomal DNA Data"
3947:
Mussini, G.; Smith, M. P.; Vinther, J.; Rahman, I. A.; Murdock, D. J. E.; Harper, D. A. T.; Dunn, F. S. (2024).
3759:
3602:
and worm-like bodies with up to 200 branchial slits, are up to 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) long, and burrow though
2981:
5353:
3372:
882:
to bend and twist relative to each other. In wholly aquatic species, this helps the animal swim efficiently by
35:
31:
27:
3169:
839:
of animals that are defined by having at some stage in their lives all of the following anatomical features:
8279:
6331:
4044:
Freeborn, Michelle (1 January 2015). Roberts, Clive Douglas; Stewart, Andrew L.; Struthers, Carl D. (eds.).
3737:
2448:
2309:, the largest animal, extant or extinct, ever discovered. Mounted outside the Long Marine Laboratory at the
1956:
1860:
1607:
4658:
3575:("half chordates") have some features similar to those of chordates: branchial openings that open into the
3341:
3231:
8831:
8043:
7489:
6203:
5893:
4716:
2358:
819:
9080:
8507:
8157:
6294:
3688:
2378:
1010:
914:
146:
1955:, which implies that they are vertebrates. Because the fossil record of early chordates is poor, only
1222:
9059:
8940:
8919:
8878:
8172:
6162:
5943:
5714:
5658:
5642:
5607:
5545:
5495:
5449:
5164:
5092:
5046:
4994:
4909:
4614:
4140:
4085:
3832:
3774:
3696:
3640:
2276:. Results of a new study have shown possible affinity of these Ediacaran organisms to the ascidians.
790:
145:
5898:
1677:, and have a two-generation cycle in which one generation is solitary and the next forms chain-like
9108:
6183:
4744:. Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Archived from
1282:
875:
775:
143:
4780:
4686:
4568:
3251:
9131:
8502:
8184:
6759:
6311:
6289:
6277:
6252:
5911:
5699:
Chen, Jun-Yuan; Huang, Di-Ying; Peng, Qing-Qing; Chi, Hui-Mei; Wang,Xiu-Qiang; Feng, Man (2003).
5674:
5623:
5561:
5511:
5465:
5311:
5116:
5018:
4839:
4640:
3899:
3848:
3798:
3665:
2790:
1466:
1171:
1124:
1017:
786:
783:
747:
728:
155:
9085:
5426:
4963:
4192:
3618:
by means of a pair of branched tentacles, and has a short, shield-shaped proboscis. The extinct
2947:
1243:
731:
over 539 million years ago. Of the more than 81,000 living species of chordates, about half are
1805:
commented that "craniates are characterized by their heads, just as chordates, or possibly all
9067:
8927:
8294:
7482:
7181:
7101:
6451:
6321:
6284:
6272:
6262:
6196:
6134:
6084:
6053:
6002:
5961:
5866:
5829:
5783:
5742:
5486:
Chen, J-Y.; Hang, D-Y.; Li, C.W. (December 1999). "An early Cambrian craniate-like chordate".
5303:
5269:
5259:
5224:
5182:
5108:
5062:
5010:
4937:
4873:
4786:
4692:
4632:
4574:
4437:
4412:
4406:
4365:
4341:
4268:
4174:
4156:
4109:
4101:
4051:
4026:
3974:
3790:
3732:
3603:
2501:
2418:
1963:
1291:
1092:
890:
863:
708:
508:
361:
5760:
Winchell, C. J.; Sullivan, J.; Cameron, C. B.; Swalla, B. J. & Mallatt, J. (1 May 2002).
9095:
9072:
8570:
8449:
8341:
8284:
8224:
8219:
8147:
8132:
6236:
6076:
6043:
6033:
5992:
5951:
5903:
5858:
5819:
5773:
5732:
5722:
5666:
5615:
5553:
5503:
5457:
5418:
5368:
5295:
5251:
5216:
5172:
5100:
5054:
5002:
4927:
4917:
4893:
4861:
4622:
4306:
4258:
4164:
4148:
4093:
4016:
4008:
3964:
3929:
3891:
3840:
3782:
3611:
2920:
2897:
2367:
2322:
1948:
1821:
1750:
1678:
1448:
1442:
1116:
871:
824:
751:
610:
454:
400:
50:
4549:
4475:
3403:
3080:
1612:
9023:
8743:
8648:
8610:
8565:
8497:
8254:
8214:
8199:
8092:
7898:
7652:
7618:
7545:
7462:
7368:
7219:
7122:
6979:
6512:
6107:
5778:
5761:
4472:
4393:
3669:
3634:
2851:
2721:
2672:
2547:
2489:
2481:
2466:
2074:
1967:
1934:
1636:
1305:
1255:
1149:
924:
883:
794:
736:
732:
697:
657:
557:
520:
318:
5204:
8035:
6080:
5947:
5718:
5662:
5647:
Simonetta and Insom, from the Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian), British Columbia, Canada"
5611:
5549:
5499:
5453:
5168:
5096:
5050:
4998:
4913:
4618:
4144:
4089:
4021:
3996:
3836:
3778:
3664:
differ from chordates and their other relatives in three conspicuous ways: they possess
2078:
8979:
8966:
8869:
8803:
8748:
8738:
8580:
8394:
8346:
8259:
8234:
8229:
8209:
8204:
8107:
8097:
7767:
7739:
7646:
7127:
6923:
6835:
6813:
6776:
6267:
6048:
6021:
5422:
4932:
4897:
4813:
4169:
4128:
3691:
of canals that also functions as a "lung" and surrounded by muscles that act as pumps.
3615:
3152:
3061:
3031:
2769:
2652:
2390:
2248:
1802:
1775:
1524:
1497:
1423:
1230:
978:
948:
902:
867:
739:
603:
273:
6167:
5737:
5700:
560:. These CSIs provide molecular means to reliably distinguish chordates from all other
9125:
8527:
8512:
8474:
8399:
8335:
8321:
8269:
8264:
8178:
8167:
8162:
8142:
8137:
8112:
8010:
7915:
7778:
7722:
7272:
7176:
6675:
5250:, Special publications, vol. 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 157–179,
4386:
3895:
3852:
3802:
3555:
3547:
3291:
3074:
2961:
2521:
2513:
2405:
2384:
1894:
1533:
1475:
994:
910:
798:
755:
618:
596:
346:
256:
92:
5915:
5678:
5515:
5361:
The Paleontological Society Papers: Neoproterozoic – Cambrian Biological Revolutions
5315:
3997:"A long-headed Cambrian soft-bodied vertebrate from the American Great Basin region"
3903:
2925:
2796:
8723:
8718:
8693:
8668:
8658:
8585:
8454:
8328:
8289:
8274:
8249:
8244:
8189:
8122:
7890:
7845:
7750:
7694:
7531:
7378:
7373:
7261:
7117:
7003:
6889:
6792:
6771:
6641:
6592:
6548:
6529:
5627:
5565:
5469:
5120:
5022:
4644:
4129:"Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria"
3720:
3712:
3595:
3572:
3567:
3551:
3543:
3142:
3048:
2706:
2410:
2317:
2209:
2013:
2000:
1983:
1971:
1914:
1873:
1864:
1806:
1515:
1405:
1397:
1286:. While it is structured so as to reflect evolutionary relationships (similar to a
1006:
848:
701:
693:
681:
606:
435:
286:
241:
3309:
2628:
2109:
8932:
8883:
5569:
3758:
Yang, Chuan; Li, Xian-Hua; Zhu, Maoyan; Condon, Daniel J.; Chen, Junyuan (2018).
3583:, but running in a circle round the "collar", which is ahead of the mouth; and a
1697:(Lamarck 1816) is recognised as having precedence and is now more commonly used.
9005:
8896:
8863:
8778:
8753:
8698:
8673:
8595:
8590:
8555:
8545:
8239:
8152:
7807:
7707:
7339:
7310:
7296:
7286:
6871:
6687:
6600:
6382:
4295:"Key characters uniting hemichordates and chordates: homologies or homoplasies?"
4097:
3700:
3607:
3322:
3214:
3200:
3195:
3182:
3044:
2867:
2593:
2517:
2372:
2363:
2301:
1833:
1829:
1427:
1333:
1314:
1072:
1047:
1031:
898:
894:
855:
helices, which extends along the central axis of the body. Among members of the
828:
637:
538:
505:
354:
338:
304:
295:
280:
205:
67:
4247:"Evolution and Development of the Chordates: Collagen and Pharyngeal Cartilage"
2903:
8811:
8773:
8703:
8683:
8678:
8663:
8633:
8605:
8560:
8550:
8522:
8517:
8459:
8434:
8127:
8102:
8003:
7942:
7795:
7680:
7634:
7568:
7436:
7421:
7416:
7397:
7392:
7320:
7267:
7237:
7229:
7171:
7045:
7037:
7020:
6800:
6712:
6665:
6605:
6567:
6541:
6387:
6372:
6038:
5907:
5372:
5177:
5152:
4898:"MicroRNAs revive old views about jawless vertebrate divergence and evolution"
4865:
3969:
3948:
3844:
3716:
3704:
3661:
3656:
3648:
3619:
3398:
3304:
3013:
2975:
2941:
2833:
2756:
2725:
2702:
2676:
2565:
2433:
2338:
2330:
2306:
2220:
2205:
2201:
2130:
2091:
2035:
1926:
1813:
1770:
1574:); 21,300+ species – 10,000+ species of birds and 11,300+ species of reptiles)
1562:
1506:
1492:(Paleozoic armoured forms; paraphyletic in relation to all other gnathostomes)
1488:
1454:
1412:
1379:
1369:
1342:
1325:
1287:
859:
716:
712:
689:
685:
669:
641:
614:
572:
549:
373:
323:
112:
77:
6022:"A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates"
5273:
4160:
4105:
3794:
2376:, from the earlier Cambrian, was a hemichordate or chordate. Another fossil,
8953:
8728:
8708:
8600:
8479:
8414:
8404:
8389:
8384:
8365:
8117:
7934:
7624:
7598:
7525:
7402:
7349:
7344:
7315:
7304:
7253:
7248:
7200:
7112:
7105:
6899:
6894:
6856:
6705:
6697:
6626:
6578:
6499:
6486:
6467:
6462:
6421:
5849:
5824:
5807:
5727:
5220:
4922:
4263:
4246:
4245:
Rychel, A.L.; Smith, S.E.; Shimamoto, H.T. & Swalla, B.J. (March 2006).
3933:
3673:
3645:
3599:
3580:
3420:
3355:
3247:
3165:
2813:
2624:
2588:
2505:
2243:
2197:
2187:
2039:
1889:
1845:
1841:
1817:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1690:
1579:
1553:
1544:
1436:
1360:
1351:
1132:
1082:
1027:
1020:
986:
970:
856:
844:
813:
771:
649:
580:
512:
501:
438:
231:
218:
192:
172:
129:
117:
61:
8854:
6057:
6006:
5965:
5870:
5833:
5787:
5746:
5307:
5228:
5186:
5112:
5066:
5058:
5014:
4941:
4636:
4272:
4178:
4152:
4113:
4030:
3978:
3760:"Geochronological constraint on the Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China"
3534:
3018:
2872:
696:, the sister phylum of the Chordates. Chordata, Ambulacraria, and possibly
7474:
3424:
3102:
8906:
8848:
8783:
8763:
8758:
8733:
8713:
8688:
8643:
8638:
8469:
8444:
8424:
8084:
7904:
7832:
7820:
7582:
7553:
7426:
7410:
7333:
7325:
7280:
7243:
7224:
7195:
7189:
7050:
6991:
6967:
6864:
6745:
6634:
6409:
6400:
6306:
5997:
5980:
3708:
3680:
3368:
3227:
3097:
2575:
2485:
2477:
2437:
2415:
2353:
2334:
2313:. The largest blue whale ever reliably recorded measured 98ft (30m) long.
2286:
2272:
2258:
2126:
2104:
1945:
1930:
1918:
1825:
1798:
1786:
1766:
1674:
1662:
1648:
1631:
1460:
1384:
1200:
1043:
952:
879:
852:
743:
720:
677:
661:
633:
625:
553:
545:
367:
328:
107:
102:
87:
82:
72:
54:
5956:
5931:
5863:
10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199901)21:1<71::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-B
5104:
4505:
4012:
3786:
3579:
and look rather like gill slits; stomochords, similar in composition to
8788:
8768:
8464:
8439:
8429:
8419:
8375:
8312:
8017:
7856:
7702:
7386:
7362:
7354:
7291:
7205:
7025:
7012:
6945:
6936:
6881:
6806:
5299:
5006:
3692:
3684:
3623:
3588:
3576:
3385:
2509:
2422:
2342:
2253:
2237:
1852:
1837:
1794:
1780:
1730:
1686:
1665:
appear as adults in one of two major forms, known as "sea squirts" and
1567:
1392:
1163:
1140:
974:
963:
928:
584:
516:
122:
97:
20:
6188:
5078:
5076:
4680:
4678:
4676:
2819:
1510:(Paleozoic "spiny sharks"; paraphyletic in relation to Chondrichthyes)
8628:
8620:
8489:
7923:
7880:
7869:
7519:
7431:
7165:
6455:
6365:
6352:
6223:
6220:
6071:
Goujet, Daniel F (16 February 2015), "Placodermi (Armoured Fishes)",
5981:"Cyclostome embryology and early evolutionary history of vertebrates"
5670:
5619:
5461:
5255:
3677:
3335:
2846:
2460:
2453:
2400:
2347:
2267:
2230:
2214:
1941:
1900:
1742:
1584:
1416:
1214:
1179:
1039:
1035:
990:
932:
836:
779:
724:
592:
568:
561:
445:
441:
312:
182:
8825:
4627:
4602:
4310:
3672:, meaning that their body pattern is shaped like a wheel; they have
958:
A post-anal tail. A muscular tail that extends backwards behind the
8958:
5507:
4769:
Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, January 2009: Urochordata
3882:
Nielsen, C. (July 2012). "The authorship of higher chordate taxa".
2212:, the latter of which contains chordates. It seems very likely the
955:, they are only present during embryonic stages of the development.
8997:
8537:
8409:
6178:
5932:"The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype"
5808:"Molecular Phylogeny and Divergence Times of Deuterostome Animals"
5557:
5242:
Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A; Ivantsov, A.Y. (2007), "New data on
4364:. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland Mass 2003 (2nd ed.), p. 47,
3633:
3584:
3533:
2316:
2300:
1888:
1869:
1790:
1774:
1738:
1726:
1682:
1653:
1652:
1611:
1234:
1196:
1192:
985:
to gather food particles, which helps in transporting food to the
982:
936:
918:
812:
653:
629:
622:
497:
9010:
6106:. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from
4962:. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from
4838:. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from
4240:
4238:
8575:
8067:
7948:
7846:
Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)
6157:
2395:
1952:
1921:' nearest relatives are tunicates. Recent identification of two
1856:
1670:
1666:
1571:
1153:
1108:
959:
944:
940:
759:
665:
645:
600:
588:
576:
527:
524:
8829:
8039:
7478:
6484:
6192:
5342:(Vendian) biota. International Geological Congress - Oslo 2008.
5594:
Shu, D-G.; Conway Morris, S.; Zhang, X-L. (November 1996). "A
3554:. The Chordata and Ambulacraria together form the superphylum
3542:
The closest relatives of the Chordates are believed to be the
2440:
1480:
4528:"New Study Doubles the Estimate of Bird Species in the World"
680:
are chordates, but their internal placement is less certain.
8945:
7740:
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
951:
system that extracts food particles from ingested water. In
460:
409:
138:
5701:"The first tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China"
5529:
Shu, D-G.; Conway Morris, S.; Zhang, X-L. (November 1999).
4482:. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York
3594:
There are two living groups of hemichordates. The solitary
2404:, discovered much earlier (1911) but from the Mid Cambrian
1937:
also provide strong evidence of the monophyly of Chordata.
475:
469:
415:
3538:
Acorn worms or Enteropneusts are example of hemichordates.
1387:) (vertebrates – animals with backbones; 66,100+ species)
5352:
Bengtson, S. (2004). Lipps, J.H.; Waggoner, B.M. (eds.).
4198:. International Stratigraphic Commission. February 2022.
3626:
blades, lived in tubes similar to those of pterobranchs.
5847:
Ayala, F. J. (January 1999). "Molecular clock mirages".
1719:--------------------------------------------------------
672:, which is sister to Cephalochordata (see diagram under
723:) and is also one of the most ancient taxons. Chordate
4872:(7th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
4045:
3867:
Anthropogenie oder Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen
2508:
show probable evolutionary relationships between both
3740: – All the classes and orders of phylum Chordata
2484:, indicating Vertebrates are more closely related to
1741:, 7. Gut, 8. V-shaped muscles, 9. Anus, 10. Inhalant
1685:
have the standard chordate features, including long,
704:, although this has recently been called into doubt.
652:), which only retain the synapomorphies during their
484:
457:
427:
406:
4436:(4th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
3990:
3988:
2345:), are quite common from the start of the Cambrian,
472:
466:
418:
412:
8838:
8801:
8619:
8536:
8488:
8373:
8364:
8311:
8083:
7933:
7914:
7889:
7878:
7854:
7830:
7805:
7776:
7748:
7720:
7693:
7678:
7633:
7607:
7581:
7566:
7544:
7155:
7036:
7011:
7002:
6978:
6956:
6921:
6880:
6855:
6848:
6833:
6785:
6758:
6743:
6696:
6674:
6654:
6625:
6618:
6591:
6576:
6565:
6528:
6497:
6420:
6381:
6350:
5203:Erwin, Douglas H.; Eric H. Davidson (1 July 2002).
4480:
Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference
4340:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 7.
2469:runs at a known constant rate has been challenged.
1824:. It consists of a series of bony or cartilaginous
1745:, 11. Exhalant syphon, 12. Heart, 13. Stomach, 14.
707:Chordata is the third-largest phylum of the animal
463:
403:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5598:-like chordate from the Lower Cambrian of China".
5137:Why we have a spine when over 90% of animals don't
2394:, also from the Chengjiang fauna, are regarded as
2235:, and hence well before the start of the Cambrian
1716:A. Lancelet, B. Larval tunicate, C. Adult tunicate
668:. The Vertebrates and Tunicates compose the clade
5481:
5479:
4816:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
3995:Lerosey-Aubril, R.; Ortega-Hernández, J. (2024).
2266:-like genus from the Onega Peninsula of northern
1290:), it also retains the traditional ranks used in
1274:The following schema is from the 2015 edition of
947:, but in some other chordates they are part of a
797:(1885), it was already in prevalent use by 1880.
8352:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
6133:(3rd ed.). Blackwell Science. p. 412.
3622:, colonial animals whose fossils look like tiny
2476:A specific relationship between Vertebrates and
2366:hemichordate. Opinions differ about whether the
1836:, and with projections that link the vertebrae.
5706:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5407:, a Middle Cambrian rhabdopleurid hemichordate"
4902:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4782:Vertebrate Palaeontology: Biology and Evolution
4688:Vertebrate Palaeontology: Biology and Evolution
4603:"Evolutionary biology: The amphioxus unleashed"
4570:Vertebrate Palaeontology: Biology and Evolution
2298:, so this identification has been questioned.
1951:, and include two species that are regarded as
142:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
3953:reveals the origins of the chordate body plan"
966:, this is only present in the embryonic stage.
862:(vertebrates), the notochord gets replaced by
793:. Although the name Chordata is attributed to
774:structuring and movements. Chordates are also
8051:
7490:
6204:
5806:Blair, J. E.; Hedges, S. B. (November 2005).
5531:"Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China"
5198:
5196:
4387:The classification scheme is available online
3877:
3875:
3598:, commonly known as "acorn worms", have long
2329:Fossils of one major deuterostome group, the
1616:Cephalochordate: lancelet. Pictured species:
1280:. The invertebrate chordate classes are from
909:end of the neural tube enlarges into several
823:) is one of the few chordates with a visible
8:
6075:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–7,
5337:
5335:
1749:, 15. Intestines, 16. Tail, 17. Atrium, 18.
16:Phylum of animals having a dorsal nerve cord
5979:Ota, K. G.; Kuratani, S. (September 2007).
4050:. Vol. Two. Te Papa Press. p. 6.
1337:(Urochordata) – (tunicates; 3,000 species)
993:, and may be a precursor of the vertebrate
548:ATP23, which are exclusively shared by all
8826:
8370:
8308:
8080:
8076:
8058:
8044:
8036:
7930:
7886:
7862:
7838:
7813:
7788:
7760:
7732:
7690:
7686:
7639:
7611:
7591:
7578:
7574:
7541:
7497:
7483:
7475:
7152:
7008:
6984:
6960:
6929:
6852:
6845:
6841:
6764:
6755:
6751:
6680:
6658:
6651:
6622:
6588:
6584:
6573:
6562:
6534:
6505:
6494:
6481:
6393:
6358:
6347:
6211:
6197:
6189:
6166:
5401:Bengtson, S.; Urbanek, A. (October 2007).
2196:The majority of animals more complex than
1242:
874:, and notochord remnants develop into the
42:
6047:
6037:
5996:
5955:
5897:
5823:
5777:
5736:
5726:
5176:
4931:
4921:
4626:
4262:
4168:
4020:
3968:
1905:in China, may be the earliest known fish.
6549:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
5248:The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota
4960:"Introduction to the Petromyzontiformes"
4785:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 12–13.
3915:
3913:
3699:and look rather like flowers (hence the
3668:only as larvae – in adulthood they have
1703:Comparison of two invertebrate chordates
805:because of its subsequent latinization.
742:) and the vast majority of the rest are
7625:Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)
4411:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
4385:, Third Edition. Blackwell Publishing.
3750:
1528:(ray-finned fish; about 30,000 species)
1013:, the anus forms before the mouth does.
901:, the main communications trunk of the
6543:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
6513:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
1309:(Acraniata) – (lancelets; 30 species)
595:), whose notochords are replaced by a
5779:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004134
5205:"The last common bilaterian ancestor"
5039:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4078:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1966:" shows that many of the traditional
727:have been found from as early as the
700:are believed to form the superphylum
7:
9060:406e3eca-a45f-43d7-ab69-43831f3412b4
8985:1700ebea-6b47-49a0-ab76-b82462c4c44b
6814:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
5643:"A Redescription of a Rare Chordate,
4071:
4069:
4067:
3812:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3676:; and their bodies are supported by
2311:University of California, Santa Cruz
1400:(jawless vertebrates; 100+ species)
6081:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001533.pub2
5985:Integrative and Comparative Biology
5382:from the original on 9 October 2022
5151:Holland, N. D. (22 November 2005).
4691:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 5.
4573:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 6.
4205:from the original on 9 October 2022
3391:
3361:
3328:
3297:
3220:
3188:
3158:
3148:
3067:
3037:
3005:
2998:
2967:
2839:
2762:
2645:
2617:
2610:
2581:
2571:
2540:
2530:
2097:
2067:
2006:
1996:
1989:
1979:
692:, and together they form the clade
664:), which resemble fish but have no
496:) that distinguish them from other
384:
6411:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
6104:"Introduction to the Hemichordata"
5423:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1986.tb00743.x
4504:. 15 February 2013. Archived from
4502:"Reptiles face risk of extinction"
2458:and the earliest chordates around
1501:(cartilaginous fish; 900+ species)
758:) who evolved air-breathing using
500:. These five synapomorphies are a
14:
9142:Extant Cambrian first appearances
5134:Josh Gabbatiss (15 August 2016),
3767:Journal of the Geological Society
2421:at Shankou village, Anning, near
943:, the slits are modified to form
567:Chordates are divided into three
7768:Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
7455:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
3896:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00536.x
3423:
3402:
3371:
3340:
3308:
3250:
3230:
3199:
3168:
3101:
3079:
3047:
3017:
2980:
2946:
2924:
2902:
2871:
2850:
2818:
2795:
2773:
2724:
2675:
2655:
2627:
2592:
2551:
2134:
2108:
2077:
2038:
2017:
1709:
1355:(salps, doliolids and pyrosomes)
1062:
453:
399:
159:
5812:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5766:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4814:"Morphology of the Vertebrates"
4459:Vertebrate Paleontology. 3rd ed
4251:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2520:. Relatives of vertebrates are
2512:taxa, which are denoted with a
2204:are split into two groups, the
1673:float in mid-water, feeding on
9137:Terreneuvian first appearances
6642:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
6184:Chordate node at NCBI Taxonomy
6174:Chordate on GlobalTwitcher.com
4987:Journal of Molecular Evolution
4779:Benton, M.J. (14 April 2000).
4685:Benton, M.J. (14 April 2000).
4567:Benton, M.J. (14 April 2000).
3587:nerve cord—but also a smaller
2333:(whose modern members include
878:, which allow adjacent spinal
831:is housed within its backbone.
673:
1:
6179:Chordate node at Tree Of Life
4550:"Species Statistics Aug 2019"
3530:Closest nonchordate relatives
1944:have been found in the Early
1940:All of the earliest chordate
1537:(lobe-finned fish: 8 species)
1519:(bony fish; 30,000+ species)
1016:All chordates are based on a
884:flexing its tail side-to-side
847:, a stiff but elastic rod of
7254:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
4836:"Introduction to the Myxini"
4293:Ruppert, E. (January 2005).
2504:of the phylum. Lines of the
2262:, and one from a second new
1725:, 2. Nerve chord, 3. Buccal
1557:(amphibians; 8,100+ species)
962:. In some chordates such as
676:). Extinct taxa such as the
543:inner mitochondrial membrane
9147:Taxa named by Ernst Haeckel
7599:Appendicularia (larvaceans)
7311:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
7051:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
6866:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
6777:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
6666:Loricifera (corset animals)
4405:Benton, Michael J. (2014).
4299:Canadian Journal of Zoology
4098:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.019
2473:matter is not yet settled.
1872:, which has been named the
9163:
8026:denote paraphyletic groups
7905:Squamata (scaled reptiles)
7201:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
6947:Annelida (segmented worms)
6772:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
6688:Onychophora (velvet worms)
5641:Conway Morris, S. (2008).
4193:"Stratigraphic Chart 2022"
4001:Royal Society Open Science
3654:
3565:
3550:, which together form the
2362:has been interpreted as a
2188:evolutionary relationships
1923:conserved signature indels
1828:vertebrae, generally with
1764:
1646:
1629:
1626:Cephalochordata: Lancelets
1605:
1030:, and have a fluid-filled
1009:. This means that, during
973:. This is a groove in the
897:, which develops into the
537:(CSIs) in their proteins:
535:conserved signature indels
25:
18:
8307:
8079:
8075:
8070:phyla/divisions by domain
7997:
7943:Crocodilia (crocodilians)
7899:Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)
7865:
7841:
7816:
7791:
7763:
7735:
7689:
7642:
7614:
7594:
7577:
7540:
7514:
7451:
7249:Asterozoans inc. starfish
7151:
7144:
7095:
7046:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
7027:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
6987:
6963:
6932:
6872:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
6844:
6767:
6754:
6683:
6661:
6650:
6601:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
6587:
6561:
6537:
6508:
6493:
6480:
6445:
6396:
6373:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
6361:
6346:
6230:
6039:10.1186/s12915-018-0499-2
5908:10.1162/biot.2006.1.4.357
5373:10.1017/S1089332600002345
5178:10.1016/j.cub.2005.11.008
4713:"Animal fact files: salp"
4047:The fishes of New Zealand
3970:10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.026
3949:"A new interpretation of
3845:10.1134/S0031030112010042
3418:
3396:
3389:
3366:
3359:
3333:
3326:
3302:
3295:
3245:
3225:
3218:
3193:
3186:
3163:
3156:
3146:
3095:
3072:
3065:
3042:
3035:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2972:
2965:
2939:
2918:
2895:
2865:
2844:
2837:
2811:
2788:
2767:
2760:
2719:
2700:
2670:
2650:
2643:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2586:
2579:
2569:
2545:
2538:
2124:
2102:
2095:
2072:
2065:
2033:
2011:
2004:
1994:
1987:
1619:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
1260:Branchiostoma lanceolatum
917:, which give rise to the
269:
264:
156:Scientific classification
154:
137:
45:
8004:Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
7796:Actinistia (coelacanths)
6807:Rotifera (wheel animals)
6606:Priapulida (penis worms)
5354:"Early skeletal fossils"
4601:Gee, H. (19 June 2008).
4554:www.reptile-database.org
4461:. Blackwell Science Ltd.
4408:Vertebrate Palaeontology
4383:Vertebrate Palaeontology
4360:R.C.Brusca, G.J.Brusca.
4336:Valentine, J.W. (2004).
2411:Shankouclava shankouense
1681:. However, all tunicate
1277:Vertebrate Palaeontology
977:wall of the pharynx. In
36:Caudate (disambiguation)
32:Cordata (disambiguation)
28:Cordate (disambiguation)
26:Not to be confused with
23:, a group of amphibians.
19:Not to be confused with
8280:Thermodesulfobacteriota
7554:Leptocardii (lancelets)
7021:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
6993:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
6714:Tardigrada (waterbears)
6707:Arthropoda (arthropods)
5728:10.1073/pnas.1431177100
5651:Journal of Paleontology
5221:10.1242/dev.129.13.3021
4923:10.1073/pnas.1014583107
4392:19 October 2008 at the
3934:10.1126/science.ade9707
3825:Paleontological Journal
3738:List of chordate orders
2463: million years ago
2456: million years ago
2449:molecular phylogenetics
2350: million years ago
2252:from the Nama Group of
2240: million years ago
2233: million years ago
1957:molecular phylogenetics
1903: million years ago
1861:molecular phylogenetics
1809:, are by their tails".
1608:List of chordate orders
935:immediately behind the
628:(i.e. chordates with a
333:Total group Vertebrata
7708:Hyperoartia (lampreys)
7196:Anthozoans inc. corals
6895:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
5645:Metaspriggina walcotti
5059:10.1006/mpev.2001.1045
4432:Nelson, J. S. (2006).
4338:On the Origin of Phyla
4153:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741
3652:
3539:
2359:Rhabdotubus johanssoni
2326:
2314:
1906:
1783:
1658:
1657:Tunicates: sea squirts
1649:Tunicate (Urochordata)
1643:Tunicata (Urochordata)
1622:
905:. In vertebrates, the
832:
820:Kryptopterus vitreolus
791:metameric segmentation
149:
9081:Paleobiology Database
8508:Neocallimastigomycota
7326:Hexapods inc. insects
6636:Nematoda (roundworms)
5825:10.1093/molbev/msi225
4715:. BBC. Archived from
4457:Benton, M.J. (2004).
4381:Benton, M.J. (2004).
4264:10.1093/molbev/msj055
3869:. Leipzig: Engelmann.
3689:water vascular system
3638:A red knob sea star,
3637:
3537:
2379:Haikouella lanceolata
2320:
2304:
2259:Yarnemia ascidiformis
1892:
1778:
1761:Craniata (Vertebrata)
1656:
1615:
1419:(hagfish; 65 species)
1011:embryonic development
915:embryonic development
816:
776:bilaterally symmetric
148:
8980:Fauna Europaea (new)
8173:Coprothermobacterota
7924:Testudines (turtles)
6519:Chordata (chordates)
6163:Encyclopedia of Life
5429:on 16 December 2012.
4508:on 17 September 2018
3963:(13): 2980–2989.e2.
3865:Haeckel, E. (1874).
3641:Protoreaster linckii
1042:lining derived from
981:species it produces
893:, also known as the
876:intervertebral discs
684:(which includes the
8018:Reptilia (reptiles)
7726:(jawed vertebrates)
6969:Mollusca (molluscs)
6454:of the animal root
5957:10.1038/nature06967
5948:2008Natur.453.1064P
5942:(7198): 1064–1071.
5719:2003PNAS..100.8314C
5663:2008JPal...82..424M
5612:1996Natur.384..157S
5575:on 26 February 2009
5550:1999Natur.402...42S
5500:1999Natur.402..518C
5454:1996Natur.380..428S
5169:2005CBio...15.R911H
5105:10.1038/nature01264
5097:2003Natur.421..526S
5051:2002MolPE..22..184D
4999:1999JMolE..49..729K
4914:2010PNAS..10719137J
4908:(45): 19137–19138.
4842:on 15 December 2017
4661:. Lander University
4619:2008Natur.453..999G
4434:Fishes of the World
4145:2021SciA....7.2741K
4090:2016MolPE..94..383G
4013:10.1098/rsos.240350
3837:2012PalJ...46....1F
3787:10.1144/jgs2017-103
3779:2018JGSoc.175..659Y
1820:is replaced by the
1812:Most craniates are
1793:. They include the
1283:Fishes of the World
1186:14 = mouth opening
1101:4 = post-anal tail
931:is the part of the
817:The glass catfish (
8503:Blastocladiomycota
7870:Mammalia (mammals)
7782:(lobe-finned fish)
7754:(bony vertebrates)
7182:Calcareous sponges
6367:Porifera (sponges)
6129:Cowen, R. (2000).
6110:on 1 February 2019
5998:10.1093/icb/icm022
5300:10.1002/bies.20507
5007:10.1007/PL00006595
4966:on 24 January 2018
4613:(7198): 999–1000.
4317:on 9 December 2012
3666:bilateral symmetry
3653:
3604:seafloor sediments
3540:
2791:Cephalaspidomorphi
2327:
2315:
2305:A skeleton of the
2228:appeared—at least
1907:
1789:all have distinct
1784:
1659:
1623:
1467:Cephalaspidomorphi
1208:16 = light sensor
1125:circulatory system
1038:) with a complete
1026:All chordates are
1005:All chordates are
833:
787:circulatory system
752:lobe-finned fishes
729:Cambrian explosion
621:a subgroup of the
541:-like protein and
150:
9119:
9118:
9068:Open Tree of Life
8832:Taxon identifiers
8823:
8822:
8819:
8818:
8797:
8796:
8360:
8359:
8303:
8302:
8295:Verrucomicrobiota
8033:
8032:
8015:³orders of class
8001:¹orders of class
7993:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7821:Dipnoi (lungfish)
7716:
7715:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7562:
7561:
7472:
7471:
7447:
7446:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7059:
7058:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6614:
6613:
6557:
6556:
6476:
6475:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6140:978-0-632-04444-3
6090:978-0-470-01590-2
5886:Biological Theory
5818:(11): 2275–2284.
5713:(14): 8314–8318.
5606:(6605): 157–158.
5494:(6761): 518–522.
5448:(6573): 428–430.
5265:978-1-86239-233-5
5215:(13): 3021–3032.
5091:(6922): 526–529.
4879:978-0-8053-7171-0
4792:978-0-632-05614-9
4698:978-0-632-05614-9
4580:978-0-632-05614-9
4443:978-0-471-25031-9
4418:978-1-118-40764-6
4347:978-0-226-84548-7
4084:(Pt A): 383–391.
4057:978-0-9941041-6-8
3884:Zoologica Scripta
3733:Chordate genomics
3644:is an example of
3526:
3525:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3436:
3435:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3132:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3113:
3016:" (paraphyletic)
2978:" (paraphyletic)
2884:
2883:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2502:phylogenetic tree
2419:Maotianshan Shale
2183:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2051:
2050:
1832:that protect the
1803:Michael J. Benton
1753:
1587:; 5,700+ species)
1292:Linnaean taxonomy
1093:dorsal nerve cord
1052:Brusca and Brusca
989:. It also stores
891:dorsal nerve cord
864:hyaline cartilage
835:Chordates form a
733:ray-finned fishes
711:(behind only the
509:dorsal nerve cord
444:belonging to the
391:
390:
362:Myllokunmingiidae
260:
9154:
9112:
9111:
9099:
9098:
9089:
9088:
9076:
9075:
9063:
9062:
9053:
9052:
9040:
9039:
9027:
9026:
9014:
9013:
9001:
9000:
8988:
8987:
8975:
8974:
8962:
8961:
8949:
8948:
8936:
8935:
8923:
8922:
8910:
8909:
8900:
8899:
8887:
8886:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8859:
8858:
8857:
8827:
8571:Anthocerotophyta
8450:Hemimastigophora
8371:
8342:Nitrososphaerota
8309:
8285:Thermomicrobiota
8225:Kiritimatiellota
8220:Ignavibacteriota
8185:Deferribacterota
8148:Campylobacterota
8133:Bdellovibrionota
8081:
8077:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8037:
7931:
7887:
7883:
7863:
7859:
7839:
7835:
7814:
7810:
7789:
7785:
7783:
7761:
7757:
7755:
7733:
7729:
7727:
7703:Myxini (hagfish)
7691:
7687:
7683:
7640:
7612:
7592:
7587:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7542:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7476:
7153:
7109:
7009:
6985:
6961:
6930:
6926:
6853:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6765:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6681:
6659:
6652:
6623:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6574:
6570:
6563:
6535:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6482:
6459:
6394:
6359:
6355:
6348:
6259:
6239:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6190:
6170:
6145:
6144:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6051:
6041:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6000:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5959:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5901:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5827:
5803:
5792:
5791:
5781:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5740:
5730:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5671:10.1666/06-130.1
5638:
5632:
5631:
5620:10.1038/384157a0
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5574:
5568:. Archived from
5535:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5483:
5474:
5473:
5462:10.1038/380428a0
5437:
5431:
5430:
5425:. Archived from
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5358:
5349:
5343:
5339:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5256:10.1144/SP286.12
5239:
5233:
5232:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5180:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5080:
5071:
5070:
5033:
5027:
5026:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4935:
4925:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4751:on 20 March 2011
4750:
4743:
4739:"Appendicularia"
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4682:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4630:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4516:– via BBC.
4515:
4513:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4473:Frost, Darrel R.
4469:
4463:
4462:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4402:
4396:
4379:
4373:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4313:. Archived from
4290:
4277:
4276:
4266:
4242:
4233:
4232:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4197:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4139:(12): eabe2741.
4133:Science Advances
4124:
4118:
4117:
4073:
4062:
4061:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4024:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3879:
3870:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3764:
3755:
3427:
3407:
3406:
3392:
3375:
3362:
3345:
3344:
3329:
3312:
3298:
3254:
3234:
3221:
3204:
3203:
3189:
3172:
3159:
3149:
3105:
3084:
3083:
3068:
3051:
3038:
3021:
3006:
2999:
2985:
2984:
2968:
2951:
2950:
2928:
2921:Pteraspidomorphi
2907:
2906:
2898:Myllokunmingiida
2875:
2854:
2840:
2823:
2822:
2800:
2799:
2777:
2763:
2728:
2679:
2659:
2646:
2631:
2618:
2611:
2596:
2582:
2572:
2555:
2541:
2531:
2490:Cephalochordates
2482:Cephalochordates
2464:
2457:
2368:Chengjiang fauna
2351:
2323:peregrine falcon
2249:Ausia fenestrata
2241:
2234:
2218:
2217:million-year-old
2138:
2113:
2112:
2098:
2081:
2075:Cephalochordates
2068:
2042:
2022:
2021:
2007:
1997:
1990:
1980:
1949:Chengjiang fauna
1935:cephalochordates
1904:
1851:The position of
1840:have incomplete
1822:vertebral column
1797:, which have no
1718:
1713:
1637:Cephalochordates
1449:Pteraspidomorphi
1443:Myllokunmingiida
1246:
1238:
1225:
1223:metapleural fold
1217:
1209:
1204:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1157:
1143:
1139:9 = space above
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1102:
1095:
1085:
1076:
1066:
925:Pharyngeal slits
619:phylogenetically
558:cephalochordates
521:pharyngeal slits
488:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
430:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
290:
255:
164:
163:
141:
127:
64:
51:Cambrian Stage 3
49:Temporal range:
43:
9162:
9161:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9152:
9151:
9122:
9121:
9120:
9115:
9107:
9102:
9094:
9092:
9084:
9079:
9071:
9066:
9058:
9056:
9048:
9043:
9035:
9030:
9022:
9017:
9009:
9004:
8996:
8991:
8983:
8978:
8970:
8965:
8957:
8952:
8944:
8939:
8931:
8926:
8918:
8913:
8905:
8903:
8895:
8890:
8882:
8877:
8868:
8867:
8862:
8853:
8852:
8847:
8834:
8824:
8815:
8793:
8744:Gnathostomulida
8649:Xenacoelomorpha
8615:
8611:Flowering plant
8566:Marchantiophyta
8532:
8498:Chytridiomycota
8484:
8356:
8299:
8255:Planctomycetota
8215:Gemmatimonadota
8200:Elusimicrobiota
8093:Acidobacteriota
8071:
8064:
8034:
8029:
8009:²subclasses of
7953:
7929:
7910:
7879:
7874:
7855:
7850:
7831:
7826:
7806:
7801:
7781:
7780:
7777:
7772:
7753:
7752:
7749:
7744:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7712:
7679:
7658:
7653:Aplousobranchia
7629:
7619:Stolidobranchia
7603:
7585:
7584:
7567:
7558:
7546:Cephalochordata
7536:
7510:
7503:
7473:
7468:
7443:
7369:Phylactolaemata
7157:
7147:
7146:
7132:
7123:Xenambulacraria
7099:
7055:
7032:
6998:
6980:Kryptotrochozoa
6974:
6952:
6922:
6909:
6900:Monoblastozoa (
6876:
6834:
6821:
6793:Micrognathozoa
6781:
6744:
6719:
6692:
6670:
6646:
6610:
6577:
6566:
6553:
6524:
6498:
6489:
6472:
6449:
6433:
6416:
6385:
6377:
6351:
6342:
6341:
6257:
6235:
6226:
6217:
6154:
6149:
6148:
6141:
6131:History of Life
6128:
6127:
6123:
6113:
6111:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6019:
6018:
6014:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5899:10.1.1.534.4060
5883:
5882:
5878:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5805:
5804:
5795:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5683:
5681:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5485:
5484:
5477:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5333:
5327:
5323:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5266:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5202:
5201:
5194:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5082:
5081:
5074:
5035:
5034:
5030:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4967:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4843:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4722:
4720:
4719:on 21 June 2013
4711:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4684:
4683:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4659:"Branchiostoma"
4657:
4656:
4652:
4628:10.1038/453999a
4600:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4485:
4483:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4394:Wayback Machine
4380:
4376:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4311:10.1139/Z04-158
4292:
4291:
4280:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4075:
4074:
4065:
4058:
4043:
4042:
4038:
3994:
3993:
3986:
3957:Current Biology
3946:
3945:
3941:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3864:
3860:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3729:
3670:radial symmetry
3659:
3632:
3570:
3564:
3532:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3401:
3339:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3198:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3078:
2979:
2945:
2901:
2885:
2817:
2794:
2747:
2738:
2722:Stolidobranchia
2698:
2689:
2673:Aplousobranchia
2548:Cephalochordata
2527:
2498:
2467:molecular clock
2459:
2452:
2414:from the Lower
2346:
2256:, the sac-like
2236:
2229:
2213:
2191:
2186:Diagram of the
2185:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2107:
2052:
2016:
1899:
1887:
1882:
1816:, in which the
1773:
1765:Main articles:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1651:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1610:
1604:
1306:Cephalochordata
1299:Phylum Chordata
1272:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1256:cephalochordate
1254:Anatomy of the
1253:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1150:pharyngeal slit
1147:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1117:digestive canal
1114:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1067:
851:wrapped in two
811:
795:William Bateson
768:
766:History of name
698:Xenacoelomorpha
658:Cephalochordata
486:
456:
452:
428:
402:
398:
319:Cephalochordata
284:
254:
158:
147:
139:
133:
132:record, 555 Ma)
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
59:
58:
47:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9160:
9158:
9150:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9124:
9123:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9113:
9100:
9090:
9077:
9064:
9054:
9041:
9028:
9015:
9002:
8989:
8976:
8967:Fauna Europaea
8963:
8950:
8937:
8924:
8911:
8901:
8888:
8875:
8860:
8844:
8842:
8836:
8835:
8830:
8821:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8809:
8807:
8804:Incertae sedis
8799:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8749:Micrognathozoa
8746:
8741:
8739:Acanthocephala
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8625:
8623:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8581:Lycopodiophyta
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8542:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8494:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8395:Ancyromonadida
8392:
8387:
8381:
8379:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8349:
8347:Thermoproteota
8344:
8339:
8332:
8325:
8317:
8315:
8305:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8260:Pseudomonadota
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8235:Mycoplasmatota
8232:
8230:Lentisphaerota
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8210:Fusobacteriota
8207:
8205:Fibrobacterota
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8108:Armatimonadota
8105:
8100:
8098:Actinomycetota
8095:
8089:
8087:
8073:
8072:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8055:
8048:
8040:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8021:
8013:
8007:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7939:
7937:
7928:
7927:
7920:
7918:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7902:
7895:
7893:
7884:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7828:
7827:
7825:
7824:
7817:
7811:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7792:
7786:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7764:
7758:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7742:
7736:
7730:
7718:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7705:
7699:
7697:
7684:
7676:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7650:
7647:Phlebobranchia
7643:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7622:
7615:
7609:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7595:
7589:
7572:
7564:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7550:
7548:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7528:
7522:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7504:
7502:
7501:
7494:
7487:
7479:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7466:
7459:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7383:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7334:Platyhelminths
7330:
7329:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7186:
7185:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7161:
7159:
7149:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7128:Centroneuralia
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7042:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7023:
7017:
7015:
7006:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6988:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6964:
6958:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6943:
6933:
6927:
6924:Lophotrochozoa
6919:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6897:
6892:
6886:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6861:
6859:
6850:
6839:
6836:Platytrochozoa
6831:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6810:
6798:
6795:(Limnognathia)
6789:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6749:
6741:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6710:
6702:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6631:
6629:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6597:
6595:
6582:
6571:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6538:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6424:(Triploblasts)
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6407:
6405:and relatives)
6397:
6391:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6362:
6356:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6332:Mesomycetozoea
6329:
6324:
6314:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6268:Diaphoretickes
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6153:
6152:External links
6150:
6147:
6146:
6139:
6121:
6095:
6089:
6063:
6012:
5991:(3): 329–337.
5971:
5921:
5892:(4): 357–371.
5876:
5839:
5793:
5772:(5): 762–776.
5752:
5691:
5657:(2): 424–430.
5633:
5586:
5521:
5508:10.1038/990080
5475:
5432:
5417:(4): 293–308.
5393:
5344:
5331:
5321:
5294:(12): 1161–6.
5278:
5264:
5234:
5192:
5163:(22): R911–4.
5143:
5126:
5072:
5045:(2): 184–192.
5028:
4993:(6): 729–735.
4977:
4951:
4885:
4878:
4862:Campbell, N.A.
4853:
4827:
4805:
4791:
4771:
4762:
4730:
4704:
4697:
4672:
4650:
4593:
4579:
4559:
4541:
4519:
4493:
4464:
4449:
4442:
4424:
4417:
4397:
4374:
4353:
4346:
4328:
4278:
4257:(3): 541–549.
4234:
4216:
4184:
4119:
4063:
4056:
4036:
3984:
3939:
3909:
3890:(4): 435–436.
3871:
3858:
3815:
3773:(4): 659–666.
3749:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3735:
3728:
3725:
3695:are typically
3655:Main article:
3631:
3628:
3566:Main article:
3563:
3560:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3307:(coelacanths)
3301:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3153:Actinopterygii
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3062:Elasmobranchii
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3032:Chondrichthyes
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2770:Anaspidomorphi
2766:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2653:Phlebobranchia
2649:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2589:Appendicularia
2585:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2497:
2494:
2391:Myllokunmingia
2273:Burykhia hunti
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1762:
1759:
1715:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1691:Appendicularia
1647:Main article:
1644:
1641:
1630:Main article:
1627:
1624:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1575:
1558:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1525:Actinopterygii
1511:
1502:
1498:Chondrichthyes
1493:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1424:Petromyzontida
1420:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1361:Appendicularia
1356:
1347:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1271:
1270:Classification
1268:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1231:hepatic caecum
1227:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1146:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1024:
1014:
999:
998:
979:filter-feeding
967:
956:
949:filter-feeding
922:
903:nervous system
887:
868:osseous tissue
810:
807:
789:, and exhibit
767:
764:
740:Actinopterygii
494:synapomorphies
389:
388:
381:
380:
379:
378:
377:
376:
371:
364:
358:
350:
342:
331:
321:
316:
308:
300:
291:
277:
274:Vetulocystidae
267:
266:
262:
261:
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
229:
222:
221:
216:
209:
208:
203:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
152:
151:
135:
134:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
65:
48:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9159:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9110:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9091:
9087:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9055:
9051:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8902:
8898:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8880:
8876:
8871:
8865:
8861:
8856:
8850:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8828:
8814:
8813:
8808:
8806:
8805:
8800:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8624:
8622:
8618:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8543:
8541:
8539:
8535:
8529:
8528:Basidiomycota
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8513:Glomeromycota
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8487:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8475:Stramenopiles
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8400:Apusomonadida
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8363:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8337:
8336:Nanoarchaeota
8333:
8330:
8326:
8323:
8322:Euryarchaeota
8319:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8270:Spirochaetota
8268:
8266:
8265:Rhodothermota
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8195:Dictyoglomota
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8180:
8179:Cyanobacteria
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8168:Chrysiogenota
8166:
8164:
8163:Chloroflexota
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8143:Calditrichota
8141:
8139:
8138:Caldisericota
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8113:Atribacterota
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8069:
8061:
8056:
8054:
8049:
8047:
8042:
8041:
8038:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8012:
8011:Sarcopterygii
8008:
8006:
8005:
8000:
7999:
7996:
7950:
7947:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7932:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7916:Archelosauria
7913:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7885:
7882:
7877:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7864:
7861:
7858:
7853:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7840:
7837:
7834:
7829:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7815:
7812:
7809:
7804:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7784:
7779:Sarcopterygii
7775:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7756:
7747:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7723:Gnathostomata
7719:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7685:
7682:
7677:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7610:
7606:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7586:(Urochordata)
7580:
7576:
7573:
7570:
7565:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7533:
7532:Deuterostomia
7529:
7527:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7508:
7500:
7495:
7493:
7488:
7486:
7481:
7480:
7477:
7464:
7463:dubious phyla
7460:
7458:
7454:
7453:
7450:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7262:Hemichordates
7259:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7177:Glass sponges
7175:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7118:Deuterostomia
7116:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7104:of Bilateria
7103:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6937:Cycliophora (
6935:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6920:
6905:
6903:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6832:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6742:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6676:Panarthropoda
6673:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6617:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6564:
6560:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6483:
6479:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6295:Stramenopiles
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6258:(major groups
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6214:
6209:
6207:
6202:
6200:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6142:
6136:
6132:
6125:
6122:
6109:
6105:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6016:
6013:
6008:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5972:
5967:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5925:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5880:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5843:
5840:
5835:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5695:
5692:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5637:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5587:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5558:10.1038/46965
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5436:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5406:
5397:
5394:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5345:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5238:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5130:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4978:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4794:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4775:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4747:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4594:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4370:0-87893-097-3
4367:
4363:
4362:Invertebrates
4357:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4329:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4201:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3721:sea cucumbers
3718:
3714:
3713:brittle stars
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3596:enteropneusts
3592:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3573:Hemichordates
3569:
3562:Hemichordates
3561:
3559:
3557:
3556:Deuterostomia
3553:
3549:
3548:Echinodermata
3545:
3544:Hemichordates
3536:
3529:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3503:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3476:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3449:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3292:Sarcopterygii
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3075:Selachimorpha
3070:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2962:Gnathostomata
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2591:(larvaceans)
2590:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:invertebrates
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2434:embryological
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2406:Burgess Shale
2403:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:Haikouichthys
2381:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2211:
2210:deuterostomes
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2014:Hemichordates
2009:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:Deuterostomes
1982:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1902:
1898:, from about
1897:
1896:
1895:Haikouichthys
1891:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:, which uses
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:neural arches
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1807:deuterostomes
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1712:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:Sarcopterygii
1530:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:vertebrates)
1482:
1478:
1477:
1476:Gnathostomata
1472:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1346:(sea squirts)
1345:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1074:
1071:1 = bulge in
1065:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:deuterostomes
1004:
1003:
1002:
996:
995:thyroid gland
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
965:
961:
957:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:
840:
838:
830:
826:
822:
821:
815:
808:
806:
804:
800:
799:Ernst Haeckel
796:
792:
788:
785:
781:
777:
773:
765:
763:
761:
757:
756:Sarcopterygii
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
702:Deuterostomia
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:
620:
616:
615:cladistically
612:
608:
605:
602:
598:
597:cartilaginous
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
526:
523:, and a post-
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
480:
450:
447:
443:
440:
437:
436:deuterostomic
433:
432:
423:
396:
387:
386:
375:
372:
369:
365:
363:
359:
357:
356:
351:
349:
348:
347:Metaspriggina
343:
341:
340:
335:
334:
332:
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
314:
309:
307:
306:
301:
298:
297:
292:
288:
282:
278:
275:
271:
270:
268:
263:
258:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:Deuterostomia
240:
238:Superphylum:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
153:
136:
131:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
56:
52:
44:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
8839:
8810:
8802:
8724:Orthonectida
8719:Gastrotricha
8694:Nematomorpha
8669:Chaetognatha
8659:Hemichordate
8653:
8586:Pteridophyta
8455:Malawimonada
8329:Korarchaeota
8290:Thermotogota
8275:Synergistota
8250:Nitrospirota
8245:Nitrospinota
8190:Deinococcota
8123:Bacteroidota
8023:
8016:
8002:
7949:Aves (birds)
7891:Lepidosauria
7751:Euteleostomi
7695:Cyclostomata
7530:Superphylum
7506:
7461:Potentially
7456:
7409:
7385:
7379:Gymnolaemata
7374:Stenolaemata
7363:Ectoproctans
7361:
7332:
7303:
7279:
7273:Pterobranchs
7260:
7236:
7213:
7212:
7188:
7164:
7158:within phyla
7156:Major groups
7026:
7013:Bryozoa s.l.
7004:Lophophorata
6992:
6968:
6946:
6938:
6901:
6890:Orthonectida
6865:
6812:
6805:
6794:
6713:
6706:
6635:
6593:Scalidophora
6542:
6530:Ambulacraria
6518:
6517:
6430:(see below↓)
6410:
6402:
6366:
6317:Opisthokonta
6161:
6130:
6124:
6114:22 September
6112:. Retrieved
6108:the original
6098:
6072:
6066:
6029:
6025:
6015:
5988:
5984:
5974:
5939:
5935:
5924:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5857:(1): 71–75.
5854:
5848:
5842:
5815:
5811:
5769:
5765:
5755:
5710:
5704:
5694:
5682:. Retrieved
5654:
5650:
5644:
5636:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5579:23 September
5577:. Retrieved
5570:the original
5544:(6757): 42.
5541:
5537:
5524:
5491:
5487:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5427:the original
5414:
5410:
5404:
5396:
5384:. Retrieved
5364:
5360:
5347:
5324:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5212:
5208:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5136:
5129:
5088:
5084:
5042:
5038:
5031:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4968:. Retrieved
4964:the original
4954:
4945:
4905:
4901:
4888:
4869:
4856:
4844:. Retrieved
4840:the original
4830:
4820:23 September
4818:. Retrieved
4808:
4798:22 September
4796:. Retrieved
4781:
4774:
4765:
4753:. Retrieved
4746:the original
4733:
4723:22 September
4721:. Retrieved
4717:the original
4707:
4687:
4663:. Retrieved
4653:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4586:22 September
4584:. Retrieved
4569:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4532:. Retrieved
4522:
4510:. Retrieved
4506:the original
4496:
4484:. Retrieved
4479:
4467:
4458:
4452:
4433:
4427:
4407:
4400:
4382:
4377:
4361:
4356:
4337:
4331:
4321:22 September
4319:. Retrieved
4315:the original
4302:
4298:
4254:
4250:
4228:
4219:
4207:. Retrieved
4187:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4081:
4077:
4046:
4039:
4004:
4000:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3942:
3925:
3921:
3887:
3883:
3866:
3861:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3770:
3766:
3753:
3660:
3639:
3616:filter feeds
3608:Pterobranchs
3593:
3591:nerve cord.
3571:
3568:Hemichordate
3552:Ambulacraria
3541:
3419:
3397:
3367:
3334:
3303:
3246:
3226:
3194:
3164:
3143:Osteichthyes
3096:
3073:
3043:
3011:
2973:
2940:
2919:
2896:
2866:
2845:
2812:
2789:
2768:
2720:
2707:paraphyletic
2671:
2651:
2623:
2587:
2550:(lancelets)
2546:
2534:
2526:
2499:
2475:
2471:
2446:
2431:
2409:
2399:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2357:
2328:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2247:
2225:
2219:
2195:
2192:
2190:of chordates
2125:
2103:
2073:
2061:
2034:
2012:
2001:Ambulacraria
1972:paraphyletic
1964:family trees
1961:
1939:
1915:monophyletic
1912:
1908:
1893:
1874:Cyclostomata
1850:
1811:
1785:
1694:
1660:
1635:
1617:
1578:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1532:
1523:
1516:Osteichthyes
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1474:
1473:Infraphylum
1406:Cyclostomata
1404:
1398:paraphyletic
1391:
1390:Superclass '
1378:
1368:
1364:(larvaceans)
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1324:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1258:
1237:-like sack)
1145:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1000:
849:glycoprotein
834:
818:
782:, possess a
769:
706:
694:Ambulacraria
682:Hemichordata
607:endoskeleton
566:
532:
448:
394:
392:
382:
353:
345:
337:
311:
303:
294:
287:Paraphyletic
251:
225:
212:
199:
189:Subkingdom:
40:
9006:iNaturalist
8864:Wikispecies
8779:Brachiopoda
8754:Cycliophora
8699:Onychophora
8674:Kinorhyncha
8596:Ginkgophyta
8591:Cycadophyta
8556:Chlorophyta
8546:Glaucophyta
8240:Myxococcota
8158:Chlorobiota
8153:Chlamydiota
7935:Archosauria
7808:Rhipidistia
7524:(unranked)
7437:Tusk shells
7422:Cephalopods
7393:Polychaetes
7340:Turbellaria
7321:Crustaceans
7297:Secernentea
7287:Chromadorea
7268:Acorn worms
7238:Echinoderms
7230:Vertebrates
7172:Demosponges
7106:is disputed
6568:Protostomia
6456:is disputed
6383:ParaHoxozoa
6026:BMC Biology
5405:Rhabdotubus
5209:Development
5153:"Chordates"
4894:Janvier, P.
4866:Reece, J.B.
4512:20 December
4486:11 November
4225:"Chordates"
3831:(1): 1–11.
3717:sea urchins
3701:common name
3662:Echinoderms
3630:Echinoderms
3620:graptolites
3600:proboscises
3338:(lungfish)
3323:Rhipidistia
3215:Neopterygii
3196:Chondrostei
3183:Actinopteri
3045:Holocephali
2870:(lampreys)
2868:Hyperoartia
2641:Enterogona
2518:extant taxa
2500:Below is a
2427:South China
2373:Yunnanozoon
2364:pterobranch
2339:sea urchins
2331:echinoderms
2206:protostomes
2131:vertebrates
2036:Echinoderms
1927:vertebrates
1865:biochemical
1859:. However,
1834:spinal cord
1826:cylindrical
1814:vertebrates
1570:(including
1542:Superclass
1428:Hyperoartia
1422:Infraclass
1411:Infraclass
1318:(lancelets)
1315:Leptocardii
1073:spinal cord
1048:mesothelium
1032:body cavity
899:spinal cord
895:neural tube
829:spinal cord
748:terrestrial
713:protostomic
690:echinoderms
686:acorn worms
656:stage; and
642:sea squirts
638:Urochordata
550:vertebrates
539:cyclophilin
355:Nuucichthys
339:Emmonsaspis
305:Cathaymyrus
296:Yunnanozoon
281:Vetulicolia
206:ParaHoxozoa
60:525–0
9126:Categories
8812:Parakaryon
8774:Entoprocta
8709:Arthropoda
8704:Tardigrada
8684:Priapulida
8679:Loricifera
8664:Echinoderm
8634:Ctenophora
8606:Gnetophyta
8561:Charophyta
8551:Rhodophyta
8523:Ascomycota
8518:Zygomycota
8460:Metamonada
8435:Euglenozoa
8420:Ciliophora
8128:Balneolota
8103:Aquificota
7681:Vertebrata
7635:Enterogona
7569:Olfactores
7417:Gastropods
7398:Clitellata
7305:Arthropods
7244:Sea lilies
7190:Cnidarians
7108:; see also
7038:Brachiozoa
6801:Syndermata
6760:Gnathifera
6458:; see also
6403:Trichoplax
6401:Placozoa (
6388:Planulozoa
6158:"Chordate"
5244:Kimberella
5157:Curr. Biol
4970:28 October
4846:28 October
4755:28 October
4665:5 February
4534:15 October
4530:. Amnh.org
4476:"ASW Home"
3745:References
3705:sea lilies
3657:Echinoderm
3649:Echinoderm
3646:Asterozoan
3581:notochords
3399:Sauropsida
3305:Actinistia
3077:(sharks)
3014:Acanthodii
2976:Placodermi
2942:Thelodonti
2849:(hagfish)
2834:Cyclostomi
2757:Vertebrata
2703:Ascidiacea
2566:Olfactores
2352:. The Mid
2307:blue whale
2226:Kimberella
2221:Kimberella
2202:Cnidarians
2200:and other
2092:Olfactores
1842:braincases
1779:Craniate:
1771:Vertebrata
1606:See also:
1563:Sauropsida
1507:Acanthodii
1489:Placodermi
1455:Thelodonti
1430:(lampreys)
1413:Myxinoidea
1380:Vertebrata
1377:Subphylum
1370:Sorberacea
1343:Ascidiacea
1331:Subphylum
1326:Olfactores
1303:Subphylum
1178:13 = oral
1028:coelomates
860:Vertebrata
717:Arthropoda
670:Olfactores
650:larvaceans
613:) and are
581:amphibians
573:Vertebrata
439:bilaterial
374:Vertebrata
324:Olfactores
265:Subgroups
128:(Possible
9132:Chordates
8729:Dicyemida
8601:Pinophyta
8480:Telonemia
8415:Cryptista
8405:Breviatea
8390:Amoebozoa
8385:Alveolata
8366:Eukaryote
8118:Bacillota
7833:Tetrapoda
7526:Bilateria
7403:Sipuncula
7350:Monogenea
7345:Trematoda
7316:Myriapods
7281:Nematodes
7225:Tunicates
7220:Lancelets
7214:Chordates
7206:Myxozoans
7113:Nephrozoa
7102:phylogeny
6902:Salinella
6857:Rouphozoa
6698:Tactopoda
6627:Nematoida
6579:Ecdysozoa
6500:Bilateria
6487:Bilateria
6468:Benthozoa
6463:Eumetazoa
6452:phylogeny
6422:Bilateria
6312:Amoebozoa
6290:Alveolata
6278:Cryptista
6253:Eukaryota
6032:(1): 39.
5894:CiteSeerX
5850:BioEssays
5367:: 67–78.
5288:BioEssays
5274:156823511
4161:2375-2548
4106:1055-7903
3853:128415270
3803:135091168
3795:0016-7649
3681:skeletons
3674:tube feet
3421:Synapsida
3356:Tetrapoda
3248:Teleostei
3166:Cladistia
2814:Conodonta
2625:Thaliacea
2516:(†), and
2506:cladogram
2496:Cladogram
2486:Tunicates
2478:Tunicates
2246:period –
2244:Ediacaran
2198:jellyfish
2127:Craniates
2105:Tunicates
2062:Chordates
1931:tunicates
1919:craniates
1880:Phylogeny
1838:Hagfishes
1818:notochord
1799:vertebrae
1787:Craniates
1747:Esophagus
1735:Gill slit
1723:Notochord
1663:tunicates
1580:Synapsida
1545:Tetrapoda
1531:Subclass
1522:Subclass
1437:Conodonta
1352:Thaliacea
1288:cladogram
1172:vestibule
1133:atriopore
1083:notochord
1075:("brain")
1021:body plan
1018:bilateral
987:esophagus
971:endostyle
953:tetrapods
889:A hollow
880:vertebrae
857:subphylum
845:notochord
803:ICZN code
778:, have a
772:body plan
750:clade of
744:tetrapods
678:conodonts
674:Phylogeny
662:lancelets
554:tunicates
513:endostyle
502:notochord
368:Conodonta
232:Nephrozoa
219:Bilateria
193:Eumetazoa
179:Kingdom:
173:Eukaryota
130:Ediacaran
46:Chordates
8904:BioLib:
8897:Chordata
8884:Chordata
8870:Chordata
8849:Wikidata
8840:Chordata
8789:Annelida
8784:Mollusca
8764:Phoronid
8759:Nemertea
8734:Rotifera
8714:Flatworm
8689:Nematoda
8654:Chordate
8644:Cnidaria
8639:Placozoa
8470:Rhizaria
8445:Haptista
8425:Cercozoa
8085:Bacteria
7583:Tunicata
7520:Animalia
7518:Kingdom
7507:chordate
7427:Bivalves
7411:Molluscs
7387:Annelids
6746:Spiralia
6353:Animalia
6307:Amorphea
6285:Rhizaria
6273:Hacrobia
6263:Excavata
6248:Bacteria
6058:29653534
6007:21672842
5966:18563158
5916:28166727
5871:10070256
5834:16049193
5788:11961109
5747:12835415
5684:28 April
5679:85619898
5516:24895681
5377:Archived
5316:29130876
5308:17120226
5229:12070079
5187:16303545
5113:12556891
5067:11820840
5015:10594174
4942:21041649
4896:(2010).
4868:(2005).
4637:18563145
4390:Archived
4305:: 8–23.
4273:16280542
4209:25 April
4200:Archived
4179:33741592
4114:26419477
4031:39050723
4022:11267725
3979:38866005
3928:(6656).
3904:83266247
3807:Archived
3727:See also
3709:starfish
3693:Crinoids
3683:made of
3612:colonial
3369:Amphibia
3228:Holostei
3098:Batoidea
2576:Tunicata
2535:Chordata
2438:ribosome
2416:Cambrian
2354:Cambrian
2343:crinoids
2335:starfish
2296:Burykhia
2287:Yarnemia
2282:Burykhia
1946:Cambrian
1885:Overview
1853:lampreys
1767:Craniata
1695:Tunicata
1679:colonies
1675:plankton
1632:Lancelet
1602:Subphyla
1568:reptiles
1554:Amphibia
1461:Anaspida
1385:Craniata
1334:Tunicata
1201:testicle
1044:mesoderm
964:hominids
911:vesicles
853:collagen
825:backbone
721:Mollusca
634:Tunicata
626:Craniata
585:reptiles
569:subphyla
546:protease
449:Chordata
395:chordate
383:And see
329:Tunicata
252:Chordata
248:Phylum:
183:Animalia
169:Domain:
8769:Bryozoa
8465:Provora
8440:Jakobea
8430:Discoba
8376:Protist
8313:Archaea
8066:Extant
8024:italics
7857:Amniota
7509:classes
7505:Extant
7432:Chitons
7355:Cestoda
7292:Enoplea
7166:Sponges
6939:Symbion
6882:Mesozoa
6322:Animals
6243:Archaea
6219:Extant
6160:at the
6049:5899321
5944:Bibcode
5715:Bibcode
5659:Bibcode
5628:4234408
5608:Bibcode
5566:4402854
5546:Bibcode
5496:Bibcode
5470:4368647
5450:Bibcode
5411:Lethaia
5386:18 July
5165:Bibcode
5121:4401274
5093:Bibcode
5047:Bibcode
5023:5613153
4995:Bibcode
4933:2984170
4910:Bibcode
4870:Biology
4645:4402585
4615:Bibcode
4170:7978419
4141:Bibcode
4086:Bibcode
3922:Science
3833:Bibcode
3775:Bibcode
3697:sessile
3685:calcite
3624:hacksaw
3589:ventral
3577:pharynx
3386:Amniota
3100:(rays)
2510:extinct
2423:Kunming
2370:fossil
2356:fossil
2254:Namibia
1968:classes
1942:fossils
1846:evolved
1795:hagfish
1781:Hagfish
1731:Pharynx
1687:tadpole
1585:mammals
1504:Class †
1486:Class †
1465:Class †
1459:Class †
1453:Class †
1447:Class †
1441:Class †
1435:Class †
1393:Agnatha
1164:pharynx
1141:pharynx
1046:called
1040:serosal
975:ventral
929:pharynx
913:during
907:rostral
870:of the
809:Anatomy
725:fossils
709:kingdom
593:mammals
562:animals
517:thyroid
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1683:larvae
1577:Class
1560:Class
1551:Class
1513:Class
1495:Class
1417:Myxini
1403:Class
1367:Class
1358:Class
1349:Class
1340:Class
1323:Clade
1312:Class
1215:nerves
1193:gonads
1036:coelom
991:iodine
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1733:, 5.
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1727:cirri
1671:salps
1667:salps
1661:Most
1572:birds
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1197:ovary
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589:birds
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431:-dayt
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213:Clade
200:Clade
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9109:1821
9050:7711
9045:NCBI
9032:ITIS
8993:GBIF
8954:EPPO
8915:BOLD
8576:Moss
8068:life
7100:The
6450:The
6135:ISBN
6116:2008
6085:ISBN
6054:PMID
6003:PMID
5962:PMID
5867:PMID
5830:PMID
5784:PMID
5743:PMID
5686:2009
5581:2008
5388:2008
5304:PMID
5270:OCLC
5260:ISBN
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4693:ISBN
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