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occurs from the lateral side towards the medial side of the bone. The most common site of fracture is the junction between the two curvatures of the bone, which is the weakest point. This results in the sternocleidomastoid muscle lifting the medial aspect superiorly, which can result in perforation of the overlying skin.
393:
The rounded medial region (sternal region) of the shaft has a long curve laterally and anteriorly along two-thirds of the entire shaft. The flattened lateral region (acromial region) of the shaft has an even larger posterior curve to articulate with the acromion of the scapula. The medial region is
858:
Clavicle fractures (colloquially, a broken collarbone) occur as a result of injury or trauma. The most common type of fractures occur when a person falls horizontally on the shoulder or with an outstretched hand. A direct hit to the collarbone will also cause a break. In most cases, the direct hit
453:
The shaft is divided into two main regions, the medial region, and the lateral region. The medial region is also known as the sternal region, it is the longest clavicular region as it takes up two-thirds of the entire shaft. The lateral region is also known as the acromial region, it is both the
617:
It serves as a rigid support from which the scapula and free limb are suspended; an arrangement that keeps the upper limb away from the thorax so that the arm has maximum range of movement. Acting as a flexible, crane-like strut, it allows the scapula to move freely on the thoracic
588:. In males the clavicle is usually longer and larger than in females. A study measuring 748 males and 252 females saw a difference in collarbone length between age groups 18–20 and 21–25 of about 6 and 5 mm (0.24 and 0.20 in) for males and females respectively.
974:. However, analyses of the clavicle in extant primates suggest that the low position of the scapula in humans is reflected mostly in the curvature of the medial portion of the clavicle rather than the lateral portion. This part of the bone is similar in
1150:
962:
which has a well-preserved sternal end. One interpretation of this specimen, based on the orientation of its lateral end and the position of the deltoid attachment area, suggests that this clavicle is distinct from those found in extant
394:
the longest clavicular region as it takes up two-thirds of the entire shaft. The lateral region is both the widest clavicular region and thinnest clavicular region. The lateral end has a rough inferior surface that bears a ridge, the
1225:
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1157:
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Shane Tubbs, R.; Loukas, Marios; Slappey, John B.; McEvoy, William C.; Linganna, Sanjay; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Jerry Oakes, W. (9 July 2007). "Surgical and clinical anatomy of the interclavicular ligament".
1154:
952:(humans and chimpanzees) clavicles have been found, most of these are mere segments offering limited information on the form and function of the pectoral girdle. One exception is the clavicle of
298:. The clavicle is the most commonly fractured bone. It can easily be fractured by impacts to the shoulder from the force of falling on outstretched arms or by a direct hit.
1478:
1153:
1627:
945:. In many mammals, the clavicles are also reduced, or even absent, to allow the scapula greater freedom of motion, which may be useful in fast-running animals.
445:. The area surrounding the joint gives an attachment to the joint capsule. The anterior border is concave forward and the posterior border is convex backward.
223:
1435:
A. Bernat, T. Huysmans, F. Van
Glabbeek, J. Sijbers, J. Gielen, and A. Van Tongel (2014). "The anatomy of the clavicle: A Three-dimensional Cadaveric Study".
836:
is used as a reference in describing cardiac apex beat during medical examination. It is also useful for evaluating an enlarged liver, and for locating the
1063:
605:, present in 2–3% of people, originates on the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae and is inserted in the lateral half of the clavicle.
1213:
322:, it acts as a strut to keep the scapula in place so that the arm can hang freely. At its rounded medial end (sternal end), it articulates with the
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The lateral end is also known as the acromial end. It is flat from above downward. It bears a facet that articulates with the shoulder to form the
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275:(breastbone). There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the right. The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies
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covering the bone stimulate the ossification of adjacent tissue. The resulting compact bone is known as a periosteal collar.
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Martin, A.J. (2006). Introduction to the Study of
Dinosaurs. Second Edition. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing. pg. 299-300.
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529:. However, it is one of the last bones to finish ossification at about 21–25 years of age. Its lateral end is formed by
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The medial end is also known as the sternal end. It is quadrangular and articulates with the clavicular notch of the
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https://accessphysiotherapy-mhmedical-com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/content.aspx?bookid=2992§ionid=250962289
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The shape of the clavicle varies more than most other long bones. It is occasionally pierced by a branch of the
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879:. In such fish, the paired clavicles run behind and below the gills on each side, and are joined by a solid
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918:. In modern forms, however, there are a number of variations from the primitive pattern. For example,
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Kaur, H; Harjeet Sahni, D (January 2002). "Length and curves of the clavicle in
Northwest Indians".
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and it is thus possible that this species had a high shoulder position similar to that in
967:(including humans), and thus that the shape of the human shoulder dates back to less than
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406:). These surface features are attachment sites for muscles and ligaments of the shoulder.
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In birds, the clavicles and interclavicle have fused to form a single Y-shaped bone, the
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lack clavicles altogether (although crocodilians do retain the interclavicle), while in
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429:. The articular surface extends to the inferior aspect for articulation with the first
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in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible. It receives its name from
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294:'little key' because the bone rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is
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1006:, both of which directly articulated with the clavicle. The clavicle was present in
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or "wishbone" which evolved from the clavicles found in coelurosaurian theropods.
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Principles of
Athletic Training: A Guide to Evidence-Based Clinical Practice, 17e
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that serves to connect the collarbone with the coracoid process of the scapula.
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and a tubercle; the conoid tubercle for attachment with the trapezoid and the
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Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice .Digital version
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1540:". In Grine, Frederick E.; Fleagle, John G.; Leakey, Richard E. (eds.).
914:, but the interclavicle is present in most modern reptiles, and also in
902:
between the base of the clavicles, although this is not found in living
591:
The left clavicle is usually longer and weaker than the right clavicle.
409:
It can be divided into three parts: medial end, lateral end, and shaft.
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1544:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer. p. 66.
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334:. At its flattened lateral end (acromial end), it articulates with the
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633:, it protects the neurovascular bundle that supplies the upper limb.
236:
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Long bone that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum
1605:
1536:
Larson, Susan G. (2009). "Evolution of the
Hominin Shoulder: Early
1515:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 184–186.
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and in the vast majority of living bony fish, including all of the
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373:
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dinosaurs. The place on the scapula where it articulated with the
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The lateral region of the shaft has two borders and two surfaces.
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retained this arrangement, with the addition of a diamond-shaped
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The clavicle first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive
1609:
1542:
The First Humans – Origin and Early
Evolution of the Genus Homo
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the anterior border is concave forward and gives origin to the
1640:
964:
284:
25:
649:
Muscles and ligaments that attach to the collarbone include:
594:
The collarbones are sometimes partly or completely absent in
1361:(41st ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier. p. 892.
1332:"Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Acromioclavicular Joint"
481:
the posterior border is convex and gives attachment to the
263:
approximately 6 inches (15 cm) long that serves as a
521:(laying down of minerals onto a preformed matrix) during
517:
The collarbone is the first bone to begin the process of
454:
widest clavicular region and thinnest clavicular region.
1493:"Clavicle Fracture: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment"
576:
derived from elements originally attached to the skull.
832:
A vertical line drawn from the mid-clavicle called the
906:. The cleithrum disappeared early in the evolution of
883:
on the fish's underside. They are, however, absent in
636:
Transmits physical impacts from the upper limb to the
283:. It is a palpable bone and, in people who have less
564:) in its medial two-thirds. It is made up of spongy
279:. Together with the shoulder blade, it makes up the
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1511:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
1395:(4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1057:Position of collarbone (shown in red). Animation.
840:which is between the mid-clavicular line and the
1107:Diagram of the human shoulder joint, front view
1018:(upper bone of the forelimb) is the called the
19:"Collarbone" redirects here. For the band, see
1119:Diagram of the human shoulder joint, back view
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626:Relation of Brachial Plexus with the Clavicle
8:
1477:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1380:
1378:
1208:The Shoulder Complex. In: Prentice WE. eds.
488:the inferior surface has a ridge called the
1387:Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F. (1999).
2012:
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1212:. McGraw-Hill; Accessed October 30, 2020.
367:Right clavicle—from below, and from above
148:
136:
1030:, which is the equivalent to a wishbone.
613:The collarbone serves several functions:
545:shell. The cancellous bone forms via two
387:Left clavicle—from above, and from below
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
651:
318:of the body. Located directly above the
1201:
1047:
398:, and a slight rounded projection, the
306:The collarbone is a thin doubly curved
1470:
1418:Journal of Anatomical Society of India
1069:Shape of collarbone (left). Animation.
525:, during the fifth and sixth weeks of
234:
127:
1506:
1504:
1502:
7:
666:Superior surface and anterior border
54:adding citations to reliable sources
1131:Muscles of the neck. Anterior view.
875:; they also have a bone called the
1330:Wong, Michael; Kiel, John (2024).
871:, where it is associated with the
677:, anteriorly on the lateral third
14:
1271:"Why Do We Call It a Collarbone?"
930:, they form part of the armoured
910:, and is not found in any living
690:posteriorly on the lateral third
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1010:dinosaurs but largely absent in
785:inferiorly, on the medial third
772:superiorly, on the medial third
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1297:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
937:The interclavicle is absent in
533:while medially it is formed by
41:needs additional citations for
1022:. The clavicles fused in some
758:medial third (rounded border)
1:
1190:Costal tuberosity of clavicle
827:Sternoclavicular dislocations
811:Acromioclavicular dislocation
817:Degeneration of the clavicle
531:intramembranous ossification
1391:Clinically Oriented Anatomy
537:. It consists of a mass of
466:Lateral region of the shaft
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1175:
959:Australopithecus afarensis
948:Though a number of fossil
851:
767:Sternocleidomastoid muscle
18:
1550:10.1007/978-1-4020-9980-9
1357:Standring, Susan (2016).
1338:. StatPearls Publishing.
1309:10.1007/s00276-007-0219-z
1002:(shoulder blade) and the
738:coracoclavicular ligament
736:(the lateral part of the
718:coracoclavicular ligament
603:levator claviculae muscle
535:endochondral ossification
523:development of the embryo
498:coracoclavicular ligament
342:(shoulder blade), at the
229:
154:Collarbone (shown in red)
147:
135:
716:(the medial part of the
655:Attachment on collarbone
596:cleidocranial dysostosis
461:3D model of the clavicle
231:Anatomical terms of bone
754:Pectoralis major muscle
443:acromioclavicular joint
344:acromioclavicular joint
259:is a slender, S-shaped
1178:anatomical terminology
994:the main bones of the
627:
509:
462:
427:sternoclavicular joint
332:sternoclavicular joint
1095:Pectoral girdle—front
805:Clinical significance
631:cervicoaxillary canal
625:
586:supraclavicular nerve
556:The collarbone has a
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131:Clavicle (collarbone)
1876:supracondylar ridges
1602:at Wikimedia Commons
1230:www.westfield.ma.edu
1026:dinosaurs to form a
547:ossification centres
330:(breastbone) at the
50:improve this article
1513:The Vertebrate Body
848:Collarbone fracture
834:mid-clavicular line
338:, a process of the
2168:Upper limb anatomy
1841:deltoid tuberosity
1176:This article uses
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842:transpyloric plane
781:Sternohyoid muscle
734:Trapezoid ligament
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310:that connects the
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2002:
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1950:Lister's tubercle
1676:subclavian groove
1671:costal tuberosity
1598:Media related to
1559:978-1-4020-9979-3
1522:978-0-03-910284-5
1402:978-0-683-06141-3
1185:Clavicle fracture
1158:
972:million years ago
943:placental mammals
854:Clavicle fracture
813:("AC Separation")
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704:subclavian groove
699:Subclavius muscle
661:Other attachment
508:Parts of clavicle
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695:Inferior surface
686:Trapezius muscle
682:Superior surface
675:deltoid tubercle
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558:medullary cavity
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483:trapezius muscle
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806:
803:
800:
799:
798:lateral third
796:
791:
787:
786:
783:
778:
774:
773:
770:
764:
760:
759:
756:
751:
747:
746:
744:trapezoid line
741:
731:
727:
726:
721:
711:
707:
706:
701:
696:
692:
691:
688:
683:
679:
678:
672:
670:Deltoid muscle
667:
663:
662:
659:
656:
646:
643:
642:
641:
638:axial skeleton
634:
619:
610:
607:
581:
578:
514:
511:
502:
501:
496:, part of the
490:trapezoid line
486:
479:
476:deltoid muscle
467:
464:
450:
447:
438:
435:
414:
411:
396:trapezoid line
389:
388:
384:
383:
369:
368:
364:
363:
303:
300:
269:shoulder blade
243:
242:
233:
227:
226:
221:
215:
214:
209:
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197:
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185:
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157:
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145:
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133:
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124:
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38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2185:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
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2155:
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2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
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2086:
2083:
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2078:
2074:
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2043:
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2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1928:
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1925:
1923:
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1895:
1891:
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1881:
1877:
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1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
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1850:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:radial sulcus
1834:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
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1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
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1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:glenoid fossa
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:suprascapular
1713:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
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1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
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1650:
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1626:
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1601:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1587:
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1578:1-4051-3413-5
1575:
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1561:
1555:
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1507:
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1499:
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1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1424:(2): 199–209.
1423:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
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1368:9780702052309
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1227:
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1179:
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1146:
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1127:
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1115:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:ornithischian
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
985:
983:
981:
980:modern humans
977:
971:
966:
961:
960:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:interclavicle
897:
894:The earliest
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
863:Other animals
862:
860:
855:
847:
845:
843:
839:
835:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
804:
797:
795:
792:
789:
788:
784:
782:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
765:
762:
761:
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749:
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742:
739:
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732:
729:
728:
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719:
715:
712:
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694:
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689:
687:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
671:
668:
665:
664:
660:
657:
654:
653:
650:
644:
639:
635:
632:
629:Covering the
624:
620:
616:
615:
614:
608:
606:
604:
599:
597:
592:
589:
587:
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:marrow cavity
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
512:
506:
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:
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477:
473:
472:
471:
465:
459:
455:
448:
446:
444:
436:
434:
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428:
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407:
405:
401:
397:
386:
385:
381:
375:
371:
370:
366:
365:
361:
355:
351:
350:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
299:
297:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
238:
232:
228:
225:
222:
220:
216:
213:
210:
208:
204:
201:
198:
196:
192:
189:
186:
184:
180:
177:
174:
172:
168:
163:
158:
151:
146:
139:
134:
129:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2128:intermediate
2017:Carpal bones
1991:near wrist (
1982:radial notch
1968:near elbow (
1940:near wrist (
1929:near elbow (
1889:
1875:
1861:
1845:
1829:
1810:
1796:
1790:
1759:
1739:supraglenoid
1735:infraglenoid
1730:
1711:
1693:
1652:
1568:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1512:
1487:
1473:cite journal
1440:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1390:
1358:
1352:
1335:
1325:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1265:
1254:. Retrieved
1252:. 2011-05-13
1250:"Busy Bones"
1244:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:
1220:
1209:
1204:
1032:
989:
986:In dinosaurs
976:A. afarensis
975:
957:
947:
936:
920:crocodilians
893:
873:pectoral fin
866:
857:
831:
648:
612:
600:
593:
590:
583:
570:compact bone
555:
543:compact bone
519:ossification
516:
469:
452:
440:
425:to form the
416:
408:
399:
392:
305:
291:
277:horizontally
267:between the
256:
252:
248:
246:
200:A02.4.02.001
175:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1942:ulnar notch
1862:epicondyles
1698:subscapular
1226:"CorrectQ3"
1008:saurischian
924:salamanders
838:gallbladder
574:dermal bone
513:Development
437:Lateral end
402:(above the
165:Identifiers
2152:Categories
2035:triquetral
1970:tuberosity
1935:tuberosity
1801:anatomical
1336:StatPearls
1280:2023-09-14
1256:2016-12-02
1235:2023-09-14
1196:References
954:AL 333x6/9
939:marsupials
916:monotremes
904:amphibians
822:Osteolysis
572:. It is a
413:Medial end
253:collarbone
76:newspapers
65:"Clavicle"
2115:Phalanges
2050:trapezoid
2045:trapezium
1974:olecranon
1902:olecranon
1852:capitulum
1811:tubercles
1731:tubercles
998:were the
992:dinosaurs
896:tetrapods
881:symphysis
877:cleithrum
869:bony fish
609:Functions
580:Variation
527:gestation
419:manubrium
324:manubrium
320:first rib
308:long bone
302:Structure
292:clavicula
261:long bone
176:clavicula
106:July 2009
2173:Shoulder
2158:Clavicle
2123:proximal
2055:capitate
2040:pisiform
2025:scaphoid
1898:coronoid
1857:trochlea
1805:surgical
1768:inferior
1764:superior
1750:acromion
1653:clavicle
1600:Clavicle
1465:23982787
1457:24142486
1344:29763033
1317:17563831
1172:See also
1143:Clavicle
1083:3D image
1024:theropod
1004:coracoid
932:plastron
912:amniotes
908:reptiles
889:teleosts
336:acromion
296:abducted
271:and the
249:clavicle
2065:hamulus
1913:Forearm
1880:lateral
1866:lateral
1815:greater
1783:Humerus
1772:lateral
1712:notches
1686:Scapula
1639:of the
1035:furcula
1028:furcula
1020:glenoid
1016:humerus
1000:scapula
950:hominin
928:turtles
423:sternum
421:of the
340:scapula
328:sternum
326:of the
314:to the
273:sternum
257:keybone
188:D002968
160:Details
90:scholar
2133:distal
2060:hamate
2030:lunate
1922:Radius
1894:radial
1890:fossae
1884:medial
1870:medial
1819:lesser
1760:angles
1694:fossae
1576:
1556:
1519:
1463:
1455:
1399:
1365:
1342:
1315:
645:Muscle
551:fascia
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2163:Bones
1797:necks
1637:Bones
1461:S2CID
618:wall.
449:Shaft
316:trunk
289:Latin
265:strut
255:, or
235:[
224:13321
171:Latin
97:JSTOR
83:books
2008:Hand
1961:Ulna
1931:head
1831:body
1574:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1538:Homo
1517:ISBN
1479:link
1453:PMID
1397:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1340:PMID
1313:PMID
965:apes
941:and
922:and
601:The
247:The
212:1168
195:TA98
183:MeSH
69:news
2105:5th
2100:4th
2095:3rd
2090:2nd
2085:1st
1641:arm
1546:doi
1445:doi
1305:doi
990:In
312:arm
285:fat
219:FMA
207:TA2
52:by
2154::
1984:,
1980:,
1976:,
1972:,
1948:,
1944:,
1933:,
1900:,
1896:,
1882:,
1868:,
1817:,
1803:,
1770:,
1766:,
1737:,
1718:,
1704:,
1700:,
1651:,
1552:.
1501:^
1475:}}
1471:{{
1459:.
1451:.
1441:27
1439:.
1422:51
1420:.
1377:^
1334:.
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1301:29
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433:.
346:.
251:,
1995:)
1988:)
1952:)
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239:]
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80:·
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23:.
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