94:
78:
708:
33:
461:
p63, which prevents epidermal stem cells from differentiating into keratinocytes. Mutations in the p63 DNA-binding domain are associated with ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome. The transcriptome of p63 mutant keratinocytes deviated from the normal epidermal cell
384:
gradient, with the lowest concentration in the stratum basale and increasing concentrations until the outer stratum granulosum, where it reaches its maximum. Calcium concentration in the stratum corneum is very high in part because those relatively dry cells are not able to dissolve the ions. Those
987:
Throughout life, the dead keratinized cells of the cornified layer are shed (humans lose about 1.5 grams of these cells each day*) and are replaced by new cells, the source of which is the mitotic cells of the
Malpighian layer. Pigment cells (melanocytes) from the neural crest also reside in the
393:
free calcium concentrations in keratinocytes. Part of that intracellular calcium increase comes from calcium released from intracellular stores and another part comes from transmembrane calcium influx, through both calcium-sensitive
1372:
Pillai S, Bikle DD (January 1991). "Role of intracellular-free calcium in the cornified envelope formation of keratinocytes: differences in the mode of action of extracellular calcium and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3".
258:), in which the keratinocytes produce more and more keratin and undergo terminal differentiation. The fully cornified keratinocytes that form the outermost layer are constantly shed off and replaced by new cells.
93:
1670:
Fu, G. K.; Lin, D; Zhang, MY; Bikle, DD; Shackleton, CH; Miller, WL; Portale, AA (1997). "Cloning of Human 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1 -Hydroxylase and
Mutations Causing Vitamin D-Dependent Rickets Type 1".
1586:
Hennings, Henry; Michael, Delores; Cheng, Christina; Steinert, Peter; Holbrook, Karen; Yuspa, Stuart H. (1980). "Calcium regulation of growth and differentiation of mouse epidermal cells in culture".
591:
will be repaired in part by the migration of keratinocytes to fill in the gap created by the wound. The first set of keratinocytes to participate in that repair come from the bulge region of the
453:
Since keratinocyte differentiation inhibits keratinocyte proliferation, factors that promote keratinocyte proliferation should be considered as preventing differentiation. These factors include:
568:
that stretch out to connect it with many keratinocytes. The melanin is then stored within keratinocytes and melanocytes in the perinuclear area as supranuclear βcapsβ, where it protects the
2151:
Ito, M; Liu, Y; Yang, Z; Nguyen, J; Liang, F; Morris, RJ; Cotsarelis, G (2005). "Stem cells in the hair follicle bulge contribute to wound repair but not to homeostasis of the epidermis".
1715:
Kawakubo, Tomoyo; Yasukochi, Atsushi; Okamoto, Kuniaki; Okamoto, Yoshiko; Nakamura, Seiji; Yamamoto, Kenji (2011). "The role of cathepsin E in terminal differentiation of keratinocytes".
270:. Epidermal stem cells divide in a random manner yielding either more stem cells or transit amplifying cells. Some of the transit amplifying cells continue to proliferate then commit to
191:
The primary function of keratinocytes is the formation of a barrier against environmental damage by heat, UV radiation, dehydration, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses.
2057:
Barrandon, Y; Green, H (1987). "Cell migration is essential for sustained growth of keratinocyte colonies: The roles of transforming growth factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor".
2303:
Y Shen, Y Guo, C Du, M Wilczynska, S HellstrΓΆm, T Ny, Mice
Deficient in Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Have Delayed Healing of Tympanic Membrane Perforations, PLOS ONE, 2012
1337:
Hennings H, Kruszewski FH, Yuspa SH, Tucker RW (April 1989). "Intracellular calcium alterations in response to increased external calcium in normal and neoplastic keratinocytes".
845:
855:
1251:
Potten CS, Saffhill R, Maibach HI (September 1987). "Measurement of the transit time for cells through the epidermis and stratum corneum of the mouse and guinea-pig".
2253:
Ito, M; Yang, Z; Andl, T; Cui, C; Kim, N; Millar, SE; Cotsarelis, G (2007). "Wnt-dependent de novo hair follicle regeneration in adult mouse skin after wounding".
1237:
419:
involved in keratinocyte differentiation. Keratinocytes are the only cells in the body with the entire vitamin D metabolic pathway from vitamin D production to
1820:
Rheinwald, JG; Green, H (1975). "Serial cultivation of strains of human epidermal keratinocytes: The formation of keratinizing colonies from single cells".
2599:
77:
923:
2344:
54:
41:
875:
1912:
Qu J, Tanis SE, Smits JP, Kouwenhoven EN, Oti M, van den
Bogaard EH, Logie C, Stunnenberg HG, van Bokhoven H, Mulder KW, Zhou H (December 2018).
1416:
Reiss, M; Lipsey, LR; Zhou, ZL (1991). "Extracellular calcium-dependent regulation of transmembrane calcium fluxes in murine keratinocytes".
933:
895:
528:
1768:
Jackson, B.; Brown, S. J.; Avilion, A. A.; O'Shaughnessy, R. F. L.; Sully, K.; Akinduro, O.; Murphy, M.; Cleary, M. L.; Byrne, C. (2011).
2541:
Tang L, Wu JJ, Ma Q, et al. (July 2010). "Human lactoferrin stimulates skin keratinocyte function and wound re-epithelialization".
980:
595:
and will only survive transiently. Within the healed epidermis they will be replaced by keratinocytes originating from the epidermis.
2458:
1459:
Mauro, TM; Pappone, PA; Isseroff, RR (1990). "Extracellular calcium affects the membrane currents of cultured human keratinocytes".
1213:
804:
715:
A Civatte body (named after the French dermatologist
Achille Civatte, 1877β1956) is a damaged basal keratinocyte that has undergone
398:
and voltage-independent cation channels permeable to calcium. Moreover, it has been suggested that an extracellular calcium-sensing
266:
Epidermal stem cells reside in the lower part of the epidermis (stratum basale) and are attached to the basement membrane through
676:
2592:
2106:
772:
254:) contribute to maintain the important barrier function of the skin. Keratinization is part of the physical barrier formation (
800:
2006:
Rheinwald, JG; Green, H (1977). "Epidermal growth factor and the multiplication of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes".
1502:
Mauro, TM; Isseroff, RR; Lasarow, R; Pappone, PA (1993). "Ion channels are linked to differentiation in keratinocytes".
850:
808:
3006:
732:
539:
2585:
776:
1963:
Fuchs, E; Green, H (1981). "Regulation of terminal differentiation of cultured human keratinocytes by vitamin A".
46:
736:
695:
that irreversibly arrested proliferation in a fraction of keratinocytes. In older mice, SOD2 deficiency delayed
939:
788:
672:
175:
contribute to maintain the important barrier function of the skin. Keratinocytes differentiate from epidermal
285:, initiate expression of epidermal differentiation markers, and move suprabasally as they become part of the
2762:
1770:"TALE homeodomain proteins regulate site-specific terminal differentiation, LCE genes and epidermal barrier"
792:
680:
471:
1679:
516:
691:) ordinarily protects against ROS. Loss of SOD2 in mouse epidermal cells was observed to cause cellular
3001:
740:
440:
399:
172:
988:
Malpighian layer, where they transfer their pigment sacs (melanosomes) to the developing keratinocytes.
901:
3011:
2908:
2798:
2608:
2403:
2262:
2207:
2015:
1114:
458:
271:
1684:
1547:"Effects of a calcium receptor activator on the cellular response to calcium in human keratinocytes"
304:
Corneocytes are keratinocytes that have completed their differentiation program and have lost their
2803:
2751:
2746:
2730:
768:
756:
215:
2342:
Sheehan JM, Young AR (June 2002). "The sunburn cell revisited: an update on mechanistic aspects".
2918:
2827:
2767:
2643:
2566:
2369:
2286:
2176:
2082:
2039:
1988:
1845:
1750:
1611:
1527:
1484:
1441:
1398:
1319:
1276:
1231:
1186:
1028:
760:
424:
415:
and differentiation mostly by modulating calcium concentrations and regulating the expression of
412:
290:
278:
and their differentiated progeny are organized into columns named epidermal proliferation units.
235:
1051:"Multiple classes of stem cells in cutaneous epithelium: a lineage analysis of adult mouse skin"
719:, and consist largely of keratin intermediate filaments, and are almost invariably covered with
2850:
2840:
2835:
2668:
2558:
2520:
2502:
2454:
2431:
2361:
2324:
2278:
2235:
2168:
2133:
2074:
2031:
1980:
1945:
1894:
1837:
1799:
1742:
1697:
1652:
1603:
1568:
1519:
1476:
1433:
1390:
1354:
1311:
1268:
1219:
1209:
1178:
1140:
1080:
1020:
976:
929:
891:
748:
395:
2959:
2845:
2757:
2716:
2704:
2653:
2648:
2550:
2510:
2492:
2421:
2411:
2353:
2315:
2270:
2225:
2215:
2160:
2123:
2115:
2066:
2023:
1972:
1935:
1925:
1884:
1876:
1829:
1789:
1781:
1732:
1724:
1689:
1642:
1595:
1558:
1511:
1468:
1425:
1382:
1346:
1303:
1260:
1170:
1130:
1122:
1070:
1062:
1012:
883:
820:
784:
351:
286:
109:
2927:
2808:
2709:
2638:
2633:
558:
500:
298:
195:
1865:"P63 regulates proliferation and differentiation of developmentally mature keratinocytes"
1294:
Proksch E, Brandner JM, Jensen JM (December 2008). "The skin: an indispensable barrier".
2407:
2392:"Pleiotropic age-dependent effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on epidermal stem cells"
2266:
2211:
2019:
1118:
194:
Pathogens invading the upper layers of the epidermis can cause keratinocytes to produce
2954:
2941:
2880:
2870:
2777:
2658:
2515:
2480:
2426:
2391:
2230:
2195:
2128:
2101:
1889:
1864:
1794:
1769:
1264:
1174:
1135:
1102:
780:
720:
648:
614:
524:
504:
446:
223:
117:
105:
82:
1833:
1647:
1630:
1075:
1050:
2995:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2681:
2554:
2119:
2070:
1976:
1599:
1563:
1546:
1307:
1126:
969:
752:
728:
723:, mainly IgM. Civatte bodies are characteristically found in skin lesions of various
640:
636:
632:
592:
512:
483:
390:
386:
370:
362:
267:
255:
179:
in the lower part of the epidermis and migrate towards the surface, finally becoming
2373:
2180:
2086:
2043:
1992:
1914:"Mutant p63 affects epidermal cell identity through rewiring the enhancer landscape"
1849:
1754:
1615:
1531:
1445:
1402:
1323:
1280:
1190:
1032:
2686:
2570:
1488:
625:
621:
535:
316:
305:
219:
133:
2290:
1930:
1913:
281:
During this differentiation process, keratinocytes permanently withdraw from the
2976:
2971:
2949:
2794:
796:
664:
550:
508:
496:
495:
Within the epidermis keratinocytes are associated with other cell types such as
437:
430:
180:
137:
2200:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
964:
2966:
2862:
2786:
2738:
2616:
2577:
1350:
1066:
887:
830:
724:
692:
573:
554:
520:
420:
405:
355:
343:
339:
335:
312:
294:
282:
275:
176:
141:
116:. In humans, they constitute 90% of epidermal skin cells. Basal cells in the
86:
2506:
2497:
1223:
2625:
2416:
2220:
2196:"Long-term renewal of hair follicles from clonogenic multipotent stem cells"
1693:
744:
716:
684:
668:
652:
628:
532:
477:
465:
331:
327:
309:
239:
199:
2562:
2524:
2435:
2365:
2282:
2239:
2172:
2137:
1949:
1898:
1803:
1746:
1631:"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 potentiates the keratinocyte response to calcium"
1572:
1472:
1429:
1386:
1315:
1144:
1084:
1024:
1003:
Houben E, De Paepe K, Rogiers V (2007). "A keratinocyte's course of life".
564:, from epidermal melanocytes. Each melanocyte in the epidermis has several
507:
with the nerves of the skin and hold the
Langerhans cells and intra-dermal
402:(CaSR) also contributes to the rise in intracellular calcium concentration.
32:
2328:
2078:
1984:
1841:
1701:
1656:
1607:
1523:
1480:
1437:
1394:
1358:
1272:
1182:
1161:
Halprin KM (January 1972). "Epidermal "turnover time"--a re-examination".
707:
2035:
644:
618:
565:
347:
323:
251:
247:
211:
152:
144:
2274:
1880:
1728:
183:
and eventually being shed, which happens every 40 to 56 days in humans.
1940:
1785:
1515:
835:
561:
381:
243:
160:
17:
1737:
1016:
605:
Functional keratinocytes are needed for tympanic perforation healing.
523:
they are also potent producers of anti-inflammatory mediators such as
2900:
2742:
2696:
2357:
2194:
Claudinot, S; Nicolas, M; Oshima, H; Rochat, A; Barrandon, Y (2005).
2027:
764:
584:
203:
164:
2164:
1208:. Weaver, Casey (Ninth ed.). New York, NY, USA. p. 112.
840:
706:
696:
511:
in position within the epidermis. Keratinocytes also modulate the
416:
168:
156:
148:
92:
76:
2449:
Crissey, John Thorne; Parish, Lawrence C.; Holubar, Karl (2002).
322:
At each stage of differentiation, keratinocytes express specific
2818:
2102:"The Protective Role of Melanin Against UV Damage in Human Skin"
1863:
Truong, AB; Kretz, M; Ridky, TW; Kimmel, R; Khavari, PA (2006).
825:
688:
588:
543:
366:
207:
129:
113:
2581:
128:. Keratinocytes form a barrier against environmental damage by
569:
26:
365:
from stem cells to desquamation every 40β56 days, whereas in
2479:
Seema, Chhabra; Pranay, Tanwar; Kumar, AroraSandeep (2013).
602:
hair follicle formation during the healing of large wounds.
598:
At the opposite, epidermal keratinocytes, can contribute to
2390:
Velarde MC, Demaria M, Melov S, Campisi J (August 2015).
878:. In Burns T; Breathnach S; Cox N; Griffiths C. (eds.).
274:
and migrate towards the surface of the epidermis. Those
965:"The Epidermis and the Origin of Cutaneous Structures."
846:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
549:
Keratinocytes contribute to protecting the body from
1629:
Su, MJ; Bikle, DD; Mancianti, ML; Pillai, S (1994).
882:(7th ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 4190.
376:
Factors promoting keratinocyte differentiation are:
97:
Keratinocytes (stained green) in the skin of a mouse
2940:
2917:
2899:
2861:
2826:
2817:
2785:
2776:
2729:
2695:
2667:
2624:
2615:
1096:
1094:
1044:
1042:
998:
996:
925:
856:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
2474:
2472:
2470:
2451:Historical Atlas of Dermatology and Dermatologists
1156:
1154:
968:
315:. Corneocytes will eventually be shed off through
2385:
2383:
679:caused by exposure of stem/progenitor cells to
389:calcium concentrations induces an increase in
361:In humans, it is estimated that keratinocytes
2593:
958:
956:
922:James W, Berger T, Elston D (December 2005).
8:
1815:
1813:
687:aging. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (
74:Primary type of cell found in the epidermis
2823:
2782:
2621:
2600:
2586:
2578:
2453:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 147.
2345:Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences
2313:Young AR (June 1987). "The sunburn cell".
1236:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1107:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
651:, and has been described as an example of
2514:
2496:
2425:
2415:
2229:
2219:
2127:
1939:
1929:
1888:
1793:
1736:
1683:
1646:
1562:
1134:
1074:
928:(10th ed.). Saunders. pp. 5β6.
699:closure and reduced epidermal thickness.
411:(cholecalciferol) regulates keratinocyte
124:of the skin are sometimes referred to as
2100:Brenner M; Hearing VJ. (MayβJune 2008).
1551:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1049:Ghazizadeh S, Taichman LB (March 2001).
876:"Anatomy and Organization of Human Skin"
57:of all important aspects of the article.
874:McGrath JA; Eady RAJ; Pope FM. (2004).
866:
250:), lipids, and antimicrobial peptides (
1229:
53:Please consider expanding the lead to
1204:Murphy, Kenneth (Kenneth M.) (2017).
557:, vesicles containing the endogenous
531:. When activated, they can stimulate
7:
2481:"Civatte bodies: A diagnostic clue"
1635:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
647:. It shows premature and abnormal
538:and Langerhans cell activation via
2543:The British Journal of Dermatology
1545:Tu, CL; Oda, Y; Bikle, DD (1999).
1265:10.1111/j.1365-2184.1987.tb01355.x
1175:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1972.tb01886.x
1163:The British Journal of Dermatology
515:: apart from the above-mentioned
226:to the site of pathogen invasion.
25:
805:transient acantholytic dermatosis
342:, but also other markers such as
2555:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09748.x
2120:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00226.x
1564:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00698.x
1308:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00786.x
1127:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04363.x
1005:Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
478:Transforming growth factor alpha
31:
2107:Photochemistry and Photobiology
1504:The Journal of Membrane Biology
773:febrile neutrophilic dermatosis
631:that appears after exposure to
45:may be too short to adequately
1461:Journal of Cellular Physiology
1418:Journal of Cellular Physiology
1375:Journal of Cellular Physiology
880:Rook's Textbook of Dermatology
801:subcorneal pustular dermatosis
55:provide an accessible overview
1:
2485:Indian Journal of Dermatology
1834:10.1016/S0092-8674(75)80001-8
1648:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36685-1
683:(ROS) may play a key role in
553:radiation (UVR) by taking up
112:, the outermost layer of the
81:Micrograph of keratinocytes,
2396:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2071:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90179-6
1977:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90169-0
1931:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.039
1600:10.1016/0092-8674(80)90406-7
851:Epidermidibacterium keratini
809:epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
735:. They may also be found in
491:Interaction with other cells
2609:Skin and related structures
733:discoid lupus erythematosus
3028:
963:Gilbert, Scott F. (2000).
777:toxic epidermal necrolysis
888:10.1002/9780470750520.ch3
737:graft-versus-host disease
617:is a keratinocyte with a
159:. A number of structural
2498:10.4103/0019-5154.113974
1296:Experimental Dermatology
1253:Cell and Tissue Kinetics
789:dermatitis herpetiformis
667:declines partly because
198:mediators, particularly
104:are the primary type of
2763:Loose connective tissue
2417:10.1073/pnas.1505675112
2221:10.1073/pnas.0507250102
1869:Genes & Development
1774:Journal of Cell Science
1694:10.1210/mend.11.13.0035
1672:Molecular Endocrinology
1351:10.1093/carcin/10.4.777
1206:Janeway's immunobiology
1101:Koster MI (July 2009).
1067:10.1093/emboj/20.6.1215
793:porphyria cutanea tarda
681:reactive oxygen species
472:Epidermal growth factor
2886:Bulb with matrix cells
1473:10.1002/jcp.1041430103
1430:10.1002/jcp.1041470213
1387:10.1002/jcp.1041460113
975:. Sinauer Associates.
741:adverse drug reactions
712:
671:fail to self-renew or
517:antimicrobial peptides
210:(MCP-1) which attract
173:antimicrobial peptides
98:
90:
1103:"Making an epidermis"
971:Developmental Biology
710:
669:stem/progenitor cells
580:Role in wound healing
503:. Keratinocytes form
441:transcription factors
319:as new ones come in.
96:
80:
2909:Arrector pili muscle
2799:Apocrine sweat gland
1717:Biological Chemistry
459:transcription factor
262:Cell differentiation
216:natural killer cells
2804:Eccrine sweat gland
2752:Panniculus carnosus
2747:Panniculus adiposus
2731:Subcutaneous tissue
2408:2015PNAS..11210407V
2275:10.1038/nature05766
2267:2007Natur.447..316I
2212:2005PNAS..10214677C
2020:1977Natur.265..421R
1881:10.1101/gad.1463206
1729:10.1515/BC.2011.060
1119:2009NYASA1170....7K
769:lichen planopilaris
757:erythema multiforme
747:(such as lichenoid
685:epidermal stem cell
643:in the presence of
236:structural proteins
126:basal keratinocytes
3007:Sequestering cells
2919:Pilosebaceous unit
2768:Superficial fascia
2677:Basal keratinocyte
2644:Stratum granulosum
1786:10.1242/jcs.077552
1516:10.1007/BF00235738
761:bullous pemphigoid
755:-like keratosis),
713:
468:and its analogues.
425:vitamin D receptor
291:stratum granulosum
99:
91:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2936:
2935:
2841:Inner root sheath
2836:Outer root sheath
2725:
2724:
2669:Basement membrane
1780:(10): 1681β1690.
1017:10.1159/000098163
935:978-0-7216-2921-6
897:978-0-632-06429-8
749:actinic keratosis
663:With age, tissue
572:from UVR-induced
396:chloride channels
354:, filaggrin, and
293:, and eventually
246:), enzymes (e.g.
72:
71:
16:(Redirected from
3019:
2824:
2783:
2758:Membranous layer
2654:Malpighian layer
2649:Stratum spinosum
2622:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2574:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2500:
2476:
2465:
2464:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2402:(33): 10407β12.
2387:
2378:
2377:
2358:10.1039/b108291d
2339:
2333:
2332:
2316:Photodermatology
2310:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2261:(7142): 316β20.
2250:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2206:(41): 14677β82.
2191:
2185:
2184:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2028:10.1038/265421a0
2003:
1997:
1996:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1924:(12): 3490β503.
1909:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1740:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1687:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1227:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1055:The EMBO Journal
1046:
1037:
1036:
1000:
991:
990:
974:
960:
951:
950:
948:
947:
938:. Archived from
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
900:. Archived from
871:
785:varicella zoster
501:Langerhans cells
352:transglutaminase
287:stratum spinosum
89:in the epidermis
67:
64:
58:
35:
27:
21:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2932:
2928:sebaceous gland
2913:
2895:
2857:
2813:
2772:
2721:
2710:Dermal papillae
2691:
2663:
2639:Stratum lucidum
2634:Stratum corneum
2611:
2606:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2478:
2477:
2468:
2461:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2153:Nature Medicine
2150:
2149:
2145:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2014:(5593): 421β4.
2005:
2004:
2000:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1875:(22): 3185β97.
1862:
1861:
1857:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1685:10.1.1.320.3485
1678:(13): 1961β70.
1669:
1668:
1664:
1641:(20): 14723β9.
1628:
1627:
1623:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1302:(12): 1063β72.
1293:
1292:
1288:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1228:
1216:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1002:
1001:
994:
983:
962:
961:
954:
945:
943:
936:
921:
920:
916:
907:
905:
898:
873:
872:
868:
864:
817:
743:, inflammatory
727:, particularly
721:immunoglobulins
705:
661:
611:
582:
559:photoprotectant
505:tight junctions
493:
409:
299:stratum corneum
264:
232:
224:dendritic cells
196:proinflammatory
189:
75:
68:
62:
59:
52:
40:This article's
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2851:Huxley's layer
2848:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2659:Stratum basale
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2536:
2535:External links
2533:
2531:
2530:
2466:
2459:
2441:
2379:
2352:(6): 365β377.
2334:
2323:(3): 127β134.
2305:
2296:
2245:
2186:
2165:10.1038/nm1328
2159:(12): 1351β4.
2143:
2114:(3): 539β549.
2092:
2049:
1998:
1955:
1904:
1855:
1809:
1760:
1707:
1662:
1621:
1578:
1537:
1494:
1451:
1408:
1364:
1339:Carcinogenesis
1329:
1286:
1243:
1214:
1196:
1150:
1090:
1061:(6): 1215β22.
1038:
992:
982:978-0878932436
981:
952:
934:
914:
896:
865:
863:
860:
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
816:
813:
781:herpes simplex
704:
701:
660:
657:
649:keratinization
610:
607:
581:
578:
492:
489:
488:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
451:
450:
447:Hydrocortisone
444:
434:
428:
407:
403:
385:elevations of
373:is 8β10 days.
369:the estimated
268:hemidesmosomes
263:
260:
231:
228:
188:
185:
120:stratum basale
73:
70:
69:
49:the key points
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3024:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2891:Hair follicle
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:Henle's layer
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Lamina lucida
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:1-84214-100-7
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:(7): 1131β7.
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:(3): 617β25.
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:(3): 331β43.
1827:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:(6): 571β85.
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:(1): 245β54.
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:(2): 281β91.
1423:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:(1): 94β100.
1380:
1376:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:(4): 777β80.
1344:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:(5): 461β72.
1258:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:9780815345053
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:(3): 122β32.
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
993:
989:
984:
978:
973:
972:
966:
959:
957:
953:
942:on 2010-10-11
941:
937:
931:
927:
926:
918:
915:
904:on 2020-05-20
903:
899:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
867:
861:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:lichen planus
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:lichen planus
726:
722:
718:
709:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:differentiate
670:
666:
658:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639:radiation or
638:
634:
630:
627:
623:
620:
616:
609:Sunburn cells
608:
606:
603:
601:
596:
594:
593:hair follicle
590:
586:
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:immune system
510:
506:
502:
498:
490:
485:
484:Cholera toxin
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
460:
456:
455:
454:
448:
445:
442:
439:
435:
432:
429:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:proliferation
410:
404:
401:
397:
392:
391:intracellular
388:
387:extracellular
383:
379:
378:
377:
374:
372:
371:turnover time
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
272:differentiate
269:
261:
259:
257:
256:cornification
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
229:
227:
225:
221:
220:T-lymphocytes
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
121:
118:basal layer (
115:
111:
108:found in the
107:
103:
102:Keratinocytes
95:
88:
84:
79:
66:
63:November 2020
56:
50:
48:
43:
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
3002:Skin anatomy
2795:Sweat glands
2687:Lamina densa
2676:
2549:(1): 38β47.
2546:
2542:
2488:
2484:
2450:
2444:
2399:
2395:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2299:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2111:
2105:
2095:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1921:
1918:Cell Reports
1917:
1907:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1825:
1821:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1557:(3): 340β5.
1554:
1550:
1540:
1510:(3): 201β9.
1507:
1503:
1497:
1467:(1): 13β20.
1464:
1460:
1454:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1205:
1199:
1166:
1162:
1110:
1106:
1058:
1054:
1008:
1004:
986:
970:
944:. Retrieved
940:the original
924:
917:
906:. Retrieved
902:the original
879:
869:
714:
711:Civatte body
703:Civatte body
662:
626:eosinophilic
612:
604:
599:
597:
583:
548:
536:inflammation
494:
452:
375:
360:
321:
317:desquamation
303:
280:
265:
234:A number of
233:
193:
190:
134:UV radiation
125:
119:
101:
100:
60:
44:
42:lead section
3012:Human cells
2977:Hyponychium
2972:Paronychium
2950:Nail matrix
2828:Root sheath
2787:Skin glands
1941:2066/200262
1169:(1): 14β9.
1113:(1): 7β10.
797:sarcoidosis
665:homeostasis
555:melanosomes
551:ultraviolet
546:secretion.
509:lymphocytes
497:melanocytes
438:homeodomain
431:Cathepsin E
427:expression.
310:cytoplasmic
295:corneocytes
181:corneocytes
87:melanocytes
83:basal cells
2996:Categories
2967:Eponychium
2955:Nail plate
2863:Hair shaft
2739:Panniculus
2491:(4): 327.
1738:2324/25561
946:2010-06-01
908:2010-06-01
862:References
831:Corneocyte
725:dermatoses
693:senescence
677:DNA damage
613:A sunburn
521:chemokines
462:identity.
421:catabolism
356:caspase 14
344:involucrin
340:keratin 14
336:keratin 10
326:, such as
313:organelles
283:cell cycle
276:stem cells
200:chemokines
177:stem cells
142:pathogenic
138:water loss
2809:Sebaceous
2717:Reticular
2705:Papillary
2626:Epidermis
2507:0019-5154
1680:CiteSeerX
1232:cite book
1224:933586700
821:Epidermis
787:lesions,
745:keratosis
717:apoptosis
653:apoptosis
645:psoralens
629:cytoplasm
566:dendrites
533:cutaneous
466:Vitamin A
406:Vitamin D
363:turn over
332:keratin 5
328:keratin 1
252:defensins
248:proteases
240:filaggrin
230:Structure
212:monocytes
153:parasites
110:epidermis
47:summarize
2563:20222924
2525:23919028
2436:26240345
2374:21184034
2366:12856704
2283:17507982
2240:16203973
2181:52869761
2173:16288281
2138:18435612
2087:21054962
2044:27427541
1993:23796587
1950:30566872
1899:17114587
1850:53294766
1804:21511732
1755:21148292
1747:21521076
1616:23896865
1573:10469331
1532:13063458
1446:25858560
1403:21264605
1324:31353914
1316:19043850
1281:22475141
1191:30165907
1145:19686098
1085:11250888
1033:25671082
1025:17191035
815:See also
619:pyknotic
400:receptor
348:loricrin
324:keratins
202:such as
187:Function
161:proteins
145:bacteria
2881:Medulla
2871:Cuticle
2571:2387064
2516:3726905
2427:4547253
2404:Bibcode
2329:3317295
2263:Bibcode
2231:1253596
2208:Bibcode
2129:2671032
2079:3497724
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