1204:
1116:
705:
958:
3015:
944:
38:
1018:(mercurialism), was seen as an occupational disease to the ancient Romans. Though people in ancient South America often used cinnabar for art, or processed it into refined mercury (as a means to gild silver and gold to objects), the toxic properties of mercury were well known. It was dangerous to those who mined and processed cinnabar; it caused shaking, loss of sense, and death. Data suggests that mercury was
756:
1905:"Cinnabar from Sulphur Bank Mine (Sulfur Bank Mine; Sulphur Bank deposits), Clear Lake Oaks, Sulphur Creek Mining District (Sulfur Creek Mining District; Wilbur Springs Mining District), Lake Co., California, USA"
834:(Spain). This mine was exploited from Roman times until 1991, being for centuries the most important cinnabar deposit in the world. Good cinnabar crystals have also been found there. Cinnabar deposits appear in
947:
Specimen composed of pure cinnabar, with the surface covered in crystals. Being an old specimen, they are partially darkened due to exposure to light. Almadén Mine, (Ciudad Real), Spain. Largest dimension, 6
1825:
Dini, Andrea; Benvenuti, Marco; Costagliola, Pilar; Lattanzi, Pierfranco (2001). "Mercury deposits in metamorphic settings: the example of
Levigliani and Ripa mines, Apuane Alps (Tuscany, Italy)".
1026:, 225 km (140 mi) southwest of Madrid, was regarded as being akin to a death sentence due to the shortened life expectancy of the miners, who were slaves or convicts."
656:
Cinnabar is generally found in a massive, granular, or earthy form and is bright scarlet to brick-red in color, though it occasionally occurs in crystals with a nonmetallic
1777:
2965:
3071:
1443:
597:. In Roman times, cinnabar was highly valued as paint for walls, especially interiors, since it darkened when used outdoors due to exposure to sunlight.
1860:
Voudouris, Panagiotis; Kati, Marianna; Magganas, Andreas; Keith, Manuel; Valsami-Jones, Eugenia; Haase, Karsten; Klemd, Reiner; Nestmeyer, Mark (2020).
1698:
1085:, where the remains of a noble woman and objects belonging to her in her sarcophagus were completely covered with bright red powder made from cinnabar.
2430:. Minerals, Fluids and Rocks: Alphabet and Words of Planet Earth. Rimini: 2nd European Mineralogical Conference (EMC2016) 11–15 Sep 2016. p. 716.
1970:
Martín Gil, J.; Martín Gil, F. J.; Delibes de Castro, G.; Zapatero
Magdaleno, P.; Sarabia Herrero, F. J. (1995). "The first known use of vermillion".
2995:
2950:
3076:
2416:
2248:
2177:
2161:
2112:
1718:
2447:
434:
2960:
2442:
2387:
1743:
1681:
1656:
1602:
87:
2955:
724:
787:
solutions (those near the surface and not too hot) far removed from their igneous source. It is associated with native mercury,
2985:
3081:
2479:
1800:
744:
543:
246:
1108:
if the pieces were accidentally destroyed. In the modern jewellery industry, the toxic pigment is replaced by a resin-based
739:
contacts (with 3.10, 3.10, 3.30 and 3.30 Å separations). In addition, HgS is found in a black, non-cinnabar polymorph (
1478:
3056:
2970:
1306:
279:
2426:
Barone, G.; Di Bella, M.; Mastelloni, M. A.; Mazzoleni, P.; Quartieri, S.; Raneri, S.; Sabatino, G.; Vailati, C. (2016).
969:
As the most common source of mercury in nature, cinnabar has been mined for thousands of years, even as far back as the
1495:
1512:
1464:
1127:
Two female mummies dated AD 1399 to 1475 found in Cerro
Esmeralda in Chile in 1976 had clothes colored with cinnabar.
1618:
3061:
2407:
Stewart, Susan (2014). "'Gleaming and deadly white': Toxic cosmetics in the Roman world". In Wexler, Philip (ed.).
2101:
Stewart, Susan (2014). "'Gleaming and deadly white': Toxic cosmetics in the Roman world". In Wexler, Philip (ed.).
1490:
1217:
3051:
1184:
1097:
937:
22:
1325:
1022:
from cinnabar and the workers were exposed to the toxic mercury fumes. "Mining in the
Spanish cinnabar mines of
1738:. Vol. II. Sulfuros y sulfosales. Vitoria, Spain: Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava. pp. 355–359.
1159:
1187:
black, synthetic metacinnabar, which is then heated in water. This conversion is promoted by the presence of
2980:
2048:
723:
Mercury(II) sulfide, HgS, adopts the cinnabar structure described, and one additional structure, i.e. it is
713:
555:
77:
2201:
Healy, Paul F.; Blainey, Marc G. (2011). "Ancient Maya mosaic mirrors: Function, symbolism, and meaning".
1862:"Arsenian Pyrite and Cinnabar from Active Submarine Nearshore Vents, Paleochori Bay, Milos Island, Greece"
989:
847:
427:
3000:
2945:
1801:"Tracking a toxic trail / Long-closed mine identified as largest source of mercury in San Francisco Bay"
1209:
1115:
1078:
981:
859:
236:
226:
1948:
1861:
550:
of approximately 8.1. The color and properties derive from a structure that is a hexagonal crystalline
883:
1876:
1834:
1264:
1169:
1105:
898:
855:
524:
716:. It occurs as thick tabular or slender prismatic crystals or as granular to massive incrustations.
2452:
2065:
1155:
871:
269:
259:
2457:
2187:
1927:"Cinnabar from Steamboat Springs mine, Steamboat Springs Mining District, Washoe Co., Nevada, USA"
2811:
2472:
2284:
2218:
2003:
1567:
1517:
1282:
1089:
1070:
816:
212:
2428:
Pottery
Production of the Pittore di Lipari: Chemical and Mineralogical Analysis of the Pigments
867:
830:
Cinnabar is found in essentially all mineral extraction localities that yield mercury, notably
2719:
2412:
2383:
2244:
2157:
2108:
1995:
1987:
1739:
1714:
1677:
1652:
1598:
1594:
1074:
1039:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
933:
843:
772:
657:
570:
520:
505:
152:
3066:
2210:
1979:
1884:
1842:
1706:
1559:
1272:
1222:
1180:
1176:
875:
851:
717:
704:
693:
685:
669:
601:
590:
559:
547:
539:
454:
394:
310:
289:
202:
63:
3019:
2182:
2044:
2025:
1522:
1500:
839:
688:(GaAs), which are 2.42 and 3.93, respectively. The hardness of cinnabar is 2.0–2.5 on the
551:
497:
56:
37:
888:
118:
1880:
1838:
1437:
1268:
943:
2265:
2236:
1348:
1188:
985:
640:
617:
303:
97:
2141:. Special Paper 467. Boulder, Colorado: The Geological Society of America. p. 29.
1846:
3045:
2465:
2222:
2136:
1645:
1587:
1571:
1563:
1486:
1432:
1286:
1227:
970:
922:
863:
665:
535:
333:
189:
109:
2007:
639:, meaning also "red cinnamon", though both of these terms now refer specifically to
3036:
2690:
1232:
1165:
1120:
1093:
1055:
1051:
1047:
974:
914:
906:
740:
677:
632:
605:
194:
600:
Associated modern precautions for the use and handling of cinnabar arise from the
2102:
1300:
Myers, R. J. (1986). "The new low value for the second dissociation constant of H
992:
is used to collect the liquid metal, which is most often shipped in iron flasks.
2990:
2774:
2750:
2517:
1304:
S. Its history, its best value, and its impact on teaching sulfide equilibria".
1059:
957:
929:
near its sulfur springs at the southern end of the island along the west coast.
894:
127:
1136:
Hepatic cinnabar, or paragite, is an impure brownish variety from the mines of
2918:
2894:
2786:
2755:
2702:
2605:
2214:
1926:
1904:
1199:
1023:
1006:
Associated modern precautions for use and handling of cinnabar arise from the
988:. Pure mercury separates from sulfur in this process and easily evaporates. A
902:
831:
812:
780:
776:
689:
527:
346:
1991:
2906:
2887:
2875:
2835:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2803:
2726:
2666:
2654:
2629:
2617:
2610:
2593:
2557:
2021:
1459:
1405:
1035:
1010:
component, which was recognized as early as in ancient Rome. Because of its
800:
708:
Crystal structure of cinnabar: yellow = sulfur, grey = mercury, green = cell
594:
578:
574:
566:
509:
181:
1096:. The danger of mercury poisoning may be reduced in ancient lacquerware by
508:
and is the historic source for the brilliant red or scarlet pigment termed
2285:"Dressed to Kill: Chilean Mummies' Clothes Were Colored with Deadly Toxin"
1999:
1619:"Table of Refractive Indices and Double Refraction of Selected Gems - IGS"
1168:
is a black-colored form of mercury(II) sulfide, which crystallizes in the
2923:
2911:
2899:
2622:
2586:
2581:
2569:
2550:
2534:
2529:
2066:"Concentration of Isotopes of Mercury in Countercurrent Molecular Stills"
1759:
1145:
1141:
1082:
1014:
content, cinnabar can be toxic to human beings. Overexposure to mercury,
926:
788:
732:
102:
42:
Cinnabar crystals (1 cm) on quartz crystals. Almadén, Ciudad Real (Spain)
1889:
1277:
1252:
2870:
2678:
2646:
2634:
2562:
2546:
2409:
History of
Toxicology and Environmental Health: Toxicology in Antiquity
2104:
History of
Toxicology and Environmental Health: Toxicology in Antiquity
1983:
1447:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 376.
1149:
1109:
1101:
918:
820:
792:
784:
768:
755:
727:. Cinnabar is the more stable form, and is a structure akin to that of
681:
673:
516:
2360:
2342:
2309:
1378:
925:
in India where fine crystals have been obtained. It has been found in
2863:
2858:
2840:
2779:
2762:
2738:
2731:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2541:
1137:
1019:
879:
824:
808:
796:
760:
661:
626:
531:
440:
1710:
635:
to several distinct substances. In Latin, it was sometimes known as
2064:
Madorsky, Samuel L.; Bradt, Paul; Straus, Sidney (September 1948).
2882:
2509:
1114:
1066:
1043:
956:
942:
932:
Cinnabar is still being deposited, such as from the hot waters of
910:
754:
703:
586:
582:
2310:"Hepatic Cinnabar: Hepatic Cinnabar mineral information and data"
1539:. Chicago, IL: Dover (R. R. Donnelley-Courier). pp. 100–102.
980:
To produce liquid mercury (quicksilver), crushed cinnabar ore is
2791:
2767:
2743:
2598:
2574:
835:
804:
2461:
2156:(6th ed.). New York City: Informa Healthcare. p. 10.
1436:
2975:
2522:
2500:
2492:
2488:
728:
501:
1479:
977:
it was mined both as a pigment, and for its mercury content.
620:
1034:
Cinnabar has been used for its color since antiquity in the
565:
Cinnabar has been used for its color since antiquity in the
478:
418:
2343:"Hypercinnabar: Hypercinnabar mineral information and data"
2107:. Vol. II. New York City: Academic Press. p. 84.
1175:
Synthetic cinnabar is produced by treatment of mercury(II)
481:
469:
409:
2411:. Vol. II. New York, NY: Academic Press. p. 84.
2361:"Metacinnabar: Metacinnabar mineral information and data"
463:
403:
2073:
Journal of
Research of the National Bureau of Standards
1550:
King, R. J. (2002). "Minerals
Explained 37: Cinnabar".
1112:
that approximates the appearance of pigmented lacquer.
1088:
The most popularly known use of cinnabar is in
Chinese
1065:
Cinnabar's use as a color in the New World, since the
901:; the La Ripa and Levigliani mines at the foot of the
731:: each Hg center has two short Hg−S bonds (each 2.36
466:
460:
457:
412:
406:
400:
484:
475:
415:
197:
to tabular; granular to massive and as incrustations
2938:
2851:
2802:
2645:
2508:
2499:
2243:(2nd ed.). British Museum Press. p. 178.
472:
397:
379:
345:
332:
309:
298:
288:
278:
268:
258:
245:
235:
225:
211:
201:
188:
177:
172:
151:
126:
108:
96:
86:
76:
62:
52:
47:
30:
1644:
1586:
1585:Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr (1985).
2448:Dartmouth Toxic Metals Research Program – Mercury
2039:
2037:
1537:The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting
1379:"Cinnabar: Cinnabar mineral information and data"
1092:, a technique that apparently originated in the
2272:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan.
2473:
1699:"Thermal Springs and Epithermal Ore Deposits"
8:
2096:
2094:
1069:culture, is exemplified by its use in royal
961:Apparatus for the distillation of cinnabar,
767:Cinnabar generally occurs as a vein-filling
515:Cinnabar generally occurs as a vein-filling
1042:-type cosmetic, in the New World since the
496:is the bright scarlet to brick-red form of
2505:
2480:
2466:
2458:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1119:Chinese carved cinnabar lacquerware, late
2382:. San Diego, California: Academic Press.
1888:
1276:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1158:crystallizes at high temperature in the
184:-red, towards brownish red and lead-gray
2270:Gemrocks: Ornamental & Curio Stones
1515:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
1243:
1077:, most dramatically in the 7th-century
631:), a Greek word most likely applied by
207:Simple contact twins, twin plane {0001}
2241:The British Museum Book of Chinese Art
1703:Fiftieth Anniversary Volume, 1905–1955
1148:, in which the cinnabar is mixed with
712:Structurally, cinnabar belongs to the
27:
2138:Mining and Metallurgy in Ancient Peru
1951:. Environment Canada. January 9, 2007
1046:culture, and in China for writing on
680:wavelengths), versus the indices for
676:. Its mean refractive index is 3.08 (
512:and associated red mercury pigments.
7:
2378:Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001).
2154:Principles and Methods of Toxicology
1253:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
500:(HgS). It is the most common source
16:Red mercury(II) sulfide mineral, HgS
2283:Weisberger, Mindy (July 27, 2018).
1778:"Almaden Quicksilver Mining Museum"
604:, which was recognized as early as
3072:Minerals in space group 152 or 154
2996:Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)
558:, crystals that sometimes exhibit
14:
1676:. Oxford, Oxon: Clarendon Press.
602:toxicity of the mercury component
3013:
1593:(20th ed.). Wiley. p.
1564:10.1046/j.0266-6979.2003.00366.x
1202:
953:Mining and extraction of mercury
720:occurs as simple contact twins.
668:, and it has the second-highest
593:, where it was used in coloring
453:
393:
36:
2976:Magmatic nickel-copper-iron-PGE
2966:Kambalda-type komatiitic nickel
2327:Shepard, Charles Upham (1832).
2186:. July 29, 1957. Archived from
1799:Kay, Jane (December 22, 2002).
2986:Sedimentary exhalative (SedEx)
1674:Structural Inorganic Chemistry
1:
2961:Iron oxide copper gold (IOCG)
2331:. Hezekiah Howe. p. 132.
1847:10.1016/S0169-1368(01)00026-9
1307:Journal of Chemical Education
664:in its symmetry. It exhibits
3077:Traditional Chinese medicine
1535:Thompson, Daniel V. (1956).
1123:. Adilnor Collection, Sweden
627:
534:in symmetry and it exhibits
1736:Minerales y Minas de España
1465:Online Etymology Dictionary
779:. Cinnabar is deposited by
546:between 2.0 and 2.5, and a
3100:
2951:Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc
2053:. Vol. XXXIII. 36–42.
1949:"Natural Sources: Mercury"
1780:. Santa Clara County Parks
1651:. New York, NY: Sterling.
1480:
1218:Classification of minerals
1104:, but could still pose an
999:
759:Cinnabar mercury ore from
621:
433:
284:Transparent in thin pieces
20:
3009:
2453:Cinnabar visual reference
2215:10.1017/S0956536111000241
1697:White, Donald E. (1955).
1623:International Gem Society
938:Steamboat Springs, Nevada
35:
23:Cinnabar (disambiguation)
2264:Dietrich, R. V. (2005).
1160:hexagonal crystal system
1100:the powdered pigment in
1058:it was used in coloring
917:(Peru); the province of
647:Properties and structure
530:. The mineral resembles
302:Uniaxial (+); very high
72:Mercury(II) sulfide, HgS
2491:, mineral mixtures and
2079:. Research Paper RP1918
1496:A Greek–English Lexicon
1444:Encyclopædia Britannica
1406:"Cinnabar Mineral Data"
1354:. rruff.geo.arizona.edu
1008:toxicity of the mercury
714:trigonal crystal system
556:trigonal crystal system
231:Uneven to subconchoidal
2329:Treatise on Mineralogy
1734:Calvo, Miguel (2003).
1647:Gemstones of the World
1257:Mineralogical Magazine
1124:
966:
949:
848:Murfreesboro, Arkansas
764:
709:
589:since as early as the
538:. Cinnabar has a mean
3082:Alchemical substances
3001:Orogenic gold deposit
2946:Banded iron formation
2152:Hayes, A. W. (2014).
2135:Petersen, G. (2010).
2030:. Vol. VII. 4–5.
1672:Wells, A. F. (1984).
1643:Schumann, W. (1997).
1487:Liddell, Henry George
1210:Earth sciences portal
1118:
1079:tomb of the Red Queen
960:
946:
860:New Idria, California
758:
707:
686:gallium(III) arsenide
88:Strunz classification
3057:Mercury(II) minerals
2190:on December 5, 2008.
2178:"New World's Oldest"
1589:Manual of Mineralogy
1170:cubic crystal system
1106:environmental hazard
856:San Jose, California
745:zincblende structure
684:and the non-mineral
616:The name comes from
21:For other uses, see
3020:Minerals portal
2956:Heavy mineral sands
2380:Inorganic Chemistry
2203:Ancient Mesoamerica
1890:10.3390/min11010014
1881:2020Mine...11...14V
1839:2001OGRv...18..149D
1827:Ore Geology Reviews
1705:. GeoScienceWorld.
1278:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
1269:2021MinM...85..291W
1251:Warr, L.N. (2021).
1073:during the peak of
872:Vallejo, California
735:), and four longer
498:mercury(II) sulfide
164:= 9.496(2) Å,
160:= 4.145(2) Å,
114:Trapezohedral (32)
1984:10.1007/BF01922425
1518:A Latin Dictionary
1152:and earthy matter.
1125:
1090:carved lacquerware
967:
950:
936:in California and
909:(Tuscany, Italy);
765:
710:
299:Optical properties
264:Adamantine to dull
3062:Trigonal minerals
3027:
3026:
2934:
2933:
2443:MSDS for cinnabar
2418:978-0-12-801634-3
2250:978-0-7141-2446-9
2163:978-1-842-14537-1
2114:978-0-12-801634-3
1760:"Cinnabar. Spain"
1720:978-1-9349-6952-6
1458:Harper, Douglas.
1075:Maya civilization
1038:, including as a
1016:mercury poisoning
1002:Mercury poisoning
990:condensing column
934:Sulphur Bank Mine
878:(United States);
844:Red Devil, Alaska
773:volcanic activity
658:adamantine luster
569:, including as a
554:belonging to the
521:volcanic activity
506:elemental mercury
492:), also known as
386:
385:
122:
3089:
3052:Sulfide minerals
3031:Related articles
3018:
3017:
3016:
2971:Lateritic nickel
2927:
2915:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2538:
2526:
2506:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2459:
2431:
2422:
2394:
2393:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1592:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1510:
1504:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1438:"Cinnabar"
1429:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1402:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1349:"Cinnabar (HgS)"
1345:
1334:
1333:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1248:
1223:List of minerals
1212:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1181:hydrogen sulfide
1050:as early as the
940:(United States).
892:
884:Moschellandsberg
876:Terlingua, Texas
852:New Almaden Mine
771:associated with
738:
718:Crystal twinning
694:specific gravity
670:refractive index
630:
624:
623:
591:Yangshao culture
585:culture, and in
548:specific gravity
540:refractive index
519:associated with
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
444:
437:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
374:
372:
367:at 25 °C =
357:
356:10 g/100 ml
355:
311:Refractive index
290:Specific gravity
251:
241:Slightly sectile
220:
116:
69:
68:(repeating unit)
40:
28:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3014:
3012:
3005:
2981:Porphyry copper
2930:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2847:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2798:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2641:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2495:
2486:
2439:
2434:
2425:
2419:
2406:
2402:
2400:Further reading
2397:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2237:Rawson, Jessica
2235:
2234:
2230:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2050:Natural History
2043:
2042:
2035:
2027:De architectura
2020:
2019:
2015:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1711:10.5382/AV50.03
1696:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1523:Perseus Project
1511:
1507:
1501:Perseus Project
1477:
1473:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1431:
1430:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1337:
1330:Mineralienatlas
1324:
1323:
1319:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1133:
1071:burial chambers
1032:
1004:
998:
986:rotary furnaces
955:
886:
868:St. John's Mine
842:(Philippines);
840:Puerto Princesa
763:, United States
753:
743:) that has the
736:
702:
660:. It resembles
654:
649:
614:
456:
452:
396:
392:
370:
368:
366:
359:
353:
351:
327:
320:
249:
218:
146:
138:
115:
67:
66:
57:Sulfide mineral
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2539:
2527:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2437:External links
2435:
2433:
2432:
2423:
2417:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2370:
2352:
2334:
2319:
2301:
2275:
2256:
2249:
2239:, ed. (2007).
2228:
2193:
2169:
2162:
2144:
2127:
2113:
2090:
2056:
2033:
2013:
1978:(8): 759–761.
1962:
1940:
1918:
1896:
1852:
1833:(3): 149–167.
1817:
1791:
1769:
1751:
1744:
1726:
1719:
1689:
1682:
1664:
1657:
1635:
1610:
1603:
1577:
1558:(5): 195–199.
1542:
1527:
1505:
1471:
1450:
1435:, ed. (1911).
1433:Chisholm, Hugh
1419:
1392:
1365:
1335:
1317:
1301:
1292:
1263:(3): 291–320.
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:sodium sulfide
1173:
1163:
1153:
1132:
1129:
1054:. Late in the
1031:
1030:Decorative use
1028:
997:
994:
954:
951:
752:
749:
701:
698:
653:
650:
648:
645:
641:lead tetroxide
613:
610:
384:
383:
381:
377:
376:
364:
349:
343:
342:
336:
330:
329:
325:
318:
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229:
223:
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215:
209:
208:
205:
199:
198:
192:
186:
185:
179:
175:
174:
173:Identification
170:
169:
168: = 3
155:
149:
148:
144:
136:
130:
124:
123:
112:
106:
105:
100:
98:Crystal system
94:
93:
90:
84:
83:
80:
74:
73:
70:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
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33:
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15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3095:
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3080:
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3075:
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3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
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3049:
3047:
3038:
3035:
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3022:
3021:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
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2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
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2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:Deposit types
2937:
2925:
2920:
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2901:
2896:
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2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2788:
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2781:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2516:
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2513:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
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2476:
2471:
2469:
2464:
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2460:
2454:
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2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2389:0-12-352651-5
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2338:
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2330:
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2302:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
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2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2128:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
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1863:
1856:
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1840:
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1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1745:84-7821-543-3
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1683:0-19-855370-6
1679:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1658:0-8069-9461-4
1654:
1649:
1648:
1639:
1636:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1604:0-471-80580-7
1600:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:Geology Today
1546:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:Scott, Robert
1488:
1484:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Mercury cycle
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:Hypercinnabar
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1003:
995:
993:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
973:. During the
972:
971:Neolithic Age
964:
959:
952:
945:
941:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
923:Western ghats
921:in China and
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:Hastings Mine
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:and alkaline
774:
770:
762:
757:
750:
748:
746:
742:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
706:
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:birefringence
663:
659:
651:
646:
644:
642:
638:
634:
629:
619:
611:
609:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:birefringence
533:
529:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
504:for refining
503:
499:
495:
489:
450:
446:
443:
436:
432:
429:
428:Ancient Greek
423:
390:
382:
378:
363:
350:
348:
344:
340:
337:
335:
334:Birefringence
331:
324:
317:
314:
312:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
291:
287:
283:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
217:Prismatic {10
216:
214:
210:
206:
204:
200:
196:
193:
191:
190:Crystal habit
187:
183:
180:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
154:
150:
142:
134:
131:
129:
125:
120:
113:
111:
110:Crystal class
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
71:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
46:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
3037:Pompeian Red
3011:
2714:
2691:Chalcopyrite
2493:ore deposits
2489:Ore minerals
2427:
2408:
2379:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2289:Live Science
2288:
2278:
2269:
2259:
2240:
2231:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2188:the original
2181:
2172:
2153:
2147:
2137:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2103:
2081:. Retrieved
2076:
2072:
2059:
2049:
2026:
2016:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1899:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1772:
1763:
1754:
1735:
1729:
1702:
1692:
1673:
1667:
1646:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1588:
1580:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1536:
1530:
1516:
1508:
1494:
1474:
1463:
1453:
1442:
1410:. Retrieved
1408:. Webmineral
1383:. Retrieved
1356:. Retrieved
1329:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1295:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1233:Red pigments
1166:Metacinnabar
1126:
1121:Qing dynasty
1094:Song dynasty
1087:
1064:
1056:Song dynasty
1052:Zhou dynasty
1048:oracle bones
1033:
1005:
979:
975:Roman Empire
968:
962:
931:
915:Huancavelica
907:Mount Amiata
882:(Slovenia);
829:
766:
741:metacinnabar
722:
711:
678:sodium light
655:
636:
633:Theophrastus
615:
606:ancient Rome
599:
564:
542:near 3.2, a
514:
494:mercurblende
493:
448:
441:
438:
431:
388:
387:
361:
338:
322:
315:
195:Rhombohedral
165:
161:
157:
140:
132:
18:
2775:Pentlandite
2751:Molybdenite
2518:Cassiterite
1972:Experientia
1628:January 22,
1185:precipitate
1131:Other forms
1060:lacquerware
895:Obermoschel
887: [
777:hot springs
528:hot springs
449:cinnabarite
426:; from
280:Diaphaneity
221:0}, perfect
128:Space group
3046:Categories
2919:Wolframite
2895:Sperrylite
2804:Carbonates
2787:Sphalerite
2756:molybdenum
2703:Chalcocite
2606:Pyrolusite
2294:August 26,
2266:"Cinnabar"
2209:(2): 230.
2083:August 26,
1810:August 25,
1784:August 25,
1460:"cinnabar"
1326:"Cinnabar"
1239:References
1150:bituminous
1144:region of
1098:entraining
1000:See also:
913:(Serbia);
903:Apuan Alps
899:Palatinate
813:chalcedony
783:ascending
781:epithermal
751:Occurrence
725:dimorphous
692:, and its
690:Mohs scale
652:Properties
581:since the
380:References
347:Solubility
247:Mohs scale
119:H–M symbol
78:IMA symbol
2907:Scheelite
2888:beryllium
2876:aluminium
2836:Malachite
2829:magnesium
2824:Magnesite
2817:magnesium
2727:Cobaltite
2667:Argentite
2655:Acanthite
2630:Uraninite
2618:Tantalite
2611:manganese
2594:Magnetite
2558:Columbite
2223:162282151
2022:Vitruvius
1992:0014-4754
1933:March 15,
1911:March 15,
1875:(1): 14.
1572:247674748
1481:κιννάβαρι
1287:235729616
1036:Near East
838:(Egypt);
801:marcasite
700:Structure
628:kinnabari
622:κιννάβαρι
612:Etymology
595:stoneware
579:New World
577:, in the
567:Near East
510:vermilion
442:kinnábari
435:κιννάβαρι
182:Cochineal
153:Unit cell
2924:tungsten
2912:tungsten
2900:platinum
2812:Dolomite
2715:Cinnabar
2647:Sulfides
2623:tantalum
2587:titanium
2582:Ilmenite
2570:Hematite
2551:tantalum
2535:chromium
2530:Chromite
2120:July 24,
2008:21900879
1955:July 24,
1929:. Mindat
1907:. Mindat
1869:Minerals
1412:July 24,
1385:July 24,
1381:. Mindat
1358:July 24,
1196:See also
1146:Slovenia
1142:Carniola
1083:Palenque
1020:retorted
996:Toxicity
963:Alchimia
927:Dominica
870:both in
817:dolomite
789:stibnite
575:cosmetic
560:twinning
544:hardness
525:alkaline
389:Cinnabar
321:= 2.905
250:hardness
237:Tenacity
227:Fracture
213:Cleavage
203:Twinning
103:Trigonal
92:2.CD.15a
53:Category
31:Cinnabar
3067:Blendes
2991:Uranium
2871:Bauxite
2720:mercury
2679:Bornite
2635:uranium
2563:niobium
2547:niobium
2000:7649232
1877:Bibcode
1835:Bibcode
1499:at the
1265:Bibcode
1140:in the
1110:polymer
1102:lacquer
1024:Almadén
1012:mercury
982:roasted
919:Guizhou
905:and in
897:in the
832:Almadén
821:calcite
793:realgar
785:aqueous
769:mineral
682:diamond
674:mineral
672:of any
552:lattice
517:mineral
341:= 0.351
328:= 3.256
274:Scarlet
254:2.0–2.5
64:Formula
48:General
2864:barium
2859:Baryte
2841:copper
2780:nickel
2763:Pyrite
2739:Galena
2732:cobalt
2708:copper
2696:copper
2684:copper
2672:silver
2660:silver
2542:Coltan
2510:Oxides
2415:
2386:
2365:Mindat
2347:Mindat
2314:Mindat
2247:
2221:
2160:
2111:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1805:SFGate
1764:Mindat
1742:
1717:
1680:
1655:
1601:
1570:
1513:minium
1314:: 689.
1285:
1138:Idrija
965:, 1570
880:Idrija
862:, the
825:barite
823:, and
809:quartz
797:pyrite
761:Nevada
737:Hg···S
662:quartz
637:minium
573:-type
532:quartz
447:), or
304:relief
270:Streak
260:Luster
117:(same
2883:Beryl
2852:Other
2219:S2CID
2069:(PDF)
2045:Pliny
2004:S2CID
1865:(PDF)
1568:S2CID
1352:(PDF)
1283:S2CID
1179:with
1177:salts
1067:Olmec
1044:Olmec
1040:rouge
911:Avala
893:near
891:]
696:8.1.
618:Greek
587:China
583:Olmec
571:rouge
430:
358:water
294:8.176
178:Color
2792:zinc
2768:iron
2744:lead
2599:iron
2575:iron
2549:and
2501:Ores
2413:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2296:2024
2245:ISBN
2183:Time
2158:ISBN
2122:2015
2109:ISBN
2085:2024
1996:PMID
1988:ISSN
1957:2015
1935:2021
1913:2021
1812:2024
1786:2024
1740:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1678:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1630:2020
1599:ISBN
1414:2015
1387:2015
1360:2015
866:and
836:Giza
805:opal
523:and
352:1.04
139:21,
2523:tin
2211:doi
1980:doi
1885:doi
1843:doi
1707:doi
1595:281
1560:doi
1521:on
1273:doi
1183:to
1081:in
984:in
948:cm.
854:in
729:HgO
502:ore
479:ɑːr
419:ɑːr
82:Cin
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2363:.
2345:.
2312:.
2287:.
2268:.
2217:.
2207:22
2205:.
2180:.
2093:^
2077:41
2075:.
2071:.
2047:.
2036:^
2024:.
2002:.
1994:.
1986:.
1976:51
1974:.
1883:.
1873:11
1871:.
1867:.
1841:.
1831:18
1829:.
1803:.
1762:.
1713:.
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1597:.
1566:.
1556:18
1554:.
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1441:.
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1395:^
1368:^
1338:^
1328:.
1312:63
1310:.
1281:.
1271:.
1261:85
1259:.
1255:.
1062:.
889:de
874:;
858:;
850:;
846:;
827:.
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815:,
811:,
807:,
803:,
799:,
795:,
791:,
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482:aɪ
373:10
365:sp
147:21
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1959:.
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733:Å
625:(
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485:t
476:b
473:ˈ
470:ə
467:n
464:ɪ
461:s
458:ˌ
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416:b
413:ˌ
410:ə
407:n
404:ɪ
401:s
398:ˈ
395:/
391:(
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371:×
369:2
362:K
360:(
354:×
339:δ
326:ε
323:n
319:ω
316:n
219:1
166:Z
162:c
158:a
145:2
143:3
141:P
137:1
135:3
133:P
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