1231:
31:
1392:, the Minister of Justice, the revolution immediately targeted the Catholic Church; the provisional government began devoting its entire attention to an anti-religious policy. On 8 October the religious orders in Portugal were expelled, and their property was confiscated. On 10 October – five days after the inauguration of the Republic – the new government decreed that all convents, monasteries and religious orders were to be suppressed. All residents of religious institutions were expelled and their goods were confiscated. The
1497:
4332:
4352:
1195:, radical revolutionaries and their supporters desired a cultural revolution that would rid the French state of all Christian influence. In 1789, church lands were expropriated and priests killed or forced to leave France. Later in 1792, "refractory priests" were targeted and replaced with their secular counterpart from the Jacobin club. Anti-Christian sentiments increased during 1793 and a
1143:
and the saints often aroused the disdain of
Muslims," so because of that there was an ongoing "campaign to erase the public symbols of Christianity , especially the previously ubiquitous sign of the cross. There are archaeological evidences of the destruction and defacement of Christian images in the early Islamic period due to the conflict with Muslims they aroused."
1093:. During the second century, Christianity was viewed as a negative movement in two ways. The first way encompasses the accusations which were made against adherents of the Christian faith in accordance with the principles which were held by the Roman population. The second way encompasses the supplementary controversy which was aroused during the intellectual age.
4342:
1150:
decreed that "golden crosses must be broken up before being distributed" as plunder. "As for their sacred books , one must make them disappear", he added (he later clarified that unless all words can be erased from every page in order to resell the blank book, all
Christian scripture must be burned).
1142:
explains that "The cross and the icons publicly declared those very points of
Christian faith which the Quran, in the Muslim view, explicitly denied: that Christ was the Son of God and that he died on the cross." for that reason, "the Christian practice of venerating the cross and the icons of Christ
1265:
journeyed around Arabia, the local
Bedouins said to him, "Thou wast safe in thine own country, though mightest have continued there; but since thou art come into the land of the Moslemin , God has delivered thee into our hands to die—so perish all the Nasara ! And be burned in hell with your father,
1174:
journeyed throughout the East in the 13th century and made an observation of the people of Arabia: "The inhabitants are all
Saracens , and utterly detest the Christians." Marco Polo also said that, "indeed, it is a fact that all the Saracens in the world are agreed in wishing ill to all the
1162:
For the sake of the Arab religion, it is a duty, O ghazi king, to clear the country of Syria of patriarchs and bishops, to clear the land of Rum from priests and monks. You should kill those accursed dogs and wretched creatures... You should... cut their throats... You should make
1431:
conflicted with traditional
Christian beliefs in various respects – Nazis criticized Christian notions of "meekness and guilt" on the basis that they "repressed the violent instincts necessary to prevent inferior races from dominating Aryans". Aggressive anti-church radicals like
1411:
and burning of monasteries, convents, and churches. The failed coup of July 1936 set loose a violent onslaught on those that revolutionaries in the
Republican zone identified as enemies; "where the rebellion failed, for several months afterwards merely to be identified as a priest, a
1364:
in Mexico, its affiliated organizations and to suppress popular religiosity. To help enforce the law, Calles seized Church properties, expelled foreign priests, and closed monasteries, convents, and religious schools. Some have characterized Calles as the leader of an
1488:", with its own rituals, promises and proselytizers. According to some sources, the total number of Christian victims under the Soviet regime has been estimated to range around 12 to 20 million. At least 106,300 Russian clergymen were executed between 1937 and 1941.
2330:
1336:
and other intelligence networks established data sheets and created a secret surveillance system of all army officers in order to ensure that
Christians would be excluded from promotions and advancement in the military hierarchy, and
1072:
throughout history. Anti-Christian sentiment is sometimes referred to as
Christophobia or Christianophobia, although these terms actually encompass "every form of discrimination and intolerance against Christians", according to the
2808:
3019:
3068:
1108:. The anti-Christian sentiment of the first century was not just expressed by the Roman authorities, it was also expressed by the Jews. Because Christianity was a sect which was largely emerging from
2711:
Haskins, Ekaterina V. "Russia's postcommunist past: the
Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the reimagining of national identity." History and Memory: Studies in Representation of the Past 21.1 (2009)
2903:
2725:
2316:
1085:
Anti-Christian sentiment began in the Roman Empire during the first century. The steady growth of the Christian movement was viewed with suspicion by both the authorities and the people of
3999:
3394:
1196:
2961:
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1596:
1512:
855:
3937:
3912:
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3538:
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2424:"L'affaire des fiches et le grand mythe du complot franc-maçon : conférence du mardi 6 février 2007 / Serge Bernstein, aut. du texte ; Serge Bernstein, participant"
220:
2930:
3618:
3416:
2702:
Paul Froese. Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 2004), pp. 35–50
1484:, ridiculed, harassed, incarcerated and executed religious leaders, flooded the schools and media with anti-religious teachings, and it introduced a belief system called "
1214:
targeted many Catholic priests and nuns. The first drownings happened on the night of 16 November 1793. The victims were 160 arrested Catholic priests that were labeled "
3449:
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Continuing to hold to one's beliefs and one's view of the world required the courage to stand outside a system committed to destroying religious values and perspectives.
3653:
235:
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4317:
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4074:
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in response to the implementation of secularist and anticlerical articles. The rebellion was instigated as a response to an executive decree by Mexican President
4094:
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3315:
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1601:
1575:
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In Hitler's eyes, Christianity was a religion fit only for slaves; he detested its ethics in particular. Its teaching, he declared, was a rebellion against the
1090:
721:
3907:
3902:
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1266:
Sheytan ." Doughty also records how Muslims in Arabia would, while circling around the Kaaba, supplicate Allah to "curse and destroy" the Jews and Christians.
3623:
3464:
825:
2988:
4169:
2864:
1033:
2552:
Cueva, Julio de la (1998). "Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War".
1230:
4152:
1661:
987:
884:
1135:
confirms saying that Muhammad "had such a repugnance to the form of the cross that he broke everything brought into the house with the figure upon it."
2895:
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saw the conflict with the churches as a priority concern, and anti-church and anti-clerical sentiments were strong among grassroots party activists.
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1538:
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519:
390:
322:
171:
4049:
3253:
30:
2647:
2501:
Cronon, E. David "American Catholics and Mexican Anticlericalism, 1933–1936", pp. 205–208, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XLV, Sept. 1948
4019:
3140:
1515:
refers to the persecution of Christians from 1989 to the present, which is taking place in Africa, the Americas, Europe, Asia and Middle East.
613:
578:
455:
385:
331:
2953:
4079:
4054:
3974:
3121:
2774:
2251:
2099:
2057:
1666:
879:
4089:
4064:
4044:
4014:
3969:
3638:
1591:
1416:, or simply a militant Christian or member of some apostolic or pious organization, was enough for a person to be executed without trial".
2830:
4114:
4084:
1477:
731:
500:
425:
255:
200:
4345:
3376:
4335:
4242:
4124:
4104:
4099:
3994:
3439:
3246:
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2693:
Froese, Paul. "'I am an atheist and a Muslim': Islam, communism, and ideological competition." Journal of Church and State 47.3 (2005)
2604:
1314:
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230:
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2014:
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1935:
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410:
355:
350:
245:
215:
113:
2926:
4257:
3196:
3046:
1413:
867:
764:
475:
465:
400:
2182:
Turkish Atrocities: Statements of American Missionaries on the Destruction of Christian Communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915–1917
4386:
3984:
3434:
1124:
would have died on a cross was offensive to some of the Jews because they awaited a messiah who had different characteristics.
1026:
830:
667:
643:
638:
563:
490:
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317:
297:
265:
210:
195:
1739:
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980:
711:
676:
653:
623:
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568:
558:
553:
543:
538:
533:
528:
510:
435:
345:
302:
250:
205:
180:
162:
98:
3098:
1548:
The issue of Christianophobia was considered by the UK parliament on 5 December 2007 in a Westminster Hall Commons debate.
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1571:
936:
706:
701:
696:
648:
633:
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583:
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365:
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312:
307:
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287:
185:
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against Christian churches, top Nazis freely expressed their contempt for Christian teachings in private conversations.
780:
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681:
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440:
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260:
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225:
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118:
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3444:
3426:
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3348:
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2984:
1740:"ANTI-CHRISTIAN | Definition of ANTI-CHRISTIAN by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of ANTI-CHRISTIAN"
1621:
1611:
1531:
1519:
1381:
1294:
1203:
1069:
901:
845:
2872:
4237:
4162:
4109:
3553:
3338:
2267:
Gutman, David (2019). "The thirty year genocide: Turkey's destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894–1924".
2243:
2239:
992:
840:
73:
3882:
3877:
1574:. Officials speculated that the fires and other acts of vandalism were reactions to the reported discovery of
1370:
1353:
3197:"'Unacceptable and wrong': Trudeau says vandalizing churches can hurt those seeking 'solace' | Globalnews.ca"
1848:
1112:
at that time, this sentiment was the anger of an established religion towards a new and revolutionary faith.
4174:
4119:
3643:
1501:
1262:
3613:
3568:
1333:
968:
931:
916:
3179:"At least 33 Canadian churches have burned to the ground since May 2021. So far, 24 are confirmed arsons"
2387:
Thuillier, Guy (2002). "Aux origines de l'affaire des fiches (1904) : Le cabinet du général André".
3989:
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3663:
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906:
817:
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1496:
4179:
4039:
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3598:
3399:
1158:
urged the grandson of Alp Arslan to root out and wipe out all Christians in the world in a genocide:
1117:
941:
910:
78:
3238:
2722:
Estimates of the total number all Christian martyrs in the former Soviet Union are about 12 million.
4355:
4297:
4292:
4287:
3917:
3328:
1626:
1564:
1560:
1321:
1219:
1211:
953:
88:
53:
4351:
4307:
4282:
4222:
4186:
3846:
3821:
3738:
3533:
3469:
3366:
3333:
3323:
3297:
2658:(1). Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies (George Washington University): 73–92.
2561:
2404:
2317:"Then Came the Chance the Turks Have Been Waiting For: To Get Rid of Christians Once and for All"
2290:
2105:
1805:
1797:
1641:
1404:
1139:
975:
894:
143:
3516:
2154:
3723:
3501:
3409:
2770:
2764:
2729:
2667:
2600:
2473:
2446:
2396:
2247:
2185:
2158:
2095:
2053:
2047:
2010:
1984:
1957:
1931:
1905:
1879:
1789:
1656:
1481:
1453:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1270:
1254:
1246:
1215:
1192:
83:
2469:
4302:
4267:
4252:
4196:
4147:
3603:
3573:
3459:
3454:
3404:
2659:
2367:
2282:
2087:
1781:
1715:
1631:
1433:
1397:
1393:
1113:
862:
103:
2049:
The Hexagon of Heresy: A Historical and Theological Study of Definitional Divine Simplicity
4227:
3932:
3826:
3728:
3563:
3558:
3548:
3528:
3486:
3481:
3069:"World Watch List 2012: North Korea No. 1 Persecutor of Christians for 10th Straight Year"
2835:
2353:
2269:
1646:
1468:
to different extents depending on State interests. The state advocated the destruction of
1361:
1188:
1167:-balls of the Franks' heads in the desert, and polo sticks from their hands and feet"
1009:
2511:
926:
4277:
4247:
4157:
3851:
3831:
3588:
3511:
3491:
2312:
2147:
1636:
1437:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1250:
1235:
1207:
874:
133:
3841:
3042:
1823:
1770:"Incest, Infanticide, and Cannibalism: Anti-Christian Imputations in the Roman Empire"
1692:"ANTI-CHRISTIAN – Definition and synonyms of anti-Christian in the English dictionary"
1691:
4370:
4217:
3790:
3697:
2423:
2358:
2294:
2236:
The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924
2109:
1809:
1527:
1428:
1385:
1366:
1338:
1151:
An anti-Christian treatise published in Al-Andalus was titled as "Hammers crosses."
1097:
785:
148:
138:
108:
3012:"Dying for Christianity: millions at risk amid rise in persecution across the globe"
1901:
The church in the shadow of the mosque: Christians and Muslims in the world of Islam
4009:
3897:
3867:
3523:
2308:
1747:
1552:
1473:
1445:
1441:
1424:
1420:
1389:
1345:
1282:
1138:
On the subject of historical Anti-Christian sentiments of early Muslims, professor
1132:
1062:
963:
958:
946:
921:
2620:
2286:
2489:
2218:
2202:
2030:
2004:
1978:
1951:
1925:
1899:
1873:
4004:
3892:
3887:
3836:
3800:
2592:
1671:
1408:
2512:"A Setback to Tomas Garrido Canabal's Desire to Eliminate the Church in Mexico"
1572:
over 68 Christian churches were desecrated, damaged, or destroyed across Canada
1183:
At the time of the Reformation, anti-Christian sentiment grew with the rise of
1057:, constitutes the fear of, hatred of, discrimination, and/or prejudice against
4262:
4142:
4034:
3754:
3220:
2831:"Persecution of Christians 'coming close to genocide' in Middle East – report"
2091:
1785:
1545:, North Korea persecutes Christians more than any other country in the world.
1542:
1523:
1357:
1171:
1155:
1058:
93:
2671:
2400:
1793:
17:
3774:
3769:
2663:
2528:
2278:
1147:
123:
1116:, who persecuted Christians before he became a Christian, highlighted the
3764:
3759:
3718:
2372:
2326:
1651:
1472:, and to achieve this goal, it officially denounced religious beliefs as
1469:
1377:, killing many priests and laymen and driving the remainder underground.
1356:
to strictly enforce Article 130 of the Constitution, a decision known as
1306:
2408:
1801:
1769:
3922:
2790:
2321:
1530:. Native Christian communities are subjected to persecution in several
1374:
1200:
1184:
1121:
1109:
68:
39:
2851:"The Fate of Egypt's Coptic Christians: Part One With Raymond Ibrahim"
2565:
1324:
was a political scandal which broke out in 1904 in France, during the
3733:
2490:
Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The dismal fate of new nations
2032:
World Communication: A Journal of the World Communication Association
1505:
1349:
1105:
35:
2648:"Father Aleksandr Men and the struggle to recover Russia's heritage"
2123:
1953:
Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources
1541:
is ongoing and systematic. According to the Christian organization
3805:
3506:
3122:"Rainn Wilson Calls Out 'Anti-Christian Bias' in 'The Last of Us'"
1495:
1229:
1101:
29:
2927:"The World Must Not Forgot North Korea's Crimes Against Humanity"
2809:"Christians are the most persecuted religious group in the world"
2621:"Revelations from the Russian Archives: ANTI-RELIGIOUS CAMPAIGNS"
1396:
were forced to forfeit their Portuguese citizenship. A series of
1199:
occurred, and new forms of moral religion emerged, including the
3713:
3141:"Matthew McConaughey Addresses Anti-Christian Bias in Hollywood"
2985:"Christian persecution reached record high in 2015, report says"
2954:"One in three Christians face persecution in Asia, report finds"
1466:
brutally suppressed and persecuted various forms of Christianity
1164:
1086:
3242:
2125:
Report by the Jacobin Society of Besançon on Refractory Priests
27:
Religious intolerance against the practitioners of Christianity
3222:'Unacceptable and wrong': PM Trudeau condemns church vandalism
2896:"117 Witnesses Detail North Korea's Persecution of Christians"
1369:
and his program as being one to eradicate religion in Mexico.
2652:
Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization
1120:
as a 'stumbling block' to the Jews, and the belief that the
1245:. Many Christians were persecuted and/or killed during the
1904:. Princeton University Press. 2008. pp. 14, 144–145.
1328:. From 1900 to 1904, the prefectural administrations, the
3160:"First Reading: The Canadian church arsons never stopped"
2009:. Random House Publishing. 4 December 2001. p. 264.
1269:
Many Christians were persecuted and/or killed during the
2443:
L'affaire des fiches, 1900–1904: chronique d'un scandale
1464:(1917–1991), there were periods when Soviet authorities
2467:
The Other Mexico: The North American Triangle Completed
2176:
2174:
1980:
Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The battle of Manzikert
1956:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1997. p. 143.
2751:"Christian Martyrdom: A global demographic assessment"
3544:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
2084:
Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution
1407:
committed various acts of violence that included the
1400:
and decrees followed each other in rapid succession.
2747:
over 20 million were martyred in Soviet prison camps
1563:
has stated that he has seen Christians in Hollywood
4195:
4133:
3955:
3860:
3814:
3783:
3747:
3706:
3690:
3681:
3425:
3385:
3347:
3314:
3296:
3287:
2445:. University of Michigan: Editions universitaires.
1555:, who is not a Christian himself, have argued that
1068:Anti-Christian sentiment has frequently led to the
3619:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat
3584:Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era
3539:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany
3417:Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam
2146:
1597:Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era
1513:Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era
1373:led persecutions against the Church in his state,
2791:"Christian persecution 'at near genocide levels'"
1348:was a widespread struggle in central and western
3654:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka
2082:Hunt, Lynn (2019). "The Imagery of Radicalism".
2077:
2075:
1930:. Open Road Media. 9 February 2016. p. 41.
3372:Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1559:has often expressed anti-Christian bias. Actor
1500:Remains of a church property burnt down during
1450:
1295:persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire
1160:
1360:. Calles sought to eliminate the power of the
3254:
2220:Travels in Arabia Deserta: Two Volumes in One
1607:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
1602:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
1104:, as it was documented by the writers of the
1091:persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
1027:
8:
3624:1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district
1456:by struggle and the survival of the fittest.
2149:A Cultural History of the French Revolution
1878:. Alpha Editions. April 2020. p. 200.
1875:The Life of Mohammad: From Original Sources
1305:) constitute an extermination campaign, or
1100:, and it seems to have been anticipated by
1096:Anti-Christian sentiment is visible in the
3687:
3293:
3261:
3247:
3239:
2052:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 265.
1662:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
1034:
1020:
167:
49:
3659:2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka
2371:
1075:Council of European Episcopal Conferences
791:Female genital mutilation laws by country
2726:"Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality"
2529:"Portugal – The First Republic, 1910–26"
2204:The Explorers: An Anthology of Discovery
1977:Hillenbrand, Carole (21 November 2007).
1539:persecution of Christians in North Korea
1683:
772:
754:
666:
518:
330:
273:
170:
52:
2983:William J. Cadigan (17 January 2015).
2766:A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia
1341:" officers would be promoted instead.
1234:Christians fleeing their homes in the
3158:Hopper, Tristin (February 14, 2024).
3049:from the original on 5 September 2021
2991:from the original on 5 September 2021
2933:from the original on 5 September 2021
2906:from the original on 1 September 2021
7:
4341:
3639:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal
3120:Bergeson, Samantha (13 March 2023).
3022:from the original on 8 February 2019
2952:Harriet Sherwood (16 January 2019).
2333:from the original on 4 November 2021
2234:Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2019).
1592:Violence against Christians in India
3043:"North Korea 'executes Christians'"
2894:Casper, Jayson (21 December 2020).
2354:"L'affaire des fiches dans le Nord"
1927:The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise
1444:himself disdained Christianity, as
4243:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
3440:1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari
2646:Daniel, Wallace L. (Winter 2009).
2599:. W. W. Norton. pp. 381–382.
1667:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
1580:Canadian Indian residential school
25:
3649:2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case
3177:Reith, Terry (January 10, 2024).
3010:Harriet Sherwood (27 July 2015).
2964:from the original on 10 June 2021
2153:. Yale University Press. p.
796:Legal aspects of ritual slaughter
114:Catholic priests in public office
4350:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4258:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
3139:Dowd, Cooper (27 October 2020).
2925:Benedict Rogers (22 July 2021).
1146:The prominent Andalusian jurist
3435:Constantinople massacre of 1821
2869:Christian Freedom International
2763:Yakovlev, Alexander N. (2002).
2554:Journal of Contemporary History
2223:. Ravenio Books. 14 March 2014.
1567:for the sake of their careers.
3629:1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence
3377:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)
1716:"Definition of ANTI-CHRISTIAN"
1423:never officially proclaimed a
1197:campaign of dechristianization
981:Christian countercult movement
890:Oriental Orthodox Christianity
99:Separation of church and state
46:: " leaving the church today".
1:
4313:Eastern Catholics in the USSR
3497:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon
3465:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution
3041:Andre Vornic (24 July 2009).
2472:(1995 Black Rose Books, Ltd)
2287:10.1080/14683849.2019.1644170
1744:Lexico Dictionaries | English
1239:
885:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
826:Traditional African religions
3231:– via www.youtube.com.
1828:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
1617:Christianity and colonialism
1534:such as Egypt and Pakistan.
781:Apostasy in Islam by country
3073:Open Doors, January 2, 2012
2516:Journal of Church and State
2207:. Casell. 1962. p. 55.
2184:. Gomidas Institute, 1998,
1551:Some people, such as actor
1462:history of the Soviet Union
801:Religious male circumcision
34:Anti-Christian graffiti in
4408:
4273:Saints of the Cristero War
4233:Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac
3664:2010 Manila hostage crisis
2492:, Cornell Univ. Press 2000
1388:. Under the leadership of
1293:and other contemporaneous
1175:Christians in the world".
4326:
4213:Massacre of the Innocents
3594:Maluku sectarian conflict
3273:Persecution of Christians
2865:"Persecution in Pakistan"
2813:www.catholiceducation.org
2769:. Yale University Press.
2352:Boniface, Xavier (2010).
2092:10.1525/9780520931046-011
2006:The Travels of Marco Polo
1786:10.1017/S0017383510000069
1768:WAGEMAKERS, BART (2010).
1622:Persecution of Christians
1612:Criticism of Christianity
1532:Muslim-majority countries
1382:First Portuguese Republic
1204:Cult of the Supreme Being
1070:persecution of Christians
786:Blasphemy laws by country
4377:Anti-Christian sentiment
4163:Violence against Mormons
3339:Diocletianic Persecution
3278:Anti-Christian sentiment
2441:Vindé, François (1989).
2422:Berstein, Serge (2007).
2244:Harvard University Press
2240:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1454:natural law of selection
1065:, and/or its practices.
1047:Anti-Christian sentiment
221:Central African Republic
74:Religious discrimination
3644:2008 Kandhamal violence
2664:10.3200/DEMO.17.1.73-92
2533:Encyclopedia Britannica
2518:(1971) 13 (3): 479–492.
2389:La Revue administrative
2145:Kennedy, Emmet (1989).
1824:"Religion:Christianity"
1720:www.merriam-webster.com
1570:Starting in June 2021,
1508:, India in August 2008.
1502:2008 Kandhamal violence
1263:Charles Montagu Doughty
976:New religious movements
722:Palestinian territories
4387:Anti-Eastern Orthodoxy
4268:North American Martyrs
3614:Maspero demonstrations
3569:Mountain War (Lebanon)
3357:Homs revolts (854–855)
2046:Gifford, J.D. (2022).
1509:
1458:
1334:Grand Orient de France
1315:its Christian subjects
1258:
1169:
1049:, also referred to as
969:Religious antisemitism
47:
3883:Tomás Garrido Canabal
3878:Plutarco Elías Calles
3796:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
3634:1999 Ranalai violence
3609:Boko Haram insurgency
3450:1860 Lebanon conflict
2580:Gunpowder and Incense
2395:(328): 354, 372–381.
1499:
1371:Tomás Garrido Canabal
1354:Plutarco Elías Calles
1326:Third French Republic
1309:, carried out by the
1233:
818:Religious persecution
44:Kirchenaustritt heute
33:
3943:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
3873:Mwanga II of Buganda
3599:Nag Hammadi massacre
3400:Revolt in the Vendée
2749:", Todd M. Johnson,
2724:", James M. Nelson,
2373:10.3917/rdn.384.0169
1983:. pp. 151–152.
1261:When British writer
1118:Crucifixion of Jesus
79:Religious censorship
4318:21 Martyrs of Libya
4298:522 Spanish Martyrs
4293:498 Spanish Martyrs
4288:233 Spanish Martyrs
3329:Persecution in Lyon
3079:on January 14, 2012
2625:Library of Congress
2597:Hitler: A Biography
2366:(384): 2, 169–193.
2315:(4 November 2021).
2086:. pp. 87–120.
1750:on October 21, 2020
1627:Eagle catching fish
1582:sites in May 2021.
1561:Matthew McConaughey
1405:Red Terror in Spain
1322:Affair of the Cards
1220:National Convention
1212:drownings at Nantes
1179:Early modern period
89:Religious pluralism
54:Freedom of religion
4392:Anti-Protestantism
4308:Martyrs of Daimiel
4283:Vietnamese Martyrs
4223:Carthusian Martyrs
3822:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
3691:Early Christianity
3534:Red Terror (Spain)
3470:Hamidian massacres
3367:Bashmurian revolts
3362:Martyrs of Córdoba
3334:Decian persecution
3324:Great Fire of Rome
3298:Early Christianity
3099:"Christianophobia"
2900:Christianity Today
2728:, Springer, 2009,
2510:Kirshner, Alan M.
1642:Anti-Protestantism
1565:hiding their faith
1522:widely across the
1510:
1486:scientific atheism
1476:and backward. The
1398:anti-Catholic laws
1259:
1226:Late modern period
1206:and the atheistic
1191:, a period of the
1140:Sidney H. Griffith
1089:. This led to the
1063:Christian religion
144:Confessional state
48:
42:. The text states
4364:
4363:
4170:Oriental Orthodox
3951:
3950:
3724:Septimius Severus
3677:
3676:
3507:Assyrian genocide
3502:Armenian genocide
3410:Kakure Kirishitan
3395:French Revolution
3164:The National Post
2776:978-0-300-10322-9
2465:Warnock, John W.
2253:978-0-674-24008-7
2180:James L. Barton,
2101:978-0-520-93104-6
2059:978-1-6667-5432-2
1849:"Religions: Paul"
1774:Greece & Rome
1657:Hindu nationalism
1303:Assyrian genocide
1291:Armenian genocide
1279:Assyrian genocide
1271:Armenian genocide
1255:Assyrian genocide
1247:Armenian genocide
1216:refractory clergy
1193:French Revolution
1154:The Persian poet
1102:Jesus of Nazareth
1044:
1043:
880:Jehovah's Witness
856:post–Cold War era
808:
807:
163:Status by country
84:Religious liberty
16:(Redirected from
4399:
4382:Anti-Catholicism
4354:
4344:
4343:
4334:
4333:
4303:Martyrs of Turon
4253:Martyrs of Japan
4206:
4153:Eastern Orthodox
4136:persecuted group
3688:
3669:Genocide by ISIL
3604:Kosheh massacres
3574:Beer Hall Putsch
3460:Kucheng massacre
3455:Tianjin Massacre
3405:Martyrs of Japan
3294:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3075:. Archived from
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2929:. The Diplomat.
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2871:. Archived from
2861:
2855:
2854:
2853:. 25 April 2013.
2847:
2841:
2840:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2815:. Archived from
2805:
2799:
2798:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2760:
2754:
2743:
2737:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2589:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2525:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2488:Haas, Ernst B.,
2486:
2480:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2246:. pp. 3–5.
2231:
2225:
2224:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2152:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1746:. Archived from
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1688:
1632:Anti-Catholicism
1434:Alfred Rosenberg
1244:
1241:
1055:Christianophobia
1036:
1029:
1022:
168:
104:Anti-clericalism
50:
21:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4322:
4228:Chinese Martyrs
4200:
4199:
4191:
4135:
4129:
3957:
3947:
3933:Abubakar Shekau
3856:
3827:Tokugawa Ieyasu
3810:
3779:
3743:
3729:Maximinus Thrax
3702:
3683:
3673:
3564:Damour massacre
3559:Chouf massacres
3549:Istanbul pogrom
3529:Shusha massacre
3517:İzmit massacres
3487:Boxer Rebellion
3482:Candia massacre
3421:
3381:
3343:
3310:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3267:
3237:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2875:on 2 April 2015
2863:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2836:TheGuardian.com
2829:
2828:
2824:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2744:
2740:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2676:
2674:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2627:. US Government
2619:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2578:Hilari Raguer,
2577:
2573:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2270:Turkish Studies
2266:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2102:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1647:Hindu Terrorism
1588:
1576:unmarked graves
1518:Christians are
1494:
1478:Communist Party
1460:Throughout the
1362:Catholic Church
1289:argue that the
1242:
1228:
1189:Reign of Terror
1181:
1130:
1083:
1040:
1010:Religion portal
1004:
1003:
1002:
868:Catholic Church
820:
810:
809:
614:North Macedonia
579:Northern Cyprus
386:Northern Cyprus
165:
155:
154:
153:
129:
128:
119:Confessionalism
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4405:
4403:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4369:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4338:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Uganda Martyrs
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4248:Korean Martyrs
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4075:Ottoman Empire
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3903:Vladimir Lenin
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3852:Queen Jeongsun
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3748:Late Antiquity
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3589:Sumgait pogrom
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3554:Black Thursday
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3512:Greek genocide
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3492:Adana massacre
3489:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3212:
3188:
3169:
3150:
3131:
3112:
3090:
3060:
3033:
3002:
2975:
2944:
2917:
2886:
2856:
2842:
2822:
2819:on 2019-05-08.
2800:
2782:
2775:
2755:
2738:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2638:
2612:
2606:978-0393067576
2605:
2584:
2571:
2560:(3): 355–369.
2544:
2520:
2503:
2494:
2481:
2458:
2451:
2433:
2414:
2379:
2344:
2300:
2259:
2252:
2226:
2210:
2194:
2170:
2163:
2137:
2115:
2100:
2071:
2058:
2038:
2022:
2015:
1996:
1989:
1969:
1962:
1943:
1936:
1917:
1910:
1891:
1884:
1865:
1840:
1815:
1780:(2): 337–354.
1760:
1731:
1707:
1696:educalingo.com
1682:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1637:Anti-Mormonism
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1493:
1490:
1438:Martin Bormann
1384:was intensely
1330:Masonic lodges
1311:Ottoman Empire
1299:Greek genocide
1275:Greek genocide
1251:Greek genocide
1236:Ottoman Empire
1227:
1224:
1208:Cult of Reason
1180:
1177:
1129:
1126:
1114:Paul of Tarsus
1082:
1079:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
998:Zoroastrianism
995:
990:
985:
984:
983:
973:
972:
971:
966:
961:
951:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
914:
904:
899:
898:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
871:
870:
860:
859:
858:
843:
838:
833:
828:
822:
821:
816:
815:
812:
811:
806:
805:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
775:
774:
770:
769:
768:
767:
759:
758:
752:
751:
750:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
671:
670:
664:
663:
662:
661:
659:United Kingdom
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
523:
522:
516:
515:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
335:
334:
328:
327:
326:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
282:
281:
271:
270:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
175:
174:
166:
161:
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4238:Drina Martyrs
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4005:German Empire
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3791:Al-Mutawakkil
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3307:
3306:New Testament
3304:
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3279:
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2839:. 2 May 2019.
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2797:. 3 May 2019.
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2359:Revue du Nord
2355:
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2345:
2332:
2328:
2324:
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2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:Morris, Benny
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2190:1-884630-04-9
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2164:9780300044263
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1937:9781504034692
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1911:9780691130156
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1528:Islamic world
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1426:
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1386:anti-clerical
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1372:
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1367:atheist state
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1339:free-thinking
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1187:. During the
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1098:New Testament
1094:
1092:
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1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:Christophobia
1048:
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895:Protestantism
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851:Christophobia
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323:United States
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149:Atheist state
147:
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139:Secular state
137:
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109:School prayer
107:
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75:
72:
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59:
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55:
51:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
18:Christophobia
4095:Soviet Union
4085:Saudi Arabia
4010:Nazi Germany
3913:Adolf Hitler
3898:Three Pashas
3868:Ranavalona I
3815:Early modern
3707:Roman Empire
3579:Eastern Bloc
3524:Cristero War
3387:Early modern
3316:Roman Empire
3277:
3226:. Retrieved
3221:
3215:
3204:. Retrieved
3200:
3191:
3182:
3172:
3163:
3153:
3144:
3134:
3125:
3115:
3105:19 September
3103:. Retrieved
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3077:the original
3072:
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3016:The Guardian
3015:
3005:
2993:. Retrieved
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2958:The Guardian
2957:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2920:
2908:. Retrieved
2899:
2889:
2877:. Retrieved
2873:the original
2868:
2859:
2845:
2834:
2825:
2817:the original
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2765:
2758:
2746:
2741:
2721:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2681:
2675:. Retrieved
2655:
2651:
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2596:
2593:Kershaw, Ian
2587:
2579:
2574:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:
2523:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2484:
2466:
2461:
2442:
2436:
2430:. p. 8.
2427:
2417:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2363:
2357:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2320:
2313:Ze'evi, Dror
2303:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2235:
2229:
2219:
2213:
2203:
2197:
2181:
2148:
2140:
2130:, retrieved
2128:, 1792-01-08
2124:
2118:
2083:
2063:. Retrieved
2048:
2041:
2031:
2025:
2005:
1999:
1979:
1972:
1952:
1946:
1926:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1874:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:
1818:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:the original
1743:
1734:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:
1710:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1569:
1553:Rainn Wilson
1550:
1547:
1536:
1517:
1511:
1492:Contemporary
1459:
1451:
1446:Alan Bullock
1425:Kirchenkampf
1421:Nazi Germany
1418:
1402:
1390:Afonso Costa
1379:
1346:Cristero War
1343:
1319:
1283:Benny Morris
1268:
1260:
1182:
1170:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1133:William Muir
1131:
1095:
1084:
1067:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
964:Anti-Judaism
959:Antisemitism
947:Islamophobia
850:
846:Christianity
836:Baháʼí Faith
732:Saudi Arabia
501:Turkmenistan
256:South Africa
201:Burkina Faso
43:
4263:New Martyrs
4187:Protestants
4143:Anabaptists
4070:North Korea
3965:Afghanistan
3928:Kim Il-sung
3893:Enver Hoxha
3888:Bai Chongxi
3837:Tipu Sultan
3801:Hulagu Khan
3784:Middle Ages
3445:1850 Aleppo
3349:Middle Ages
3201:Global News
3083:January 11,
3053:6 September
3026:5 September
2995:5 September
2968:5 September
2937:5 September
2910:1 September
1672:Black metal
1409:desecration
1287:Dror Ze'evi
1243: 1922
1128:Middle Ages
988:Neopaganism
911:Hinduphobia
863:Catholicism
668:Middle East
471:South Korea
456:Philippines
446:North Korea
341:Afghanistan
4371:Categories
4050:Madagascar
3975:Azerbaijan
3938:Xi Jinping
3918:Mao Zedong
3755:Diocletian
3684:persecutor
3475:Diyarbekir
3228:2024-05-01
3206:2024-05-01
3145:Movieguide
2734:0387875727
2677:2014-03-29
2538:2021-07-16
2337:5 November
2132:2021-12-09
2065:2023-01-25
1858:9 November
1833:9 November
1754:2021-05-20
1725:2021-05-20
1701:2021-05-20
1678:References
1543:Open Doors
1520:persecuted
1480:destroyed
1358:Calles Law
1172:Marco Polo
1059:Christians
902:Falun Gong
609:Montenegro
549:Azerbaijan
506:Uzbekistan
486:Tajikistan
411:Kazakhstan
356:Bangladesh
351:Azerbaijan
246:Mauritania
216:Cape Verde
94:Secularism
4175:Armenians
4148:Catholics
4020:Indonesia
3842:Minh Mạng
3775:Athanaric
3770:Shapur II
3698:Agrippa I
3126:IndieWire
3101:. Hansard
2672:1940-4603
2401:0035-0672
2295:201424062
2279:Routledge
2110:226772970
1810:161652552
1794:0017-3835
1557:Hollywood
1419:Although
1414:religious
1218:" by the
1148:Ibn Rushd
1081:Antiquity
993:Rastafari
932:Ahmadiyya
875:Mormonism
765:Australia
639:Slovakia
476:Sri Lanka
466:Singapore
401:Indonesia
124:Theocracy
4336:Category
4110:Thailand
4080:Pakistan
4055:Malaysia
3985:Cambodia
3765:Galerius
3760:Maximian
3739:Valerian
3719:Domitian
3290:incident
3183:CBC News
3047:Archived
3020:Archived
2989:Archived
2962:Archived
2931:Archived
2904:Archived
2879:24 March
2795:BBC News
2736:, p. 427
2595:(2008).
2582:, p. 126
2409:40774826
2331:Archived
2327:Tel Aviv
1802:40929483
1652:Hindutva
1586:See also
1482:churches
1470:religion
1313:against
1307:genocide
907:Hinduism
841:Buddhism
644:Slovenia
564:Bulgaria
491:Thailand
451:Pakistan
431:Mongolia
426:Maldives
421:Malaysia
371:Cambodia
318:Paraguay
298:Colombia
266:Tanzania
236:DR Congo
211:Cameroon
196:Botswana
62:Concepts
4346:Commons
4197:Martyrs
4158:Mormons
4120:Vietnam
4090:Somalia
4065:Nigeria
4045:Lebanon
3970:Algeria
3958:country
3923:Pol Pot
3045:. BBC.
2987:. CNN.
2428:Gallica
2322:Haaretz
2281:: 1–3.
2035:. 1991.
1448:noted:
1394:Jesuits
1375:Tabasco
1332:of the
1201:deistic
1185:atheism
1156:Mu'izzi
1122:messiah
1110:Judaism
1106:gospels
954:Judaism
937:Alevism
909: (
831:Atheism
773:Topical
756:Oceania
712:Lebanon
677:Bahrain
654:Ukraine
624:Romania
599:Hungary
594:Germany
589:Georgia
569:Croatia
559:Belgium
554:Belarus
544:Austria
539:Armenia
534:Andorra
529:Albania
511:Vietnam
436:Myanmar
391:Georgia
346:Armenia
303:Ecuador
251:Morocco
231:Comoros
206:Burundi
181:Algeria
69:Laicism
40:Austria
4356:Portal
4115:Turkey
4060:Mexico
4000:France
3861:Modern
3847:Tự Đức
3832:Kangxi
3734:Decius
3427:Modern
2773:
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1442:Hitler
1350:Mexico
1301:, and
1277:, and
1253:, and
1210:. The
1061:, the
707:Kuwait
702:Jordan
697:Israel
649:Turkey
634:Serbia
629:Russia
619:Norway
584:France
574:Cyprus
520:Europe
496:Turkey
481:Taiwan
461:Russia
381:Cyprus
366:Brunei
361:Bhutan
313:Panama
308:Guyana
293:Canada
288:Brazil
186:Angola
172:Africa
36:Vienna
4180:Copts
4125:Yemen
4105:Sudan
4100:Spain
4035:Japan
4015:India
3995:Egypt
3990:China
3980:Burma
3806:Timur
2631:2 May
2562:JSTOR
2470:p. 27
2405:JSTOR
2291:S2CID
2106:S2CID
1806:S2CID
1798:JSTOR
942:Sufis
927:Shi'a
922:Sunni
917:Islam
747:Yemen
737:Syria
727:Qatar
682:Egypt
604:Italy
441:Nepal
406:Japan
396:India
376:China
275:North
261:Sudan
241:Egypt
191:Benin
4203:list
4040:Laos
4030:Iraq
4025:Iran
3714:Nero
3107:2022
3085:2012
3055:2021
3028:2021
2997:2021
2970:2021
2939:2021
2912:2021
2881:2015
2771:ISBN
2730:ISBN
2668:ISSN
2633:2016
2601:ISBN
2474:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2397:ISSN
2339:2021
2248:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2159:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2054:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1860:2021
1835:2021
1790:ISSN
1537:The
1526:and
1524:Arab
1436:and
1403:The
1380:The
1344:The
1320:The
1285:and
1165:polo
1087:Rome
717:Oman
692:Iraq
687:Iran
416:Laos
332:Asia
277:and
226:Chad
2660:doi
2368:doi
2364:384
2283:doi
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2088:doi
1853:BBC
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