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220:, cobblestone streets became common in many European towns and cities. Cobblestones were readily available, as they were often naturally occurring stones found in riverbeds and fields. Their rounded shape made them easy to lay, and their durability was well-suited to the needs of growing urban centers. Cobblestones are typically either set in sand or similar material, or are bound together with
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regularly-sized granite setts by more than a thousand years. Such pitched paving is quite distinct from that formed from rounded stones, although both forms are commonly referred to as 'cobbled' surfaces. Most surviving genuinely old 'cobbled' areas are in reality pitched surfaces. A cobbled area is known as a "causey", "cassay" or "cassie" in
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and even modern automobiles make a lot of noise when rolling over cobblestone paving might be thought a disadvantage, but it has the advantage of warning pedestrians of their approach. In
England, the custom was to strew straw over the cobbles outside the house of a sick or dying person to dampen the
232:. It has the additional advantage of immediately draining water, and not getting muddy in wet weather or dusty in dry weather. Shod horses are also able to get better traction on stone cobbles, pitches or setts than tarmac or asphalt. Cobblestones set in sand have the environmental advantage of being
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Region of New York State, the retreat of the glaciers during the last ice age left numerous small, rounded cobblestones available for building. Pre-Civil War architecture in the region made heavy use of cobblestones for walls. Today, the fewer than 600 remaining cobblestone buildings are prized as
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It has been used across various cultures for millennia, particularly in Europe, and became especially prominent during the medieval and early modern periods. Today, cobblestone streets are often associated with historic preservation and are used in many cities to maintain the historical character of
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streets in Europe. In this case, the noisy nature of the surface is an advantage as pedestrians can hear approaching vehicles. The visual cues of the cobblestones also clarify that the area is more than just a normal street. The use of cobblestones/setts is also considered to be a more "upmarket"
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In fact, Belgian block refers not to the type of stone but the way it is cut: in rectangles. People often refer to roads paved this way as "cobblestone streets," but that isn't strictly correct. Cobblestones are rounded, typically because they've been worn smooth by rivers. They might be hell to
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With the advent of asphalt and concrete in the 20th century, the use of cobblestones declined. These newer materials were cheaper and easier to install, leading to the replacement of many cobblestone streets. However, cobblestone streets have been preserved in many historic districts around the
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In
England, it was commonplace since ancient times for flat stones with a flat narrow edge to be set on edge to provide an even paved surface. This was known as a 'pitched' surface and was common all over Britain, as it did not require rounded pebbles. Pitched surfaces predate the use of
375:, many of the older streets are paved in cobblestones and setts (mostly setts); however, many such streets have been paved over with asphalt, which can crack and erode away due to heavy traffic, thus revealing the original stone pavement.
192:, also called Belgian blocks, are often referred to as "cobbles", although a sett is distinct from a cobblestone by being quarried and shaped into a regular form, while cobblestones are naturally occurring forms less uniform in size.
386:, as late as the 1990s some busy intersections still showed cobblestones through worn down sections of pavement. In Toronto streets using setts were used by streetcar routes and disappeared by the 1980s, but are still found in the
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historic locations, most of them private homes. Ninety percent of the cobblestone buildings in
America can be found within a 75-mile radius of Rochester, New York. There is also a cluster of cobblestone buildings in the Town of
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compliant, but does state that "cobblestones can significantly impede wheelchair movement" and that sidewalks must not have surface variances of greater than one inch. Due to the accessibility challenges of cobblestone, the
437:, are well known for their many cobblestone streets, which are still operational and in good condition. They are still maintained and repaired in the traditional manner, by placing and arranging granite stones by hand.
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for disabled people, particularly wheelchair users. Wheelchair users and other disabled people may opt to avoid streets and sidewalks made with cobblestone. Some
European cities, such as
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at the beginning of the 20th century. However, cobblestones are often retained in historic areas, even for streets with modern vehicular traffic. Many older villages and cities in
530:, have tried to preserve their historic aesthetic while also making cobblestone pavement more accessible for disabled people by slicing the cobblestone to be flat on the surface.
279:, cities like Paris, London, and Amsterdam began to pave their streets with cobblestones to manage the increased traffic from carts, carriages, and pedestrians.
491:. In addition to homes, cobblestones were used to build barns, stagecoach taverns, smokehouses, stores, churches, schools, factories, and cemetery markers.
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world, valued for their historical significance and aesthetic charm. In recent decades, cobblestones have become a popular material for paving newly
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sound. In rural areas, cobblestones were sometimes used to pave important roads, particularly those leading to and from major cities.
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roadway solution, having been described as "unique and artistic" compared to the normal asphalt road environment.
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recommends against the use of cobblestone and bricks in its accessibility guide for sidewalks and crosswalks.
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The
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drive on, but they were cheap: you could just dredge them up from the river...
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does not specify which materials a sidewalk must be made of in order to be
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37:"Cobbled" and "cobbles" redirect here. For the profession of cobbler, see
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759:"How Europe's big cities can innovate for people with disabilities"
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Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
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Setts visible beneath cracked asphalt in New
Bedford, MA.
693:"Architect: Open Salem pedestrian mall to cars, parking"
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Cobblestones were largely replaced by quarried granite
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The only public cobblestone building in the US is the
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A cobblestone lane in the Old Town (Senamiestis) in
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809:"San Francisco Will Say So Long to Brick Sidewalk"
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629:Scottish National Dictionary Association (1999)
27:Natural stones for surfacing roads and buildings
444:, there are old cobblestone paths with colored
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314:are still paved with cobblestones or pitched.
41:. For the concept of "cobbling together", see
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212:on wet, slippery London cobblestones in 1823.
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456:. The cubes of the old ways are handmade.
168:Cobblestones, Fulham in south-west London
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
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784:"ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG)"
393:Many cities in Latin America, such as
258:Italian cobblestone-covered street in
1960:Median / Central reservation
7:
617:participating institution membership
76:adding citations to reliable sources
1878:Risk compensation (road transport)
156:Cobblestones on a road surface in
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690:Roy, Matthew K. (13 April 2011).
653:Potter, Chris (14 October 2004).
2244:Glossary of road transport terms
514:Implications for disabled people
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184:-sized stones, and is used for
63:needs additional citations for
718:Frances Page, Cecilia (2010).
544:Federal Highway Administration
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2226:Pavement performance modeling
2216:International roughness index
567:List of cobblestone buildings
331:In older U.S. cities such as
2221:Present serviceability index
2015:Sidewalk / Pavement
1560:Diamond grinding of pavement
32:Cobblestone (disambiguation)
2193:Underpass / Tunnel
2188:Overpass / Flyover
1942:High-occupancy vehicle lane
1832:Driving under the influence
906:Freeway / Motorway
572:List of cobblestone streets
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1120:Highway systems by country
788:United States Access Board
734:"Cobblestone Architecture"
535:United States Access Board
496:Alexander Classical School
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188:, streets, and buildings.
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2231:Granular base equivalency
2050:Traffic signal preemption
1458:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
1364:Single-point urban (SPUI)
631:Concise Scots Dictionary
604:Oxford English Dictionary
2270:Cobblestone architecture
2211:Pavement condition index
1937:High-occupancy toll lane
1932:Contraflow lane reversal
1907:Barrier transfer machine
466:Cobblestone architecture
1065:Express-collector setup
609:Oxford University Press
518:Cobblestone may not be
380:Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
378:In some places such as
200:History as road surface
196:certain neighborhoods.
2249:Road types by features
2144:Raised pavement marker
2111:Constant-slope barrier
2035:Traffic directionality
2025:Street running railway
1448:Protected intersection
738:Orleans County Tourism
633:. Edinburgh, Polygon.
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1847:Single-vehicle crash
1570:Full depth recycling
1468:Seagull intersection
302:roads and later to
72:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
1975:Pedestrian crossing
1538:Reinforced concrete
1374:Three-level diamond
1085:Two-lane expressway
1070:Farm-to-market road
607:(Online ed.).
577:Portuguese pavement
500:Alexander, New York
460:Use in architecture
388:Distillery District
277:early modern period
2005:Runaway truck ramp
1827:Driver's education
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1550:Crocodile cracking
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615:(Subscription or
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2139:Noise barrier
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2096:Cable barrier
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2045:Traffic lanes
2043:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
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1985:Refuge island
1983:
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1950:Living street
1948:
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1917:Climbing lane
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1819:Human factors
1816:
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1797:
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1784:Traffic light
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1734:Oversize load
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1724:Manhole cover
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1555:Crushed stone
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1438:Michigan left
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1390:Intersections
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1339:Directional T
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1256:special route
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1174:Frontage road
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1050:Arterial road
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1034:United States
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884:Types of road
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639:1-902930-01-0
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498:, located in
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353:San Francisco
350:
346:
345:New York City
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179:
176:is a natural
175:
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120:
117:
113:
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103:
99:
96:
92:
89: –
88:
87:"Cobblestone"
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2164:Traffic cone
2154:Rumble strip
2055:Truck bypass
2010:Shared space
1970:Passing lane
1955:Managed lane
1912:Bicycle lane
1794:Washboarding
1789:Traffic sign
1714:Hairpin turn
1527:
1483:Texas U-turn
1413:Box junction
1307:Interchanges
1251:Route number
1159:Country lane
901:Bike freeway
816:. Retrieved
803:
791:. Retrieved
778:
766:. Retrieved
753:
741:. Retrieved
737:
728:
719:
713:
701:. Retrieved
697:
685:
676:
671:23 September
669:. Retrieved
665:the original
658:
630:
625:
602:
591:
532:
517:
493:
480:Finger Lakes
477:
439:
415:Old San Juan
395:Buenos Aires
392:
377:
333:Philadelphia
330:
321:
293:
272:
265:
215:
194:
173:
171:
149:
134:
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
18:Cobblestones
2202:Performance
2134:Kassel kerb
2091:Botts' dots
2079:Demarcation
1779:Storm drain
1744:Road debris
1669:Aquaplaning
1662:environment
1650:Road safety
1528:Cobblestone
1478:Superstreet
1283:Winter road
1231:Concurrency
1224:Other terms
1215:Sunken lane
1184:Main street
1129:Local roads
528:Netherlands
427:Philippines
419:Puerto Rico
373:New Orleans
260:Isola Bella
216:During the
174:Cobblestone
2264:Categories
2204:indicators
2173:Structures
2124:Guard rail
2000:Road verge
1873:Seat belts
1809:Snowsquall
1774:Speed bump
1754:Road train
1575:Glassphalt
1515:Bioasphalt
1488:Turnaround
1463:Roundabout
1393:(at-grade)
1359:Roundabout
1324:Cloverleaf
1179:Green lane
1115:Trunk road
1043:Main roads
926:By country
743:30 January
619:required.)
583:References
520:accessible
450:limestones
431:Montevideo
407:Guanajuato
369:Charleston
357:New Castle
341:Pittsburgh
275:). In the
230:dirt roads
98:newspapers
39:shoemaking
2290:Pavements
1995:Road diet
1897:Space and
1842:Road rage
1729:Oil spill
1689:Crosswind
1679:Black ice
1674:Avalanche
1600:Permeable
1433:Jughandle
1428:Hook turn
1334:Free-flow
1278:Toll road
1197:Side road
1154:Boulevard
1110:Super two
1105:Ring road
1080:Link road
979:Hong Kong
934:Australia
876:hierarchy
818:11 August
813:Next City
793:11 August
768:11 August
562:Flagstone
403:Zacatecas
399:Argentina
365:Baltimore
318:Use today
210:cabriolet
180:based on
43:bricolage
2183:Causeway
2020:Shoulder
1856:Vehicles
1804:Whiteout
1764:Rockfall
1759:Roadkill
1684:Bleeding
1660:Road and
1620:Sealcoat
1545:Corduroy
1533:Concrete
1523:Chipseal
1502:Surfaces
1354:Raindrop
1169:Driveway
1164:Dead end
1144:Backroad
1095:2+2 road
1090:2+1 road
1014:Portugal
1004:Pakistan
703:23 April
598:"cobble"
550:See also
273:causeway
238:carriage
160:, Italy.
2086:Bollard
2070:Woonerf
1799:Washout
1739:Pothole
1652:factors
1640:Texture
1610:Plastic
1590:Macadam
1379:Trumpet
1329:Diamond
1100:Parkway
1075:Highway
989:Ireland
969:Germany
959:Croatia
939:Belgium
526:in the
489:Ontario
478:In the
454:Bohemia
446:marbles
440:In the
435:Uruguay
349:Chicago
300:macadam
112:scholar
2179:Bridge
1863:Airbag
1635:Tarmac
1580:Gravel
1408:Bowtie
1349:Parclo
1273:Stroad
1236:Detour
1211:Street
1139:Avenue
1024:Taiwan
1009:Poland
974:Greece
949:Canada
944:Brazil
637:
556:Calade
429:; and
411:Mexico
384:Canada
371:, and
337:Boston
312:Europe
304:tarmac
288:Kaunas
248:hooves
241:wheels
222:mortar
182:cobble
114:
107:
100:
93:
85:
1605:Plank
1519:Brick
1369:Stack
1135:Alley
1019:Spain
999:Nepal
994:Italy
984:India
954:China
613:
524:Breda
485:Paris
423:Vigan
409:, in
296:setts
269:Scots
245:horse
190:Setts
158:Imola
119:JSTOR
105:books
2115:Curb
1946:Lane
1709:Ford
1625:Sett
1565:Dirt
1193:Road
873:Road
820:2024
795:2024
770:2024
745:2020
705:2011
673:2009
635:ISBN
533:The
448:and
405:and
226:ruts
91:news
1769:Rut
1704:Fog
1585:Ice
539:ADA
74:by
2266::
811:.
786:.
761:.
736:.
696:.
675:.
657:.
645:^
601:.
487:,
433:,
425:,
421:;
417:,
413:;
401:;
397:,
390:.
382:,
367:,
363:,
359:,
355:,
351:,
347:,
343:,
339:,
335:,
243:,
208:A
1315:)
1311:(
865:e
858:t
851:v
822:.
797:.
772:.
747:.
722:.
707:.
611:.
502:.
290:.
141:)
135:(
130:)
126:(
116:·
109:·
102:·
95:·
68:.
45:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
