336:; which apply to the protection of civilians in armed conflict. Although, despite the UN deploying military forces to protect civilians, it lacks formal policies or military manuals addressing exactly these efforts. The UN Security Council Report No 4: Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict provides further evidence of the need for protection of civilians. Recognizing that large-scale civilian insecurity threatens international peace and stability, the UN aims to establish the means of protecting civilians and thereby work to ensure regional stability. Through the UN Security Council Report No 4, first published in 2008, the UN offers ways to support civilian protections in both intra and interstate conflict with a goal of encouraging regional states to police their own conflicts (such as the African Union policing African conflicts). Similarly, the UN Secretary-General
276:
409:(AU's Commissioner for Peace and Security) in 2004, "Africans cannot watch the tragedies developing in the continent and say it is the UN's responsibility or somebody else's responsibility. We have moved from the concept of non-interference to non-indifference. We cannot, as Africans, remain indifferent to the tragedy of our people" (IRIN News 2004). Although Article 4(h), while drafted, has not been activated, which raises the question of the AU's willingness to intervene in situations of "grave circumstance."
475:. Operation Banner ultimately lasted 37 years, formally ending in 2007 and becoming the British Armed Forces' longest continuous operation. The many problems faced (and arguably caused by) Operation Banner have been influential in policy-making and the reluctance to deploy military forces domestically in anything other than exceptional circumstances (usually relating to serious terrorist threats).
526:
413:
operations with a comprehensive political component, supported by high force levels, overall professionalism, and the political stamina to stay present long-term. The disappointing outcomes, in Africa and elsewhere, have led some to criticize the way in which the decentralization policies have been implemented (MacFarlane and Weiss 1992; Berman 1998; Boulden 2003)."
185:
that anyone who is not a member of the armed forces and does not take part of hostilities in time of war is a civilian. Civilians cannot take part in armed conflict. Civilians are given protection under the Geneva
Conventions and Protocols thereto. Article 51 describes the protection that must be given to the civilian population and individual civilians.
158:. There is no intermediate status; nobody in enemy hands can be outside the law. We feel that this is a satisfactory solution – not only satisfying to the mind, but also, and above all, satisfactory from the humanitarian point of view." The ICRC has expressed the opinion that "If civilians directly engage in hostilities, they are considered '
1455:
412:
Regardless of the lead organization (UN, AU, other) "there is clearly a risk involved for international organizations that in assuming a complicated security role such as civilian protection, they may raise expectations among local populations that cannot be met, usually not even by large-scale peace
400:
In response to presidential statements and previous subcommittee work, the UN Security
Council held a meeting in January 2009, specifically to address the protection of civilians within the context of the IHL. While no specific outcome followed this meeting, it did lead to the production of a 10-year
404:
In addition to the UN treaties, regional treaties have also been established, such as the
African Union Constitutive Act Article 4(h) which also outlines the protection of civilians and "affords the Union a right to forcibly intervene in one of its member states in 'grave circumstances', namely war
184:
The definition is negative and defines civilians as persons who do not belong to definite categories. The categories of persons mentioned in
Article 4A(1), (2), (3) and (6) of the Third Convention and in Article 43 of the Protocol I are combatants. Therefore, the Commentary to the Protocol pointed
421:
Most nations clearly distinguish military authorities from the civil administration via the national constitution; or else in statute law where no codified constitution exists. This usually serves to place control of military forces under the presiding civilian government. "Civilian" is often not
975:
Geneva and
Helsinki, Geneva International Peace Research Institute, IPB and Peace Union of Finland, p. 5, which states: "Of the human victims in the First World War only 5% were civilians, in the Second World War already 50%, in Vietnam War between 50 - 90% and according to some information in
291:
In the opening years of the 21st century, despite the many problems associated with it, the legal category of the civilian has been the subject of considerable attention in public discourse, in the media and at the United
Nations, and in justification of certain uses of armed force to protect
324:(IHL) codifies treaties and conventions, signed and enforced by participating states, which serve to protect civilians during intra and interstate conflict. Even for non-treaty participants, it is customary for international law to still apply. Additionally, IHL adheres to the principles of
192:
also includes this in its list of war crimes: "Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians not taking part in hostilities". Not all states have ratified 1977 Protocol I or the 1998 Rome
Statute, but it is an accepted principle of
173:
1. A civilian is any person who does not belong to one of the categories of persons referred to in
Article 4A(1), (2), (3) and (6) of the Third Convention and in Article 43 of this Protocol. In case of doubt whether a person is a civilian, that person shall be considered to be a
1634:(2) In these Regulations—....."police officer" means a member of a police force or special constable; "police staff member" means—(a) a member of the civilian staff of a police force, including the metropolitan police force, within the meaning of section 102(4) and (6) of the
511:
are organised at a State level and under mixed control. Under Title 32, State
Governors may deploy National Guard personnel in support of civilian law enforcement - Posse Comitatus would only apply to personnel activated under Title 10 and operating under federal control.
440:(a volunteer militia within the South African Army) assisted the Police Service in rural areas until they were replaced by specialised Police units. Section 201 of the South African constitution allows military forces to assist Police only with Presidential approval.
1463:
263:
Starting in the 1980s, it was often claimed that 90 percent of the victims of modern wars were civilians. These claims, though widely believed, are not supported by detailed examination of the evidence, particularly that relating to wars (such as those in
502:
forbids the use of the US Army for law enforcement purposes without the approval of
Congress. A 2013 directive clarified that this included the Navy, Air Force and Marine Corp. In practice there are many nuances to this. The most notable being that the
309:
as a means of opposing dictatorial rule or foreign occupation: sometimes such campaigns happen at the same time as armed conflicts or guerrilla insurrections, but they are usually distinct from them as regards both their organization and participation.
304:
to claim the territory for Morocco - all at the same time as Moroccan forces entered the territory clandestinely. In addition, and without necessarily calling into question their status as non-combatants, civilians sometimes take part in campaigns of
236:
the growth of doctrines of "effects-based war", under which there is less focus on attacking enemy combatants than on undermining the enemy regime's sources of power, which may include apparently civilian objects such as electrical power
482:
prohibits entirely the peacetime intervention of military forces within Germany in armed roles. Military personnel may only be deployed in unarmed roles such as disaster relief. This was found to be deeply restrictive during the 1972
391:
Finally, the Council can hold parties accountable for violations of international humanitarian law by imposing targeted measures, establishing commissions of inquiry, authorizing ad hoc tribunals or referring situations to the
295:
Although it is often assumed that civilians are essentially passive onlookers of war, sometimes they have active roles in conflicts. These may be quasi-military, as when in November 1975 the Moroccan government organized the
912:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. DEFINITION OF CIVILIANS AND CIVILIAN POPULATION"
340:
reminded UN Member states that they have common interests in protecting African civilians through a shared "commitments to human security, and its rationale of indivisibility of peace and security."
244:", a term that refers to attempts to discredit the enemy by making its forces appear to be in violation of the laws of war, for example by attacking civilians who had been deliberately used as
1751:; 2011) 264 pages; explores ambiguities and inconsistencies in the principle since its earliest formulation; discusses how the world wars and the Algerian war of independence shaped the issue.
422:
defined explicitly but is a "negative definition" where anyone who is not designated as military personnel is (by default) a civilian. In keeping with IHL, this offers no intermediary status.
382:
It uses its Chapter VII powers to mandate either UN peacekeeping missions or regional organizations or groups of member states to take measures including the use of force to protect civilians.
467:
in the wake of rioting. This deployment inflamed local tensions, with the Provisional IRA launching a guerilla campaign from 1970 to 1997, during which time controversial actions such as
436:
are military agencies permanently tasked to supporting domestic civilian law-enforcement, usually focussed on serious organised crime and counter-terrorism. Until 2008, the South African
1147:
507:
operates under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security during peacetime but can be transferred to the U.S. Department of the Navy and rendered "military" during times of war. The
405:
crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity." This is proposed to indicate the African Union will no longer stand by to watch atrocities happen within the Union. As described by
1384:
1355:
1296:
1241:
1212:
1792:
679:, which in turn is part of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The CSDP is an important instrument supporting the EU's role as a global security provider.
180:
3. The presence within the civilian population of individuals who do not come within the definition of civilians does not deprive the population of its civilian character.
672:
is used to distinguish external committees (typically monitoring police conduct on behalf of civil administrations and taxpayers) from the internal management structure.
1485:
1635:
189:
1112:
See for example the chapters on the anti-Marcos movement in the Philippines (by Amado Mendoza) and on resistance against apartheid in South Africa (by Tom Lodge) in
1103:, C. Hurst, London, for Royal Institute of International Affairs, pp. 149-59 gives a useful account of the background and origin of the dispute over Western Sahara.
348:
344:
385:
It can develop middle ground using its Chapter V, VI and VIII powers to influence parties to conflict in country-specific situations to observe protection norms.
223:, in which the application of the laws of war is often difficult, and in which the distinction between combatants and civilians is particularly hard to maintain;
479:
162:(the treaties of humanitarian law do not expressly contain these terms). They may be prosecuted under the domestic law of the detaining state for such action."
2139:
658:
915:
131:
2044:
815:
1845:
1785:
269:
1140:
1083:
1055:
456:
2013:
1401:
2172:
2124:
1895:
796:
682:
Currently, the EU maintains civilian missions in countries including Georgia, Iraq, Mali, Somalia, and the Central African Republic.
193:
international humanitarian law that the direct targeting of civilians is a breach of the customary laws of war and is binding on all
1778:
1181:
665:, the term "member of the public" is preferred for general usage to avoid suggesting that Police are something other than civilian.
609:
359:
compliance with international humanitarian law and relevant human rights law, accountability for violations and humanitarian access;
313:
Officials directly involved in the maiming of civilians are conducting offensive combat operations and do not qualify as civilians.
1811:
What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
1766:
1373:
1344:
1285:
1230:
1201:
443:
The British military does not intervene in law enforcement matters other than by exceptional ministerial approval. During the 1980
256:
255:, or otherwise "militarized societies," in which most adults have military training. This has been discussed with reference to the
676:
765:
388:
It uses its Chapter VI powers to try to prevent or limit the outbreak of armed conflict through mediation and other initiatives.
352:
1667:
215:
The actual position of the civilian in modern war remains problematic. It is complicated by a number of phenomena, including:
2177:
2074:
1830:
1493:
547:
508:
437:
321:
118:
as early as 1829. The term "non-combatant" now refers to people in general who are not taking part of hostilities in time of
1263:
1125:
1697:
2114:
1541:
995:
393:
590:
1940:
1850:
65:
1321:
976:
Lebanon 97%. It has been appraised that in a conventional war in Europe up to 99% of the victims would be civilians."
657:
In the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand the term "civilian staff" can refer to police employees who are not
562:
1817:
631:
275:
536:
2208:
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2104:
543:
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464:
31:
569:
2119:
2084:
2029:
1915:
1748:
1649:
492:
333:
73:
1596:
64:). Civilians in the territories of a party to an armed conflict are entitled to certain privileges under the
1825:
623:
210:
155:
147:
1855:
1840:
1113:
1071:
1044:
647:
576:
455:. Unarmed military personnel routinely deploy in support for natural disasters, bomb disposal, etc. under
2167:
1975:
1965:
1930:
1174:
The Impossible Mandate? Military Preparedness, the Responsibility to Protect and Modern Peace Operations
444:
329:
2094:
2054:
1935:
884:
812:
558:
472:
429:
1122:
Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present
911:
2203:
2144:
1865:
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1835:
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499:
468:
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448:
206:
1048:
739:
375:
The Security Council is now involved in the protection of civilians in five main areas of action.
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2059:
1985:
1880:
1745:
The Image Before the Weapon: A Critical History of the Distinction Between Combatant and Civilian
1117:
669:
662:
639:
188:
Chapter III of Protocol I regulates the targeting of civilian objects. Article 8(2)(b)(i) of the
159:
57:
792:
Commentary on Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
425:
Involvement and jurisdiction of the armed forces in civil affairs varies from nation to nation.
2089:
2049:
2002:
1950:
1875:
1177:
1079:
635:
325:
226:
139:
77:
53:
1430:
2079:
1995:
1960:
954:
460:
306:
284:
832:
2157:
2109:
2069:
1970:
1920:
1059:
999:
819:
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790:
484:
143:
96:
92:
88:
61:
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were able to request military support and the Prime Minister approved deployment of the
99:, or other emergency services colloquially refer to members of the public as civilians.
2099:
2024:
1980:
1402:"Preach What You Practice: The Separation of Military and Police Roles in the Americas"
727:
A person who is not professionally employed in the armed forces; a non-military person.
495:
to provide an armed tactical capability within the civilian law enforcement structure.
301:
292:
endangered populations. It has "lost none of its political, legal and moral salience."
136:
1949 Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
583:
379:
It reinforces general norms—in particular the rules of international humanitarian law.
2197:
2129:
2064:
1945:
1625:
1515:
1086:; ISSN 1389-1359. One part of this article, relating to casualties, also appeared in
757:
643:
265:
115:
49:
1374:"The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur"
1345:"The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur"
1286:"The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur"
1231:"The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur"
1202:"The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur"
945:
Slim, Hugo (2003). "Why Protect Civilians? Innocence, Immunity, and Enmity in War".
2039:
2034:
1925:
1802:
1762:
US DoD definition of the term Civilian, refers to civilian law enforcement agencies
1675:
1486:"Requests for Military Aid to the Civil Authorities (MACA) from the NHS in England"
651:
406:
252:
245:
194:
151:
858:
1905:
1028:
1010:
786:
627:
525:
433:
297:
233:, both of which tend to involve combatants assuming the appearance of civilians;
42:
1910:
638:
members from the general public. Regardless, such members are civilians - not
337:
166:
108:
1761:
1571:
1549:
989:
1890:
1264:"UN Security Council Report No 4: Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict"
958:
928:
622:
In colloquial usage, the term is sometimes used to distinguish non-military
401:
assessment of Council actions since the passing of resolution 1265 in 1999.
230:
220:
81:
1770:
1314:"African Union stresses importance of conflict resolution and peacekeeping"
973:
Children and War: Proceedings of Symposium at Siuntio Baths, Finland, 1983.
1313:
2152:
1990:
691:
150:, a civilian covered by the Fourth Convention, or again, a member of the
17:
1955:
1900:
1885:
1870:
711:
241:
362:
the role of UN peacekeeping operations or other UN-mandated missions;
300:" of civilians to cross the border into the former Spanish colony of
280:
69:
993:, Report of the expert of the Secretary-General, 26 Aug 1996, p. 9.
177:
2. The civilian population comprises all persons who are civilians.
107:
The word "civilian" goes back to the late 14th century and is from
488:
459:. In 1969 the British Army was deployed to Northern Ireland under
274:
1146:. International Humanitarian Law Research Initiative. July 2009.
487:
when army snipers could not be deployed to assist Munich Police.
138:
states: "Every person in enemy hands must have some status under
1456:"Military Aid to the Civil Authorities for activities in the UK"
135:
1774:
1726:
1672:
National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement
519:
317:
Civilian protection under international humanitarian law (IHL)
119:
52:, because some non-combatants are not civilians (for example,
251:
the term becomes ambiguous in societies that use widespread
1078:, vol. 12, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2010, pp. 13–51.
1049:"Lives and Statistics: Are 90% of War Victims Civilians?",
1698:"Policing in the UK: Governance, Oversight and Complaints"
1626:"The Police (Complaints and Misconduct) Regulations 2012"
1101:
African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia
933:
Killing Civilians: Method, Madness and Morality in War
675:
Civilian crisis management is a central pillar of the
160:
unlawful' or 'unprivileged' combatants or belligerents
80:
depends on whether the conflict is an internal one (a
1053:, London, vol. 52, no. 3, June–July 2010, pp. 115–35.
190:
1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
114:. Civilian is believed to have been used to refer to
1606:. Washington Headquarters Services. 27 February 2013
1462:. Ministry of Defence. 4 August 2016. Archived from
1062:
Print edition ISSN 0039-6338. Online ISSN 1468-2699.
1016:
New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era
167:
1977 Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions
2138:
2011:
1816:
1411:. Washington Office on Latin America. November 2010
654:to the same extent as other members of the public.
550:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2163:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
885:"Customary IHL - Rule 5. Definition of Civilians"
813:The relevance of IHL in the context of terrorism
219:the fact that many modern wars are essentially
1172:Holt, Victoria K.; Berkman, Tobias C. (2006).
471:took place, as well as atrocities such as the
351:, & 1738) and presidential statements the
1786:
343:Through a series of resolutions (1265, 1296,
8:
677:EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)
1831:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
1597:"Department of Defense Instruction 3025.21"
1492:. NHS England. 27 July 2017. Archived from
1381:Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series
1352:Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series
1293:Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series
1238:Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series
1209:Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series
971:Kahnert, M., D. Pitt, et al., Eds. (1983).
822:official statement by the ICRC 21 July 2005
670:"Civilian oversight" or "Citizen oversight"
1793:
1779:
1771:
1176:. The Henry L. Stimson Center. p. 9.
1076:Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law
279:Wounded civilians arrive at a hospital in
154:of the armed forces who is covered by the
27:Person who is not a member of the military
1705:House of Lords Library Research Briefings
610:Learn how and when to remove this message
1572:"Department of Defense Directive 5525.5"
1431:"South African Constitution, Chapter 11"
1018:, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1999, p. 107.
916:International Committee of the Red Cross
132:International Committee of the Red Cross
2045:Right to an adequate standard of living
1542:"32 U.S. Code Title 32— NATIONAL GUARD"
703:
87:In some nations, uniformed members (or
76:. The privileges that they enjoy under
1846:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
1522:. Spec Ops Magazine. 22 September 2013
906:
904:
41:is a person who is not a member of an
1258:
1256:
1254:
1195:
1193:
1135:
1133:
1090:, June–July 2010, as footnoted above.
859:"UCMJ, 64 Stat. 109, 10 U.S.C. § 802"
45:nor a person engaged in hostilities.
7:
1548:. Cornell Law School. Archived from
991:Impact of Armed Conflict on Children
833:"Armed Forces Act 2006, Section 357"
768:from the original on 3 December 2013
548:adding citations to reliable sources
1516:"GSG 9 – To protect the Fatherland"
1674:. 15 November 2021. Archived from
272:) that are central to the claims.
25:
1966:Right to refuse medical treatment
1707:. House of Lords. 14 January 2020
1604:Washington Headquarters Services
1435:South African Justice Department
1390:from the original on 2018-05-02.
1361:from the original on 2018-05-02.
1302:from the original on 2018-05-02.
1247:from the original on 2018-05-02.
1218:from the original on 2018-05-02.
1124:, Oxford University Press, 2009
1074:, "The Civilian in Modern War",
524:
48:It is slightly different from a
1324:from the original on 2017-12-10
1153:from the original on 2017-12-11
839:. HM Government. 1 October 2010
718:. Oxford University Press. 2021
535:needs additional citations for
2178:Sexual and reproductive health
2075:Right to a healthy environment
1141:"IHL Primer #1 - What is IHL?"
803:, p. 51. 1994 reprint edition.
365:protection of specific groups;
322:International humanitarian law
122:, rather than just civilians.
1:
2095:Right to public participation
1372:Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010).
1343:Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010).
1284:Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010).
1229:Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010).
1200:Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010).
1031:, Moises Samam, Gino Strada.
368:the impact of small arms; and
201:Civilians in modern conflicts
146:and, as such, covered by the
2115:Right to science and culture
758:"the definition of civilian"
491:was later formed within the
394:International Criminal Court
257:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
1941:Right to keep and bear arms
1851:Freedom from discrimination
1668:"Civilian Oversight Basics"
863:Legal Information Institute
307:nonviolent civil resistance
84:) or an international one.
2225:
1650:"Civilian Law Enforcement"
204:
29:
2105:Right to rest and leisure
1809:
716:Oxford English Dictionary
428:In France and Italy, the
417:Civilians in domestic law
32:Civilian (disambiguation)
2120:Right to social security
2085:Right to Internet access
2030:Equal pay for equal work
1916:Presumption of innocence
1749:Cornell University Press
1127:, pp. 179-96 and 213-30.
624:law enforcement officers
89:emergency response force
74:Fourth Geneva Convention
1996:right to be a candidate
1826:Equality before the law
959:10.1111/1468-2346.00318
211:Civilian casualty ratio
60:who are serving with a
1856:Freedom of information
1841:Freedom of association
1035:, Charta, 2005, p. 38.
935:, Hurst, London, 2008.
889:ihl-databases.icrc.org
473:Bloody Sunday massacre
288:
70:international treaties
2168:Intersex human rights
1976:Right of self-defense
1931:Right to a fair trial
947:International Affairs
634:personnel, and other
445:Iranian Embassy Siege
371:regional cooperation.
278:
66:customary laws of war
2055:Right to development
1936:Right to family life
1886:Freedom from torture
1871:Freedom from slavery
1654:discoverpolicing.org
1383:. Paper No. 63: 11.
1240:. Paper No. 63: 17.
1211:. Paper No. 63: 14.
865:. Cornell Law School
744:Cambridge Dictionary
659:warranted constables
544:improve this article
498:In the US, the 1878
430:National Gendarmerie
30:For other uses, see
1866:Freedom of religion
1861:Freedom of movement
1836:Freedom of assembly
1818:Civil and political
1743:Helen M. Kinsella.
1546:www.law.cornell.edu
1354:. Paper No. 63: 9.
1295:. Paper No. 63: 8.
661:. In keeping with
642:- and are bound by
500:Posse Comitatus Act
469:Operation Demetrius
449:Metropolitan Police
353:UN Security Council
207:Civilian casualties
134:1958 Commentary on
2183:Right to sexuality
2060:Right to education
1986:Security of person
1881:Freedom of thought
1630:legislation.gov.uk
1552:on 20 October 2021
1496:on 17 January 2021
1118:Timothy Garton Ash
1058:2017-02-05 at the
998:2009-07-23 at the
837:legislation.gov.uk
818:2006-11-29 at the
799:2007-07-12 at the
663:Peelian Principles
640:military personnel
636:emergency services
289:
165:Article 50 of the
126:Legal usage in war
58:military personnel
54:military chaplains
2191:
2190:
2090:Right to property
2050:Right to clothing
2035:Fair remuneration
2003:Right to homeland
1951:Right to petition
1876:Freedom of speech
1577:. 15 January 1986
1520:Spec Ops Magazine
1466:on 12 August 2021
1084:978-90-6704-335-9
620:
619:
612:
594:
509:US National Guard
493:Bundesgrenzschutz
266:former Yugoslavia
227:guerrilla warfare
152:medical personnel
142:: he is either a
140:international law
78:international law
16:(Redirected from
2216:
2209:Civilians in war
2080:Right to housing
2014:Economic, social
1961:Right to protest
1956:Right to privacy
1795:
1788:
1781:
1772:
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1678:on 11 March 2021
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2070:Right to health
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1921:Right of asylum
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2025:Digital rights
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1981:Right to truth
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1470:15 November
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326:distinction
298:green march
283:during the
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2204:Law of war
2198:Categories
1911:Personhood
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740:"CIVILIAN"
722:2021-10-04
712:"civilian"
698:References
570:newspapers
559:"Civilian"
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221:civil wars
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869:4 October
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2153:Abortion
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1356:Archived
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