1779:
1791:
1889:, and saxophones need only twelve notes before overblowing. Since clarinets with few keys cannot play chromatically, they are limited to playing in closely related keys. For example, an eighteenth-century clarinet in C could play music in F, C, and G (and their relative minors) with good intonation, but with progressive difficulty and poorer intonation as the key moved away from this range. With the advent of airtight pads and improved key technology, more keys were added to woodwinds and the need for clarinets in multiple keys was reduced. The use of instruments in C, B
1086:
1729:
1131:, are created. Harmonics are caused by factors including the imperfect wobbling and shaking of the reed, the reed sealing the mouthpiece opening for part of the wave cycle (which creates a flattened section of the sound wave), and imperfections (bumps and holes) in the bore. A wide variety of compression waves are created, but only some (primarily the odd harmonics) are reinforced. This in combination with the cut-off frequency (where a significant drop in resonance occurs) results in the characteristic tone of the clarinet.
1710:
1377:. The reed is on the underside of the mouthpiece, pressing against the player's lower lip, while the top teeth normally contact the top of the mouthpiece (some players roll the upper lip under the top teeth to form what is called a 'double-lip' embouchure). Adjustments in the strength and shape of the embouchure change the tone and intonation. Players sometimes relieve the pressure on the upper teeth and inner lower lip by attaching a pad to the top of the mouthpiece or putting temporary cushioning on the lower teeth.
1841:
1450:
1354:
1741:
2863:
2789:
2821:
2699:
2055:
2489:
1470:
1760:
2750:
2720:
2576:
2533:
1803:
2669:
2648:
2607:
1822:
1342:
1232:
2252:
1462:
2394:
122:
1529:(or possibly his son Jacob Denner) equipped a chalumeau in the alto register with two keys, one of which enabled access to a higher register. This second register did not begin an octave above the first, as with other woodwind instruments, but started an octave and a perfect fifth higher than the first. A second key, at the top, extended the range of the first register to A
49:
2909:
1332:
Most players buy manufactured reeds, although many make adjustments to these reeds, and some make their own reeds from cane "blanks". Reeds come in varying degrees of hardness, generally indicated on a scale from one (soft) through five (hard). This numbering system is not standardized—reeds with the
1211:
The lip position and pressure, shaping of the vocal tract, choice of reed and mouthpiece, amount of air pressure created, and evenness of the airflow account for most of the player's ability to control the tone of a clarinet. Their vocal tract will be shaped to resonate at frequencies associated with
1199:
at the octave. The clarinet differs, since it acts as a closed-pipe system. The low chalumeau register plays fundamentals, but the clarion (second) register plays the third harmonics, a perfect twelfth higher than the fundamentals. The clarinet is therefore said to overblow at the twelfth. The first
1100:
The reed stays pressed against the mouthpiece until either the springiness of the reed forces it to open or a returning pressure wave 'bumps' into the reed and opens it. Each time the reed opens, a puff of air goes through the gap, after which the reed swings shut again. When played loudly, the reed
2596:, many composers began to prefer the mellower lower-pitched instruments, and the timbre of the C instrument may have been considered too bright. To avoid having to carry an extra instrument that required another reed and mouthpiece, orchestral players preferred to play parts for this instrument on B
1968:
While technical improvements and an equal-tempered scale reduced the need for two clarinets, the technical difficulty of playing in remote keys persisted, and the A has remained a standard orchestral instrument. By the late 19th century the orchestral clarinet repertoire contained so much music for
1898:
The lower-pitched clarinets sound "mellower" (less bright), and the C clarinet—the highest and brightest sounding of these three—fell out of favor as the other two could cover its range and their sound was considered better. While the clarinet in C began to fall out of general use around 1850, some
1599:
remedied this by countersinking the tone holes for the keys and covering the pads with soft leather. These leather pads sealed the holes better than felt, making it possible to equip the instrument with considerably more keys. In 1812 MĂĽller presented a clarinet with seven finger holes and thirteen
1097:
The mouthpiece and reed are surrounded by the player's lips, which put light, even pressure on the reed and form an airtight seal. Air is blown past the reed and down the instrument. In the same way a flag flaps in the breeze, the air rushing past the reed causes it to vibrate. As air pressure from
2302:
was one of the best known performers in this genre. The clarinet's place in the jazz ensemble was usurped by the saxophone, which projects a more powerful sound and uses a less complicated fingering system. The clarinet did not entirely disappear from jazz—prominent players since the 1950s include
1880:
and A has to do partly with the history of the instrument and partly with acoustics, aesthetics, and economics. Before about 1800, due to the lack of airtight pads, practical woodwinds could have only a few keys to control accidentals (notes outside their diatonic home scales). The low (chalumeau)
1115:
The rarefaction is reflected off the sloping end wall of the clarinet mouthpiece. The opening between the reed and the mouthpiece makes very little difference to the reflection of the rarefaction wave. This is because the opening is very small compared to the size of the tube, so almost the entire
1119:
When the rarefaction wave reaches the other (open) end of the tube, air rushes in to fill the slight vacuum. A little more than a 'neutral' amount of air enters the tube and causes a compression wave to travel back up the tube (image 4). Once the compression wave reaches the mouthpiece end of the
1146:
shape, with the thinnest part below the junction between the upper and lower joint. This hourglass shape, although invisible to the naked eye, helps to correct the pitch and responsiveness of the instrument. The diameter of the bore affects the instrument's sound characteristics. The bell at the
1178:
the bottom edge of tone holes inside the bore. Acoustically, this makes the tone hole function as if it were larger, but its main function is to allow the air column to follow the curve up through the tone hole (surface tension) instead of "blowing past" it under the increasingly directional
1436:
Below the main body is a flared end known as the bell. The bell does not amplify the sound but improves the uniformity of the instrument's tone for the lowest notes in each register. For the other notes, the sound is produced almost entirely at the tone holes, and the bell is irrelevant. On
1428:
The cluster of keys at the bottom of the upper joint (protruding slightly beyond the cork of the joint) are known as the trill keys and are operated by the right hand. The entire weight of the smaller clarinets is supported by the right thumb behind the lower joint on what is called the
1194:
Most woodwind instruments have a second register that begins an octave above the first (with notes at twice the frequency of the lower notes). With the aid of an 'octave' or 'register' key, the notes sound an octave higher as the fingering pattern repeats. These instruments are said to
1693:
noted that "French clarinets have a flat, nasal tone, while German ones approximate the singing voice". Among modern instruments the difference is smaller, although intonation differences persist. The use of Oehler clarinets has continued in German and
Austrian orchestras.
1200:
several notes of the altissimo (third) range, aided by the register key and venting with the first left-hand hole, play the fifth harmonics, a perfect twelfth plus a major sixth above the fundamentals. The fifth and seventh harmonics are also available, sounding a further
2740:
Sometimes referred to as the tenor clarinet in Europe, the alto clarinet is used in military and concert bands and occasionally, if rarely, in orchestras. The alto clarinet in F was used in military bands during the early 19th century and was a favorite instrument of
2714:
Similar in appearance to the alto, the basset horn is instead pitched in F, with a narrower bore on most models. Mozart's
Clarinet Concerto was originally sketched out as a concerto for basset horn in G. Little material for this instrument has been published.
1697:
Today the Boehm system is standard everywhere except in
Germany and Austria, where the Oehler clarinet is still used. Some contemporary Dixieland players continue to use Albert system clarinets. The Reform Boehm system is also popular in the Netherlands.
1778:
1380:
The mouthpiece attaches to the barrel. Tuning can be adjusted by using barrels of varying lengths or by pulling out the barrel to increase the instrument's length. On basset horns and lower clarinets, there is a curved metal neck instead of a barrel.
1881:
register of the clarinet spans a twelfth (an octave plus a perfect fifth) before overblowing, so the clarinet needs keys/holes to produce all nineteen notes in this range. This involves more keywork than on instruments that "overblow" at the octave—
1654:
and rollers to improve little-finger movement. After 1861, a "patent C sharp" key developed by Joseph Tyler was added to other clarinet models. Improved versions of Albert clarinets were built in
Belgium and France for export to the UK and the US.
2199:: This ensemble contains many clarinets playing together, usually including several members of the clarinet family. The homogeneity of tone across the different members of the clarinet family produces an effect with some similarities to a human
1120:'tube', it is reflected again back down the pipe. However at this point, either because the compression wave 'bumped' the reed or because of the natural vibration cycle of the reed, the gap opens and another 'puff' of air is sent down the pipe.
1296:
Metal soprano clarinets were popular in the late 19th century, particularly for military use. Metal is still used for the bodies of some contra-alto and contrabass clarinets and the necks and bells of nearly all alto and larger clarinets.
1384:
The main body of most clarinets has an upper joint, whose mechanism is mostly operated by the left hand, and a lower joint, mostly operated by the right hand. Some clarinets have a one-piece body. The modern soprano clarinet has numerous
1631:, although Böhm was not involved in its development and the system differed from the one used on the flute. Other key systems have been developed, many built around modifications to the basic Boehm system, including the Full Boehm,
1105:(at around 3% greater pressure than the surrounding air) travels down the cylindrical tube and escapes at the point where the tube opens out. This is either at the closest open hole or at the end of the tube (see diagram: image 1).
1662:
and instrument maker Georg
Ottensteiner developed the patented Baermann/Ottensteiner clarinet. This instrument had new connecting levers, allowing multiple fingering options to operate some of the pads. The Brahms clarinetist
1600:
keys, which he called "clarinet omnitonic" since it was capable of playing in all keys. It was no longer necessary to use differently tuned clarinets for a different keys. MĂĽller is also considered the inventor of the metal
1147:
bottom of the clarinet flares out to improve the tone and tuning of the lowest notes. The fixed reed and fairly uniform diameter of the clarinet result in an acoustical performance approximating that of a cylindrical
1076:
The three registers have characteristically different sounds—the chalumeau is rich and dark, the clarion is brighter and sweet, like a trumpet heard from afar, and the altissimo can be piercing and sometimes shrill.
2073:
1373:, and the top half-inch or so of this assembly is held in the player's mouth. In the past, string was used to bind the reed to the mouthpiece. The formation of the mouth around the mouthpiece and reed is called the
2064:
1123:
The original compression wave, now greatly reinforced by the second 'puff' of air, sets off on another two trips down the pipe (travelling four pipe lengths in total) before the cycle is repeated again.
2684:
The basset clarinet is a clarinet in A with keywork that extends to a written low C. There are some examples of instruments with a low B. It is used primarily to play
Classical-era music. Mozart's
1802:
1740:
1191:. The open register key stops the fundamental frequency from being reinforced, making the reed vibrate at three times the frequency, which produces a note a twelfth above the original note.
913:
enabling them to play the E below middle C as their lowest written note. The concert pitch that sounds depends on the individual instrument's transposition (this low E sounds as a concert
127:
All clarinets have approximately the same written range. The sounding pitch depends on what key the instrument is in. Low clarinets generally have extra keys to extend the range downward.
2890:
The subcontrabass clarinet is a largely experimental instrument with little repertoire. Three versions in EEEâ™ (an octave below the contra-alto clarinet) were made, and a version in BBB
1608:. During this period the typical embouchure also changed, orienting the mouthpiece with the reed facing downward. This was first recommended in 1782 and became standard by the 1830s.
1517:, it was played mainly in its fundamental register, with a limited range of about one and a half octaves. It had eight finger holes, like a recorder, and a written pitch range from F
1840:
1689:
clarinet or German clarinet, while the Böhm clarinet has since been called the French clarinet. The French clarinet differs from the German not only in fingering but also in sound.
734:, an earlier single-reed instrument. Over time, additional keywork and airtight pads were added to improve the tone and playability. Today the clarinet is a standard fixture of the
1333:
same number often vary in hardness across manufacturers and models. Reed and mouthpiece characteristics work together to determine ease of playability and tonal characteristics.
662:
1728:
1303:
are generally made of hard rubber, although some inexpensive mouthpieces may be made of plastic. Other materials such as glass, wood, ivory, and metal have also been used.
1329:
fastens the reed to the mouthpiece. When air is blown through the opening between the reed and the mouthpiece facing, the reed vibrates and produces the clarinet's sound.
2592:
This clarinet was very common in the instrument's earliest period but its use dwindled, and by the end of the 1920s it had become practically obsolete. From the time of
2072:
1790:
1759:
1650:
in 1848. This model was based on the MĂĽller clarinet with some changes to keywork, and was also known as the "simple system". It included a "spectacle key" patented by
4029:
983:. Defining the top end of a clarinet's range is difficult, since many advanced players can produce notes well above the highest notes commonly found in method books. G
2784:. The bass clarinet in A, which had a vogue among certain composers from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries, is now so rare as to usually be considered obsolete.
1525:. At this time, contrary to modern practice, the reed was placed in contact with the upper lip. Around the beginning of the 18th century the German instrument maker
2259:
The clarinet was a central instrument in jazz, beginning with early jazz players in the 1910s. It remained a signature instrument of the genre through much of the
5288:
1685:
presented a clarinet using similar fingerings to the
Baermann instrument, with significantly more toneholes than the Böhm model. The new clarinet was called the
1784:
Oehler clarinet with a cover on the middle tone hole of the lower joint, dev. 1905 by Oscar Oehler, and with bell mechanism added later to improve deep E and F
5203:
4649:
2093:
The clarinet is widely used as a solo instrument. The clarinet evolved later than other orchestral woodwind instruments, leaving solo repertoire from the
4826:
1627:. Their design introduced needle springs for the axles, and the ring keys simplified some complicated fingering patterns. The inventors called this the
6508:
2897:
655:
4690:
2369:
2528:
clarinet has a characteristic "hard and biting" tone and is used in the orchestra when a brighter, or sometimes more comical, sound is called for.
1821:
5252:
6655:
3659:
871:
clarinets have nearly the same bore and nearly identical tonal quality, although the A typically has a slightly warmer sound. The tone of the
6252:
6215:
6196:
6177:
6158:
6139:
6120:
6097:
6078:
6059:
6038:
6015:
5992:
5969:
5946:
5923:
5900:
5877:
5854:
5831:
5808:
5785:
5762:
5741:
5722:
5703:
5684:
5661:
5642:
5623:
5553:
5079:
3728:
3176:
3127:
3075:
3018:
1709:
1454:
6617:
648:
3482:
3063:
6296:
2978:
1389:—seven are covered with the fingertips and the rest are operated using a set of 17 keys. The most common system of keys was named the
5516:
5464:
3852:
2192:
Groups of clarinets playing together have become increasingly popular among clarinet enthusiasts in recent years. Common forms are:
82:
3009:
4271:
6935:
5441:
1307:
are often made of metal and tightened using one or more adjustment screws; other materials include plastic, string, or fabric.
1278:
1142:
for most of the tube with an inner bore diameter between 0.575 and 0.585 inches (14.6 and 14.9 mm), but there is a subtle
4615:
1277:, were used. Since the mid-20th century, clarinets (particularly student or band models) are also made from plastics, such as
5307:
3763:
2770:
Developed in the late 18th century, the bass clarinet began featuring in orchestral music in the 1830s after its redesign by
1636:
4339:
3396:
4751:
3682:
1506:
1370:
1326:
1304:
1152:
535:
3794:
6483:
4087:
Intravaia, Lawrence J; Robert S. Resnick (Spring 1968). "A research study of a technique for adjusting clarinet reeds".
3652:
Clarinet parameter cartography: automatic mapping of the sound produced as a function of blowing pressure and reed force
2014:
1912:
695:
4462:
2774:. It has since become a mainstay of the modern orchestra. It is also used in concert bands and enjoys (along with the B
1085:
5275:
3040:
2380:
2320:
1179:
frequencies of the upper registers. Covering or uncovering the tone holes varies the length of the pipe, changing the
3572:
Barthet, M.; Guillemain, P.; Kronland-Martinet, R.; Ystad, S. (2010). "From clarinet control to timbre perception".
6648:
6584:
5226:
5193:
4517:
4196:
2685:
1570:
4653:
6930:
6594:
6589:
2854:
2356:
1346:
914:
4243:
Horvath, Janet (September 2001). "An orchestra musician's perspective on 20 years of performing arts medicine".
2484:
This instrument is rare, although it was once frequently used in wind ensembles, especially in Spain and Italy.
802:
being used for the instrument dates to a 1710 order placed by the Duke of
Gronsfeld for two instruments made by
6503:
2352:
1908:
1554:
1163:
when the thumb/register hole is pinched open, while the clarinet, with its cylindrical bore, overblows at the
2555:
clarinet. While a few early pieces were written for it, its repertoire is now very limited in
Western music.
2294:
Beginning in the 1940s, the clarinet faded from its prominent position in jazz. By that time, an interest in
1116:
wave is reflected back down the tube even if the reed is completely open at the time the wave hits (image 3).
6473:
6458:
6445:
6415:
3280:
Cockshott, Gerald; D. K. Dent; Morrison C. Boyd; E. J. Moeran (October 1941). "English composer goes west".
3245:
2968:
2593:
2418:
2110:
1952:
1945:
1628:
1569:
that was about 18 centimetres (7.1 in) longer, made first by
Theodor Lotz. In 1791 Mozart composed the
1558:
1526:
1135:
723:
688:
321:
62:
1932:
6664:
6289:
2870:
2364:
1619:
for the flute. This key system was first used on the clarinet between 1839 and 1843 by French clarinetist
1510:
1486:
1353:
822:
680:
102:
87:
2664:
The A clarinet is frequently used in orchestral and chamber music, especially of the nineteenth century.
2632:
53:
6755:
6641:
6379:
3905:
1904:
1601:
1542:. Later, Denner lengthened the bell and provided it with a third key to extend the pitch range down to E
1366:
1300:
1225:
945:
to match the range of the A clarinet. Bass clarinets have keywork extending the low range to a written E
6523:
6389:
1983:
and an A clarinet, and clarinet parts commonly alternate between the instruments. In the 20th century,
94:
4720:
3118:
Page, Janet K.; Gourlay, K. A.; Blench, Roger; Shackleton, Nicholas; Rice, Albert (2015). "Clarinet".
6770:
6689:
6364:
5283:
2963:
2941:
2796:
2643:
clarinet is the most common type. Usually, the term "clarinet" on its own refers to this instrument.
2387:
2375:
2114:
1624:
1578:
1216:, a pulsating change of pitch, is rare in classical literature; however, certain performers, such as
152:
1449:
6478:
6420:
6369:
3650:
2945:
2828:
2094:
2010:
1664:
1561:, typically had five keys. Mozart suggested extending the clarinet downwards by four semitones to C
1249:
Clarinet bodies have been made from a variety of materials including wood, plastic, hard rubber or
956:
842:
703:
586:
569:
180:
75:
5253:"Rock 'n' roll clarinets?! The Beatles' use of clarinets on Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band"
1675:
1469:
1108:
More than a 'neutral' amount of air escapes from the instrument, which creates a slight vacuum or
6925:
6899:
6785:
6538:
6528:
5363:
5324:
5198:
5147:
5112:
5021:
4986:
4849:
4573:
4428:
4362:
4213:
4104:
3631:
3299:
3262:
2567:
2422:
2032:
clarinet, alto clarinet, bass clarinet, and contra-alto/contrabass clarinet are commonly used in
1921:
1421:, and eastern European folk musicians. The Albert and Oehler systems are both based on the early
1290:
1282:
1180:
1164:
171:
132:
6493:
2304:
1916:
1620:
1394:
1208:(a flat, diminished fifth) higher respectively; these are the notes of the altissimo register.
1098:
the mouth increases, the amount the reed vibrates increases until the reed hits the mouthpiece.
6873:
6559:
6533:
6498:
6282:
6248:
6211:
6192:
6173:
6154:
6135:
6116:
6093:
6074:
6055:
6034:
6011:
5988:
5965:
5956:
Rees-Davies, Jo (1995). "The development of the clarinet repertoire". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5942:
5919:
5896:
5873:
5850:
5827:
5804:
5781:
5758:
5737:
5718:
5699:
5680:
5657:
5638:
5619:
5549:
5512:
5460:
5075:
3848:
3709:
3282:
3172:
3123:
3071:
3035:
3014:
2958:
2849:
2135:
2102:
1961:
1316:
1293:
of resin and the African blackwood powder left over from the manufacture of wooden clarinets.
1281:(ABS). One of the first such blends of plastic was Resonite, a term originally trademarked by
1262:
1258:
1217:
1205:
384:
315:
4393:
6904:
6574:
6569:
6488:
6343:
5316:
5139:
5104:
5052:
5013:
4978:
4841:
4752:"The Structure of the Clarinet [Experiment], The Boehm system and the Oehler system"
4565:
4526:
4420:
4354:
4317:
4252:
4205:
4096:
4038:
3699:
3691:
3623:
3581:
3554:
3291:
3254:
2583:
2171:
1647:
1612:
1398:
1221:
1201:
1102:
995:
987:
is usually the highest note encountered in classical repertoire, but fingerings as high as A
910:
906:
902:
850:
778:
716:
250:
4556:
Benade, Arthur H.; Keefe, Douglas H. (March 1996). "The physics of a new clarinet design".
4493:
3004:
6821:
6564:
6384:
6332:
6321:
6313:
6170:
From the Clarinet D'Amour to the Contra Bass: A History of Large Size Clarinets, 1740–1860
5732:
Starr, S. Frederick (2021). "The clarinet in vernacular music". In Ellsworth, Jane (ed.).
5676:
2973:
2913:
2676:
2655:
2614:
2496:
2458:
2434:
2405:
music, which employs a distinctive style of playing. The popular Brazilian music style of
2106:
1988:
1984:
1956:
1941:
1936:
1690:
1668:
1566:
1474:
972:
872:
830:
707:
699:
3511:
1220:, use vibrato in classical music. Special fingerings and lip-bending may be used to play
719:
is the most common type, and is the instrument usually indicated by the word "clarinet".
5818:
Shackleton, Nicholas (1995). "The development of the clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5070:
Kennedy, Joyce; Kennedy, Michael; Rutherford-Johnson, Tim, eds. (2013). "Wind quintet".
3486:
6795:
6704:
6684:
6554:
6513:
6468:
6463:
6430:
3704:
3677:
2745:. It fell out of use and, if called for, is commonly substituted with the basset horn.
2742:
2425:, the Albert system clarinet in G is often used, commonly called a "Turkish clarinet".
2316:
2264:
2196:
2175:
2141:
1854:
1596:
1592:
1550:
1490:
1402:
1390:
1286:
789:
581:
147:
2848:
contrabass is used in clarinet ensembles, concert bands, and sometimes in orchestras.
6919:
6612:
6579:
6435:
6425:
6410:
6359:
6354:
6109:
6027:
6004:
5981:
5958:
5935:
5912:
5889:
5866:
5843:
5820:
5797:
5774:
5612:
4020:
3844:
2931:
2917:
2757:
2727:
2348:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2308:
2299:
2284:
2280:
2268:
2161:
2151:
2131:
2121:
2098:
2006:
1992:
1949:
1900:
1686:
1659:
1643:
1632:
1498:
1494:
1478:
1410:
1406:
1184:
898:
886:
882:
743:
601:
545:
257:
197:
113:
66:
5433:
5130:
Seay, Albert E. (September–October 1948). "Modern composers and the wind ensemble".
3786:
6765:
6622:
2323:. In the US, the prominent players on the instrument since the 1980s have included
2276:
2272:
2181:
2033:
2013:. The practice of using different clarinets to achieve tonal variety was common in
1616:
1514:
1441:
and larger clarinets, the bell curves up and forward and is usually made of metal.
1422:
1362:
1341:
1321:
1231:
1188:
1148:
1068:
register, consisting of the notes above the written C two octaves above middle C (C
803:
739:
727:
726:
is generally credited with inventing the clarinet sometime around 1700 by adding a
474:
5354:
Brandl, Rudolf (1996). "The 'Yiftoi' and the music of Greece: role and function".
3759:
3695:
3649:
Almeida, A; Lemare, J; Sheahan, M; Judge, J; Auvray, R; Dang, K; Wolfe, J (2010).
2251:
1977:
The orchestra frequently includes two clarinetists, each usually equipped with a B
1553:
and facilitate fingerings and the chalumeau fell into disuse. The clarinet of the
1461:
1187:. The player moves between the chalumeau and clarion registers through use of the
499:
4969:
Tuthill, Burnet C. (1972). "Sonatas for clarinet and piano: annotated listings".
3909:
3614:
Gibson, Lee (1968). "Fundamentals of acoustical design of the soprano clarinet".
3388:
2071:
1680:
6857:
6518:
6453:
6394:
6132:
Exploring the Clarinet: A Guide to Clarinet Technique and Finnish Clarinet Music
3389:"Upper altissimo register – Alternate fingering chart for Boehm-system clarinet"
2927:
2816:
This instrument is used in wind ensembles and occasionally in cinematic scores.
2781:
2771:
2706:
2360:
2312:
2185:
2165:
2002:
1927:
1671:
has used a Baermann-Ottensteiner instrument for playing compositions by Brahms.
1651:
1438:
1156:
1109:
976:
596:
374:
342:
332:
277:
202:
3678:"The influence of the vocal tract on the attack transients in clarinet playing"
3545:
Backus, J (1961). "Vibrations of the reed and the air column in the clarinet".
2393:
1112:
in the clarinet tube. This rarefaction wave travels back up the tube (image 2).
6735:
4668:
4321:
3893:
2556:
2540:
2384:
2288:
2085:
1605:
1430:
1374:
927:
771:
576:
551:
519:
489:
442:
399:
287:
282:
272:
217:
1591:
The number of keys was limited because their felt pads did not seal tightly.
1051:
register, which spans just over an octave (from a written B above middle C (B
1023:) (named after the instrument that was the clarinet's immediate predecessor)
6760:
6740:
6699:
6374:
4650:"Clarinets in C, B-flat, and A by Georg Ottensteiner, Munich, ca. 1860–1879"
4470:
4256:
2328:
2295:
1502:
1386:
1171:
1143:
1128:
1064:
1004:
735:
731:
616:
591:
556:
540:
509:
449:
267:
232:
142:
121:
105:
48:
6852:
6025:
Brown, John Robert (1995). "The clarinet in jazz". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
6002:
Heaton, Roger (1995). "The contemporary clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5795:
Lawson, Colin (1995a). "Single reeds before 1750". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5056:
3713:
6633:
2908:
6800:
6750:
4272:"Not like the others: playing strategies for A, E-flat and bass clarinet"
3676:
PĂ mies-VilĂ , Montserrat; Hofmann, Alex; Chatziioannou, Vasileios (2020).
2283:
were all prominent early jazz clarinet players. Swing performers such as
2260:
1639:, which combined Boehm-system keywork with a German mouthpiece and bore.
1266:
1196:
1139:
684:
524:
484:
459:
404:
394:
292:
187:
33:
17:
5367:
2780:
clarinet) a considerable role in jazz, especially through jazz musician
1753:
by Eugène Albert, intermediate between the Müller and Oehler clarinets.
6894:
6826:
6745:
6714:
6694:
5979:
Harris, Paul (1995b). "Teaching the clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5887:
Tschaikov, Basil (1995). "The high clarinets". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5151:
5116:
5025:
4990:
4108:
3635:
3585:
3266:
2402:
1886:
1418:
1250:
1213:
1175:
747:
529:
494:
469:
464:
419:
414:
379:
297:
227:
192:
5933:
Harris, Michael (1995a). "The bass clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5841:
Lawson, Colin (1995b). "The clarinet family". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5328:
4853:
4577:
4432:
4366:
4308:
Karp, Cary (1986). "The early history of the clarinet and chalumeau".
4217:
3558:
3303:
1734:
Iwan MĂĽller clarinet with 13 keys and leather pads, developed in 1809.
6831:
6816:
6775:
6730:
6709:
4042:
1808:
French Clarinet (Original Boehm with 17 keys and 6 rings). Developed
1674:
In the early 20th century, the German clarinetist and clarinet maker
1160:
846:
634:
611:
429:
369:
352:
262:
237:
5910:
Dobrée, Georgina (1995). "The basset horn". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
5143:
5108:
5040:
5017:
4982:
4100:
3627:
3258:
3243:
Reed, Alfred (September 1961). "The composer and the college band".
1127:
In addition to this primary compression wave, other waves, known as
5320:
4845:
4569:
4530:
4515:
Rice, Albert (March 1984). "Clarinet Fingering Charts, 1732–1816".
4424:
4358:
4209:
3295:
2109:
have been written to showcase the instrument, for example those by
1433:. Larger clarinets are supported with a neck strap or a floor peg.
881:
is brighter and can be heard through loud orchestral textures. The
795:, a type of trumpet, the name of which derives from the same root.
6878:
6836:
6790:
5654:
Fine-Tuning the Clarinet Section: A Handbook for the Band Director
2907:
2406:
2392:
2339:, and others playing in both traditional and contemporary styles.
2250:
2200:
1468:
1460:
1448:
1352:
1340:
1274:
1270:
1254:
1230:
1084:
606:
514:
504:
409:
364:
347:
337:
327:
212:
5864:
Lawson, Colin (1995c). "The C clarinet". In Lawson, Colin (ed.).
4194:
Ridley, E.A.K. (September 1986). "Birth of the 'Böhm' clarinet".
2178:
or, in more contemporary music, a configuration of five clarinets
5305:
Slobin, Mark (1984). "Klezmer music: an American ethnic genre".
2873:(also called octocontralto clarinet or octocontrabass clarinet)
1895:, and A persisted, with each used as specified by the composer.
1882:
1414:
751:
479:
454:
424:
389:
302:
222:
6637:
6278:
1549:
After Denner's innovations, other makers added keys to improve
1325:. Reeds may also be manufactured from synthetic materials. The
6780:
1874:
The modern orchestral standard of using soprano clarinets in B
4411:
Hacker, Alan (April 1969). "Mozart and the basset clarinet".
2379:
reviewer termed a "Benny Goodman-flavored clarinet solo" in "
2347:
The clarinet is uncommon, but not unheard of, in rock music.
2124:
have been written for the clarinet. Common combinations are:
2688:
was written for this instrument. Basset clarinets in C and B
2053:
1357:
Mouthpiece with conical ring ligature, made from hard rubber
120:
6274:
6269:
1409:, which is used mostly in Germany and Austria. The related
1101:
can spend up to 50% of the time shut. The 'puff of air' or
1093:
The production of sound by a clarinet follows these steps:
994:
The range of a clarinet can be divided into three distinct
6151:
The Clarinet: Some Notes Upon Its History and Construction
4952:
4950:
3359:
3357:
2134:: clarinet, piano, and another instrument (for example, a
1846:
Reform Boehm clarinet with 19 keys and 7 rings, developed
3843:
Jenkins, Martin; Oldfield, Sara; Aylett, Tiffany (2002).
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3190:
3188:
2164:, and bass; and other possibilities such as the use of a
1796:
Standard German clarinet without cover or bell mechanism.
5095:
Weerts, Richard K. (Autumn 1964). "The clarinet choir".
5004:
Weerts, Richard K. (Autumn 1964). "The clarinet choir".
4937:
4935:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
3826:
3824:
3010:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2298:, a revival of traditional New Orleans jazz, had begun.
955:. Among the less common members of the clarinet family,
5490:
5488:
5455:
Shackleton, Nicholas; Rice, Albert. "Basset clarinet".
5163:
5161:
3847:(Report). Fauna & Flora International. p. 21.
2896:(an octave below the contrabass clarinet) was built by
1827:
Full Boehm clarinet with 21 keys and 7 rings developed
1772:, intermediate between the MĂĽller and Oehler clarinets.
1704:
Clarinets with different arrangements of keys and holes
4922:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4652:. National Music Museum. 10 March 2016. Archived from
1667:
used this clarinet, and the American clarinet soloist
1257:. The vast majority of wooden clarinets are made from
1174:
that improve intonation and sound. Undercutting means
5544:
Shackleton, Nicholas; Rice, Albert. "Bass clarinet".
5507:
Shackleton, Nicholas; Rice, Albert. "Alto clarinet".
5379:
5377:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
3597:
3595:
3418:
3416:
3414:
1588:), the clarinet was a fixed member in the orchestra.
885:
has a characteristically deep, mellow sound, and the
766:
may have entered the English language via the French
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
2373:
album. A clarinet is prominently featured in what a
1573:
for this instrument, with passages ranging down to C
1224:
intervals. There have also been efforts to create a
6887:
6866:
6845:
6809:
6723:
6672:
6605:
6547:
6444:
6403:
6312:
6247:. Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides. Kahn & Averill.
6208:
Jazz in New Orleans: The Postwar Years Through 1970
2048:clarinet parts with two to three players per part.
951:
and some have additional keys to enable a written C
698:of instruments of differing sizes and pitches. The
131:
112:
93:
81:
74:
6153:(Third ed.). W. W. Norton & Company Inc.
6108:
6026:
6003:
5980:
5957:
5934:
5911:
5888:
5865:
5842:
5819:
5796:
5773:
5611:
2549:This was largely replaced by the F and later the E
2042:clarinets; there are commonly three or even four B
1995:employed many different clarinets, including the E
1405:used on flutes. The other main key system is the
1008:register, from the written low E to the written B
702:is the largest woodwind family, ranging from the
6033:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–198.
6010:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 163–183.
5987:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–133.
4030:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
3547:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2805:(also called Contra-alto or Contralto clarinet)
889:sounds similar to the bass, though not as dark.
814:appears from 1784 until the early 20th century.
4721:"Collaboration with Boehm and Oehler clarinets"
4025:L.) used for the vibrating plate of a clarinet"
3729:"Teaching the clarinet to speak with his voice"
3485:. University of New South Wales. Archived from
1701:
810:is found as early as 1733, and the now-archaic
6052:Practical Hints on Playing the B-Flat Clarinet
5964:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–91.
5941:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–74.
5918:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–65.
5895:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–56.
5872:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–42.
5849:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–37.
5826:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–32.
3658:. International Symposium on Music Acoustics.
1571:Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra in A major
1089:Sound wave propagation in the soprano clarinet
1040:, are sometimes treated as a separate register
6649:
6290:
5803:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–15.
4827:"Clarinet sonorities in early Romantic music"
1513:mouthpiece and a cylindrical bore. Lacking a
656:
8:
4230:
3867:
3512:"Open vs closed pipes (flutes vs clarinets)"
3122:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press.
2852:calls for a contrabass clarinet in A in his
1899:composers continued to write C parts, e.g.,
1815:by Hyacinthe Klosé and Louis Auguste Buffet.
1453:Two-key clarinet with fingering chart, from
845:bore is the main reason for its distinctive
817:A person who plays the clarinet is called a
41:
5546:The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
5509:The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
5457:The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
4956:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4333:
4331:
3477:
3475:
3120:The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
3070:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press.
1969:clarinet in A that it has remained in use.
6656:
6642:
6634:
6297:
6283:
6275:
5736:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 255–289.
5395:
5276:"Closeup: Supertramp—Breakfast In America"
4714:
4712:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3363:
3230:
3218:
784:("oboe"), originating from the Latin root
663:
649:
162:
5580:
5341:
4907:
4543:
4189:
4187:
4185:
3946:
3922:
3879:
3703:
3194:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
2065:Tudor Tulok – Fragment from 'Late Spring'
1533:and, together with the register key, to B
1269:. Historically other woods, particularly
1183:of the enclosed air column and hence the
5568:
5419:
5045:Journal of the Royal Musical Association
4807:
4738:
4636:
4602:
4590:
3958:
3934:
3845:International Trade in African Blackwood
3830:
3815:
3791:The Clarinet of the Twenty-First Century
3506:
3504:
3328:
3316:
3142:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
2912:Clarinets in A-flat, E-flat and B-flat,
2438:
2168:, especially in European classical works
1055:) to the C two octaves above middle C (C
6029:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
6006:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5983:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5960:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5937:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5914:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5891:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5868:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5845:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5822:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5799:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5776:The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet
5696:A Dictionary for the Modern Clarinetist
5434:"Basset clarinet and basset conversion"
4926:
4888:
4871:
4456:
4454:
4303:
4301:
4292:
3970:
3532:
3154:
2995:
2858:, but no such instrument ever existed.
1702:
1623:in collaboration with instrument maker
1497:. The modern clarinet developed from a
170:
6270:The International Clarinet Association
5614:Woodwind Instruments and Their History
5592:
5479:
5444:from the original on 23 December 2018.
5206:from the original on 30 September 2009
5097:Journal of Research in Music Education
5006:Journal of Research in Music Education
4971:Journal of Research in Music Education
4941:
4245:Medical Problems of Performing Artists
4176:
4089:Journal of Research in Music Education
4019:Obataya E; Norimoto M. (August 1999).
3745:
3446:
2291:rose to prominence in the late 1930s.
2184:: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and
2097:period onward, but few works from the
2083:
1611:In the late 1830s, German flute maker
1595:clarinetist and master clarinet maker
1235:Fritz SchĂĽller's quarter-tone clarinet
1170:Most modern clarinets have "undercut"
849:, which varies between the three main
40:
5635:Essential Dictionary of Orchestration
5383:
5194:"John Carter's case for the clarinet"
5179:
4795:
4340:"A three-key clarinet by J.C. Denner"
4062:
3892:Saunders, Scott J. (1 January 1952).
3797:from the original on 11 December 2012
3399:from the original on 18 November 2016
3375:
2565:clarinets in his instrumentation for
2543:(Sopranino or piccolo clarinet in D)
2370:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
2263:era into the 1940s. American players
1455:Museum musicum theoreticalo practicum
7:
6618:Category:Clarinetists by nationality
6236:Ancient European Musical Instruments
5531:
5494:
5407:
5167:
4772:
4445:
4379:
4157:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4074:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3601:
3434:
3422:
3206:
3171:. Taylor & Francis. p. 74.
3167:Jacobs, Arthur (2017). "clarionet".
3013:(Fifth ed.). Houghton Mifflin.
2409:uses the clarinet, as does Albanian
1485:The clarinet has its roots in early
930:lower than the written note). Some B
2831:(also called double-bass clarinet)
2505:(Sopranino or piccolo clarinet in E
1635:, McIntyre, the Benade NX, and the
1505:. This instrument was similar to a
1261:(grenadilla), or, more uncommonly,
5294:from the original on 10 July 2020.
3766:from the original on 14 April 2016
3665:from the original on 3 March 2011.
3574:Acta Acustica United with Acustica
2979:International Clarinet Association
2602:clarinets, transposing up a tone.
2236:bass clarinet, or sometimes four B
788:("clear"). The word is related to
687:family, with a nearly cylindrical
25:
6111:The Clarinet and Clarinet Playing
4392:Fastl, Christian (21 June 2021).
3068:Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins
2401:Clarinets feature prominently in
2363:included a trio of clarinets in "
2206:Clarinet quartet: usually three B
2036:, which generally have multiple B
897:Clarinets have the largest pitch
798:The earliest mention of the word
5633:Black, Dave; Gerou, Tom (2005).
5274:Farrell, David (31 March 1979).
4719:Harrie, Jessica (4 March 2021).
4021:"Acoustic properties of a reed (
2940:, bass clarinet range to low C,
2084:Problems playing this file? See
2069:
1839:
1820:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1758:
1739:
1727:
1708:
1401:, but it is not the same as the
901:of common woodwinds. Nearly all
833:), or simply a clarinet player.
742:and is used in classical music,
47:
5673:Creating Global Music in Turkey
4461:Bray, Erin (16 November 2004).
3514:. University of New South Wales
1279:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
1155:use a tapered internal bore to
95:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
29:Single-reed woodwind instrument
6234:Bessaraboff, Nicholas (1941).
5780:. Cambridge University Press.
5308:Yearbook for Traditional Music
5192:Palmer, Robert (5 July 1981).
5072:The Oxford Dictionary of Music
4496:. Northern Illinois University
3727:Blum, David (16 August 1992).
3062:Cresswell, Julia, ed. (2021).
1:
6149:Rendall, Geoffrey F. (1971).
5713:Ellsworth, Jane, ed. (2021).
4494:"Development of the Clarinet"
3696:10.1080/09298215.2019.1708412
3683:Journal of New Music Research
3003:Pickett, Joseph, ed. (2018).
1847:
1828:
1809:
1766:
1747:
1716:
1582:
959:may have keywork to written D
5698:. Rowman & Littlefield.
5656:. Rowman & Littlefield.
5652:Coppenbarger, Brent (2015).
5225:Bass, Dale (3 August 2018).
5041:"The clarinet and its music"
4398:Austrian Music Encyclopaedia
3393:The Woodwind Fingering Guide
2015:20th-century classical music
1715:Early Clarinet with 4 keys (
770:(the feminine diminutive of
6238:. Harvard University Press.
6172:. Oxford University Press.
6092:. Hal Leonard Corporation.
6088:Pinksterboer, Hugo (2001).
5772:Lawson, Colin, ed. (1995).
5227:"Founding the Family Stone"
4727:. Vol. 48, no. 2.
4270:Corley, Paula (June 2020).
3483:"Acoustics of the clarinet"
3041:Online Etymology Dictionary
2383:", the title song from the
1315:The clarinet uses a single
936:clarinets go to a written E
6952:
6187:Shahriari, Andrew (2015).
6071:Contemporary Orchestration
5671:DeÄźirmenci, Koray (2013).
4691:"Mirakel klassische Musik"
4558:The Galpin Society Journal
4518:The Galpin Society Journal
4347:The Galpin Society Journal
4197:The Galpin Society Journal
2432:
1658:Around 1860, clarinettist
1034:tones, from written G to B
683:musical instrument in the
31:
5757:. Yale University Press.
5251:Reeks, John (June 2018).
5039:Street, Oscar W. (1915).
4618:. University of Edinburgh
4492:Barrett, Gregory (1999).
4338:Hoeprich, T Eric (1981).
3169:A New Dictionary of Music
2855:Five Pieces for Orchestra
2559:included both the D and E
1870:Use of multiple clarinets
1746:Albert clarinet designed
1285:. The Greenline model by
1212:the tone being produced.
138:
119:
46:
6504:Jupiter Band Instruments
6168:Rice, Albert R. (2009).
6130:Raasakka, Mikko (2010).
5717:. Boydell & Brewer.
5694:Ellsworth, Jane (2015).
5610:Baines, Anthony (1991).
4689:GrĂĽnefeld, Hans Dieter.
3034:Harper, Douglas (2017).
2658:(Soprano clarinet in A)
2586:(Soprano clarinet in C)
2353:Sly and the Family Stone
2001:or D soprano clarinets,
1617:ring and axle key system
1565:, which resulted in the
1481:since 1789 and a replica
722:German instrument maker
32:Not to be confused with
6474:Johann Christoph Denner
6459:Backun Musical Services
6206:Suhor, Charles (2001).
5753:Hoeprich, Eric (2008).
5132:Music Educators Journal
4322:10.1093/earlyj/14.4.545
4257:10.21091/mppa.2001.3018
3894:"Music-making plastics"
3616:Music Educators Journal
3246:Music Educators Journal
2969:List of clarinet makers
2419:Bulgarian wedding music
1527:Johann Christoph Denner
1487:single-reed instruments
724:Johann Christoph Denner
67:Oehler fingering system
6936:Orchestral instruments
6524:Schwenk & Seggelke
6069:Miller, R. J. (2015).
6050:Lowry, Robert (1985).
4463:"The clarinet history"
3818:, pp. 4, 65, 293.
3785:Richards, E. Michael.
3760:"The clarinet history"
3231:Black & Gerou 2005
3219:Black & Gerou 2005
2948:
2871:Subcontrabass clarinet
2623:(Soprano clarinet in B
2467:(Piccolo clarinet in A
2398:
2388:album of the same name
2256:
2230:alto clarinet, and a B
2058:
1940:Op. 46, No. 1 (1878),
1861:
1501:instrument called the
1482:
1466:
1458:
1358:
1350:
1345:The construction of a
1319:made from the cane of
1236:
1090:
823:North American English
125:
6585:Clarinet-violin-piano
6380:Quarter tone clarinet
6243:Brymer, Jack (1976).
6054:. Alfred Publishing.
5438:Stephen Fox Clarinets
4825:Longyear, RM (1983).
4669:"MĂĽhlfeld's Clarinet"
4136:, pp. 21, 54–59.
2911:
2396:
2254:
2057:
1472:
1464:
1452:
1397:after flute designer
1356:
1344:
1234:
1226:quarter tone clarinet
1088:
979:generally go to low C
694:Clarinets comprise a
124:
6690:Heckelphone-clarinet
6595:Clarinet-cello-piano
6590:Clarinet-viola-piano
6370:Contrabass clarinets
6365:Contra-alto clarinet
6107:Pino, David (1998).
5057:10.1093/jrma/42.1.89
2964:List of clarinetists
2942:contra alto clarinet
2381:Breakfast in America
2315:(on bass clarinet),
2174:: a clarinet plus a
1865:Usage and repertoire
1625:Louis Auguste Buffet
1181:resonant frequencies
957:contrabass clarinets
926:soprano clarinet, a
754:, and other styles.
153:Heckelphone-clarinet
6494:Leitner & Kraus
6479:Benedikt Eppelsheim
6210:. Scarecrow Press.
6189:Popular World Music
6134:. Fennica Gehrman.
5548:(Second ed.).
5511:(Second ed.).
5459:(Second ed.).
4616:"The Simple System"
4467:The Clarinet Family
4382:, pp. 198–199.
4124:, pp. 153–156.
3961:, pp. 293–294.
3904:(1): 22–23, 48–51.
3489:on 19 February 2011
3157:, pp. 1–2, 69.
2946:contrabass clarinet
2829:Contrabass clarinet
2803:contrabass clarinet
2365:When I'm Sixty-Four
2351:played clarinet on
2011:contrabass clarinet
1946:Symphony No. 4
1765:Baermann clarinet,
1637:Reform Boehm system
1365:is attached to the
806:. The English form
691:and a flared bell.
587:Electronic keyboard
172:Musical instruments
166:Part of a series on
133:Related instruments
76:Woodwind instrument
43:
6786:Reclam de xeremies
6539:Yamaha Corporation
6390:Clarinette d'amour
5356:The World of Music
5231:Kamloops This Week
5199:The New York Times
5074:(Sixth ed.).
4593:, pp. 5, 211.
4473:on 2 February 2003
3733:The New York Times
3586:10.3813/AAA.918322
2949:
2568:The Rite of Spring
2423:Turkish folk music
2399:
2357:Dance to the Music
2257:
2212:sopranos and one B
2128:Clarinet and piano
2103:clarinet concertos
2059:
1922:The Bartered Bride
1483:
1467:
1459:
1359:
1351:
1237:
1091:
316:String instruments
126:
6913:
6912:
6631:
6630:
6560:Clarinet concerto
6534:Herbert Wurlitzer
6499:Howarth of London
6404:Fingering systems
6254:978-0-3560-8414-5
6217:978-1-4616-6002-6
6198:978-1-3173-4538-1
6179:978-0-19-971117-8
6160:978-0-393-02164-6
6141:978-952-5489-09-5
6122:978-0-486-40270-3
6099:978-90-761-9246-8
6090:Tipbook: Clarinet
6080:978-1-3178-0625-7
6061:978-0-7692-2409-1
6040:978-0-521-47668-3
6017:978-0-521-47668-3
5994:978-0-521-47668-3
5971:978-0-521-47668-3
5948:978-0-521-47668-3
5925:978-0-521-47668-3
5902:978-0-521-47668-3
5879:978-0-521-47668-3
5856:978-0-521-47668-3
5833:978-0-521-47668-3
5810:978-0-521-47668-3
5787:978-0-521-47668-3
5764:978-0-300-10282-6
5743:978-1-6482-5017-0
5724:978-1-6482-5017-0
5705:978-0-8108-8648-3
5686:978-0-7391-7546-0
5663:978-1-4758-2077-5
5644:978-1-4574-1299-8
5625:978-0-486268-85-9
5555:978-0-1997-4340-7
5081:978-0-1917-4451-8
4840:(1682): 224–226.
4834:The Musical Times
4419:(1514): 359–362.
4413:The Musical Times
4231:Pinksterboer 2001
4160:, pp. 39–41.
3868:Coppenbarger 2015
3762:. JL Publishing.
3559:10.1121/1.1908803
3290:(1184): 376–378.
3283:The Musical Times
3209:, pp. 26–28.
3178:978-1-351-53488-8
3129:978-0-1997-4340-7
3077:978-0-1988-6875-0
3020:978-1-328-84169-8
2959:clarinet concerti
2906:
2905:
2850:Arnold Schoenberg
2686:Clarinet Concerto
2136:string instrument
2074:
1962:Der Rosenkavalier
1646:was developed by
1577:. By the time of
1263:Honduran rosewood
1259:African blackwood
1218:Richard Stoltzman
1014:above middle C (B
907:piccolo clarinets
673:
672:
251:Brass instruments
161:
160:
16:(Redirected from
6943:
6931:Jazz instruments
6658:
6651:
6644:
6635:
6575:Clarinet quartet
6570:Clarinet quintet
6489:Heinrich Grenser
6349:
6348:
6338:
6337:
6327:
6326:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6276:
6258:
6239:
6221:
6202:
6183:
6164:
6145:
6126:
6114:
6103:
6084:
6065:
6044:
6032:
6021:
6009:
5998:
5986:
5975:
5963:
5952:
5940:
5929:
5917:
5906:
5894:
5883:
5871:
5860:
5848:
5837:
5825:
5814:
5802:
5791:
5779:
5768:
5747:
5728:
5709:
5690:
5667:
5648:
5637:. Alfred Music.
5629:
5617:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5372:
5371:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5280:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5156:
5155:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4966:
4960:
4957:Rees-Davies 1995
4954:
4945:
4939:
4930:
4924:
4911:
4905:
4892:
4886:
4875:
4869:
4858:
4857:
4831:
4822:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4748:
4742:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4716:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4469:. Archived from
4458:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4325:
4305:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4191:
4180:
4174:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4043:10.1121/1.427118
4037:(2): 1106–1110.
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3657:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3479:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3115:
3082:
3081:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3000:
2939:
2938:
2925:
2924:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2838:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2801:
2779:
2778:
2767:
2766:
2737:
2736:
2693:
2692:
2642:
2641:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2619:
2601:
2600:
2564:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2439:
2417:folk music, and
2397:Turkish clarinet
2241:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2172:Clarinet quintet
2159:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2142:Clarinet quartet
2107:clarinet sonatas
2076:
2075:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2000:
1999:
1982:
1981:
1894:
1893:
1879:
1878:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1731:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1684:
1665:Richard MĂĽhlfeld
1587:
1586: 1780–1820
1584:
1555:Classical period
1538:
1537:
1413:is used by some
1393:by its designer
1103:compression wave
1039:
1038:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
950:
949:
941:
940:
935:
934:
925:
924:
878:
877:
870:
869:
717:soprano clarinet
715:
714:
665:
658:
651:
163:
59:
58:
51:
44:
21:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6888:Southeast Asian
6883:
6862:
6841:
6822:Double clarinet
6805:
6719:
6668:
6662:
6632:
6627:
6601:
6565:Clarinet sonata
6543:
6446:Clarinet makers
6440:
6399:
6385:Basset clarinet
6346:
6345:
6335:
6334:
6324:
6323:
6314:Clarinet family
6308:
6303:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6242:
6233:
6229:
6227:Further reading
6224:
6218:
6205:
6199:
6186:
6180:
6167:
6161:
6148:
6142:
6129:
6123:
6115:. Dover Books.
6106:
6100:
6087:
6081:
6068:
6062:
6049:
6041:
6024:
6018:
6001:
5995:
5978:
5972:
5955:
5949:
5932:
5926:
5909:
5903:
5886:
5880:
5863:
5857:
5840:
5834:
5817:
5811:
5794:
5788:
5771:
5765:
5752:
5744:
5731:
5725:
5712:
5706:
5693:
5687:
5677:Lexington Books
5670:
5664:
5651:
5645:
5632:
5626:
5618:. Dover Books.
5609:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5591:
5587:
5579:
5575:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5493:
5486:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5418:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5396:DeÄźirmenci 2013
5394:
5390:
5382:
5375:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5340:
5336:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5291:
5287:. p. 166.
5278:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5233:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5166:
5159:
5144:10.2307/3386973
5129:
5128:
5124:
5109:10.2307/3343790
5094:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5018:10.2307/3343790
5003:
5002:
4998:
4983:10.2307/3343885
4968:
4967:
4963:
4955:
4948:
4940:
4933:
4925:
4914:
4906:
4895:
4887:
4878:
4870:
4861:
4829:
4824:
4823:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4736:
4732:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4700:
4698:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4656:on 9 July 2021.
4648:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4589:
4585:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4476:
4474:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4378:
4374:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4233:, pp. 5–6.
4229:
4225:
4193:
4192:
4183:
4175:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4101:10.2307/3344436
4086:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4005:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3787:"Single sounds"
3784:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3628:10.2307/3391282
3613:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3593:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3412:
3402:
3400:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3364:Shackleton 1995
3362:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3259:10.2307/3389717
3242:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3085:
3078:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2974:Double clarinet
2954:
2936:
2935:
2922:
2921:
2914:basset clarinet
2892:
2891:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2865:
2864:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2823:
2822:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2790:
2776:
2775:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2751:
2734:
2733:
2722:
2721:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2677:Basset clarinet
2671:
2670:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2638:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2578:
2577:
2561:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2437:
2435:Clarinet family
2431:
2429:Clarinet family
2345:
2305:Stan HasselgĂĄrd
2249:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2021:
1997:
1996:
1989:Richard Strauss
1985:Igor Stravinsky
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:Classical music
1919:'s overture to
1891:
1890:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1855:Fritz Wurlitzer
1850:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1794:
1785:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1735:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1691:Richard Strauss
1678:
1669:Charles Neidich
1644:Albert clarinet
1621:Hyacinthe Klosé
1585:
1576:
1567:basset clarinet
1564:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1475:basset clarinet
1465:Denner clarinet
1447:
1395:Hyacinthe Klosé
1339:
1313:
1289:is made from a
1247:
1242:
1099:
1083:
1071:
1058:
1054:
1036:
1035:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1009:
990:
986:
982:
973:basset clarinet
970:
966:
962:
954:
947:
946:
944:
938:
937:
932:
931:
922:
921:
918:
895:
875:
874:
867:
866:
841:The clarinet's
839:
837:Characteristics
831:British English
760:
712:
711:
700:clarinet family
669:
640:
639:
630:
622:
621:
572:
562:
561:
532:aka Kettledrums
445:
435:
434:
318:
308:
307:
253:
243:
242:
183:
157:
100:
70:
56:
55:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6949:
6947:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6918:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6849:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6810:Middle Eastern
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6796:Stock-and-horn
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6685:Heckel-clarina
6682:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6669:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6653:
6646:
6638:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6555:Clarinet choir
6551:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6469:Buffet Crampon
6466:
6464:E. K. Blessing
6461:
6456:
6450:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6341:
6330:
6318:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6265:
6264:External links
6262:
6260:
6259:
6253:
6240:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6216:
6203:
6197:
6184:
6178:
6165:
6159:
6146:
6140:
6127:
6121:
6104:
6098:
6085:
6079:
6066:
6060:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6039:
6022:
6016:
5999:
5993:
5976:
5970:
5953:
5947:
5930:
5924:
5907:
5901:
5884:
5878:
5861:
5855:
5838:
5832:
5815:
5809:
5786:
5769:
5763:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5742:
5723:
5710:
5704:
5691:
5685:
5668:
5662:
5649:
5643:
5630:
5624:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:, p. 131.
5585:
5581:Ellsworth 2015
5573:
5561:
5554:
5536:
5524:
5517:
5499:
5497:, p. 219.
5484:
5482:, p. 129.
5472:
5465:
5447:
5432:Fox, Stephen.
5424:
5412:
5410:, p. 218.
5400:
5388:
5373:
5346:
5342:Shahriari 2015
5334:
5321:10.2307/768201
5297:
5266:
5243:
5217:
5184:
5182:, p. 150.
5172:
5170:, p. 222.
5157:
5122:
5103:(3): 227–230.
5087:
5080:
5062:
5031:
5012:(3): 227–230.
4996:
4977:(3): 308–328.
4961:
4946:
4944:, p. 385.
4931:
4912:
4908:Tschaikov 1995
4893:
4876:
4859:
4846:10.2307/962035
4812:
4810:, p. 211.
4800:
4777:
4775:, p. 212.
4765:
4743:
4730:
4708:
4681:
4667:Fox, Stephen.
4659:
4641:
4639:, p. 184.
4629:
4607:
4605:, p. 183.
4595:
4583:
4570:10.2307/842396
4548:
4544:Ellsworth 2015
4536:
4531:10.2307/841137
4507:
4484:
4450:
4448:, p. 204.
4438:
4425:10.2307/951470
4403:
4394:"Theodor Lotz"
4384:
4372:
4359:10.2307/841468
4327:
4316:(4): 545–551.
4297:
4285:
4262:
4235:
4223:
4210:10.2307/842134
4181:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4079:
4067:
4055:
4011:
4009:, p. 154.
3999:
3987:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3947:Ellsworth 2015
3939:
3937:, p. 368.
3927:
3923:Ellsworth 2015
3915:
3884:
3880:Ellsworth 2015
3872:
3860:
3853:
3835:
3820:
3808:
3777:
3750:
3738:
3719:
3690:(2): 126–135.
3668:
3641:
3622:(6): 113–115.
3606:
3591:
3580:(4): 678–689.
3564:
3553:(6): 806–809.
3537:
3525:
3500:
3451:
3449:, p. 176.
3439:
3437:, p. 200.
3427:
3410:
3380:
3368:
3333:
3331:, p. 279.
3321:
3319:, p. 278.
3309:
3296:10.2307/922164
3272:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3195:Ellsworth 2015
3184:
3177:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3128:
3083:
3076:
3054:
3026:
3019:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2950:
2934:range to low E
2920:range to low E
2904:
2903:
2901:
2888:
2874:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2840:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2630:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2590:
2587:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2547:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2512:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2474:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2433:Main article:
2430:
2427:
2355:'s 1968 hit, "
2344:
2341:
2317:Perry Robinson
2265:Alphonse Picou
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2218:bass, or two B
2204:
2197:Clarinet choir
2190:
2189:
2179:
2176:string quartet
2169:
2150:clarinets and
2139:
2129:
2120:Many works of
2081:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2050:
1974:
1971:
1953:Symphony No. 6
1937:Slavonic Dance
1913:Symphony No. 2
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1807:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1629:Boehm clarinet
1574:
1562:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1491:Ancient Greece
1473:Sketch of the
1446:
1443:
1423:Mueller system
1399:Theobald Boehm
1338:
1335:
1312:
1309:
1287:Buffet Crampon
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1025:
1024:
1020:
988:
984:
980:
968:
964:
960:
952:
942:
916:
894:
891:
865:). The A and B
838:
835:
790:Middle English
759:
756:
744:military bands
704:BBâ™ contrabass
671:
670:
668:
667:
660:
653:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
582:Clavicytherium
579:
573:
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
554:
549:
543:
538:
533:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
446:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
319:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
254:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
184:
179:
178:
175:
174:
168:
167:
159:
158:
156:
155:
150:
145:
139:
136:
135:
129:
128:
117:
116:
110:
109:
97:
91:
90:
85:
83:Classification
79:
78:
72:
71:
52:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6948:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6886:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6846:Central Asian
6844:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6666:
6659:
6654:
6652:
6647:
6645:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6613:Benny Goodman
6611:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6580:Clarinet trio
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6360:Bass clarinet
6358:
6356:
6355:Alto clarinet
6353:
6351:
6342:
6340:
6331:
6329:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6300:
6295:
6293:
6288:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6256:
6250:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6219:
6213:
6209:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6191:. Routledge.
6190:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6171:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6152:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6113:
6112:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6073:. Routledge.
6072:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6053:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6031:
6030:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6008:
6007:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5962:
5961:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5939:
5938:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5916:
5915:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5893:
5892:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5870:
5869:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5847:
5846:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5824:
5823:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5801:
5800:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5720:
5716:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5616:
5615:
5608:
5607:
5603:Cited sources
5602:
5594:
5589:
5586:
5583:, p. 79.
5582:
5577:
5574:
5571:, p. 82.
5570:
5569:Raasakka 2010
5565:
5562:
5557:
5551:
5547:
5540:
5537:
5534:, p. 84.
5533:
5528:
5525:
5520:
5518:9780199743407
5514:
5510:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5473:
5468:
5466:9780199743407
5462:
5458:
5451:
5448:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5425:
5422:, p. 53.
5421:
5420:Raasakka 2010
5416:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5401:
5398:, p. 76.
5397:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5350:
5347:
5344:, p. 89.
5343:
5338:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5301:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5277:
5270:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5244:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5218:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5123:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5051:(1): 89–115.
5050:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4808:Hoeprich 2008
4804:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4766:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4739:Hoeprich 2008
4734:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4682:
4670:
4663:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4637:Hoeprich 2008
4633:
4630:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4603:Hoeprich 2008
4599:
4596:
4592:
4591:Hoeprich 2008
4587:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4552:
4549:
4546:, p. 68.
4545:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4511:
4508:
4495:
4488:
4485:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4148:, p. 38.
4147:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4080:
4077:, p. 19.
4076:
4071:
4068:
4065:, p. 30.
4064:
4059:
4056:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3997:, p. 21.
3996:
3991:
3988:
3985:, p. 10.
3984:
3979:
3976:
3973:, p. 74.
3972:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3959:Hoeprich 2008
3955:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3935:Hoeprich 2008
3931:
3928:
3925:, p. 94.
3924:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3898:Music Journal
3895:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3870:, p. 20.
3869:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3854:1-903703-05-0
3850:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3831:Hoeprich 2008
3827:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3816:Hoeprich 2008
3812:
3809:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3765:
3761:
3758:Zakian, Lee.
3754:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3661:
3654:
3653:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3607:
3604:, p. 24.
3603:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3425:, p. 29.
3424:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3378:, p. 29.
3377:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3329:Hoeprich 2008
3325:
3322:
3318:
3317:Hoeprich 2008
3313:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3236:
3233:, p. 50.
3232:
3227:
3224:
3221:, p. 66.
3220:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3197:, p. 28.
3196:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3145:, p. 21.
3144:
3143:Hoeprich 2008
3139:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2932:bass clarinet
2929:
2919:
2918:alto clarinet
2915:
2910:
2902:
2899:
2889:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2841:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2783:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2759:
2758:Bass clarinet
2756:
2755:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2729:
2728:Alto clarinet
2726:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2558:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2521:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2483:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2367:" from their
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:Jerry Martini
2342:
2340:
2338:
2337:Ken Peplowski
2334:
2333:Marty Ehrlich
2330:
2326:
2325:Eddie Daniels
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:Jimmy Giuffre
2306:
2301:
2300:Pete Fountain
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:Benny Goodman
2282:
2281:Sidney Bechet
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:Larry Shields
2266:
2262:
2255:Pete Fountain
2253:
2246:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2162:alto clarinet
2153:
2152:bass clarinet
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:Clarinet trio
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:chamber music
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2066:
2049:
2035:
2034:concert bands
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:bass clarinet
2004:
1994:
1993:Gustav Mahler
1990:
1986:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:Symphony in C
1902:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1869:
1864:
1856:
1842:
1837:
1823:
1818:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1761:
1756:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:Oehler system
1682:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1660:Carl Baermann
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:Eugène Albert
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:Theobald Böhm
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1593:Baltic-German
1589:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1557:, as used by
1556:
1552:
1547:
1528:
1516:
1512:
1509:, but with a
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:Ancient Egypt
1492:
1488:
1480:
1479:Anton Stadler
1476:
1471:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:Albert system
1408:
1407:Oehler system
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:, metal, and
1252:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1030:The bridging
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1007:
1006:
1001:
1000:
999:
997:
992:
978:
974:
958:
929:
919:
912:
908:
904:
900:
892:
890:
888:
887:alto clarinet
884:
883:bass clarinet
880:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
791:
787:
783:
780:
776:
773:
769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
666:
661:
659:
654:
652:
647:
646:
644:
643:
636:
633:
632:
626:
625:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
571:
566:
565:
558:
555:
553:
550:
547:
546:Tubular bells
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
444:
439:
438:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
360:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
324:
323:
317:
312:
311:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:Baritone horn
256:
255:
252:
247:
246:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
198:Contrabassoon
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
182:
177:
176:
173:
169:
165:
164:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
130:
123:
118:
115:
114:Playing range
111:
107:
104:
103:Single-reeded
98:
96:
92:
89:
86:
84:
80:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
50:
45:
39:
35:
27:
19:
6766:Mock trumpet
6679:
6623:Mezz Mezzrow
6606:Clarinetists
6421:Reform Boehm
6305:
6244:
6235:
6207:
6188:
6169:
6150:
6131:
6110:
6089:
6070:
6051:
6028:
6005:
5982:
5959:
5936:
5913:
5890:
5867:
5844:
5821:
5798:
5775:
5755:The Clarinet
5754:
5734:The Clarinet
5733:
5715:The Clarinet
5714:
5695:
5672:
5653:
5634:
5613:
5588:
5576:
5564:
5545:
5539:
5527:
5508:
5502:
5475:
5456:
5450:
5437:
5427:
5415:
5403:
5391:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5337:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5282:
5269:
5260:
5257:The Clarinet
5256:
5246:
5234:. Retrieved
5230:
5220:
5208:. Retrieved
5197:
5187:
5175:
5138:(1): 27–28.
5135:
5131:
5125:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5071:
5065:
5048:
5044:
5034:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4927:Harris 1995a
4889:Lawson 1995b
4872:Lawson 1995c
4837:
4833:
4803:
4768:
4756:. Retrieved
4746:
4733:
4725:The Clarinet
4724:
4699:. Retrieved
4694:
4684:
4672:. Retrieved
4662:
4654:the original
4644:
4632:
4620:. Retrieved
4610:
4598:
4586:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4539:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4498:. Retrieved
4487:
4475:. Retrieved
4471:the original
4466:
4441:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4397:
4387:
4375:
4350:
4346:
4313:
4309:
4293:Lawson 1995a
4288:
4279:
4276:The Clarinet
4275:
4265:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4226:
4201:
4195:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4117:
4095:(1): 45–58.
4092:
4088:
4082:
4070:
4058:
4046:. Retrieved
4034:
4028:
4023:Arundo donax
4022:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3971:Harris 1995a
3966:
3954:
3949:, p. 7.
3942:
3930:
3918:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3882:, p. 5.
3875:
3863:
3838:
3833:, p. 4.
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3790:
3780:
3768:. Retrieved
3753:
3741:
3732:
3722:
3687:
3681:
3671:
3651:
3644:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3533:Harris 1995b
3528:
3516:. Retrieved
3491:. Retrieved
3487:the original
3442:
3430:
3401:. Retrieved
3392:
3383:
3371:
3324:
3312:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3253:(1): 51–53.
3250:
3244:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3168:
3162:
3155:Rendall 1971
3150:
3138:
3119:
3067:
3057:
3045:. Retrieved
3039:
3029:
3008:
2998:
2853:
2694:also exist.
2566:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2374:
2368:
2346:
2343:Other genres
2293:
2277:Johnny Dodds
2273:Jimmie Noone
2258:
2191:
2182:Wind quintet
2119:
2092:
2019:
1976:
1967:
1960:
1955:(1906), and
1935:
1926:
1920:
1897:
1873:
1696:
1676:Oskar Oehler
1673:
1657:
1641:
1610:
1590:
1548:
1515:register key
1484:
1439:basset horns
1435:
1427:
1403:Boehm system
1391:Boehm system
1383:
1379:
1360:
1347:Boehm system
1331:
1322:Arundo donax
1320:
1314:
1299:
1295:
1248:
1240:Construction
1210:
1193:
1189:register key
1169:
1149:stopped pipe
1133:
1126:
1092:
1075:
1063:
1048:
1031:
1003:
993:
896:
862:
858:
854:
840:
827:clarinettist
826:
818:
816:
811:
807:
804:Jacob Denner
799:
797:
792:
785:
781:
774:
767:
763:
761:
740:concert band
728:register key
721:
693:
676:
674:
475:Glockenspiel
358:
357:
320:
207:
99:422.211.2–71
38:
26:
6900:Sarune Etek
6867:South Asian
6858:Dili tuiduk
6667:instruments
6665:Single reed
6519:Adolphe Sax
6514:Iwan MĂĽller
6484:Stephen Fox
6454:Amati-Denak
6395:Basset horn
5593:Baines 1991
5480:Baines 1991
5362:(1): 7–32.
4942:Miller 2015
4741:, p. 5
4697:(in German)
4564:: 113–142.
4310:Early Music
4177:Dobrée 1995
3746:Heaton 1995
3447:Miller 2015
3403:19 November
2928:basset horn
2782:Eric Dolphy
2772:Adolphe Sax
2743:Iwan MĂĽller
2707:Basset horn
2453:(sounding)
2361:The Beatles
2321:John Carter
2313:Eric Dolphy
2166:basset horn
2160:clarinets,
2026:clarinet, B
2003:basset horn
1925:(1866) and
1909:Tchaikovsky
1851: 1949
1832: 1870
1813: 1843
1770: 1870
1751: 1850
1720: 1760
1679: [
1652:Adolphe Sax
1615:invented a
1597:Iwan MĂĽller
1511:single-reed
1301:Mouthpieces
1140:cylindrical
1110:rarefaction
1047:The middle
977:basset horn
843:cylindrical
819:clarinetist
777:), or from
681:single-reed
597:Harpsichord
375:Bass guitar
343:Hurdy-gurdy
333:Double bass
278:French horn
203:Cor anglais
88:Single-reed
61:clarinets (
6920:Categories
6350:) clarinet
6344:Soprano (B
5384:Starr 2021
5236:24 October
5180:Suhor 2001
4796:Brown 1995
4758:8 December
4737:Quoted in
4251:(3): 102.
4063:Lowry 1985
3910:1290821116
3518:24 October
3376:Lowry 1985
3064:"clarinet"
3047:24 October
3036:"clarinet"
3005:"clarinet"
2985:References
2656:A clarinet
2584:C clarinet
2557:Stravinsky
2541:D clarinet
2448:Commentary
2413:and Greek
2385:Supertramp
2289:Artie Shaw
2101:era. Many
2086:media help
1885:, flutes,
1606:thumb rest
1431:thumb rest
1387:tone holes
1375:embouchure
1367:mouthpiece
1337:Components
1222:microtonal
1176:chamfering
1172:tone holes
928:whole tone
800:clarinette
772:Old French
768:clarinette
708:Eâ™ soprano
577:Clavichord
552:Vibraphone
548:aka Chimes
520:Snare drum
490:Lithophone
443:Percussion
288:Tenor horn
283:Mellophone
273:Flugelhorn
218:Nadaswaram
108:with keys)
6926:Clarinets
6761:Launeddas
6741:Chalumeau
6700:Saxophone
6375:Saxonette
5532:Rice 2009
5495:Pino 1998
5408:Pino 1998
5315:: 34–41.
5284:Billboard
5168:Pino 1998
4773:Pino 1998
4701:6 January
4674:5 January
4622:8 January
4525:: 16–41.
4500:2 January
4477:5 January
4446:Pino 1998
4380:Pino 1998
4353:: 21–32.
4204:: 68–76.
4158:Pino 1998
4146:Pino 1998
4134:Pino 1998
4122:Pino 1998
4075:Pino 1998
4007:Pino 1998
3995:Pino 1998
3983:Pino 1998
3801:9 October
3602:Pino 1998
3493:27 August
3435:Pino 1998
3423:Pino 1998
3207:Pino 1998
2990:Citations
2900:in 1939.
2376:Billboard
2329:Don Byron
2296:Dixieland
2144:: three B
2095:Classical
2009:, and/or
1579:Beethoven
1503:chalumeau
1305:Ligatures
1291:composite
1245:Materials
1153:Recorders
1144:hourglass
1129:harmonics
1081:Acoustics
1065:altissimo
1062:The high
1005:chalumeau
996:registers
863:altissimo
855:chalumeau
851:registers
812:clarionet
779:Provençal
762:The word
758:Etymology
736:orchestra
732:chalumeau
617:Virginals
592:Harmonium
570:Keyboards
557:Xylophone
541:Tubaphone
510:Mridangam
500:MarĂmbula
450:Bass drum
268:Euphonium
233:Saxophone
181:Woodwinds
143:Chalumeau
106:aerophone
18:Clarinets
6801:Zhaleika
6756:Hornpipe
6751:Ganurags
6724:European
6705:Tárogató
6680:Clarinet
6347:♭
6339:clarinet
6336:♭
6328:clarinet
6325:♭
6306:Clarinet
6245:Clarinet
5442:Archived
5368:41699070
5289:Archived
5204:Archived
4754:. Yamaha
3906:ProQuest
3795:Archived
3764:Archived
3714:32256677
3660:Archived
3397:Archived
2957:List of
2952:See also
2937:♭
2923:♭
2893:♭
2885:♭
2879:♭
2845:♭
2837:♭
2811:♭
2800:♭
2777:♭
2765:♭
2735:♭
2691:♭
2640:♭
2626:♭
2621:clarinet
2618:♭
2599:♭
2562:♭
2552:♭
2525:♭
2517:♭
2508:♭
2503:clarinet
2500:♭
2479:♭
2470:♭
2465:clarinet
2462:♭
2415:kompania
2261:big band
2242:sopranos
2239:♭
2233:♭
2227:♭
2221:♭
2215:♭
2209:♭
2157:♭
2147:♭
2045:♭
2039:♭
2029:♭
2023:♭
1998:♭
1980:♭
1965:(1911).
1950:Mahler's
1948:(1885),
1933:Dvořák's
1931:(1874),
1928:Má Vlast
1915:(1872),
1907:(1855),
1892:♭
1887:bassoons
1877:♭
1604:and the
1602:ligature
1536:♭
1507:recorder
1489:used in
1477:used by
1371:ligature
1349:clarinet
1327:ligature
1267:cocobolo
1197:overblow
1157:overblow
1037:♭
1017:♭
1011:♭
1002:The low
948:♭
939:♭
933:♭
923:♭
879:clarinet
876:♭
868:♭
808:clarinet
764:clarinet
713:♭
685:woodwind
677:clarinet
536:Triangle
525:Steelpan
485:Handbell
460:Carillon
405:Shamisen
395:Mandolin
293:Trombone
208:Clarinet
188:Bagpipes
148:Tárogató
57:♭
42:Clarinet
34:Clavinet
6895:Pey pok
6827:Dozaleh
6771:Pibgorn
6746:Diplica
6736:BirbynÄ—
6715:Xaphoon
6695:Octavin
6548:Related
6509:Leblanc
5210:1 April
5152:3386973
5117:3343790
5026:3343790
4991:3343885
4109:3344436
3705:7077444
3636:3391282
3267:3389717
2898:Leblanc
2403:klezmer
2154:; two B
2099:Baroque
1957:Strauss
1917:Smetana
1499:Baroque
1445:History
1419:klezmer
1369:by the
1271:boxwood
1251:Ebonite
1214:Vibrato
1165:twelfth
1159:at the
1049:clarion
991:exist.
911:keywork
903:soprano
859:clarion
793:clarion
748:klezmer
730:to the
710:. The B
706:to the
530:Timpani
495:Marimba
470:Cymbals
465:Celesta
420:Ukulele
415:Tambura
380:Guzheng
359:Plucked
298:Trumpet
228:Piccolo
193:Bassoon
6905:Toleat
6853:BĂĽlban
6832:Mijwiz
6817:Arghul
6776:Pilili
6731:Alboka
6710:Venova
6673:Modern
6529:Selmer
6436:Oehler
6431:MĂĽller
6426:Mazzeo
6411:Albert
6251:
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4048:12 May
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3851:
3770:2 July
3712:
3702:
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3304:922164
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2882:or BBB
2842:The BB
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2319:, and
2279:, and
2224:, an E
2111:Mozart
1991:, and
1942:Brahms
1633:Mazzeo
1559:Mozart
1551:tuning
1457:, 1732
1283:Selmer
1206:fourth
1161:octave
1032:throat
971:; the
967:, or B
920:on a B
861:, and
847:timbre
786:clarus
782:clarin
775:clarin
696:family
635:Ghatam
629:Others
612:Spinet
430:Zither
370:Guitar
353:Violin
263:Cornet
238:Tharai
6879:Pungi
6837:Sipsi
6791:Sipsi
6416:Boehm
5364:JSTOR
5325:JSTOR
5292:(PDF)
5279:(PDF)
5148:JSTOR
5113:JSTOR
5022:JSTOR
4987:JSTOR
4850:JSTOR
4830:(PDF)
4695:Sonic
4574:JSTOR
4429:JSTOR
4363:JSTOR
4343:(PDF)
4214:JSTOR
4105:JSTOR
3663:(PDF)
3656:(PDF)
3632:JSTOR
3300:JSTOR
3263:JSTOR
2637:The B
2522:The E
2451:Range
2421:. In
2407:choro
2201:choir
2115:Weber
2020:The E
1901:Bizet
1883:oboes
1683:]
1275:ebony
1255:ivory
1202:sixth
1185:pitch
909:have
899:range
893:Range
853:(the
825:), a
679:is a
607:Piano
602:Organ
515:Parai
505:Melam
410:Sitar
365:Banjo
348:Viola
338:Huqin
328:Cello
322:Bowed
213:Flute
63:Boehm
6874:Pepa
6249:ISBN
6212:ISBN
6193:ISBN
6174:ISBN
6155:ISBN
6136:ISBN
6117:ISBN
6094:ISBN
6075:ISBN
6056:ISBN
6035:ISBN
6012:ISBN
5989:ISBN
5966:ISBN
5943:ISBN
5920:ISBN
5897:ISBN
5874:ISBN
5851:ISBN
5828:ISBN
5805:ISBN
5782:ISBN
5759:ISBN
5738:ISBN
5719:ISBN
5700:ISBN
5681:ISBN
5658:ISBN
5639:ISBN
5620:ISBN
5550:ISBN
5513:ISBN
5461:ISBN
5263:(3).
5238:2022
5212:2010
5076:ISBN
4760:2022
4703:2023
4676:2023
4624:2023
4502:2023
4479:2023
4282:(3).
4050:2015
3849:ISBN
3803:2012
3772:2009
3710:PMID
3520:2022
3495:2021
3405:2016
3173:ISBN
3124:ISBN
3072:ISBN
3049:2022
3015:ISBN
2944:and
2442:Name
2411:saze
2287:and
2247:Jazz
2186:horn
2113:and
2105:and
1853:by
1642:The
1521:to G
1493:and
1415:jazz
1363:reed
1361:The
1317:reed
1311:Reed
1273:and
1204:and
1136:bore
1134:The
975:and
905:and
829:(in
821:(in
752:jazz
738:and
689:bore
675:The
480:Gong
455:Bell
425:Yazh
400:Harp
390:Lyre
385:Koto
303:Tuba
223:Oboe
65:and
6781:Pku
5317:doi
5140:doi
5105:doi
5053:doi
5014:doi
4979:doi
4842:doi
4838:124
4566:doi
4527:doi
4421:doi
4417:110
4355:doi
4318:doi
4253:doi
4206:doi
4097:doi
4039:doi
4035:106
3700:PMC
3692:doi
3624:doi
3582:doi
3555:doi
3292:doi
3255:doi
2876:EEE
2445:Key
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