53:
31:
2753:
Since they are commonly found in soils and in microbiota of humans and animals, Clostridia wounds and infections are found worldwide. Host defenses against the microbe are nearly absent, and very little innate immunity exists, if any. Clostridia can be diagnosed by recognizing the characteristics of
3239:
Labus, Jennifer S.; Hsiao, Elaine; Tap, Julien; Derrien, Muriel; Gupta, Arpana; Le Nevé, Boris; Brazeilles, Rémi; Grinsvall, Cecilia; Ohman, Lena; Törnblom, Hans; Tillisch, Kirsten; Simren, Magnus; Mayer, Emeran A. (2017). "Clostridia from the Gut
Microbiome are Associated with Brain Functional
265:
organisms that ferment plant polysaccharides and are found in many places in the environment, most notably the soil. However, the genus does contain some human pathogens (outlined below). The toxins produced by certain members of the genus
2754:
the lesion of the infection along with Gram stains of the tissue and bacterial culture. Although the body does not have adequate defenses alone, this microbe can be controlled with the help of antibiotics, like penicillin, and tissue
254:
group, and their relationships are not entirely certain. Currently, most are placed in a single order called
Clostridiales, but this is not a natural group and is likely to be redefined in the future.
5324:
2991:
439:
3014:
2809:
in the gut microbiome and overall mental health, with gut microbiome transplants as an avenue of future research into novel treatments for certain psychiatric disorders.
3300:
3192:"The long-term effects of faecal microbiota transplantation for gastrointestinal symptoms and general health in patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection"
5298:
5337:
3018:
443:
360:
5164:
4673:
4104:
3666:
3442:
2790:(CDI). Effects of this infection include severe diarrhea and the severity of many bowel related diseases is also increased as a result of the infection. Other
3270:
5272:
5311:
2818:
3293:
3133:
453:
319:
2787:
2860:
5373:
3338:
3286:
3333:
5316:
5172:
3417:
3407:
3390:
3082:
383:
5411:
2798:
402:
52:
5342:
355:
3061:
3822:
3165:
3138:
3111:
2823:
2782:
460:
367:
324:
158:
4689:
507:
5141:
4985:
4781:
3422:
2828:
2616:
540:
303:
153:
4053:
5189:
4966:
4173:
4153:
3637:
2640:
557:
4605:
4506:
829:
757:
4499:
4480:
4307:
4227:
4006:
3385:
2929:"Anaerobes and Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy: Virulence Factors Contributing to Vaginal Colonisation"
2513:
2406:
2357:
1480:
1325:
1064:
694:
677:
343:
115:
39:
5067:
4893:
4869:
4840:
4727:
4651:
4535:
4513:
3754:
2780:
Overuse of antibiotics can cause imbalance of the gut microbiome, leading to overgrowth of the species
2463:
1848:
1441:
1275:
637:
4773:
4617:
4239:
4202:
4180:
4089:
4077:
2530:
2285:
1456:
846:
132:
5378:
5352:
5259:
5036:
4973:
4855:
4749:
4065:
3994:
3971:
3588:
3551:
3499:
2340:
2111:
2006:
1899:
949:
774:
407:
138:
4639:
4468:
4258:
4220:
2135:
1528:
163:
5401:
5148:
5042:
4797:
4590:
4520:
4132:
3976:
2878:"Functional diversity of carbohydrate-active enzymes enabling a bacterium to ferment plant biomass"
1916:
1875:
1259:
806:
620:
287:
233:
103:
5129:
5055:
4487:
2480:
1990:
1428:
1308:
5406:
5091:
4881:
4578:
4270:
4120:
3402:
3380:
3368:
3343:
2316:
1504:
924:
726:
331:
172:
143:
47:
2423:
5360:
5246:
4828:
4389:
4295:
3412:
3375:
3363:
3353:
3221:
3213:
2968:
2950:
2909:
2856:
1664:
374:
237:
3831:
5047:
4805:
4760:
4713:
4551:
3717:
3327:
3249:
3203:
2958:
2940:
2899:
2889:
2208:
2152:
1679:
1545:
1177:
148:
5365:
5303:
5227:
5098:
5002:
4815:
4810:
4564:
4366:
4344:
4159:
3872:
3843:
3793:
3628:
3523:
3491:
3190:
Jalanka, J.; Hillamaa, A.; Satokari, R.; Mattila, E.; Anttila, V.-J.; Arkkila, P. (2018).
2056:
1193:
1137:
1121:
1080:
419:
279:
126:
5078:
5017:
5008:
4905:
4861:
4669:
4632:
4546:
4438:
4379:
3882:
3859:
3562:
3475:
3462:
3457:
3358:
3278:
2963:
2928:
2904:
2877:
2767:
1644:
1631:
965:
427:
312:
3253:
2805:. This preliminary research seems to suggest a tentative link between the presence of
240:
and oxygen is toxic to them. Species of the class
Clostridia are often but not always
30:
5395:
5084:
4738:
4457:
4397:
4374:
4313:
4100:
3983:
3961:
3930:
3904:
3805:
3619:
3510:
3486:
3467:
3438:
2802:
2261:
1627:
1380:
491:
414:
271:
246:
241:
121:
109:
5251:
4944:
4934:
4658:
4450:
4422:
4331:
4251:
4187:
4042:
4017:
3940:
3536:
3518:
1041:
379:
215:
2894:
2794:
bacteria in the gut have been linked to brain connectivity and healthy function.
5285:
5221:
4916:
4820:
4427:
4354:
2755:
224:
5029:
4921:
4700:
4432:
4359:
3662:
3542:
3309:
2212:
1703:
1224:
262:
5212:
3217:
3160:
2954:
4412:
3678:
2945:
2846:
2844:
251:
219:
74:
3225:
2972:
2913:
5238:
3040:
5206:
3397:
3313:
3106:
348:
308:
270:
are among the most dangerous known. Examples are tetanus toxin (known as
64:
5329:
2987:
3684:
2204:
1736:
336:
229:
5290:
3208:
3191:
5183:
5277:
250:) and have the ability to form spores. Studies show they are not a
2933:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
5187:
3282:
2855:(4th ed.). Galveston: Universirt of Texas Medical Branch.
5264:
2876:
Boutard, Magali; Cerisy, Tristan; Nogue, Pierre-Yves (2014).
2801:
to treat their CDI have seen improvements in their mood and
228:
and other similar genera. They are distinguished from the
2992:
List of
Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
440:
List of
Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
426:
Some of the enzymes produced by this group are used in
2927:
Africa, Charlene; Nel, Janske; Stemmet, Megan (2014).
5196:
5121:
4995:
4796:
4681:
4668:
4411:
4343:
4285:
4212:
4112:
4099:
4035:
3954:
3923:
3916:
3821:
3661:
3609:
3450:
3437:
286:. Some species have been isolated from women with
2766:Clostridia bacteria are commonly found in the
3294:
3019:National Center for Biotechnology Information
444:National Center for Biotechnology Information
438:The currently accepted taxonomy based on the
8:
5184:
4678:
4109:
3920:
3447:
3301:
3287:
3279:
3240:Connectivity and Evoked Symptoms in IBS".
3196:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
423:are also members of the class Clostridia.
29:
20:
3207:
2962:
2944:
2903:
2893:
448:
2840:
298:Notable species of this class include:
2819:List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
3185:
3183:
2797:Patients that have been subjected to
7:
5353:987d69ea-7d9a-49fc-900f-804a621fcdb6
361:acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation
2632:
2608:
2600:
2505:
2455:
2448:
2398:
2391:
2332:
2308:
2301:
2277:
2253:
2246:
2195:
2127:
2103:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2047:
2040:
1983:
1975:
1968:
1891:
1864:
1840:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1657:
1650:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1520:
1496:
1472:
1448:
1421:
1414:
1359:
1300:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1170:
1113:
1056:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
941:
916:
821:
799:
749:
742:
719:
669:
662:
612:
605:
597:
590:
532:
484:
477:
469:
14:
51:
3062:"LTP_all tree in newick format"
473:Firmicutes 3 ♦
1:
3254:10.1016/S0016-5085(17)30496-1
1813:♦ Paraphyletic "Clostridiia"
384:infectious necrotic hepatitis
2895:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004773
2799:fecal microbiota transplants
3274:cluster reference sequences
3083:"LTP_08_2023 Release Notes"
2758:for the more severe cases.
2273:"Desulfotomaculota" ♦
403:Clostridium phytofermentans
5428:
459:120 marker proteins based
356:Clostridium acetobutylicum
257:Most species of the genus
5158:
4695:"Acidulodesulfobacteriia"
3321:
2654:
2637:
2630:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2527:
2510:
2503:
2477:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2420:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2354:
2337:
2330:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2282:
2275:
2259:
2251:
2244:
2201:
2193:
2149:
2132:
2125:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2053:
2045:
2038:
2003:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1913:
1896:
1889:
1869:
1862:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1823:
1759:
1734:
1701:
1677:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1542:
1525:
1518:
1501:
1494:
1477:
1470:
1453:
1446:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1377:
1364:
1357:
1322:
1305:
1298:
1272:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1190:
1175:
1168:
1135:
1118:
1111:
1078:
1061:
1054:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
963:
946:
939:
921:
914:
843:
826:
819:
804:
797:
771:
754:
747:
740:
724:
717:
691:
674:
667:
660:
634:
617:
610:
603:
601:Firmicutes 2 ♦
595:
554:
537:
530:
504:
489:
482:
475:
458:
451:
178:
171:
99:
94:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
4952:"Thermodesulfovibrionia"
4690:Acidulodesulfobacteriota
3705:"Thermosediminibacteria"
3643:"Marinamargulisbacteria"
3166:Genome Taxonomy Database
3139:Genome Taxonomy Database
3112:Genome Taxonomy Database
3021:(NCBI) taxonomy database
2824:List of bacterial orders
2783:Clostridioides difficile
2775:Clostridioides difficile
2604:Bacillota A ♦
2099:Bacillota D ♦
1836:Bacillota E ♦
508:Caldicellulosiruptorales
368:Clostridium haemolyticum
325:pseudomembranous colitis
320:Clostridioides difficile
159:Thermosediminibacterales
4986:Thermodesulfobacteriota
4787:"Thermosulfidibacteria"
3646:"Riflemargulisbacteria"
3107:"GTDB release 08-RS214"
2946:10.3390/ijerph110706979
2829:List of bacteria genera
390:Clostridium oedematiens
304:Clostridium perfringens
154:Thermoanaerobacteriales
5142:Salinosulfoleibacteria
4960:"Lambdaproteobacteria"
4782:Thermosulfidibacterota
4059:"Macinerneyibacteriia"
3702:"Thermoanaerobacteria"
3629:Vampirovibrionophyceae
3134:"bac120_r214.sp_label"
2851:Baron, Samuel (1996).
2617:Thermosediminibacteria
541:Thermosediminibacteria
4054:Macinerneyibacteriota
2762:Clostridia and health
2660:(incl. Tissierellia)
1765:(incl. Tissierellia)
344:Clostridium botulinum
40:Clostridium botulinum
5037:Polarisedimenticolia
5025:"Guanabaribacteriia"
4967:Schekmaniibacteriota
4708:"Desulfurobacteriia"
4623:"Handelsmanbacteria"
4611:"Krumholzibacteriia"
4174:Firestoneibacteriota
4154:Desantisiibacteriota
3972:Coprothermobacterota
3852:"Absconditabacteria"
3769:"Desulfitobacteriia"
3638:Margulisiibacteriota
3013:Sayers; et al.
2853:Medical Microbiology
2641:Thermoanaerobacteria
2199:Bacillota s.s.
558:Thermoanaerobacteria
408:biomass fermentation
195:Watanabe et al. 2019
5412:Bacterial vaginosis
5171:Alternative views:
5043:Thermoanaerobaculia
4846:"Anaeroferrophilia"
4798:Deltaproteobacteria
4770:Desulfobacterota G
4633:Neomarinimicrobiota
4606:Krumholzibacteriota
4507:Edwardsiibacteriota
4233:"Hinthialibacteria"
4012:"Thermodesulfobiia"
3977:Coprothermobacteria
3789:"Halanaerobiaeota"
3737:"Thermaerobacteria"
3624:"Sericytochromatia"
2051:"Halanaerobiaeota"
1260:Thermolithobacteria
830:Desulfitibacterales
758:Calderihabitantales
288:bacterial vaginosis
234:aerobic respiration
201:Sorokin et al. 2021
193:"Desulfotomaculia"
189:Cavalier-Smith 2020
183:Cavalier-Smith 2020
4899:"Methylomirabilia"
4849:"Deferrimicrobiia"
4733:"Calescibacteriia"
4559:"Raymondbacteriia"
4541:"Fermentibacteria"
4500:Delongiibacteriota
4481:Coatesiibacteriota
4308:Lindowiibacteriota
4228:Hinthialibacterota
4007:Thermodesulfobiota
3855:"Andersenbacteria"
3781:"Syntrophomonadia"
3772:"Desulfotomaculia"
3763:"Carboxydothermia"
3594:"Eudoremicrobiia"
3579:"Heboniibacteriia"
2514:Carboxydothermales
2466:" {GCA-003054495}
2407:Thermacetogeniales
2358:Desulfitobacteriia
1481:Desulfitobacteriia
1326:Desulfofundulaceae
1065:Thermodesulfobiota
695:Thermacetogeniales
678:Carboxydothermales
332:Clostridium tetani
238:obligate anaerobes
116:Desulfotomaculales
5389:
5388:
5361:Open Tree of Life
5190:Taxon identifiers
5181:
5180:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5068:Leptospirillaeota
5022:"Fischerbacteria"
4894:Methylomirabilota
4870:Desulfuromonadota
4841:Deferrimicrobiota
4765:"Deferribacteria"
4728:Calescibacteriota
4718:"Campylobacteria"
4652:Tianyaibacteriota
4626:"Latescibacteria"
4536:Fermentibacterota
4514:Eiseniibacteriota
4416:(Sphingobacteria)
4390:Verrucomicrobiota
4348:(Planctobacteria)
4245:"Hydrogenedentia"
4147:"Tritonobacteria"
4031:
4030:
3897:"Saccharimonadia"
3878:"Howlettbacteria"
3817:
3816:
3801:"Selenobacteria"
3766:"Dehalobacteriia"
3760:"Carboxydocellia"
3755:Desulfotomaculota
3745:"Hydrogenisporia"
3734:"Symbiobacteriia"
3723:"Proteinivoracia"
3567:"Abditibacteriia"
3480:"Geothermincolia"
3209:10.1111/apt.14443
2788:serious infection
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2492:
2491:
2464:Carboxydocellales
2435:
2434:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2257:"Selenobacteria"
2233:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2068:
2067:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2017:
1979:Bacillota G
1955:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1849:Thermaerobacteria
1810:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1748:
1747:
1739:{Bacillota s.s.}
1723:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1690:
1689:
1665:Acholeplasmatales
1593:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1442:Desulfotomaculota
1401:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1287:
1286:
1276:Carboxydocellales
1213:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1003:
1002:
994:
993:
985:
984:
976:
975:
903:
902:
894:
893:
885:
884:
876:
875:
867:
866:
858:
857:
786:
785:
706:
705:
649:
648:
638:Thermaerobacteria
587:
586:
578:
577:
569:
568:
519:
518:
394:Clostridium novyi
375:Clostridium novyi
363:, or ABE process)
208:
207:
202:
199:"Natranaerobiia"
196:
190:
184:
90:
16:Class of bacteria
5419:
5382:
5381:
5369:
5368:
5356:
5355:
5346:
5345:
5333:
5332:
5320:
5319:
5307:
5306:
5294:
5293:
5281:
5280:
5268:
5267:
5255:
5254:
5242:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5185:
5073:"Leptospirillia"
5048:Vicinamibacteria
4979:"Entotheonellia"
4875:Desulfuromonadia
4806:Bdellovibrionota
4774:Syntrophorhabdia
4761:Deferribacterota
4714:Campylobacterota
4679:
4618:Latescibacterota
4552:Chitinivibrionia
4529:"Tariuqbacteria"
4402:Verrucomicrobiia
4240:Hydrogenedentota
4203:Ratteibacteriota
4196:"Velamenicoccia"
4181:Goldiibacteriota
4144:"Erginobacteria"
4138:"Ancaeobacteria"
4110:
4090:Walliibacteriota
4078:Rifleibacteriota
4071:"Muiribacteriia"
4000:"Lithacetigenia"
3921:
3891:"Microgenomatia"
3868:"Doudnabacteria"
3713:"Dethiobacteria"
3672:
3652:"Termititenacia"
3616:Cyanobacteriota
3600:"Eremiobacteria"
3531:"Limnocylindria"
3505:"Bipolaricaulia"
3448:
3350:
3330:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3280:
3258:
3257:
3242:Gastroenterology
3236:
3230:
3229:
3211:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2966:
2948:
2939:(7): 6979–7000.
2924:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2897:
2888:(11): e1004773.
2873:
2867:
2866:
2848:
2633:
2609:
2601:
2531:Desulfotomaculia
2506:
2456:
2449:
2399:
2392:
2333:
2309:
2302:
2286:Syntrophomonadia
2278:
2254:
2247:
2209:Erysipelotrichia
2196:
2128:
2104:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2048:
2041:
1984:
1976:
1969:
1892:
1865:
1841:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1680:Erysipelotrichia
1658:
1651:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1521:
1497:
1473:
1457:Desulfotomaculia
1449:
1422:
1415:
1360:
1301:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1227:" 1 ♦
1178:Chitinivibrionia
1171:
1114:
1057:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
942:
917:
847:Syntrophomonadia
822:
800:
750:
743:
720:
670:
663:
613:
606:
598:
591:
533:
485:
478:
470:
449:
200:
194:
188:
187:"Halanaerobiia"
182:
149:Natranaerobiales
133:Heliobacteriales
88:
56:
55:
33:
21:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5377:
5372:
5364:
5359:
5351:
5349:
5341:
5336:
5328:
5323:
5315:
5310:
5302:
5297:
5289:
5284:
5276:
5271:
5263:
5258:
5250:
5245:
5237:
5235:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5192:
5182:
5177:
5165:Bergey's Manual
5154:
5109:
5104:"Pseudomonadia"
5014:"Aminicenantia"
5003:Acidobacteriota
4991:
4974:Tectimicrobiota
4856:Deferrisomatota
4816:Bdellovibrionia
4811:Bacteriovoracia
4792:
4750:Dadaibacteriota
4672:
4664:
4659:Zixiibacteriota
4645:"Marinisomatia"
4599:"Stahlbacteria"
4572:"Glassbacteria"
4565:Gemmatimonadota
4474:"Cloacimonadia"
4439:Ignavibacteriia
4415:
4407:
4394:Kiritimatiellia
4384:"Uabimicrobiia"
4367:Planctomycetota
4347:
4339:
4288:bacteriobiontes
4287:
4281:
4264:"Saltatorellae"
4208:
4160:Elusimicrobiota
4103:
4095:
4083:"Ozemibacteria"
4066:Muiribacteriota
4027:
3995:Lithacetigenota
3984:Dictyoglomerota
3950:
3912:
3900:"Torokbacteria"
3894:"Paceibacteria"
3888:"Kazanbacteria"
3873:Gracilibacteria
3865:"Dojkabacteria"
3844:Patescibacteria
3837:"Elulimicrobia"
3813:
3731:"Sulfobacillia"
3670:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3649:"Saganbacteria"
3610:Cyanoprokaryota
3605:
3589:Eremiobacterota
3557:"Dormibacteria"
3552:Dormiibacterota
3528:Ktedonobacteria
3524:Dehalococcoidia
3500:Bipolaricaulota
3492:Thermoleophilia
3483:"Humimicrobiia"
3441:
3433:
3432:
3348:
3326:
3317:
3307:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3161:"Taxon History"
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2815:
2778:
2764:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2493:
2436:
2379:
2370:
2341:Dehalobacteriia
2234:
2225:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2112:Proteinivoracia
2069:
2028:
2019:
2007:Hydrogenisporia
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1900:Symbiobacteriia
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1749:
1724:
1715:
1691:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1402:
1393:
1347:
1338:
1288:
1214:
1205:
1194:Planctobacteria
1158:
1149:
1138:Acidobacteriota
1101:
1092:
1081:Elusimicrobiota
1004:
995:
986:
977:
950:Symbiobacteriia
904:
895:
886:
877:
868:
859:
787:
775:Koleobacterales
707:
650:
588:
579:
570:
520:
452:16S rRNA based
442:(LPSN) and the
436:
420:Christensenella
296:
280:botulinum toxin
139:Koleobacterales
127:Halanaerobiales
87:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5425:
5423:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5394:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5370:
5357:
5347:
5334:
5321:
5308:
5295:
5282:
5269:
5256:
5243:
5233:
5218:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5169:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5079:Pseudomonadota
5076:
5075:
5074:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5018:Blastocatellia
5015:
5012:
5009:Acidobacteriia
4999:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4970:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4926:"Bradymonadia"
4924:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4911:"Moduliflexia"
4902:
4901:
4900:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4862:Deferrisomatia
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4755:"Dadabacteria"
4746:
4745:
4744:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4685:
4683:
4676:
4670:Proteobacteria
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4640:Marinisomatota
4636:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:"Hydrothermia"
4587:
4586:
4585:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:Gemmatimonadia
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4547:Fibrobacterota
4544:
4543:
4542:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:"Electryoneia"
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4493:"Cosmopolitia"
4484:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4469:Cloacimonadota
4465:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4444:"Kapabacteria"
4442:
4435:
4430:
4419:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4380:Planctomycetia
4377:
4372:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4351:
4349:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4321:"Brachyspirae"
4319:
4318:"Brevinematia"
4311:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4259:Saltatorellota
4255:
4252:Poribacteriota
4248:
4247:
4246:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4224:
4221:Abyssubacteria
4216:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:Elusimicrobiia
4157:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4141:"Auribacteria"
4139:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4116:
4114:
4107:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4043:Fusobacteriota
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3988:Dictyoglomeria
3981:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3927:
3925:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:Katanobacteria
3879:
3876:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:Berkelbacteria
3856:
3853:
3850:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3784:"Thermincolia"
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3718:Natranaerobiia
3714:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3675:
3673:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3622:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3576:Fimbriimonadia
3574:
3573:Chthonomonadia
3571:
3568:
3563:Armatimonadota
3560:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3476:Coriobacteriia
3473:
3472:"Aquicultoria"
3470:
3465:
3463:Acidimicrobiia
3458:Actinomycetota
3454:
3452:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:Mesomycetozoea
3420:
3415:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3359:Diaphoretickes
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:classification
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3265:External links
3263:
3260:
3259:
3231:
3202:(3): 371–379.
3179:
3152:
3125:
3098:
3074:
3053:
3032:
3005:
2986:J. P. Euzéby.
2978:
2919:
2868:
2861:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2777:
2772:
2768:gut microbiome
2763:
2760:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2636:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:" {DSM-12270}
2402:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:Natranaerobiia
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:Dethiobacteria
2131:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1761:"Clostridiia"
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1645:Mycoplasmatota
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:Fusobacteriota
1624:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:Natranaerobiia
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:Dethiobacteria
1524:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
991:
988:
987:
983:
982:
979:
978:
974:
973:
970:
969:
966:Actinomycetota
962:
959:
958:
955:
954:
945:
940:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
920:
915:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
901:
900:
897:
896:
892:
891:
888:
887:
883:
882:
879:
878:
874:
873:
870:
869:
865:
864:
861:
860:
856:
855:
852:
851:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
825:
820:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
803:
798:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
784:
783:
780:
779:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
753:
748:
746:
741:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
729:{"Moorellia"}
723:
718:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
704:
703:
700:
699:
690:
687:
686:
683:
682:
673:
668:
666:
661:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
647:
646:
643:
642:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
596:
594:
589:
585:
584:
581:
580:
576:
575:
572:
571:
567:
566:
563:
562:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
536:
531:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
517:
516:
513:
512:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
488:
483:
481:
476:
474:
468:
465:
464:
457:
435:
432:
428:bioremediation
412:
411:
399:
398:
397:
371:
364:
352:
340:
328:
316:
313:food poisoning
295:
292:
274:) produced by
206:
205:
204:
203:
197:
191:
185:
181:"Clostridiia"
176:
175:
169:
168:
167:
166:
164:Tissierellales
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
129:
124:
119:
112:
107:
97:
96:
92:
91:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5424:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5150:
5149:Teskebacteria
5146:
5143:
5139:
5135:"Qinglongiia"
5134:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5103:
5100:
5099:Magnetococcia
5096:
5093:
5092:Mariprofundia
5089:
5086:
5085:Caulobacteria
5082:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5061:"Canglongiia"
5060:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:Moduliflexota
4903:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4739:Chrysiogenota
4737:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4721:Desulfurellia
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:Hydrothermota
4588:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4556:Fibrobacteria
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:Electryoneota
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4458:Calditrichota
4456:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4401:
4399:
4398:Lentisphaeria
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:Phycisphaeria
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4333:
4329:
4327:"Leptospiria"
4326:
4324:"Exilispiria"
4323:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4314:Spirochaetota
4312:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4193:"Omnitrophia"
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4167:Endomicrobiia
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:Auribacterota
4130:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:Hydrobacteria
4098:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4047:Fusobacteriia
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:Fusobacterida
4034:
4022:"Thermotogia"
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3962:Caldisericota
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:Atribacterota
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:Synergistetes
3922:
3919:
3915:
3906:
3905:Wirthbacteria
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3807:
3806:Selenomonadia
3803:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3794:Halanaerobiia
3791:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3778:"Peptococcia"
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Cyanobacteria
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3570:Armatimonadia
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:"Caldilineia"
3514:
3513:
3512:
3511:Chloroflexota
3509:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Rubrobacteria
3485:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Actinomycetia
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:BV1, BV3, BV5
3440:
3439:Terrabacteria
3436:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Stramenopiles
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3349:(major groups
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:PLOS Genetics
2879:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2862:0-9631172-1-1
2858:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:mental health
2800:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:Selenomonadia
2256:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Halanaerobiia
2050:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:Sulfobacillia
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Acetocimmeria
1874:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Selenomonadia
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:Halanaerobiia
1116:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:
999:
998:
990:
989:
981:
980:
972:
971:
968:
967:
961:
960:
957:
956:
953:
951:
944:
943:
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
927:
926:
919:
918:
912:
911:
908:
907:
899:
898:
890:
889:
881:
880:
872:
871:
863:
862:
854:
853:
850:
848:
841:
840:
837:
836:
833:
831:
824:
823:
817:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
807:Zhaonellaceae
802:
801:
795:
794:
791:
790:
782:
781:
778:
776:
769:
768:
765:
764:
761:
759:
752:
751:
745:
744:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
728:
722:
721:
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710:
702:
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689:
688:
685:
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681:
679:
672:
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664:
658:
657:
654:
653:
645:
644:
641:
639:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
622:
621:Sulfobacillia
615:
614:
608:
607:
600:
599:
593:
592:
583:
582:
574:
573:
565:
564:
561:
559:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
542:
535:
534:
528:
527:
524:
523:
515:
514:
511:
509:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
492:Dictyoglomota
487:
486:
480:
479:
472:
471:
467:
466:
462:
455:
450:
447:
445:
441:
433:
431:
429:
424:
422:
421:
416:
415:Heliobacteria
409:
405:
404:
400:
395:
391:
388:
387:
385:
381:
377:
376:
372:
370:
369:
365:
362:
358:
357:
353:
350:
346:
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341:
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329:
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321:
317:
314:
310:
306:
305:
301:
300:
299:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:tetanospasmin
269:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
248:
247:Halanaerobium
243:
242:Gram-positive
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
214:are a highly
213:
198:
192:
186:
180:
179:
177:
174:
170:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
134:
130:
128:
125:
123:
122:Eubacteriales
120:
117:
113:
111:
110:Clostridiales
108:
105:
104:Borkfalkiales
101:
100:
98:
93:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5197:
5163:
5130:Qinglongiota
5056:Canglongiota
4945:Nitrospirota
4935:Nitrospinota
4887:"Lernaellia"
4743:Chrysiogenia
4584:"Heilongiia"
4488:Cosmopoliota
4462:Calditrichia
4451:Rhodothermia
4447:"Kryptoniia"
4423:Bacteroidota
4332:Spirochaetia
4276:"Sumerlaeia"
4188:Omnitrophota
4126:"Aerophobia"
4018:Thermotogota
3966:Caldisericia
3941:Synergistota
3935:Atribacteria
3917:Thermotogida
3748:Limnochordia
3742:Bacillota G
3728:Bacillota E
3710:Bacillota D
3696:
3692:Bacillota A
3582:"Zipacnadia"
3537:Deinococcota
3519:Chloroflexia
3408:Opisthokonta
3271:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3199:
3195:
3170:. Retrieved
3164:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3137:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3110:
3101:
3089:. Retrieved
3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3056:
3044:. Retrieved
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3015:"Clostridia"
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2988:"Clostridia"
2981:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2852:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2752:
2749:Epidemiology
2657:
2656:Clostridiia
2655:
2638:
2614:
2528:
2511:
2481:Thermincolia
2478:
2461:
2421:
2404:
2355:
2338:
2314:
2283:
2260:
2202:
2150:
2133:
2109:
2054:
2004:
1991:Limnochordia
1989:
1914:
1897:
1878:" {UBA3575}
1872:
1870:
1846:
1812:
1762:
1760:
1735:
1702:
1678:
1663:
1628:Fusobacteria
1626:
1543:
1526:
1502:
1478:
1454:
1429:Limnochordia
1427:
1378:
1365:
1323:
1309:Thermincolia
1306:
1273:
1258:
1191:
1176:
1136:
1119:
1079:
1062:
1042:Nitrospirota
1040:
964:
947:
923:
922:
844:
827:
805:
772:
755:
725:
692:
675:
635:
618:
555:
538:
505:
490:
437:
425:
418:
413:
401:
393:
392:(synonym of
389:
380:gas gangrene
373:
366:
354:
342:
330:
318:
302:
297:
284:C. botulinum
283:
282:produced by
275:
267:
258:
256:
252:monophyletic
245:
223:
222:, including
216:polyphyletic
211:
209:
84:
38:
18:
5286:iNaturalist
5222:Wikispecies
5173:Wikispecies
5168:(2001–2012)
4949:Nitrospiria
4939:Nitrospinia
4917:Myxococcota
4882:Lernaellota
4821:Oligoflexia
4579:Heilongiota
4428:Bacteroidia
4371:"Brocadiia"
4355:Chlamydiota
4286:Spirochaeto
4271:Sumerlaeota
4121:Aerophobota
3955:Thermocalda
3945:Synergistia
3775:"Moorellia"
3697:Clostridiia
3543:Deinococcia
3310:Prokaryotes
3272:Clostridium
3091:20 November
3067:20 November
3046:20 November
2792:Clostridium
2756:debridement
2516:" {Z-2901}
2317:Peptococcia
1505:Peptococcia
727:Moorellales
268:Clostridium
263:saprophytic
259:Clostridium
236:. They are
232:by lacking
225:Clostridium
144:Moorellales
89:Rainey 2010
24:Clostridia
5402:Clostridia
5396:Categories
5330:clostridia
5228:Clostridia
5198:Clostridia
5030:Holophagia
4929:Polyangiia
4922:Myxococcia
4701:Aquificota
4682:Aquificida
4433:Chlorobiia
4360:Chlamydiia
4301:"Babeliae"
3663:Firmicutes
3597:"Xenobiia"
3248:(5): S40.
2835:References
2807:Clostridia
2786:causing a
2213:Mollicutes
1704:Mollicutes
1225:Firmicutes
212:Clostridia
85:Clostridia
5407:Bacillota
4834:"Binatia"
4705:Aquificia
4413:FCB group
4345:PVC group
3823:CPR group
3679:Bacillota
3403:Amoebozoa
3381:Alveolata
3369:Cryptista
3344:Eukaryota
3218:1365-2036
3041:"The LTP"
2955:1660-4601
2424:Moorellia
2207:" (incl.
1737:Bacilliia
463:08-RS214
456:_08_2023
434:Phylogeny
276:C. tetani
220:Bacillota
218:class of
75:Bacillota
5236:BioLib:
5207:Wikidata
5162:Source:
4829:Binatota
4296:Babelota
4105:BV2, BV4
3685:Bacillia
3398:Amorphea
3376:Rhizaria
3364:Hacrobia
3354:Excavata
3339:Bacteria
3314:Bacteria
3226:29226561
2973:25014248
2914:25393313
2813:See also
2205:Bacillia
1366:UBA4882
446:(NCBI).
349:botulism
309:gangrene
173:Synonyms
71:Phylum:
65:Bacteria
61:Domain:
5213:Q132809
4957:SAR324
4213:Clade 2
4113:Clade 1
3832:Elulota
3413:Animals
3334:Archaea
3025:20 June
2998:20 June
2964:4113856
2905:4230839
337:tetanus
294:Species
230:Bacilli
95:Orders
81:Class:
5379:565167
5350:NZOR:
5343:186801
5317:956143
5291:151985
5239:306863
5122:others
4996:others
3671:Low GC
3451:others
3391:Plants
3328:Domain
3224:
3216:
3172:10 May
3145:10 May
3118:10 May
2994:(LPSN)
2971:
2961:
2953:
2912:
2902:
2859:
925:Gelria
5374:WoRMS
5366:16698
5299:IRMNG
5252:8ZXTX
3418:Fungi
3086:(PDF)
1067:" ♦
244:(see
5338:NCBI
5325:LPSN
5312:ITIS
5304:1159
5273:GBIF
5265:7750
3849:ABY1
3222:PMID
3214:ISSN
3174:2023
3147:2023
3120:2023
3093:2023
3069:2023
3048:2023
3027:2022
3000:2022
2969:PMID
2951:ISSN
2910:PMID
2857:ISBN
2658:s.s.
2059:" ♦
1763:s.s.
1124:" ♦
952:" ♦
461:GTDB
417:and
278:and
261:are
210:The
5278:304
5260:EoL
5247:CoL
4674:BV2
3667:BV3
3250:doi
3246:152
3204:doi
2959:PMC
2941:doi
2900:PMC
2890:doi
2009:"
1873:Ca.
560:"
543:"
454:LTP
5398::
5376::
5363::
5340::
5327::
5314::
5301::
5288::
5275::
5262::
5249::
5224::
5209::
5132:"
5070:"
5058:"
4976:"
4908:"
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4884:"
4872:"
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4831:"
4784:"
4752:"
4730:"
4692:"
4642:"
4620:"
4608:"
4593:"
4581:"
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4490:"
4471:"
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4242:"
4230:"
4190:"
4135:"
4123:"
4080:"
4068:"
4056:"
4009:"
3997:"
3846:"
3834:"
3757:"
3640:"
3554:"
3502:"
3312::
3244:.
3220:.
3212:.
3200:47
3198:.
3194:.
3182:^
3163:.
3136:.
3109:.
3017:.
2990:.
2967:.
2957:.
2949:.
2937:11
2935:.
2931:.
2908:.
2898:.
2886:10
2884:.
2880:.
2843:^
2770:.
2643:"
2619:"
2533:"
2483:"
2426:"
2360:"
2343:"
2319:"
2288:"
2215:)
2211:,
2155:"
2138:"
2114:"
1919:"
1902:"
1851:"
1634:}
1548:"
1531:"
1507:"
1483:"
1459:"
1444:"
1383:"
1328:"
1311:"
1278:"
928:♦
849:"
832:"
777:"
760:"
697:"
680:"
640:"
623:"
510:"
430:.
386:)
382:,
311:,
290:.
5151:"
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5140:"
5128:"
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5097:"
5094:"
5090:"
5087:"
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5054:"
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5011:"
5007:"
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4969:"
4965:"
4904:"
4892:"
4880:"
4868:"
4854:"
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4827:"
4780:"
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4726:"
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4661:"
4657:"
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4650:"
4638:"
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4631:"
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4604:"
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4534:"
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4509:"
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4502:"
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4486:"
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4479:"
4467:"
4441:"
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4334:"
4330:"
4310:"
4306:"
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4269:"
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4219:"
4205:"
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4183:"
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4076:"
4064:"
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4005:"
3993:"
3907:"
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3885:"
3881:"
3875:"
3871:"
3862:"
3858:"
3842:"
3830:"
3808:"
3804:"
3796:"
3792:"
3753:"
3720:"
3716:"
3699:"
3695:"
3687:"
3683:"
3636:"
3631:"
3627:"
3591:"
3587:"
3550:"
3545:"
3541:"
3498:"
3425:)
3302:e
3295:t
3288:v
3256:.
3252::
3228:.
3206::
3176:.
3149:.
3122:.
3095:.
3071:.
3050:.
3029:.
3002:.
2975:.
2943::
2916:.
2892::
2865:.
2639:"
2615:"
2529:"
2512:"
2479:"
2462:"
2422:"
2405:"
2356:"
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2315:"
2284:"
2203:"
2151:"
2134:"
2110:"
2055:"
2005:"
1915:"
1898:"
1871:"
1847:"
1630:{
1544:"
1527:"
1503:"
1479:"
1455:"
1440:"
1379:"
1324:"
1307:"
1274:"
1223:"
1192:"
1120:"
1063:"
948:"
845:"
828:"
773:"
756:"
693:"
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406:(
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378:(
359:(
351:)
347:(
339:)
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323:(
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307:(
135:"
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102:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
