123:
504:. Foregut fermenters use bacteria to detoxify plant compounds before reaching the intestine, where toxins can be absorbed. Foregut fermentation is also associated with higher protein extraction and efficient digestion of fiber; it is the dominant form of digestions in diverse herbivore taxa, including most Artiodactyla (e.g., deer, cattle, antelope), sloths, and kangaroos. In contrast, lower diversity howler monkeys in the New World rely on hindgut fermentation – occurring lower in the colon or cecum – much like horses and elephants. Unlike the other subfamily of Old World monkeys, the
447:
527:, found in Asia. Based on fossil records, the tribes split between 10 and 13 million years ago. The Colobini tribe contains three genera, black-and-white colobuses, red colobuses, and the olive colobus, all of whom are found in Africa. The Asian Presbytini comprises seven genera split into two clades, the odd-nosed group and the langur group. The discordant gene tree topologies and divergence age estimates suggest that hybridization, particularly involving female introgression from
144:
4817:
5539:
3021:
3977:
437:
confirms the Asian species form two distinct groups, one of langurs and the other of the "odd-nosed" species, but are inconsistent as to the relationships of the gray langurs; some studies suggest that the gray langurs are not closely related to either of these groups, while others place them firmly
500:, though their diet may be supplemented with flowers, fruits and the occasional insect. To aid in digestion, particularly of hard-to-digest leaves, they have multichambered, complex stomachs, making them the only primates with
1196:
Roos, Christian, et al. “Nuclear Versus
Mitochondrial DNA: Evidence for Hybridization in Colobine Monkeys.” BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 11, no. 1, 2011, pp. 77–77,
1013:
550:
The earliest remains of
Colobinae are known from the Tugen Hills of Kenya, dating to 12.5 million years ago. The earliest fossils of the genus in Eurasia are those of
511:
Gestation averages six to seven months. Young are weaned at about one year and are mature at three to six years. Their life expectancy is approximately 20 years.
5684:
939:"Effect of dietary fiber concentration on apparent digestibility and digesta passage in non-human primates. II. Hindgut- and foregut-fermenting folivores"
1224:
877:"Phylogenetic position of the langur genera Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus among Asian colobines, and genus affiliations of their species groups"
5761:
5658:
1073:
Perelman, Polina; Johnson, Warren E.; Roos, Christian; Seuánez, Hector N.; Horvath, Julie E.; Moreira, Miguel A. M.; et al. (17 March 2011).
1183:
1145:
989:
795:
547:, played a prominent role in shaping the phylogenetic relationships of African and Asian colobine monkeys during their evolutionary history.
1124:
Frost, Stephen R.; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Nakatsukasa, Masato (2022-02-28), Matsuda, Ikki; Grueter, Cyril C.; Teichroeb, Julie A. (eds.),
2316:
1202:
2189:
955:
938:
5766:
5676:
787:
5663:
1125:
1925:
1390:
1217:
122:
5756:
5671:
3729:
1979:
1619:
411:
monkeys into two tribes, while others split them into three groups. Both classifications put the three
African genera
1970:
769:
2284:
143:
5689:
4816:
2216:
1961:
1507:
470:) and diverse colorations. The coloring of nearly all young animals differs remarkably from that of the adults.
2309:
2207:
2180:
1893:
1740:
1628:
1525:
1210:
1036:
1480:
1417:
5538:
4574:
4392:
3799:
1776:
1767:
1471:
1408:
1296:
585:
413:
396:
258:
31:
5559:
3853:
3557:
2938:
2198:
1934:
1821:
1812:
1462:
446:
1839:
5723:
5710:
4639:
4323:
4265:
4203:
2051:
1943:
1498:
3020:
5632:
5606:
5043:
4737:
4230:
4196:
4132:
3873:
3621:
3359:
3236:
3184:
2087:
2006:
1997:
1884:
1453:
1444:
1426:
1399:
1045:
501:
4754:
4362:
3976:
3304:
2948:
2838:
2706:
2572:
2436:
825:
5316:
4697:
4412:
4258:
4244:
4075:
3894:
3839:
3250:
3214:
3094:
2829:
2699:
2650:
2530:
2302:
1866:
1713:
1646:
1601:
1489:
1435:
1381:
824:
Sterner, Kirstin N.; Raaum, Ryan L.; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Stewart, Caro-Beth; Disotell, Todd R. (2006).
4619:
4347:
3577:
3406:
2975:
2958:
2734:
2586:
2579:
2558:
2459:
5751:
4959:
4524:
4149:
4139:
4089:
3769:
3685:
3331:
2931:
2845:
2685:
2664:
2544:
2537:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2466:
2452:
2139:
2060:
1637:
1516:
1007:
478:
138:
5715:
4251:
3631:
3523:
3416:
3243:
2713:
2692:
2678:
2621:
2614:
2523:
2042:
2024:
1175:
781:
5728:
4237:
3396:
2804:
2790:
2741:
2657:
2640:
2593:
2551:
2480:
2445:
5697:
5619:
4538:
4514:
4187:
3499:
2811:
2776:
2720:
2628:
2607:
2565:
2425:
2264:
2255:
2163:
2148:
1758:
1731:
1695:
1686:
1610:
1592:
1179:
1141:
1106:
995:
985:
960:
916:
898:
848:
801:
791:
693:
675:
467:
434:
312:
300:
3170:
3084:
2852:
2818:
2783:
2755:
2727:
433:= "docked"). The various Asian genera are placed into another one or two groups. Analysis of
5702:
5446:
5090:
4983:
4666:
4449:
4385:
4355:
4292:
3379:
3295:
3229:
3140:
2797:
2748:
2240:
2231:
2130:
2033:
1234:
1133:
1096:
1086:
1053:
950:
906:
888:
840:
726:
684:
615:
561:
400:
384:
380:
319:
306:
240:
225:
5369:
5338:
5330:
5214:
5114:
4969:
4939:
4556:
4402:
4339:
4169:
4119:
4105:
4098:
4052:
3846:
3641:
3311:
3264:
3198:
2513:
2069:
1722:
1349:
567:
505:
493:), but not in deserts and other dry areas. They live in groups, but in social forms vary.
326:
5597:
1049:
5495:
5456:
5387:
5244:
5234:
5204:
5181:
5171:
5161:
5073:
5022:
5007:
4992:
4929:
4908:
4898:
4565:
4545:
4160:
3887:
3864:
3322:
2078:
1988:
1952:
1875:
1704:
1670:
1655:
1340:
1322:
1168:
1101:
1074:
911:
876:
738:
634:
276:
5745:
5474:
5309:
5300:
5029:
4999:
4949:
4919:
4761:
4727:
4659:
4581:
4531:
4490:
4469:
4068:
4028:
3749:
3712:
3668:
3661:
3611:
3587:
3207:
3130:
2897:
1857:
1848:
1803:
1575:
1549:
1540:
1313:
777:
603:
429:
in one group; these genera are distinct in that they have stub thumbs (Greek κολοβός
425:
354:
270:
80:
5506:
5435:
5346:
5323:
5271:
5254:
5224:
5066:
5014:
4868:
4649:
4602:
4507:
4442:
4432:
4422:
4332:
4214:
4176:
4061:
3908:
3901:
3809:
3547:
3533:
3466:
3345:
3115:
3073:
2871:
2410:
2015:
1331:
765:
705:
552:
361:
340:
333:
5611:
5624:
1091:
5645:
5591:
5412:
4595:
4476:
4459:
4223:
3829:
3739:
3604:
3567:
3487:
3426:
3147:
2600:
1785:
1364:
844:
730:
652:
594:
419:
404:
347:
288:
264:
130:
55:
4888:
4680:
4007:
3994:
3944:
3880:
3819:
3722:
3705:
3597:
3540:
3513:
3476:
3446:
3436:
3161:
2887:
2769:
2473:
2418:
2370:
2325:
1278:
1137:
1058:
1031:
999:
624:
524:
482:
455:
205:
100:
65:
5582:
964:
902:
5357:
5287:
5261:
5130:
5080:
4717:
4707:
4630:
4483:
4272:
4038:
3792:
3695:
2909:
2671:
2387:
1908:
805:
481:
life. They are found in many different habitats of different climate zones (
155:
105:
49:
1110:
920:
893:
852:
1197:
5576:
5423:
5399:
5192:
5151:
5097:
5036:
4609:
3759:
3652:
3352:
3277:
3177:
2762:
2402:
2343:
1260:
578:
520:
497:
490:
486:
474:
451:
175:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
17:
1032:"Summary of phylogeny in subfamily Colobinae (Primate: Cercopithecidae)"
5484:
5377:
5104:
4744:
4673:
3925:
3918:
3780:
3675:
3457:
3338:
3284:
3104:
2965:
2922:
2355:
1272:
463:
388:
195:
110:
85:
5650:
979:
956:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:6<537::AID-ZOO8>3.0.CO;2-F
5054:
4878:
4687:
4588:
4309:
3506:
3222:
3052:
3039:
2991:
2349:
2337:
1266:
1254:
643:
282:
215:
185:
165:
5553:
978:
Feldhamer, George A.; Lee C. Drickamer; Stephen H. Vessey (2007).
392:
249:
5637:
783:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
5464:
4497:
2113:
666:
294:
5557:
4832:
3992:
3037:
2368:
2298:
1206:
4847:
4834:
4784:
2294:
729:
are known to occur within the subfamily
Colobinae. In India,
1132:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 13–31,
875:
Osterholz, Martin; Walter, Lutz; Roos, Christian (2008).
556:
found in Greece, dating to around 8.2 million years ago.
826:"Mitochondrial data support an odd-nosed colobine clade"
5502:
5491:
5480:
5470:
5452:
5442:
5431:
5383:
5365:
5297:
5267:
5250:
5240:
5230:
5220:
5210:
5200:
5177:
5167:
5157:
5147:
5110:
5086:
5062:
4980:
4965:
4955:
4945:
4935:
4925:
4915:
4904:
4894:
4884:
4874:
4864:
4750:
4733:
4723:
4713:
4703:
4693:
4655:
4645:
4615:
4520:
4503:
4465:
4455:
4438:
4428:
4418:
4408:
4398:
4381:
4320:
4305:
4145:
4116:
4086:
4049:
4034:
4024:
3914:
3835:
3825:
3815:
3805:
3788:
3765:
3755:
3745:
3735:
3718:
3701:
3691:
3681:
3637:
3627:
3617:
3593:
3583:
3573:
3563:
3553:
3529:
3519:
3495:
3472:
3442:
3432:
3422:
3412:
3402:
3392:
3261:
3195:
3158:
3127:
3111:
3100:
3090:
3080:
3069:
2971:
2954:
2944:
2904:
2893:
2883:
2383:
700:
610:
5566:
5422:
5398:
5356:
5296:
5285:
5191:
5128:
5053:
4979:
4845:
4783:
4629:
4564:
4555:
4372:
4319:
4290:
4213:
4186:
4159:
4115:
4085:
4048:
4005:
3943:
3863:
3779:
3651:
3486:
3456:
3377:
3321:
3294:
3260:
3194:
3157:
3126:
3050:
2990:
2921:
2870:
2828:
2638:
2511:
2435:
2381:
2253:
2229:
2161:
2111:
2104:
1906:
1668:
1573:
1566:
1538:
1362:
1294:
1287:
1167:
981:Mammalogy : Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology
870:
868:
1025:
1023:
2310:
1218:
819:
817:
815:
30:"Langur" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1012:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
937:Edwards, Mark S.; Ullrey, Duane E. (1999).
5554:
5404:
5293:
5140:
5136:
4857:
4853:
4842:
4829:
4780:
4561:
4298:
4124:
4017:
4013:
4002:
3989:
3940:
3385:
3269:
3062:
3058:
3047:
3034:
2876:
2867:
2394:
2378:
2365:
2317:
2303:
2295:
2108:
1570:
1291:
1225:
1211:
1203:
1170:The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates
1075:"A Molecular Phylogeny of Living Primates"
121:
38:
1100:
1090:
1057:
954:
910:
892:
445:
1198:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-77
754:
1005:
760:
758:
833:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
508:, they do not possess cheek pouches.
7:
932:
930:
519:Colobinae is split into two tribes:
45:Temporal range: Late Miocene-recent
2190:Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (
737:spp.) are known to hybridize with
25:
589:- black-and-white colobus monkeys
407:. Some classifications split the
5537:
4815:
3975:
3019:
466:with long tails (except for the
142:
1926:Black-crested Sumatran langur (
984:. JHU Press. pp. 128–130.
5762:Taxa named by Thomas C. Jerdon
788:Johns Hopkins University Press
27:Subfamily of Old World monkeys
1:
1980:East Sumatran banded langur (
1620:Northern plains gray langur (
1391:Miss Waldron's red colobus (
1126:"The Colobine Fossil Record"
1092:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342
780:; Reeder, D. M (eds.).
539:and male introgression from
515:Classification and evolution
477:, although some live a more
2217:Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (
1174:. Pogonias Press. pp.
845:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.017
629:Langur (leaf monkey) group
462:Colobines are medium-sized
5783:
2208:Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (
2181:Golden snub-nosed monkey (
1971:Robinson's banded langur (
1894:Indochinese black langur (
1741:Selangor silvered langur (
1629:Black-footed gray langur (
1526:Ulindi River red colobus (
887:(1). Springer Nature: 58.
29:
5534:
5407:
5143:
5139:
4860:
4856:
4841:
4828:
4813:
4779:
4301:
4127:
4020:
4016:
4001:
3988:
3973:
3939:
3388:
3272:
3065:
3061:
3046:
3033:
3016:
2879:
2866:
2397:
2377:
2364:
2332:
2281:
1768:Indochinese grey langur (
1472:Niger Delta red colobus (
1249:
1233:Extant species of family
1138:10.1017/9781108347150.004
1059:10.1007/s11434-012-5624-y
438:within the langur group.
255:
248:
139:Scientific classification
137:
129:
120:
41:
2199:Gray snub-nosed monkey (
1962:Raffles' banded langur (
1935:Black-and-white langur (
1508:Oustalet's red colobus (
1463:Tana River red colobus (
1304:(Black and white colobi)
1037:Chinese Science Bulletin
881:BMC Evolutionary Biology
489:, mountain forests, and
387:family that includes 61
2052:Sabah grizzled langur (
1944:Black Sumatran langur (
1481:Bouvier's red colobus (
1418:Thollon's red colobus (
1030:XiaoPing, Wang (2013).
523:, found in Africa, and
397:black-and-white colobus
32:Langur (disambiguation)
5767:Taxa described in 1867
2088:Natuna Island surili (
2007:White-fronted surili (
1998:White-thighed surili (
1777:Phayre's leaf monkey (
1454:Zanzibar red colobus (
1445:Udzungwa red colobus (
1409:Preuss's red colobus (
1178:, 143, 154, 185, 223.
894:10.1186/1471-2148-8-58
459:
133:in Maharashtra, India
5724:Paleobiology Database
5711:Paleobiology Database
1867:White-headed langur (
1822:Gee's golden langur (
1813:Shortridge's langur (
1647:Purple-faced langur (
1602:Kashmir gray langur (
1490:Semliki red colobus (
1436:Ugandan red colobus (
1382:Western red colobus (
743:Trachypithecus johnii
598:- red colobus monkeys
450:Colobines are mainly
449:
2171:(Snub-nosed monkeys)
2140:Black-shanked douc (
2061:Maroon leaf monkey (
1638:Tufted gray langur (
1517:Lomami red colobus (
1499:Lang's red colobus (
790:. pp. 167–178.
679:- snub-nosed monkeys
502:foregut fermentation
4698:Paradolichopithecus
2265:Pig-tailed langur (
2149:Gray-shanked douc (
1885:Delacour's langur (
1759:Dusky leaf monkey (
1732:Tenasserim lutung (
1696:West Javan langur (
1687:East Javan langur (
1611:Tarai gray langur (
1593:Nepal gray langur (
1427:Foa's red colobus (
1400:Pennant's colobus (
1237:(Old World monkeys)
1050:2013ChSBu..58.2097W
697:- pig-tailed langur
573:Subfamily Colobinae
377:leaf-eating monkeys
5757:Mammal subfamilies
4324:Victoriapithecidae
4266:Plesiopliopithecus
4204:Platodontopithecus
2241:Proboscis monkey (
2131:Red-shanked douc (
1840:François' langur (
1714:Germain's langur (
778:Wilson, D. E.
766:Groves, C. P.
688:- proboscis monkey
460:
399:, the large-nosed
5739:
5738:
5698:Open Tree of Life
5560:Taxon identifiers
5551:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5281:
5280:
5124:
5123:
4824:
4823:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4188:Dionysopithecidae
4090:Propliopithecidae
3984:
3983:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3935:
3934:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3029:
3028:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
2986:
2985:
2862:
2861:
2292:
2291:
2277:
2276:
2174:
2124:
2100:
2099:
2070:Mentawai langur (
2043:Miller's langur (
2025:Thomas's langur (
1919:
1723:Annamese langur (
1586:
1562:
1561:
1375:
1350:Mantled guereza (
1307:
1238:
1185:978-0-9648825-0-8
1166:Rowe, N. (1996).
1147:978-1-108-34715-0
1044:(18): 2097–2103.
991:978-1-4214-3652-4
797:978-0-8018-8221-0
473:Most species are
468:pig-tailed langur
369:
368:
244:
16:(Redirected from
5774:
5732:
5731:
5719:
5718:
5706:
5705:
5693:
5692:
5680:
5679:
5667:
5666:
5654:
5653:
5641:
5640:
5628:
5627:
5615:
5614:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5555:
5542:
5541:
5504:
5493:
5482:
5472:
5454:
5447:Australopithecus
5444:
5433:
5405:
5385:
5367:
5299:
5294:
5269:
5252:
5242:
5232:
5222:
5212:
5202:
5179:
5169:
5159:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5112:
5088:
5064:
4984:Dendropithecidae
4982:
4967:
4957:
4947:
4937:
4927:
4917:
4906:
4896:
4886:
4876:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4843:
4830:
4819:
4781:
4752:
4735:
4725:
4715:
4705:
4695:
4657:
4647:
4617:
4562:
4522:
4505:
4467:
4457:
4440:
4430:
4420:
4410:
4400:
4386:Cercopithecoides
4383:
4356:Victoriapithecus
4322:
4307:
4299:
4293:Cercopithecoidea
4147:
4125:
4118:
4088:
4051:
4036:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4003:
3990:
3979:
3941:
3916:
3837:
3827:
3817:
3807:
3790:
3767:
3757:
3747:
3737:
3720:
3703:
3693:
3683:
3639:
3629:
3619:
3595:
3585:
3575:
3565:
3555:
3531:
3521:
3497:
3474:
3444:
3434:
3424:
3414:
3404:
3394:
3386:
3296:Proteopithecidae
3270:
3263:
3197:
3160:
3129:
3113:
3102:
3092:
3082:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3048:
3035:
3024:
3023:
2973:
2956:
2946:
2906:
2895:
2885:
2877:
2868:
2395:
2385:
2379:
2366:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2296:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2079:Siberut langur (
1989:Sarawak surili (
1953:Mitered langur (
1918:
1917:
1913:
1876:Laotian langur (
1869:T. leucocephalus
1860:T. poliocephalus
1743:T. selangorensis
1705:Silvery lutung (
1656:Nilgiri langur (
1585:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1341:Ursine colobus (
1323:Angola colobus (
1306:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1236:
1235:Cercopithecidae
1227:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1190:
1189:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1003:
975:
969:
968:
958:
934:
925:
924:
914:
896:
872:
863:
862:
860:
859:
830:
821:
810:
809:
786:(3rd ed.).
762:
702:
661:Odd-nosed group
616:Cercopithecoides
612:
401:proboscis monkey
395:, including the
385:Old World monkey
320:Cercopithecoides
239:
147:
146:
125:
115:
52:
42:Colobine monkeys
39:
21:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5727:
5722:
5714:
5709:
5701:
5696:
5688:
5683:
5675:
5670:
5662:
5657:
5649:
5644:
5636:
5631:
5623:
5618:
5610:
5605:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5562:
5552:
5543:
5536:
5512:
5418:
5394:
5370:Chororapithecus
5352:
5339:Pierolapithecus
5331:Hispanopithecus
5290:
5277:
5215:Gigantopithecus
5187:
5133:
5120:
5115:Yuanmoupithecus
5049:
5044:Turkanapithecus
4975:
4970:Samburupithecus
4940:Nacholapithecus
4850:
4837:
4820:
4799:
4767:
4738:Procynocephalus
4625:
4557:Cercopithecinae
4551:
4403:Dolichopithecus
4368:
4340:Nsungwepithecus
4315:
4295:
4278:
4231:Barberapithecus
4209:
4197:Dionysopithecus
4182:
4170:Epipliopithecus
4155:
4133:Krishnapithecus
4120:Pliopithecoidea
4111:
4106:Propliopithecus
4099:Aegyptopithecus
4081:
4053:Oligopithecidae
4044:
4010:
3997:
3980:
3959:
3931:
3859:
3775:
3647:
3622:Proteropithecia
3482:
3452:
3382:
3365:
3360:Ucayalipithecus
3317:
3290:
3265:Parapithecoidea
3256:
3237:Myanmarpithecus
3199:Amphipithecidae
3190:
3185:Phenacopithecus
3153:
3122:
3055:
3042:
3025:
3018:
3006:
2982:
2917:
2858:
2824:
2634:
2514:Anaptomorphinae
2507:
2431:
2391:
2373:
2360:
2328:
2323:
2293:
2288:
2273:
2249:
2225:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2105:Odd-nosed group
2096:
2034:Hose's langur (
1915:
1914:
1912:
1902:
1858:Cat Ba langur (
1849:Hatinh langur (
1804:Capped langur (
1664:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1558:
1550:Olive colobus (
1534:
1492:P. semlikiensis
1465:P. rufomitratus
1438:P. tephrosceles
1371:
1370:
1368:
1358:
1314:Black colobus (
1303:
1302:
1300:
1283:
1245:
1231:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1085:(3): e1001342.
1072:
1071:
1067:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1004:
992:
977:
976:
972:
936:
935:
928:
874:
873:
866:
857:
855:
828:
823:
822:
813:
798:
764:
763:
756:
751:
739:Nilgiri langurs
723:
607:- olive colobus
568:Cercopithecinae
562:Cercopithecidae
517:
506:Cercopithecinae
444:
442:Characteristics
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
327:Dolichopithecus
323:
316:
310:
304:
298:
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
238:
226:Cercopithecidae
141:
116:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5780:
5778:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5744:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5720:
5707:
5694:
5681:
5668:
5655:
5642:
5629:
5616:
5603:
5588:
5572:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5500:
5496:Sahelanthropus
5489:
5478:
5468:
5461:
5457:Graecopithecus
5450:
5440:
5428:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5388:Nakalipithecus
5381:
5374:
5362:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5305:
5303:
5291:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5258:
5248:
5245:Lufengpithecus
5238:
5235:Khoratpithecus
5228:
5218:
5208:
5205:Ankarapithecus
5197:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5182:Ouranopithecus
5175:
5172:Nakalipithecus
5165:
5162:Graecopithecus
5155:
5144:
5134:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5023:Rangwapithecus
5019:
5011:
5008:Nyanzapithecus
5004:
4996:
4993:Dendropithecus
4988:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4963:
4953:
4943:
4933:
4930:Morotopithecus
4923:
4913:
4909:Kamoyapithecus
4902:
4899:Griphopithecus
4892:
4882:
4872:
4861:
4851:
4846:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4755:Soromandrillus
4748:
4741:
4731:
4721:
4711:
4701:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4653:
4643:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4575:Allenopithecus
4570:
4568:
4566:Cercopithecini
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4546:Trachypithecus
4542:
4535:
4528:
4518:
4511:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4446:
4436:
4426:
4416:
4406:
4396:
4389:
4378:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4363:Zaltanpithecus
4359:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4326:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4302:
4296:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4192:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4163:
4161:Pliopithecidae
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4122:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4021:
4011:
4006:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3912:
3905:
3902:Leontopithecus
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3867:
3865:Callitrichidae
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3833:
3823:
3813:
3803:
3796:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3753:
3743:
3733:
3726:
3716:
3709:
3699:
3689:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3625:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3591:
3581:
3571:
3561:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3527:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3430:
3420:
3410:
3400:
3389:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3325:
3323:Parapithecidae
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3305:Proteopithecus
3300:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3273:
3267:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3109:
3098:
3088:
3078:
3066:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2962:
2952:
2949:Hesperotarsius
2942:
2935:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2902:
2891:
2880:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2707:Gunnelltarsius
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2573:Pseudotetonius
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2439:
2437:Microchoerinae
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2382:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2016:Javan surili (
2013:
2004:
1995:
1991:P. chrysomelas
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1851:T. hatinhensis
1846:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1815:T. shortridgei
1810:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1770:T. crepusculus
1765:
1748:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1676:
1674:
1671:Trachypithecus
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1595:S. schistaceus
1589:
1587:
1583:(Gray langurs)
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1519:P. parmentieri
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1332:King colobus (
1329:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1158:
1146:
1116:
1065:
1019:
990:
970:
949:(6): 537–549.
926:
864:
811:
796:
753:
752:
750:
747:
722:
719:
718:
717:
716:
715:
714:
713:
712:
711:
710:
709:
698:
689:
680:
671:
659:
658:
657:
656:- gray langurs
648:
639:
635:Trachypithecus
621:
620:
619:
608:
599:
590:
570:
545:Trachypithecus
516:
513:
496:Colobines are
443:
440:
367:
366:
277:Trachypithecus
253:
252:
246:
245:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5779:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5540:
5509:
5508:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5475:Kenyanthropus
5469:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5390:
5389:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5310:Anoiapithecus
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5301:Dryopithecini
5295:
5292:
5289:
5284:
5274:
5273:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5127:
5117:
5116:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5030:Rukwapithecus
5027:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:
5000:Micropithecus
4997:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4950:Otavipithecus
4944:
4942:
4941:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4920:Kenyapithecus
4914:
4911:
4910:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4818:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4764:
4763:
4762:Theropithecus
4759:
4757:
4756:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4728:Procercocebus
4722:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4660:Gorgopithecus
4654:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4589:Cercopithecus
4586:
4584:
4583:
4582:Allochrocebus
4579:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4532:Semnopithecus
4529:
4527:
4526:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4515:Rhinopithecus
4512:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4470:Parapresbytis
4464:
4462:
4461:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4413:Kuseracolobus
4407:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4259:Laccopithecus
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4245:Egarapithecus
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4076:Talahpithecus
4073:
4071:
4070:
4069:Oligopithecus
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4029:Micropithecus
4023:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3978:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:Protopithecus
3744:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3612:Plecturocebus
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3588:Miocallicebus
3582:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3251:Siamopithecus
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:Bugtipithecus
3212:
3210:
3209:
3208:Amphipithecus
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:Afrotarsiidae
3125:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:Aseanpithecus
3089:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2939:Cephalopachus
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:Afrotarsiidae
2892:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2830:Tarkadectinae
2827:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2700:Ekwiiyemakius
2697:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2651:Ageitodendron
2648:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:Anaptomorphus
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2166:
2165:
2164:Rhinopithecus
2160:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2072:P. potenziani
2068:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1928:P. melalophos
1924:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:Popa langur (
1784:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1631:S. hypoleucos
1627:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1576:Semnopithecus
1572:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1528:P. lulindicus
1524:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1447:P. gordonorum
1443:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1343:C. vellerosus
1339:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1325:C. angolensis
1321:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1288:African group
1286:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:The Colobines
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:PLOS Genetics
1076:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1001:
997:
993:
987:
983:
982:
974:
971:
966:
962:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
931:
927:
922:
918:
913:
908:
904:
900:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
869:
865:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:
820:
818:
816:
812:
807:
803:
799:
793:
789:
785:
784:
779:
775:
773:
767:
761:
759:
755:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
735:Semnopithecus
732:
728:
725:Intergeneric
720:
708:
707:
699:
696:
695:
690:
687:
686:
681:
678:
677:
676:Rhinopithecus
672:
669:
668:
663:
662:
660:
655:
654:
653:Semnopithecus
649:
646:
645:
640:
637:
636:
631:
630:
628:
627:
626:
622:
618:
617:
609:
606:
605:
600:
597:
596:
591:
588:
587:
582:
581:
580:
576:
575:
574:
571:
569:
565:
564:
563:
559:
558:
557:
555:
554:
548:
546:
542:
541:Semnopithecus
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
514:
512:
509:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
457:
453:
448:
441:
439:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
421:
416:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
365:
364:
363:
357:
356:
355:Parapresbytis
350:
349:
343:
342:
336:
335:
329:
328:
322:
321:
315:
314:
309:
308:
303:
302:
301:Rhinopithecus
297:
296:
291:
290:
289:Semnopithecus
285:
284:
279:
278:
273:
272:
267:
266:
261:
260:
254:
251:
247:
242:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5567:
5507:Paranthropus
5505:
5494:
5483:
5473:
5463:
5455:
5445:
5436:Ardipithecus
5434:
5411:
5386:
5376:
5368:
5347:Rudapithecus
5345:
5337:
5329:
5324:Dryopithecus
5322:
5315:
5308:
5272:Sivapithecus
5270:
5260:
5255:Meganthropus
5253:
5243:
5233:
5225:Indopithecus
5223:
5213:
5203:
5180:
5170:
5160:
5150:
5113:
5105:Symphalangus
5103:
5096:
5089:
5079:
5072:
5067:Bunopithecus
5065:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5015:Oreopithecus
5013:
5006:
4998:
4991:
4968:
4958:
4948:
4938:
4928:
4918:
4907:
4897:
4887:
4877:
4869:Afropithecus
4867:
4760:
4753:
4743:
4736:
4726:
4716:
4706:
4696:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4650:Dinopithecus
4648:
4638:
4620:Nanopithecus
4618:
4608:
4603:Erythrocebus
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4513:
4508:Rhinocolobus
4506:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4477:Piliocolobus
4475:
4468:
4458:
4448:
4443:Microcolobus
4441:
4433:Mesopithecus
4431:
4423:Libypithecus
4421:
4411:
4401:
4391:
4384:
4373:
4361:
4354:
4348:Prohylobates
4346:
4338:
4333:Noropithecus
4331:
4308:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:Crouzeliidae
4202:
4195:
4177:Pliopithecus
4175:
4168:
4148:
4138:
4131:
4104:
4097:
4074:
4067:
4062:Catopithecus
4060:
4037:
4027:
3924:
3917:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3828:
3818:
3810:Dolichocebus
3808:
3798:
3791:
3768:
3758:
3748:
3738:
3728:
3721:
3711:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3640:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3586:
3578:Mazzonicebus
3576:
3566:
3556:
3546:
3539:
3534:Cebupithecia
3532:
3522:
3512:
3505:
3500:Antillothrix
3498:
3475:
3465:
3445:
3435:
3425:
3415:
3407:Perupithecus
3405:
3395:
3358:
3351:
3346:Parapithecus
3344:
3337:
3330:
3310:
3303:
3283:
3276:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3206:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3146:
3139:
3116:Phileosimias
3114:
3103:
3093:
3083:
3074:Altiatlasius
3072:
2976:Xanthorhysis
2974:
2964:
2959:Oligotarsius
2957:
2947:
2937:
2930:
2907:
2896:
2886:
2872:Tarsiiformes
2851:
2844:
2837:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2735:Macrotarsius
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2587:Strigorhysis
2585:
2580:Sphacorhysis
2578:
2571:
2564:
2559:Chlororhysis
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2460:Microchoerus
2458:
2451:
2444:
2424:
2417:
2411:Altiatlasius
2409:
2401:
2283:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2218:
2210:R. avunculus
2209:
2200:
2191:
2183:R. roxellana
2182:
2162:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2112:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2063:P. rubicunda
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
2000:P. siamensis
1999:
1990:
1981:
1973:P. robinsoni
1972:
1964:P. femoralis
1963:
1954:
1946:P. sumatrana
1945:
1936:
1927:
1907:
1895:
1887:T. delacouri
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1842:T. francoisi
1841:
1834:T. francoisi
1833:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1725:T. margarita
1724:
1715:
1707:T. cristatus
1706:
1698:T. mauritius
1697:
1688:
1681:T. cristatus
1680:
1679:
1669:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1574:
1567:Langur group
1551:
1539:
1527:
1518:
1510:P. oustaleti
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1402:P. pennantii
1401:
1393:P. waldronae
1392:
1383:
1372:(Red colobi)
1365:Piliocolobus
1363:
1351:
1342:
1334:C. polykomos
1333:
1324:
1315:
1295:
1241:
1195:
1169:
1161:
1151:, retrieved
1129:
1119:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1041:
1035:
980:
973:
946:
942:
884:
880:
856:. Retrieved
836:
832:
782:
771:
742:
734:
731:gray langurs
724:
706:Mesopithecus
704:
692:
683:
674:
665:
651:
642:
633:
614:
602:
595:Piliocolobus
593:
584:
572:
553:Mesopithecus
551:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:Piliocolobus
528:
518:
510:
495:
472:
461:
430:
424:
420:Piliocolobus
418:
412:
408:
405:gray langurs
376:
372:
370:
362:Rhinocolobus
360:
353:
346:
341:Microcolobus
339:
334:Mesopithecus
332:
325:
318:
311:
305:
299:
293:
287:
281:
275:
269:
265:Piliocolobus
263:
257:
256:
235:
212:Infraorder:
48:12.5–0
36:
5646:iNaturalist
5592:Wikispecies
5055:Hylobatidae
4745:Rungwecebus
4610:Miopithecus
4596:Chlorocebus
4525:Sawecolobus
4460:Paracolobus
4224:Anapithecus
4140:Paidopithex
3895:Leontocebus
3830:Panamacebus
3740:Paralouatta
3676:Brachyteles
3568:Insulacebus
3488:Pitheciidae
3427:Canaanimico
3380:Platyrrhini
3332:Abuqatrania
3148:Afrotarsius
3053:Simiiformes
3040:Simiiformes
2992:Simiiformes
2846:Tarkadectes
2686:Diablomomys
2665:Brontomomys
2601:Teilhardina
2545:Arapahovius
2538:Anemorhysis
2502:Vectipithex
2495:Quercyloris
2488:Pseudoloris
2467:Nannopithex
2453:Melaneremia
2267:S. concolor
2243:N. larvatus
2219:R. strykeri
2201:R. brelichi
2142:P. nigripes
2045:P. canicrus
2009:P. frontata
1806:T. pileatus
1798:T. pileatus
1761:T. obscurus
1753:T. obscurus
1716:T. germaini
1622:S. entellus
1483:P. bouvieri
1420:P. tholloni
1240:(subfamily
943:Zoo Biology
770:"SUBFAMILY
483:rainforests
479:terrestrial
348:Paracolobus
232:Subfamily:
216:Simiiformes
131:Gray langur
5746:Categories
4889:Equatorius
4848:Hominoidea
4835:Hominoidea
4794:see below↓
4785:Hominoidea
4681:Mandrillus
4667:Lophocebus
4640:Cercocebus
4491:Procolobus
4252:Fanchangia
4008:Catarrhini
3995:Catarrhini
3954:see below↓
3945:Catarrhini
3881:Callithrix
3820:Killikaike
3723:Mohanamico
3706:Chilecebus
3632:Soriacebus
3598:Nuciruptor
3558:Homunculus
3548:Chiropotes
3541:Cheracebus
3524:Carlocebus
3514:Callicebus
3477:Tremacebus
3447:Lagonimico
3437:Branisella
3417:Szalatavus
3244:Pondaungia
3162:Eosimiidae
3001:see below↓
2888:Archicebus
2770:Shoshonius
2714:Hemiacodon
2693:Dyseolemur
2679:Chumashius
2622:Trogolemur
2615:Tetonoides
2524:Absarokius
2474:Necrolemur
2419:Bownomomys
2371:Haplorhini
2326:Haplorhini
2151:P. cinerea
2133:P. nemaeus
2090:P. natunae
2027:P. thomasi
1982:P. percura
1955:P. mitrata
1937:P. bicolor
1779:T. phayrei
1689:T. auratus
1649:S. vetulus
1541:Procolobus
1411:P. preussi
1352:C. guereza
1316:C. satanas
1279:Haplorhini
1277:Suborder:
1153:2024-08-25
1000:1097452280
858:2021-06-19
839:(1): 1–7.
749:References
625:Presbytini
604:Procolobus
566:Subfamily
533:Procolobus
525:Presbytini
498:folivorous
456:folivorous
426:Procolobus
403:, and the
271:Procolobus
206:Haplorhini
202:Suborder:
5752:Colobinae
5612:Colobinae
5598:Colobinae
5568:Colobinae
5358:Gorillini
5288:Homininae
5131:Hominidae
5081:Hylobates
4960:Proconsul
4718:Pliopapio
4708:Parapapio
4631:Papionini
4498:Pygathrix
4484:Presbytis
4374:Colobinae
4273:Pliobates
4238:Crouzelia
4039:Saadanius
3874:Callimico
3793:Acrecebus
3770:Stirtonia
3713:Lagothrix
3696:Cartelles
3642:Xenothrix
3397:Parvimico
2923:Tarsiidae
2910:Omomyidae
2805:Washakius
2791:Uintanius
2742:Nesomomys
2672:Chipetaia
2658:Asiomomys
2641:Omomyinae
2594:Tatmanius
2552:Aycrossia
2481:Paraloris
2446:Indusomys
2388:Omomyidae
2336:Kingdom:
2114:Pygathrix
2081:P. siberu
2054:P. sabana
2018:P. comata
1916:(Surilis)
1909:Presbytis
1896:T. ebenus
1878:T. laotum
1734:T. barbei
1658:S. johnii
1613:S. hector
1474:P. epieni
1456:P. kirkii
1384:P. badius
1253:Kingdom:
1242:Colobinae
1008:cite book
965:1098-2361
903:1471-2148
772:Colobinae
667:Pygathrix
647:- surilis
644:Presbytis
638:- lutungs
487:mangroves
458:primates.
381:subfamily
373:Colobinae
295:Pygathrix
283:Presbytis
236:Colobinae
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
18:Colobines
5677:12100596
5638:55636342
5577:Wikidata
5424:Hominina
5400:Hominini
5317:Danuvius
5193:Ponginae
5152:Buronius
5098:Nomascus
5037:Simiolus
3926:Saguinus
3888:Cebuella
3840:Patasola
3760:Solimoea
3662:Alouatta
3653:Atelidae
3605:Pithecia
3353:Qatrania
3278:Arsinoea
3178:Eosimias
2812:Wyomomys
2777:Steinius
2763:Rooneyia
2721:Jemezius
2629:Walshina
2608:Tetonius
2566:Gazinius
2426:Kohatius
2403:Altanius
2356:Primates
2350:Mammalia
2344:Chordata
2342:Phylum:
2338:Animalia
2285:Category
2192:R. bieti
2036:P. hosei
1640:S. priam
1552:P. verus
1501:P. langi
1273:Primates
1267:Mammalia
1261:Chordata
1259:Phylum:
1255:Animalia
1111:21436896
921:18298809
853:16500120
806:62265494
768:(2005).
579:Colobini
521:Colobini
491:savannah
475:arboreal
464:primates
452:arboreal
409:colobine
222:Family:
196:Primates
186:Mammalia
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
5583:Q732737
5485:Orrorin
5378:Gorilla
5074:Hoolock
4450:Nasalis
4393:Colobus
3919:Micodon
3854:Sapajus
3847:Saimiri
3781:Cebidae
3730:Oreonax
3686:Caipora
3507:Cacajao
3458:Aotidae
3339:Apidium
3312:Serapia
3285:Biretia
3171:Bahinia
3141:Afrasia
3105:Nosmips
3085:Amamria
2966:Tarsius
2932:Carlito
2853:Tarkops
2819:Yaquius
2784:Stockia
2756:Ourayia
2728:Loveina
2354:Order:
2348:Class:
2232:Nasalis
2121:(Doucs)
1824:T. geei
1788:T. popa
1604:S. ajax
1429:P. foai
1297:Colobus
1271:Order:
1265:Class:
1102:3060065
1046:Bibcode
912:2268674
727:hybrids
721:Hybrids
685:Nasalis
670:- doucs
586:Colobus
560:Family
537:Colobus
431:kolobós
414:Colobus
389:species
383:of the
307:Nasalis
259:Colobus
192:Order:
182:Class:
5716:430278
5703:741061
5664:572783
5651:333738
4879:Ekembo
4674:Macaca
4539:Simias
4310:Alophe
3669:Ateles
3230:Krabia
3223:Ganlea
2798:Utahia
2749:Omomys
2256:Simias
1182:
1144:
1109:
1099:
998:
988:
963:
919:
909:
901:
851:
804:
794:
703:Genus
694:Simias
691:Genus
682:Genus
673:Genus
664:Genus
650:Genus
641:Genus
632:Genus
623:Tribe
613:Genus
601:Genus
592:Genus
583:Genus
577:Tribe
423:, and
393:genera
391:in 11
379:are a
313:Simias
250:Genera
243:, 1867
241:Jerdon
5729:92689
5262:Pongo
5091:Junzi
4688:Papio
3800:Cebus
3467:Aotus
2839:Tarka
1836:group
1800:group
1755:group
1683:group
829:(PDF)
776:. In
543:into
535:into
435:mtDNA
5690:9569
5685:NCBI
5659:ITIS
5465:Homo
4150:Kapi
3909:Mico
1180:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1107:PMID
1014:link
996:OCLC
986:ISBN
961:ISSN
917:PMID
899:ISSN
849:PMID
802:OCLC
792:ISBN
454:and
371:The
56:PreꞒ
5672:MSW
5633:EoL
5625:JCX
5620:CoL
5607:ADW
5413:Pan
1176:139
1134:doi
1097:PMC
1087:doi
1054:doi
951:doi
907:PMC
889:doi
841:doi
745:).
375:or
5748::
5726::
5713::
5700::
5687::
5674::
5661::
5648::
5635::
5622::
5609::
5594::
5579::
1838::
1802::
1757::
1685::
1200:.
1140:,
1128:,
1105:.
1095:.
1081:.
1077:.
1052:.
1042:58
1040:.
1034:.
1022:^
1010:}}
1006:{{
994:.
959:.
947:18
945:.
941:.
929:^
915:.
905:.
897:.
883:.
879:.
867:^
847:.
837:40
835:.
831:.
814:^
800:.
757:^
485:,
417:,
106:Pg
50:Ma
5503:†
5499:?
5492:†
5488:?
5481:†
5471:†
5460:?
5453:†
5443:†
5439:?
5432:†
5391:?
5384:†
5373:?
5366:†
5342:?
5334:?
5298:†
5268:†
5251:†
5241:†
5231:†
5221:†
5211:†
5201:†
5178:†
5168:†
5158:†
5148:†
5111:†
5087:†
5063:†
5018:?
5003:?
4981:†
4966:†
4956:†
4946:†
4936:†
4926:†
4916:†
4912:?
4905:†
4895:†
4885:†
4875:†
4865:†
4751:†
4734:†
4724:†
4714:†
4704:†
4694:†
4656:†
4646:†
4616:†
4521:†
4504:†
4466:†
4456:†
4439:†
4429:†
4419:†
4409:†
4399:†
4382:†
4351:?
4343:?
4321:†
4306:†
4146:†
4117:†
4087:†
4050:†
4035:†
4025:†
3915:†
3836:†
3826:†
3816:†
3806:†
3789:†
3766:†
3756:†
3746:†
3736:†
3719:†
3702:†
3692:†
3682:†
3638:†
3628:†
3618:†
3594:†
3584:†
3574:†
3564:†
3554:†
3530:†
3520:†
3496:†
3473:†
3443:†
3433:†
3423:†
3413:†
3403:†
3393:†
3262:†
3218:?
3196:†
3159:†
3133:?
3128:†
3119:?
3112:†
3108:?
3101:†
3091:†
3081:†
3077:?
3070:†
2979:?
2972:†
2955:†
2945:†
2914:?
2912:"
2908:"
2905:†
2901:?
2894:†
2884:†
2643:"
2639:"
2516:"
2512:"
2414:?
2406:?
2390:"
2386:"
2384:†
2318:e
2311:t
2304:v
2269:)
2245:)
2221:)
2212:)
2203:)
2194:)
2185:)
2153:)
2144:)
2135:)
2092:)
2083:)
2074:)
2065:)
2056:)
2047:)
2038:)
2029:)
2020:)
2011:)
2002:)
1993:)
1984:)
1975:)
1966:)
1957:)
1948:)
1939:)
1930:)
1898:)
1889:)
1880:)
1871:)
1862:)
1853:)
1844:)
1826:)
1817:)
1808:)
1790:)
1781:)
1772:)
1763:)
1745:)
1736:)
1727:)
1718:)
1709:)
1700:)
1691:)
1660:)
1651:)
1642:)
1633:)
1624:)
1615:)
1606:)
1597:)
1554:)
1530:)
1521:)
1512:)
1503:)
1494:)
1485:)
1476:)
1467:)
1458:)
1449:)
1440:)
1431:)
1422:)
1413:)
1404:)
1395:)
1386:)
1354:)
1345:)
1336:)
1327:)
1318:)
1244:)
1226:e
1219:t
1212:v
1188:.
1136::
1113:.
1089::
1083:7
1062:.
1056::
1048::
1016:)
1002:.
967:.
953::
923:.
891::
885:8
861:.
843::
808:.
774:"
741:(
733:(
701:†
611:†
531:/
359:†
352:†
345:†
338:†
331:†
324:†
317:†
111:N
101:K
96:J
91:T
86:P
81:C
76:D
71:S
66:O
61:Ꞓ
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
