1208:
1498:
42:
2285:, there are four colors – red, green, yellow, and blue – each represented by a clear gem (red – carbuncle, green – heliodor, yellow – chrysolite, blue – amethyst), an opaque gem (red – carnelian/red jasper, green – green jasper, yellow – yellow jasper/yellow serpentine, blue – lapis lazuli), and a striped gem (red – sardonyx, green – malachite, yellow – pale golden agate, blue – sky-blue agate). The four colors of red, green, yellow, and blue are the first four colors (apart from black and white) distinguished by languages and are distinguished in all cultures with at least six color distinctions (the other two being black and white). These colous roughly correspond to the sensitivities of the
2414:(College Edition) state that "onyx" derives from the Greek term, "onux", meaning "(finger-)nail", "claw" or onyx-stone. The connection between "nail" or "claw" and the stone is that the onyx stone is usually found with a vein of white on a pink background, like the lunula of a fingernail. There is no indication in these or other desk dictionaries that "onyx" could be derived from a word meaning "ring".
1207:
3396:
403:
232:
145:
by gold chains/cords tied to the gold rings on the ephod's shoulder straps and by blue ribbon tied to the gold rings at the belt of the ephod. The biblical description states that the breastplate was also to be made from the same material as the ephod—embroidery of 3 colors of dyed wool and linen—and
339:
are more apparent, some scholars believe that they cannot be wholly relied on for this matter because the breastplate had gone out of use by the time the
Septuagint was created. Several Greek names for various gems have changed meaning between the classical era and modern times. However, although
323:
There was also a different order for the names inscribed on the two "onyx" stones on the High Priest's shoulders. One opinion suggests that the names of the twelve tribes were arranged in groups after their mothers: Leah's six sons aligned one after the other on one stone, with Judah heading this
1171:
had veins or parallel bands of colors white, black, and red running through it, suggesting that it may have been a kind of agate or onyx. This may explain why, in some French translations, the word is rendered as "agate". In the South
Arabian dialect spoken in Yemen during the Middle Ages,
312:, or from the phrase " the tribes of Jeshurun", so that there were 72 letters in total (72 being a very significant number in Kabbalistic thought). Other researchers, such as Paul Phelps, believe that the order of gemstones that are displayed on the chestpiece correlates to the order that
246:, none of them the same as another, and each of them representative of a specific tribe, whose name was to be inscribed on the stone. According to a rabbinic tradition, the names of the twelve tribes were engraved upon the stones with what is called in Hebrew: שמיר =
352:
to be engraved upon. Therefore, this gives an additional clue as to the identity of the minerals. Others suggest that they were engraved with emery, having the similar property of a diamond used in cutting other stones and which was called in Greek σμήρις
287:
describes the jewel stones arranged in four rows, saying that on the first stone belonging to Reuben were also engraved the names of
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, while on the last stone belonging to Benjamin were also engraved the words "the tribes of God";
156:
of a cubit squared, two layers thick, and with four rows of three engraved gems embedded in gold settings upon it, one setting for each stone. The description states that the square breastplate was to be formed from one rectangular piece of
2276:
Whether there is any pattern to the choice of gemstones depends on their identity. Taking the majority view of scholars regarding the identity of the gems, and including the implication from the Book of
Revelation that the
2144:. This list appears to be based on the Septuagint's version of the list of jewels in the Breastplate – if the top half of the breastplate was rotated by 180 degrees, and the bottom half turned upside down, with
1460:, saying, by one opinion, that it is "honey-coloured", and by the other opinion that it is "turquoise, a blue-coloured stone". In some versions of the Peshitta, the Aramaic word rendered for the same stone is
1456:, a word which is sometimes transliterated into Arabic as it is pronounced in Aramaic, mainly by Arabic-speaking Christians. Bar-Ali, a 9th-century Arab author, brings down two opinions about this stone, the
1619:), and during the Renaissance belief in lyngurium died away. Modern scholars are inclined to think that the stone must have been similar to the pale color of natural gold (as opposed to the color known as
1497:
1180:) was an exceptionally beautiful and rare onyx stone mined on Mount Anis, in Yemen, one variety of which having a red surface with a vein of white over another of black running through it.
1820:
came to mean topaz in particular by the classical era, some scholars favor this as being the most likely use, though it would be jarring for there to be two different translucent yellow
2410:
1358:
referred to a mineral of similar color to sapphires and that the name gradually came to refer to the latter mineral on account of its color; scholars think the most likely candidate is
2457:, but conjectures that perhaps it is the jacinth, a stone otherwise not mentioned anywhere in scripture. On p. 139, he voices the same conjecture by saying that the "ligure" or
3427:
1698:'s (882–942 CE) Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch, as well as in the medieval Samaritan Arabic translation, the stone is rendered as سبج, meaning obsidian.
3310:
1989:), the gemstone which is called in English, "cat's eye, beryl", a variety of chalcedonic quartz that has a chatoyant luster resembling the eye of a cat when cut.
1440:
may refer to diamonds, owing to their hardness, though the skill of cutting diamonds had not been discovered before the classical era. Although the
Septuagint's
3284:
The
Antiquities of South Arabia: being a translation from the Arabic with linguistic, geographic, and historic notes of the eighth book of al-Hamdāni's al-Iklīl
360:
Explanations of the symbolic meaning of the jewels generated a great deal of both Jewish and
Christian writing and were a staple component of the tradition of
2350:
891:
4077:
857:
4013:
41:
1346:
and its use in Greek texts is believed to be a mere transliteration of the Hebrew. Once it became more known, it was treated as merely being a form of
1100:
was often used in Greek literature to refer to an intensely bright crystal found in columnar formations. Emerald in the stricter modern sense of green
4008:
1448:, onyx was not mined before the era of classical Greece. "Onyx" is derived from the Greek for fingernail due to the pink-white veining. In the Syriac
1836:, meaning "jacinth", or "hyacinth". There is little certainty among scholars regarding which of these is the most likely to be the jewel in question.
1008:, a light green semi-precious stone, and which stone in the ancient world was found primarily on Topazos Island as well as on St. John's Island (
1957:), is cloudy enough to be compared to a cloudy form of beryl, and is striped and opaque enough to be confused with a form of onyx. According to
1452:
of the sixth or seventh century (MS. B.21, Inferiore of the
Ambrosian Library in Milan, Italy), the word used to describe this stone is ܢܩܥܬܐ =
3951:
3921:
2720:(Book of Roots), ed. Dr. A. Berliner, Berlin 1896, s.v. שמר (Hebrew), who explains the word by its Judeo-Arabic name, מאס, meaning "diamond".
1812:, which would fit the Targums' description of the gem being "the colour of the sea". As a golden material if translucent, it could refer to
4213:
822:
458:
2023:
was generally a richly green one (the most prized form of jasper), and scholars think this is most likely to be the color referred to by
134:
3941:
3916:
3420:
988:, topaz was scarcely known at the time the Book of Exodus was written (according to both the traditional dating of the book and that by
4198:
3227:
1194:, has also written κεραύνιος, literally meaning ‘of a thunderbolt’, and a more direct translation of the stone known in Hebrew as
1804:, which was named much later, but is an adjective which translates as "gold-stone", meaning either that it was golden, as in the
884:
2215:
now refers to a specific gemstone which is generally apple-green in color, in earlier times it referred to gems of a yellowish
418:
276:
4208:
3413:
3400:
3319:
3219:
2255:
now refers to a red-tinted clear gem, this was not the case at the time the Book of
Revelation was written, and at that time
1933:, and therefore very definitely describing something like onyx; or it could be a place name, for example there is a place in
3599:
938:, a very common stone in classical cultures. All authors agree that this stone was red. With due respect to the Septuagint,
950:, which was usually a deep blood-red, was valued as a charm against bleeding, and was common in the surrounding nations of
1824:
so close to one another on the breastplate. If an opaque golden material, it could refer to a yellow form of jasper or of
1728:(amethyst's name refers to this belief, and literally translates as "not intoxicating"), and was commonly used in Egypt.
1640:
and other medieval rabbinical commentators argued that the gem itself was an onyx (Judeo-Arabic: גזע = جَزَع ), although
349:
1748:, which appears to reference beliefs about amethyst, but in the Jerusalem Targum, it is translated into a term meaning
877:
300:
argued that only six letters from each name were present on each stone, together with a few letters from the names of
4070:
1116:, the last of the Ptolemies, is famous for her love for the Egyptian emerald. Other minerals resembling emerald are
4203:
4162:
4063:
3688:
2482:, vol. 369 (45), Louvain 1975, Folio 48 (Exo. 28:17–23), and which Syriac translation is believed to represent the
2307:
792:
596:
572:
324:
list, followed by Rachel's sons with the names of the concubines' sons interposed between the two sons of Rachel.
1893:
and refers to a bright columnar crystal (either beryl or rock crystal). Onyx is an opaque and banded stone, while
3936:
3675:
2399:
827:
3559:
3176:
3085:(ch. XVI on Stones and Metals), ed. Barney, Lewis, Beach & Berghof, Cambridge University Press 2006, p. 325
664:
242:
According to the
Biblical description, the twelve jewels in the breastplate were each to be made from specific
1464:, translated as "diamond". This may account for today's understanding of this word, although in ancient times
1108:, 1900s BCE, during the Bronze Age. But these emeralds are random finds and not actively mined until the
2293:
by positioning it within a blue to yellow range, and separately positioning it within a red to green range.)
2051:= الكركھن (the Baghdadi onyx), "a kind of gemstone from which they cut stones for setting in ouches". Rabbi
4193:
4137:
3693:
3287:
2404:
2312:
2019:, they do not quite have the same meaning; while jasper is usually red, the mineral which the Greeks called
782:
706:
371:
The jewel stones are as follows (the first item in each row is probably the right-hand side, as Hebrew is a
345:
320:, as each gate represents one of the twelve tribes, with the gates themselves being studded with gemstones.
141:
According to the description in Exodus, this breastplate was attached to the tunic-like garment known as an
3172:
4142:
3776:
3713:
2332:
1829:
1694:(Numbers 2:7) appears to argue for the jewel in question having been a grey variety. Conversely, in Rabbi
1317:
1181:
752:
562:
332:
280:
2379:
37:90, and one stone, in particular, meets the description of the stone described here by Israel’s sages.
1258:, when writing about this stone, says that it was red. He seems to agree with Josephus, the LXX, and the
1198:
relating to baraḳ ‘lightning’ in Exodus 28:17. Jerome, however, understood the Greek word to mean "onyx".
4127:
3594:
3564:
3260:
3237:
2249:). According to classical rabbinical literature, the specific agate was of a sky-blue color, and though
1958:
963:
775:
721:
515:
492:
473:
69:
31:
3816:
2264:
1759:, while describing the stone's color, says: " similar to clear wine whose redness is not too strong."
1572:
as having certain electrical properties, which some scholars have taken to imply that it referred to
1251:
212:
2071:
2:7 says that the stone was varicolored, meaning all of the colors combined were to be found in the
1518:
1136:
being either of those. Although "emerald" is the most common form used to describe the Hebrew word,
4044:
3771:
3635:
3255:
2286:
1805:
1255:
1096:
as the Greek term could apply to several different green gems, not just the emerald in particular.
654:
582:
293:
256:, was a small, rare creature which could cut through the toughest surfaces, but according to Rabbi
248:
4152:
4112:
3854:
3761:
3488:
3376:
3304:
2085:
2043:(which is green). In the Babylonian Talmud, one opinion states that the gemstone was the same as
1687:
832:
688:
478:
220:
1644:
casts doubt on the accuracy of Rabbi Saadia's tradition. Modern English translations use either
1542:
1917:, in which case it fits more with onyx and certain forms of beryl, excluding the emerald, with
4172:
3824:
3801:
3791:
3604:
3458:
3368:
3351:
3223:
2705:
2689:
1969:), the beryl was "white like a cloud". Scholars point out that the Syriac form of the word is
1576:. Amber was one of the first items to have been discovered to have electrical properties (see
1259:
1004:, in reference to the difficulty in finding the island). Others suggest that topaz was merely
989:
862:
440:
425:
283:, for example, argued that the names appeared in the order according to which they were born.
4167:
4157:
4039:
4034:
3660:
3630:
3360:
1825:
1641:
1600:
1481:
1429:
1216:
1149:
802:
693:
577:
468:
96:
2461:(in Hebrew) may be the "hyacinth", i.e., a stone of a yellowish-red color, like honey; see
1977:, the latter going back to a Pahlevi form (the old Persian tongue), and all in turn to the
1132:, since the Masoretic text does not appear to specify color); there is much to be said for
4147:
3946:
3890:
3708:
3584:
3274:
2327:
1941:. Jewish tradition generally favours leek-green beryl (heliodor) as the likely meaning of
1565:
1378:", as well as being "speckled as of with gold". By all accounts, his description fits the
1009:
762:
567:
361:
297:
265:
261:
193:
189:
115:
100:
81:
58:
35:
2092:, with each layer of stones in the wall being from a different material; in the original
114:). These elements of the breastplate are said in the Exodus verse to carry the judgment (
4122:
4003:
3988:
3756:
3740:
3725:
3703:
3625:
3440:
2653:
2635:
2322:
2068:
1725:
1321:
1297:
842:
757:
698:
670:
328:
73:
4187:
4102:
3931:
3926:
3834:
3698:
3574:
3468:
3329:
2355:
2317:
2290:
1753:
1691:
1682:, meaning agate. Agates were common in Egypt and Assyria and were regarded as potent
1626:
1621:
1608:
1433:
1313:
1184:, an ancient Jewish translator whose Greek translation of the Pentateuch appeared in
1161:
852:
767:
716:
637:
372:
236:
188:), appears to be named from its appearance; The 19th-century German biblical scholar
1828:, which were commonly used in Egypt and Babylon. The 2nd-century Jewish translator,
1432:, and possibly white, or at least with an insignificant color, and from which whole
3967:
3796:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3549:
3380:
3207:
1809:
1526:
1379:
1367:
1359:
1343:
1125:
1105:
1093:
930:
711:
659:
608:
445:
1632:
states that the mineral had a black color, and is there named כוחלין, meaning the
1468:
may have meant something else. Of the well-known honey-colored gemstones, we find
402:
3993:
3786:
3781:
3766:
3655:
3333:
2211:
2093:
2052:
1721:
1695:
1637:
1538:
1263:
1037:
344:
because neither chisels nor paint nor ink were allowed to mark them out, a more
341:
289:
257:
3364:
2347:– a concept that originated from the interpretation of the stones in the plates
1362:, a stone with a deep, ocean-blue color which was frequently sent as a gift to
327:
Unfortunately, the meanings of the Hebrew names for the minerals, given by the
133:
4029:
3998:
3972:
3829:
3730:
3670:
3529:
3463:
2557:
2344:
2216:
2179:
1280:
1141:
1104:
exists locally in Egypt. Items carved from emeralds are known as early as the
1071:
336:
284:
177:
of a cubit, folded so that it formed a pouch to contain the Urim and Thummim.
111:
92:
2688:, ed. Joseph Johlson, Karlsruhe 1827, s.v. Rashi on Zechariah 7:12 (Hebrew),
1808:, or that it contained flecks of gold. With golden flecks, it could refer to
1396:ἴασπις (in the Septuagint) – in some other places the Septuagint instead has
340:
classical rabbinical literature argues that the names were inscribed using a
3849:
3839:
3720:
3483:
3473:
3241:
2648:
2184:
1946:
1604:
1581:
1534:
1501:
An 1837 illustration depicting breastplate, with the tribes and their jewels
1473:
1375:
1363:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1113:
1109:
996:
referred to Topazos Island, on which a particular yellow mineral was mined (
955:
943:
847:
631:
520:
3372:
2449:(the Old Georgian version), p. 116, seems to be unsure what the Greek word
1897:
is translucent, and beryl is cloudy, and all these come in several colors.
984:(in the Septuagint) – despite the suggestion of the Septuagint that it was
3395:
1545:. In Greek antiquity, this stone was believed to have been the solidified
3869:
3864:
3859:
3806:
3735:
3609:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3349:: medieval and early modern lore from the classical lapidary tradition".
3211:
2673:
2164:
2064:
2004:
1978:
1918:
1821:
1793:
1717:
1633:
1449:
1339:
1308:. In classical rabbinical literature, there is some debate about whether
1305:
1301:
1117:
674:
551:
525:
510:
450:
365:
2152:, the lists become remarkably similar; there are only four differences:
1480:, a honey-colored stone with extreme brilliance. Spanish Jewish scholar
3900:
3895:
3874:
3589:
3569:
3554:
3544:
3539:
3508:
2251:
2220:
2040:
1850:(in the Septuagint) – in some other places, the Septuagint instead has
1801:
1780:(in the Septuagint) – in some other places, the Septuagint instead has
1649:
1616:
1592:
1522:
1351:
1300:, referring to a mineral of unknown color which was sent in tribute to
1243:
1190:
1153:
1088:
1083:
1049:
1045:
1033:
1017:
1005:
959:
925:
546:
541:
505:
313:
301:
243:
17:
2811:
4132:
3579:
2036:
2028:
1737:
1683:
1577:
1477:
1469:
1347:
1185:
1041:
947:
463:
208:
4055:
3247:: the Old Georgian Version and the Fragments of the Armenian Version
2453:
actually meant in the sacred books, which stone in Hebrew is called
1078:
etymologically means 'lightning flash', whence shimmering or shiny.
231:
2527:
Josephus twice mentions the stones of the breastplate; once in his
2511:
Based on the Shatberd MS., the Old Georgian version of Epiphanius’
2067:, quoting from one version of the Septuagint, says it was a beryl.
4107:
4097:
4086:
3844:
3665:
3534:
3524:
3478:
3021:
Aetii Medici Graeci Contractae ex Veteribus Medicinae Sermones XVI
2836:
2486:, or parent-text, of the Septuagint used by Origen to produce his
2302:
1934:
1874:
1813:
1671:
1645:
1573:
1560:
1546:
1496:
1476:
garnet (both from Sri Lanka), while in Africa (Tanzania), we find
1417:
1206:
1101:
985:
951:
837:
787:
745:
536:
500:
413:
391:
309:
305:
253:
230:
142:
132:
40:
3405:
2388:"Symmachus dissented and called the emerald by the name of onyx."
2055:, however, in his Judeo-Arabic translation of Isaiah, translates
1796:, in reference to the main source of the mineral being Tarshish.
1156:), in his Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch, writes בָרקָן =
2032:
1882:
1860:
1740:, a place where amethysts were found; in the Babylonian Targum,
1550:
1445:
1292:, both of which are a greenish blue; it may instead derive from
967:
935:
317:
30:"Hoshen" and "Choshen" redirect here. For the organization, see
4059:
3409:
2967:
The Old Testament in Syriac (According to the Peshitta Version)
1032:), and thus the jewel in question would fit the description of
2267:
describes it as a clear blue tinted gem – the modern sapphire.
1517:(in the Septuagint) – the names here seem to refer to places:
1242:(presumably here referring to the color of burning coal), the
348:
approach suggests that the jewels must have had comparatively
235:
Artist's conception of Jewish high priest wearing a hoshen in
216:
1953:
and the blue-green color of the sea (the original meaning of
2704:(Michlol, part ii), Venice 1547 (Hebrew), on Zechariah 7:12
2490:. The stone called "shoham" in Hebrew is explained as onyx.
2375:
Pliny also mentions several varieties of onyx stone in his
1529:
mentions the fossilized pine resin, amber, called in Greek
2259:
appears to have referred to a bluish gem; Pliny describes
2658:
2642:, 'to be beautiful', and would prefer to connect it with
2535:, but he reverses the order in the third and fourth rows.
1720:, a purple mineral which was believed to protect against
1342:, sapphire was essentially unknown before the era of the
76:. In the biblical account, the breastplate is termed the
2411:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1436:
were sometimes made. A few scholars have suggested that
1925:
description; it could be derived from the Arabic word
1568:(who did not believe the stone existed) described the
268:). The word has its equivalent in the Greek, σμήρις (
1338:(in the Septuagint) – despite appearing to refer to
1262:, the latter saying that it is כדכדנא, explained by
4022:
3981:
3960:
3909:
3883:
3815:
3749:
3618:
3517:
3451:
3216:
Basic Color Terms: their Universality and Evolution
1913:; it could be derived from the Arabic word meaning
3338:Comparing Religions through Law: Judaism and Islam
2928:s.v. Exodus 28:17, based on Jerome's testimony in
2843:. THE EARTHLY INHERITANCE SERIES of BIBLE SUBJECTS
192:thought that it was likely to be derived from the
2476:The Pentateuch in the Version of the Syro-Hexapla
125:) of God concerning the Israelites at all times.
2358:– stones symbolizing the Twelve Tribes of Israel
1945:, though scholars think it is more likely to be
1877:but earlier to the blue-green color of the sea,
1408:appears to be connected with the Hebrew meaning
1324:and first Jerusalem Targum favor it being green.
1016:is thought by scholars to be connected with the
45:Ceramic replica of the High Priest's breastplate
2031:, where the jewel is variously identified as a
1690:lists agate as being among the black gems. The
1040:greenish-yellow mineral, common throughout the
2638:rejects the probable derivation from the root
2553:
2551:
2027:; the ambiguity of the term is present in the
1949:, which can be green enough to be compared to
4071:
3421:
3324:. Rome: Reale Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
2652:or 'fold' in which something is carried; cp.
885:
204:), meaning "fold", relating to its function.
8:
2837:"The JEWEL STONES of ISRAEL'S TWELVE TRIBES"
2351:List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology
1044:, and particularly found on Zabargad in the
622:Leftovers from the suspensive guilt offering
27:Jewish ritual object worn by the High Priest
3345:Walton, Steven A. (2001). "Theophrastus on
3321:Bar 'Alī (Īshō'): The Syriac–Arabic Glosses
3106:
2631:
2516:
2462:
2209:was a pale yellowish mineral, and although
2195:, presumably the red color of burning coal.
683:Ten gifts given (even) outside of Jerusalem
264:, was a stone stronger than iron (possibly
4078:
4064:
4056:
4014:With a strong hand and an outstretched arm
3428:
3414:
3406:
3309:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2969:, Part I, Leiden E. J. Brill 1977, p. 183.
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2480:Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalum
1732:appears to be derived from a term meaning
1428:, referring to a precious stone which was
1374:as being "dark" and having the "colour of
892:
878:
729:The property of the foreigner with no heir
382:
4009:Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
3191:
3187:
3185:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2502:appears at Genesis 2:12 in the Septuagint
2436:(ligure) are all one and the same thing."
1784:(meaning coal) where the Masoretic reads
712:Coins for redemption of the firstborn son
219:of errors in judgment on the part of the
3138:
2990:
2978:
2954:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2047:, a stone described by Bar-Ali as being
1901:could be derived from the Assyrian word
1736:, though it may equally be derived from
1120:(taking into account the implication of
2900:cf. Bar-Bahalul, 1886, vol. ii, p. 1313
2547:
2368:
1587:derives from the Latin word for amber (
1278:; it may derive from the Egyptian term
390:
68:) was a sacred breastplate worn by the
3302:
3069:
3044:
3032:
2405:Webster's New International Dictionary
2263:as a dull and blueish amethyst, while
1678:may be cognate with the Assyrian term
916:(in the Septuagint) – both names mean
3094:
3083:The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville
2925:
2909:
180:The Hebrew term for the breastplate,
7:
1921:being the form of beryl fitting the
1553:, and its name a mere corruption of
1048:, under the control of the Egyptian
1012:) in the Egyptian Red Sea. The word
823:The mitzvah of sanctifying the Kohen
726:Field not redeemed in a Jubilee year
694:Heave offering of the Levite's tithe
459:The Torah instruction of the Kohanim
137:Illustration of priestly breastplate
3942:Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai
2746:Mishne Torah (Code of Jewish Law),
2281:at the end of the fourth row was a
2063:, a red variety of precious stone.
1792:is thought by scholars to refer to
1270:, a red variety of precious stone.
858:Contact by a kohen with a dead body
625:Oil from the offering for the leper
119:
104:
85:
62:
3318:Gottheil, Richard H., ed. (1908).
3297:Origensis Hexaplorum quæ Supersunt
3269:Eichholz, D. E., ed. (1965).
2148:additionally swapping places with
1744:is translated into a term meaning
1424:is connected to the Assyrian word
1354:. It is more likely that the term
1160:, for this word. According to the
912:, in the Masoretic text) /
722:Dedication of property to a priest
279:as to the order of the names; the
25:
1128:(ignoring the literal meaning of
1024:, which refers to something that
946:, which was flesh-colored, or to
602:The ten gifts given in the Temple
3394:
1176:(believed to be a corruption of
966:refers to this stone as being a
401:
3258:; Black, J. Sutherland (1899).
1800:does not refer specifically to
848:Bat-Kohen (daughter of a kohen)
446:Redemption of the firstborn son
419:Presumption of priestly descent
386:Part of a series of articles on
277:classical rabbinical literature
3220:University of California Press
2080:12 jewels in the New Testament
1564:, presumably about its color.
1320:favor it being red, while the
1:
2515:. Our source for this MS. is
2513:Treatise on the Twelve Stones
2447:Treatise on the Twelve Stones
2291:retinal ganglia process color
1963:Treatise on the Twelve Stones
1599:, a Latinization invented by
1412:, and possibly with the word
1140:, in other sources (e.g. the
649:Four gifts given in Jerusalem
275:There are different views in
70:High Priest of the Israelites
34:. For the rabbinic text, see
2686:Sifrey ṭrey ʻaṡar mefurashim
2039:(which is yellow), or as an
1865:, where the Masoretic reads
1234:(in the Septuagint) – while
1144:on Ezekiel 28:13), the word
642:Leftovers of the First Sheaf
211:, the wearing of the Hoshen
4214:Priestly clothing (Judaism)
1999:= in the Masoretic text) /
1846:= in the Masoretic text) /
1776:= in the Masoretic text) /
1708:= in the Masoretic text) /
1662:= in the Masoretic text) /
1513:= in the Masoretic text) /
1392:= in the Masoretic text) /
1334:= in the Masoretic text) /
1230:= in the Masoretic text) /
1062:in the Masoretic text, cf.
703:First shearing of the sheep
4230:
3365:10.1080/000337900110041371
3282:Faris, Nabih Amin (1938).
3271:Theophrastus: De Lapidibus
3058:Commentary on the Penteuch
2816:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
2733:68a; cf. Pliny the Elder,
2478:, (ed. Arthur Vööbus), in
2308:Priestly golden head plate
2096:, the layers are given as
1400:where the Masoretic reads
1312:was red or greenish blue;
1296:, a term appearing in the
934:), and probably refers to
597:Twenty-four priestly gifts
573:Ishmael ben Elisha HaKohen
331:, are unclear. Though the
29:
4199:Jewish religious clothing
4093:
3937:Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
3676:Pillars of fire and cloud
3295:Field, Frederick (1875).
3107:Blake & de Vis (1934)
3017:Sixteen Books on Medicine
2643:
2632:Cheyne & Black (1899)
2517:Blake & de Vis (1934)
2463:Blake & de Vis (1934)
2400:Oxford English Dictionary
992:); in the classical era,
980:in the Masoretic text) /
909:
828:Kohanic disqualifications
454:(skin disease and mildew)
197:
181:
2812:"JewishEncyclopedia.com"
2205:. Scholars suspect that
2088:is the description of a
1636:known as stibium. Rabbi
1595:, the name was given as
3288:Oxford University Press
3250:. London: Christophers.
3192:Berlin & Kay (1969)
3161:Antiquities of the Jews
3047:, pp. 371, 375–378
2943:Antiquities of the Jews
2930:Epist. LXIV ad Fabiolam
2912:, pp. 26–27, s.v.
2313:Priestly robe (Judaism)
2241:) has been replaced by
2003:(in the Septuagint and
1816:or to amber, and since
1148:is rendered as "onyx".
1124:that it was green) and
1092:, but is somewhat of a
707:Foreleg, cheeks and maw
628:Bread from First Fruits
616:Communal peace offering
110:) were placed upon it (
78:breastplate of judgment
55:breastpiece of judgment
4143:Priestly undergarments
3777:Stations of the Exodus
3238:Blake, Robert Pierpont
2408:(Second Edition), and
2333:Priestly undergarments
1832:, renders the word as
1712:(in the Septuagint) –
1666:(in the Septuagint) –
1502:
1444:is the Greek term for
1219:
1211:Interpretation of the
717:Redemption of a donkey
563:Joshua the High Priest
335:names for them in the
252:, which, according to
239:
138:
105:הָאוּרִים וְהַתֻּמִּים
46:
4209:Gemstones in religion
3952:In Antebellum America
3917:Sources and parallels
3565:High Priest of Israel
3403:at Wikimedia Commons
3261:Encyclopaedia Biblica
3240:; de Vis, H. (1934).
2748:Hil. Kelei Ha-Mikdash
2187:is the most common).
2084:In the New Testament
2035:(which is red), as a
1670:definitely refers to
1500:
1210:
1150:Aquilas the proselyte
964:Chinese Union Version
474:Beth din shel Kohanim
392:Priesthood in Judaism
234:
136:
44:
32:Hoshen (organization)
4118:Priestly breastplate
3401:Priestly breastplate
3256:Cheyne, Thomas Kelly
3177:Nestle-Aland edition
3081:Isidore of Seville,
1967:Epiphanius de Gemmis
1028:(presumably meaning
942:might also refer to
816:Miscellaneous topics
316:viewed the gates of
51:priestly breastplate
4045:Zipporah at the inn
3807:Yam Suph (Reed Sea)
3636:Ark of the Covenant
3173:Revelation 21:19–20
2887:Babylonian Talmud,
2874:Babylonian Talmud,
2861:Babylonian Talmud,
2729:Babylonian Talmud,
2531:, and again in his
2445:Epiphanius, in his
2177:(literally meaning
1806:Libyan desert glass
1757:(Numbers Rabba 2:7)
1630:(Numbers Rabba 2:7)
1603:, and equated with
1370:mentions the stone
1256:Philo of Alexandria
1250:, referring to the
1167:, the stone called
1165:(Numbers Rabba 2:7)
583:Phannias ben Samuel
294:Hezekiah ben Manoah
108:hāʾūrīm wəhattummīm
72:, according to the
4153:Priestly divisions
4113:Holy anointing oil
3922:Textual variations
3762:Massah and Meribah
3680:Priestly clothing
3600:Pharaoh's daughter
3097:, s.v. Exo. 28:20.
3056:Abraham ibn Ezra,
3035:, pp. 364–365
2716:Yonah ibn Ǧanāḥ,
2086:Book of Revelation
1688:Isidore of Seville
1503:
1488:was a white stone.
1220:
833:Holy anointing oil
479:Priestly divisions
240:
221:Children of Israel
139:
47:
4204:Hardstone carving
4181:
4180:
4173:Priestly covenant
4087:Jewish priesthood
4053:
4052:
3802:Wilderness of Sin
3792:Battle of Refidim
3689:golden head plate
3605:Shiphrah and Puah
3399:Media related to
3352:Annals of Science
3129:q.v. Isaiah 54:12
3015:Aëtius of Amida,
2957:, pp. 65, 71
2702:Sefer HaShorashim
1758:
1631:
1322:Babylonian Targum
1254:, which was red.
1166:
990:critical scholars
902:
901:
863:13 Kohanic cities
741:Priestly garments
636:Leftovers of the
619:Fowl sin offering
441:Priestly Blessing
426:Priestly covenant
207:According to the
16:(Redirected from
4221:
4168:Urim and Thummim
4158:Shemen Afarsimon
4080:
4073:
4066:
4057:
4040:Ten Commandments
4035:Plagues of Egypt
3910:Textual analysis
3661:Incense offering
3631:Ark of bulrushes
3430:
3423:
3416:
3407:
3398:
3384:
3341:
3325:
3314:
3308:
3300:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3251:
3233:
3194:
3189:
3180:
3170:
3164:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3013:
3007:
3000:
2994:
2993:, pp. 68–69
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2923:
2917:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2872:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2808:
2751:
2744:
2738:
2727:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2698:
2692:
2683:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2645:
2629:
2560:
2555:
2536:
2525:
2519:
2509:
2503:
2500:leek green stone
2497:
2491:
2472:
2466:
2443:
2437:
2422:
2416:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2287:retinal ganglion
2227:literally means
2191:literally means
1889:literally means
1858:, or the phrase
1756:
1642:Abraham ibn Ezra
1629:
1601:Flavius Josephus
1591:). In the Latin
1525:, respectively.
1482:Abraham ibn Ezra
1318:Jerusalem Targum
1274:appears to be a
1260:Jerusalem Targum
1217:Robert Hindmarsh
1164:
1110:Ptolemaic period
911:
894:
887:
880:
803:Urim and Thummim
655:Firstborn animal
578:Joshua ben Gamla
469:Incense offering
405:
400:
383:
292:writers such as
281:Jerusalem Targum
199:
183:
176:
175:
171:
166:
165:
161:
155:
154:
150:
121:
106:
97:Urim and Thummim
87:
86:חֹשֶׁן מִשְׁפָּט
64:
21:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4148:Priestly turban
4089:
4084:
4054:
4049:
4018:
3977:
3956:
3947:Song of the Sea
3905:
3879:
3811:
3745:
3614:
3585:Nadab and Abihu
3513:
3447:
3446:
3434:
3392:
3387:
3344:
3328:
3317:
3301:
3294:
3281:
3275:Clarendon Press
3268:
3254:
3236:
3230:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3171:
3167:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3139:Gottheil (1908)
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3060:, Genesis 2:11.
3055:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3014:
3010:
3001:
2997:
2991:Eichholz (1965)
2989:
2985:
2979:Gottheil (1908)
2977:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2955:Eichholz (1965)
2953:
2949:
2940:
2936:
2924:
2920:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2754:
2745:
2741:
2735:Natural History
2728:
2724:
2718:Sefer Shorashim
2715:
2711:
2699:
2695:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2667:
2630:
2563:
2558:Exodus 28:15–19
2556:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2526:
2522:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2473:
2469:
2444:
2440:
2423:
2419:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2377:Natural History
2374:
2370:
2365:
2341:
2328:Priestly turban
2299:
2274:
2185:the red variety
2082:
2015:are cognate to
1998:
1931:striped garment
1845:
1775:
1766:
1746:strong drinking
1707:
1661:
1580:); the English
1512:
1495:
1478:imperial zircon
1391:
1333:
1316:and the second
1284:, referring to
1229:
1205:
1065:
1061:
979:
898:
869:
868:
867:
817:
809:
808:
807:
773:
772:
742:
734:
733:
732:
681:
680:
647:
645:
604:
599:
589:
588:
587:
568:Simeon the Just
558:(Second Temple)
557:
556:
531:
530:
495:
485:
484:
483:
435:
424:
423:
398:
381:
298:Bahya ben Asher
262:Jonah ibn Janah
229:
190:August Dillmann
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
152:
148:
147:
131:
95:), because the
39:
36:Choshen Mishpat
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4227:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4194:Book of Exodus
4186:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4163:Priestly crown
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4123:Priestly tunic
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4004:Eye for an eye
4001:
3996:
3991:
3989:I Am that I Am
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3817:Torah readings
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3741:Temple menorah
3738:
3733:
3728:
3726:Staff of Moses
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3441:Book of Exodus
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3391:
3390:External links
3388:
3386:
3385:
3359:(4): 357–379.
3342:
3330:Neusner, Jacob
3326:
3315:
3292:
3279:
3266:
3252:
3234:
3228:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3181:
3165:
3152:
3143:
3131:
3122:
3110:
3099:
3087:
3074:
3062:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3008:
3004:Materia Medica
2995:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2945:, iii. vii § 5
2934:
2918:
2902:
2893:
2880:
2867:
2854:
2835:Phelps, Paul.
2827:
2752:
2739:
2737:36:54 (36:51).
2722:
2709:
2693:
2678:
2665:
2561:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2520:
2504:
2492:
2467:
2438:
2417:
2390:
2381:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Priestly tunic
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2232:
2196:
2168:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
1996:
1990:
1843:
1837:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1705:
1699:
1659:
1653:
1510:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1389:
1383:
1366:from Babylon.
1331:
1325:
1298:Amarna letters
1227:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1063:
1059:
1053:
977:
971:
900:
899:
897:
896:
889:
882:
874:
871:
870:
866:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
819:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
806:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
779:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
749:
743:
740:
739:
736:
735:
731:
730:
727:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
701:
699:Dough offering
696:
691:
689:Heave offering
685:
679:
678:
671:thank offering
667:
665:Burnt offering
662:
657:
651:
644:
643:
640:
634:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:Guilt offering
611:
605:
600:
595:
594:
591:
590:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
559:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
533:
532:(First Temple)
529:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
497:
496:
491:
490:
487:
486:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
448:
443:
437:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
422:
421:
416:
410:
407:
406:
395:
394:
388:
387:
380:
377:
329:Masoretic text
228:
225:
167:of a cubit by
130:
127:
74:Book of Exodus
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4226:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:Priestly robe
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Priestly sash
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Exodus Rabbah
3930:
3928:
3927:Covenant Code
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3714:undergarments
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3389:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3229:9780520014428
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:Berlin, Brent
3205:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3163:, iii.vii § 5
3162:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3141:, p. 367
3140:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3072:, p. 371
3071:
3070:Walton (2001)
3066:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3045:Walton (2001)
3041:
3038:
3034:
3033:Walton (2001)
3029:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:Dioscorides,
2999:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:David Kimhi,
2697:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2356:Twelve Stones
2354:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:Priestly sash
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:) has become
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2069:Numbers Rabba
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1754:Midrash Rabba
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:getting drunk
1719:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:Midrash Rabba
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1627:Midrash Rabba
1624:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:Exodus Rabbah
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1162:Midrash Rabba
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
975:
972:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
907:
904:
903:
895:
890:
888:
883:
881:
876:
875:
873:
872:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:Sons of Zadok
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
813:
812:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
777:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
753:Undergarments
751:
750:
748:
747:
738:
737:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
684:
676:
672:
669:Parts of the
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
650:
641:
639:
638:meal offering
635:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
603:
598:
593:
592:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
494:
489:
488:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
453:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
431:
430:
427:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
409:
408:
404:
397:
396:
393:
389:
385:
384:
378:
376:
374:
373:right to left
369:
367:
363:
358:
356:
351:
347:
343:
338:
334:
330:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
245:
238:
237:ancient Judah
233:
226:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
195:
191:
187:
178:
144:
135:
128:
126:
124:
117:
113:
109:
102:
98:
94:
90:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
56:
52:
43:
37:
33:
19:
4117:
3968:Nash Papyrus
3683:
3651:Burning bush
3646:Bronze laver
3641:Asherah pole
3439:
3393:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3334:Sonn, Tamara
3320:
3296:
3283:
3270:
3259:
3246:
3242:
3215:
3200:Bibliography
3168:
3160:
3155:
3150:Isaiah 54:12
3146:
3134:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3102:
3095:Field (1875)
3090:
3082:
3077:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2986:
2981:, p. 95
2974:
2966:
2962:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2926:Field (1875)
2921:
2913:
2910:Faris (1938)
2905:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2840:
2830:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:
2747:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2701:
2696:
2685:
2681:
2668:
2657:
2647:
2639:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2398:
2393:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2289:cells. (The
2282:
2278:
2275:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2210:
2206:
2203:chrysoprason
2202:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:chrysoprason
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:chrysolithos
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2072:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:). Although
2000:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1863:-green stone
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1818:chrysolithos
1817:
1810:lapis lazuli
1798:Chrysolithos
1797:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:Chrysolithos
1777:
1774:תַּרְשִׁישִׁ
1769:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1620:
1612:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1569:
1558:
1554:
1530:
1527:Theophrastus
1514:
1506:
1485:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1441:
1437:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1380:lapis-lazuli
1371:
1368:Theophrastus
1360:lapis lazuli
1355:
1344:Roman Empire
1335:
1327:
1309:
1293:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1212:
1195:
1189:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1157:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:rock crystal
1121:
1106:12th Dynasty
1097:
1094:false friend
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1055:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1001:
997:
993:
981:
973:
939:
929:
921:
917:
913:
905:
797:
774:
744:
682:
660:First fruits
648:
609:Sin offering
601:
493:High Priests
451:
370:
364:or books on
359:
354:
350:low hardness
346:naturalistic
326:
322:
274:
269:
266:Naxian stone
247:
241:
206:
201:
185:
179:
140:
129:Hebrew Bible
122:
112:Exodus 28:30
107:
93:Exodus 28:15
89:ḥōšen mišpāṭ
88:
77:
65:
54:
50:
48:
4128:High Priest
3994:Baal-zephon
3961:Manuscripts
3787:Pi-Ramesses
3782:Pi-HaHiroth
3772:Mount Sinai
3767:Mount Horeb
3684:breastplate
3656:Golden calf
3626:Aaron's rod
3243:Epiphanius
3118:Baba Bathra
2529:Antiquities
2229:golden leek
2225:chrysoprase
2212:chrysoprase
2201:has become
2183:, of which
2173:has become
2159:(literally
2094:Koine Greek
2053:Saadia Gaon
2049:al-karkahan
1891:green stone
1696:Saadia Gaon
1638:Saadia Gaon
1555:lykos ouron
1539:Dioscorides
1531:liggourrion
1410:strike hard
1404:. The word
1266:as meaning
1264:Saadia Gaon
1248:Carbunculus
1038:translucent
843:Aaron's rod
798:Breastplate
776:High Priest
746:All Priests
677:'s offering
342:Shamir worm
290:kabbalistic
258:David Kimhi
4188:Categories
4030:The Exodus
3999:El Shaddai
3973:Papyrus 18
3731:Tabernacle
3671:Mercy seat
3530:Israelites
3273:. Oxford:
3159:Josephus,
2941:Josephus,
2821:2023-10-29
2706:p. 426–427
2543:References
2345:Birthstone
2219:, such as
2217:leek-green
2180:chalcedony
2167:(red onyx)
2142:amethystos
1981:वैडूर्य =
1959:Epiphanius
1929:, meaning
1923:leek green
1905:, meaning
1881:refers to
1873:refers to
1826:serpentine
1802:chrysolite
1764:Fourth row
1750:calf's eye
1716:refers to
1714:amethystos
1710:Amethystos
1557:, meaning
1537:, as does
1203:Second row
1142:Septuagint
1072:Septuagint
1034:chrysolite
362:lapidaries
337:Septuagint
285:Maimonides
260:and Rabbi
227:The jewels
146:was to be
4133:Sacrifice
3850:Mishpatim
3840:Beshalach
3721:Showbread
3347:Lyngurium
3305:cite book
3299:. Oxford.
3245:de Gemmis
3212:Kay, Paul
2646:,
2434:lyncurium
2428:(amber),
2243:yacinthos
2175:chalcedon
2138:yacinthos
2110:smaragdos
2106:chalcedon
2102:sapphiros
2090:city wall
1987:veḷuriyaṁ
1955:beryllios
1951:smaragdos
1947:malachite
1895:smaragdos
1887:smaragdos
1871:beryllios
1856:smaragdos
1848:Beryllios
1834:yakinthos
1830:Symmachus
1822:gemstones
1706:אַחְלָמָה
1684:talismans
1605:lyngurium
1535:lyngurium
1493:Third row
1484:says the
1474:hessonite
1422:hallamish
1414:hallamish
1398:Beryllios
1376:verdigris
1372:sapphirus
1364:Akhenaten
1336:Sapphiros
1290:turquoise
1286:malachite
1276:loan word
1252:carbuncle
1246:here has
1182:Symmachus
1134:Smaragdos
1130:Smaragdos
1122:Smaragdos
1114:Cleopatra
1098:Smaragdos
1080:Smaragdos
1068:Smaragdos
1030:shimmered
956:Babylonia
944:carnelian
632:Showbread
521:Ahimelech
464:Sacrifice
379:First row
375:script):
200: (
184: (
120:מִשְׁפָּט
3891:Priestly
3870:Vayakhel
3865:Ki Tissa
3860:Tetzaveh
3736:Tefillin
3610:Zipporah
3452:Chapters
3373:11724065
3336:(1999).
3214:(1969).
2914:baqarani
2674:Zevachim
2430:succinum
2426:electrum
2297:See also
2283:sardonyx
2207:ligurios
2199:Ligurios
2165:sardonyx
2150:Topazion
2130:topazion
2126:beryllos
2114:sardonyx
2065:Josephus
2037:hyacinth
2005:Josephus
1997:יָשְׁפֵה
1983:vaiḍūrya
1979:Sanskrit
1927:musahham
1919:heliodor
1879:onychion
1852:onychion
1794:Tarshish
1786:tarshish
1718:amethyst
1634:antimony
1613:hyacinth
1589:elektrum
1585:electric
1570:ligurios
1515:Ligurios
1458:naq'atha
1454:naq'atha
1450:Peshitta
1442:Onychion
1416:meaning
1348:hyacinth
1340:sapphire
1306:Ashkalon
1302:Akhnaten
1174:baḳarani
1118:heliodor
1076:Bareketh
1070:(in the
1064:בָּרְקַת
1060:בָּרֶקֶת
1018:Assyrian
1010:Zabargad
998:topazios
994:topazios
982:Topazios
978:פִּטְדָה
793:Frontlet
675:Nazirite
552:Jehoiada
526:Abiathar
511:Phinehas
452:Tzaraath
366:gemology
244:minerals
215:for the
3982:Phrases
3901:Elohist
3896:Jahwist
3884:Sources
3875:Pekudei
3855:Terumah
3830:Va'eira
3619:Objects
3595:Pharaoh
3590:Oholiab
3570:Ithamar
3555:Gershom
3545:Eliezer
3540:Bezalel
3381:8649133
3023:), 2.34
2690:p. 174b
2659:Alterth
2488:Hexapla
2484:Vorlage
2451:lygyron
2272:Pattern
2265:Solinus
2261:jacinth
2257:jacinth
2252:jacinth
2247:jacinth
2235:Achates
2221:peridot
2189:Anthrax
2171:Anthrax
2157:Onchion
2146:Onchion
2118:sardion
2073:yāšǝfêh
2061:karkand
2057:kadkhod
2045:kadkhod
2041:emerald
2029:Targums
2025:yāšǝfêh
2009:yāšǝfêh
1993:Yāšǝfêh
1985:(Pali:
1973:and/or
1782:anthrax
1742:aḥlamah
1730:Aḥlamah
1726:alcohol
1702:Aḥlamah
1668:achates
1664:Achates
1650:jacinth
1625:); The
1617:jacinth
1593:Vulgate
1523:Liguria
1486:yahalom
1470:citrine
1466:yahalom
1462:shabzez
1438:Yahalom
1426:elmeshu
1406:Yahalom
1402:Yahalom
1390:יָהֲלֹם
1386:Yahalom
1352:jacinth
1332:סַפִּיר
1294:lupakku
1268:karkand
1244:Vulgate
1236:Anthrax
1232:Anthrax
1196:bareḳet
1191:Hexapla
1169:bareḳet
1154:Onkelos
1146:bareḳet
1138:bareḳet
1089:emerald
1084:cognate
1056:Bareḳet
1050:Pharaoh
1046:Red Sea
1026:flashed
1022:hipindu
1014:pit'dah
1006:peridot
1002:to seek
974:Pit'dah
960:Assyria
926:cognate
914:Sardios
547:Hilkiah
542:Shallum
506:Eleazar
314:Ezekiel
302:Abraham
172:⁄
162:⁄
151:⁄
18:Choshen
4023:Events
3825:Shemot
3750:Places
3709:turban
3580:Miriam
3560:Jethro
3518:People
3379:
3371:
3226:
2876:Gittin
2865:36a–b.
2847:11 May
2841:EFiles
2750:, 9:7.
2731:Gittin
2640:ḥasuna
2098:iaspis
2021:iaspis
2017:jasper
2013:iaspis
2001:Iaspis
1975:belūra
1971:berūlā
1939:Soheim
1937:named
1911:cloudy
1885:, and
1844:שֹׁהַם
1790:Taršīš
1770:Taršīš
1752:. The
1738:Ahlamu
1734:strong
1674:, and
1660:שְׁבוֹ
1609:Luther
1607:, but
1597:ligure
1578:Thales
1559:white
1551:lynxes
1543:Aëtius
1519:Leshem
1511:לֶשֶׁם
1394:Iaspis
1350:or of
1310:Nofekh
1272:Nofekh
1238:means
1228:נֹפֶךְ
1224:Nofekh
1213:hoshen
1186:Origen
1178:barḳan
1158:barḳan
1042:Levant
1000:means
962:. The
958:, and
948:jasper
763:Turban
399:
355:smeris
270:smeris
249:shamir
213:atoned
209:Talmud
194:Hebrew
182:חֹשֶׁן
157:cloth—
123:mišpāṭ
116:Hebrew
101:Hebrew
82:Hebrew
63:חֹשֶׁן
59:Hebrew
4108:Ephod
4098:Kohen
3845:Yitro
3757:Egypt
3704:tunic
3666:Manna
3575:Marah
3535:Aaron
3525:Moses
3509:38–40
3504:35–38
3499:30–34
3494:27–30
3489:25–27
3484:21–24
3479:18–20
3474:13–17
3469:10–13
3377:S2CID
3006:2:100
2932:, 16.
2889:Sotah
2863:Sotah
2663:390."
2654:Ewald
2649:sinus
2644:חֹצֶן
2459:lešem
2455:lešem
2363:Notes
2339:Other
2303:Ephod
2239:agate
1943:šoham
1935:Yemen
1903:samtu
1899:Šoham
1875:beryl
1867:šoham
1854:, or
1840:Šoham
1814:topaz
1724:from
1672:agate
1646:amber
1611:used
1574:amber
1566:Pliny
1561:urine
1547:urine
1507:Lešem
1434:rings
1418:flint
1356:Sapir
1328:Sapir
1304:from
1281:mfkꜣt
1102:beryl
1086:with
1020:word
986:topaz
952:Egypt
928:with
910:אֹדֶם
838:Kahen
788:Ephod
758:Tunic
537:Zadok
501:Aaron
434:Roles
414:Kohen
333:Greek
310:Jacob
308:, or
306:Isaac
254:Rashi
202:ḥōṣen
198:חֹצֶן
196:word
186:ḥōšen
143:ephod
66:ḥōšen
3797:Shur
3699:sash
3694:robe
3550:Elim
3369:PMID
3311:link
3224:ISBN
2849:2023
2533:Wars
2474:cf.
2432:and
2397:The
2279:onyx
2193:coal
2161:onyx
2033:ruby
2011:and
1915:pale
1907:dark
1883:onyx
1861:leek
1680:subu
1676:ševo
1656:Ševo
1622:gold
1582:stem
1541:and
1521:and
1472:and
1446:onyx
1430:hard
1240:coal
1074:) –
1066:) /
1036:, a
968:ruby
940:Odem
936:sard
931:Adam
922:Odem
906:Odem
783:Robe
768:Sash
673:and
318:Zion
296:and
49:The
3464:6–9
3459:1–6
3361:doi
3120:75a
2891:48b
2878:68a
2676:88b
2636:Di.
2634:: "
2059:as
1909:or
1648:or
1549:of
1533:or
1288:or
1215:by
1188:'s
1082:is
924:is
918:red
516:Eli
357:).
272:).
217:sin
53:or
4190::
3835:Bo
3375:.
3367:.
3357:58
3355:.
3332:;
3307:}}
3303:{{
3286:.
3222:.
3218:.
3210:;
3184:^
2839:.
2814:.
2755:^
2672:B.
2656:,
2564:^
2550:^
2403:,
2223:;
2140:,
2136:,
2132:,
2128:,
2124:,
2120:,
2116:,
2112:,
2108:,
2104:,
2100:,
1961:’
1869:;
1788:.
1686:.
1420:;
1112:.
954:,
368:.
304:,
223:.
118::
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91:–
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