824:
3202:
815:) of confuciusornithids are of disputed function. Sexual dimorphism is an explanation, with males presumed to use the feathers in mating displays. However, it has been argued that the long rectrices were instead used as a defense against predators, as many birds shed feathers to protect themselves. The observation that less than 10% of confuciusornithid fossils possess these feathers supports this, as they may have been shed either in response to predators, or to the stress of the sudden death that produced the fossils.
3209:
4622:
2446:
4183:
109:
4188:
132:
3195:
2440:
759:
2434:
4682:
4628:
778:
839:
to assist in food acquisition and capable of holding potential prey. This beak type is well suited for skimming prey off of the top of a body of water. Large numbers of fossils appear to originate from the tops of freshwater lakes, further supporting the water feeding connection. The remains of fish have been found in fossils of
774:. The anterior of these bones shows evidence of vasculature and innervation, implying the presence of a beak. The lack of recovery of this structure indicates that the beak had a soft horny sheath. The softness of the beak along with the innervation suggest that the beak was sensitive, making it useful for searching for prey.
410:, a group that contains all extant birds along with their closest extinct relatives. Confuciusornithidae contains four genera, possessing both shafted and non-shafted (downy) feathers. Some specimens probably referable to this clade represents one of the earliest known fossil evidence of primary feather
417:
The wing anatomy of confuciusornithids suggests an unusual flight behavior, due to anatomy that implies conflicting abilities. They possessed feathers similar to those of fast-flapping birds, which rely on quick flapping of their wings to stay aloft. At the same time, their wing anatomy also suggests
838:
Confuciusornithids were first thought to be herbivorous due to the lack of teeth. However, their anatomy was not adapted for plant consumption, as gastroliths have never been found, nor did the weak rhamphotheca of the beak allow for grinding. Instead, the beak appears to have been sensitive enough
804:
The biomechanics of the wing itself are quite contentious due to a combination of traits that imply different modes of flight. Confuciusornithids possessed long primary feathers similar to those of modern fast-flapping birds, as opposed to gliding birds which have short primaries relative to their
418:
a lack of flapping ability. Confuciusornithids are also noted for their beak and lack of teeth, similar to modern birds. Both predators and prey, confuciusornithid fossils have been observed with fish remains in their digestive systems and have themselves been found in the abdominal cavities of
805:
size. However, the narrowness of the wings of confuciusornithids along with the lack of upstroke ability during flapping motion seem to preclude the ability to flap their wings quickly. Thus, they may have relied upon a flight method that no longer exists in modern birds.
797:, confuciusornithids possessed a large first digit with a hook-like claw. The digit implies a climbing lifestyle, as it serves to allow for hooking onto the grooves of trees. A similar anatomy and function is seen in the nestlings of the
843:. Confuciusornithids appear to have been unable to take off from water and lacked the adaptations necessary to live aquatically. Thus, it appears that they flew along the surface of the water, using their beak to search for fish.
766:
The entire body of confuciusornithids was covered in contour feathers, except for the foot, base of beak, and the tarsometatarsus, the bone directly attached to the foot. It appears that they may also have had down feathers.
793:, due to the elimination of two thoracic vertebrae. The development of a pygostyle also shows better adaptation for flight, as this replaces the long tails present in earlier avialans. Similarly to
3201:
823:
770:
The beaks of confuciusornithids show development of modern birdlike characteristics, such as a large beak and lack of teeth. The premaxilla and dentary are larger than those of
808:
The hindlimbs of confuciusornithids did not resemble those of living birds. They were bad runners, with feet curved in a way that implies they did not move on the ground.
4775:
867:) and pterosaurs are known to be superprecocial and able to fly soon after birth, but for now there are no unambiguous confuciusornithid juveniles to attest this.
1421:
Fernández, Mariela S.; García, Rodolfo A.; Fiorelli, Lucas; Scolaro, Alejandro; Salvador, Rodrigo B.; Cotaro, Carlos N.; Kaiser, Gary W.; Dyke, Gareth J. (2013).
630:
There are a number of features that define the clade. The most significant is the presence of a toothless jaw, which shows a more birdlike adaptation compared to
971:
Zhang, FuCheng; Zhou, ZhongHe; Benton, Michael J. (2008-05-01). "A primitive confuciusornithid bird from China and its implications for early avian flight".
4834:
1372:
1306:"Abdominal Contents from Two Large Early Cretaceous Compsognathids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Demonstrate Feeding on Confuciusornithids and Dromaeosaurids"
4762:
711:, a fused set of caudal vertebrae at the end of the tail. The pygostyle replaced the longer, unfused tail found in more primitive avialans such as
4849:
4839:
1304:
Xing, Lida; Bell, Phil R.; Iv, W. Scott
Persons; Ji, Shuan; Miyashita, Tetsuto; Burns, Michael E.; Ji, Qiang; Currie, Philip J. (2012-08-29).
4844:
1592:
850:, a compsognathid predator. Multiple confuciusornithids were present in the remains, implying that they were all captured in a short time.
1423:"A Large Accumulation of Avian Eggs from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina) Reveals a Novel Nesting Strategy in Mesozoic Birds"
2445:
4621:
861:
A 2018 study suggests that confuciusornithids could not have incubated their eggs like modern birds do. Other paravians (including
1242:
Dalsätt, J.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F.; Ericson, P. G. P. (2006-09-01). "Food remains in
Confuciusornis sanctus suggest a fish diet".
131:
1085:
Martin, L. D.; Zhou, Z.; Hou, L.; Feduccia, A. (1998-06-01). "Confuciusornis sanctus
Compared to Archaeopteryx lithographica".
1037:
Zinoviev, A. V. (2009-07-01). "An attempt to reconstruct the lifestyle of confuciusornithids (Aves, Confuciusornithiformes)".
4182:
3208:
853:
Confuciusornithids appear to have been social animals, as concurrently buried fossils are often found in close proximity.
3194:
693:
4829:
4187:
715:, and may have served to improve flight. Pygostylia includes all modern birds, the only living members of the clade.
2439:
884:
Wang, X.; O'Connor, J.; Zheng, X.; Wang, Y.; Kiat, Y. (2024). "Earliest evidence of avian primary feather moult".
722:
was added by Hou, Zhou, and Zhang in 2002, and in 2008, Zhang, Zhou and Benton assigned the newly described genus
2385:
1585:
2738:
1683:
686:
2433:
4740:
956:
Hou, L. H.; Zhou, Zhouhe; Zhang, Fucheng; Gu, Yucai (2002). "Mesozoic birds from western
Liaoning in China".
4307:
3142:
4702:
4685:
4284:
4228:
661:
291:
4801:
4544:
2764:
2329:
4515:
1187:"Life history, sexual dimorphism and 'ornamental' feathers in the mesozoic bird Confuciusornis sanctus"
1482:"Morphological Variations within the Ontogeny of Deinonychus antirrhopus (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae)"
4749:
4627:
1578:
1493:
1434:
1317:
1251:
1094:
980:
647:
1373:"Pelvis morphology suggests that early Mesozoic birds were too heavy to contact incubate their eggs"
414:. They are also noted for their distinctive pair of ribbon-like tail feathers of disputed function.
3516:
2907:
2542:
743:
4572:
3644:
3593:
3270:
3010:
2233:
1710:
1556:
1403:
1283:
1118:
1062:
1004:
126:
3421:
3361:
1539:
Grellet-Tinner, G; Wroe, S; Thompson, MB; Ji, Q (2007). "A note on pterosaur nesting behavior".
781:
An illustration of the
Confuciusornithid wing, showing the enlarged first digit and avian shape.
4806:
4472:
3856:
4788:
4424:
3768:
3623:
2896:
2681:
2285:
1652:
1521:
1462:
1395:
1353:
1335:
1275:
1267:
1224:
1206:
1164:
1110:
1054:
996:
901:
4793:
4780:
369:
4655:
4580:
4522:
4115:
4006:
3760:
3653:
3351:
3085:
3064:
2374:
2308:
2215:
1852:
1548:
1511:
1501:
1452:
1442:
1387:
1343:
1325:
1259:
1214:
1198:
1154:
1102:
1046:
988:
893:
739:
672:
420:
403:
338:
108:
28:
758:
750:, however, predated the other confuciusornithids by 6 million years, dating to 131 Ma ago.
4602:
4595:
4558:
4479:
4463:
4043:
4015:
3602:
3260:
3119:
3050:
2922:
2885:
2727:
2712:
2631:
2587:
2566:
2343:
2222:
2179:
2004:
1935:
1668:
605:
546:
425:
407:
318:
789:, especially the pectoral girdle and forelimbs. They were better adapted for flight than
1497:
1438:
1321:
1255:
1098:
984:
4645:
4587:
4551:
4448:
4380:
4355:
4328:
4296:
3940:
3910:
3715:
3554:
3472:
3371:
3131:
3057:
3020:
2518:
2315:
2074:
1970:
1909:
1888:
1516:
1481:
1457:
1422:
1348:
1305:
1219:
1186:
1143:"The primary feather lengths of early birds with respect to avian wing shape evolution"
328:
118:
4823:
4665:
4660:
4529:
4389:
4273:
4217:
3896:
3815:
3782:
3746:
3699:
3669:
3616:
3609:
3495:
3486:
3300:
3280:
2823:
2812:
2698:
2667:
2624:
2573:
2559:
2253:
1985:
1963:
1948:
1866:
1159:
1142:
455:
66:
1560:
1287:
1122:
1066:
1008:
4675:
4537:
4264:
4138:
4131:
4070:
3988:
3775:
3661:
3540:
3452:
3381:
3340:
3290:
3108:
2961:
2946:
2931:
2865:
2753:
2705:
2617:
2507:
2362:
2322:
2301:
2294:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2207:
2192:
2128:
2085:
2046:
1916:
1895:
1826:
1804:
1407:
696:
612:
280:
919:
Hou, L; Zhou, Z; Gu, Y; Zhang, H (1995). "Description of
Confuciusornis sanctus".
1506:
1447:
1330:
4734:
4500:
4410:
4345:
4086:
4036:
3967:
3919:
3684:
3630:
3578:
3525:
3411:
3391:
3330:
3094:
2844:
2834:
2497:
2336:
2101:
2060:
2031:
2024:
1992:
1902:
1836:
1776:
1763:
1722:
1601:
863:
735:
668:
is prominent, which allows for increased muscle attachment for adductor muscles.
643:
41:
777:
4565:
4433:
4240:
4124:
4094:
4061:
4029:
3995:
3981:
3974:
3798:
3708:
3502:
3462:
3401:
3310:
3239:
3226:
3154:
3101:
2977:
2954:
2939:
2875:
2802:
2690:
2660:
2653:
2596:
2552:
2246:
2135:
2119:
2108:
2067:
2053:
2017:
1978:
1956:
1552:
1263:
1050:
992:
704:
517:
479:
396:
380:
228:
189:
86:
51:
4725:
1339:
1271:
1210:
1114:
1058:
1000:
4670:
4650:
4486:
4441:
4403:
4396:
3953:
3886:
3866:
3846:
3836:
3826:
3736:
3570:
3563:
3532:
3027:
2854:
2646:
2528:
2200:
2142:
2094:
2038:
1924:
1793:
1695:
1643:
812:
708:
503:
348:
202:
143:
91:
35:
1525:
1466:
1399:
1357:
1279:
1228:
1202:
1168:
905:
897:
1106:
958:
Liaoning
Science Cretaceous of China with Information from Two New Species
4719:
4493:
4365:
4022:
3960:
3722:
3676:
3320:
3071:
2995:
2639:
2603:
2149:
1881:
1634:
1625:
678:
The claw of the second manual digit is much smaller than the other claws.
411:
406:, found in northern China. They are commonly placed as a sister group to
359:
176:
163:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
604:, and assigned to the monotypic clade Confuciusornithiformes within the
4767:
4507:
4253:
4101:
3926:
3441:
2781:
2610:
2476:
2463:
2397:
846:
Confuciusornithid remains have been found in the abdominal contents of
798:
682:
665:
654:
440:
399:
215:
96:
71:
1391:
653:
The presence of a distinct maxillary fenestra (breathing hole) in the
4078:
3876:
3753:
3431:
1815:
1619:
718:
153:
4696:
634:. The other defining features are as follows, according to Chiappe
1873:
822:
776:
757:
616:
4754:
4205:
4150:
608:
4700:
4203:
3224:
2461:
1761:
1612:
1574:
1570:
675:
is not attached by bone to the other co-ossified metacarpals.
699:
of the third digit is much smaller than the other phalanges.
1185:
Peters, Winfried S.; Peters, Dieter Stefan (2009-12-23).
703:
Confuciusornithidae is the most basal group of the clade
615:
definition by
Chiappe, in 1999, who defined a node-based
4460:
4421:
4377:
4361:
4351:
4341:
4112:
4058:
3937:
3907:
3892:
3882:
3872:
3862:
3852:
3842:
3832:
3822:
3811:
3733:
3696:
3641:
3590:
3551:
3513:
3483:
3468:
3458:
3448:
3437:
3427:
3417:
3407:
3397:
3387:
3377:
3367:
3357:
3347:
3336:
3326:
3316:
3306:
3296:
3286:
3276:
3266:
3256:
3128:
3082:
3038:
3007:
2990:
2919:
2903:
2892:
2881:
2871:
2861:
2850:
2840:
2830:
2819:
2808:
2798:
2750:
2724:
2678:
2584:
2539:
2524:
2514:
2503:
2493:
2371:
2176:
1849:
1832:
1822:
1811:
1800:
1789:
376:
365:
355:
344:
334:
324:
314:
287:
4709:
4459:
4420:
4376:
4326:
4295:
4272:
4263:
4239:
4216:
4149:
4111:
4057:
4005:
3936:
3906:
3796:
3732:
3695:
3640:
3589:
3550:
3512:
3482:
3237:
3153:
3127:
3118:
3081:
3037:
3006:
2975:
2918:
2779:
2749:
2723:
2677:
2583:
2538:
2474:
2396:
2370:
2361:
2284:
2232:
2175:
2118:
2084:
2003:
1934:
1847:
1774:
1721:
1694:
1667:
1480:Parsons, William L.; Parsons, Kristen M. (2015).
734:Most confuciusornithids are known from the upper
1586:
762:Size of different genera, compared to a human
650:, the area where the mandibles fuse together.
8:
746:, dating from 125 to 120 million years ago.
1141:Wang, X; Nudds, R. L.; Dyke, G. J. (2011).
596:Confuciusornithidae was first named by Hou
4697:
4334:
4269:
4245:
4213:
4200:
3945:
3804:
3249:
3245:
3234:
3221:
3124:
2983:
2791:
2787:
2486:
2482:
2471:
2458:
2367:
2238:
2184:
2172:
2009:
1940:
1858:
1782:
1771:
1758:
1700:
1673:
1664:
1609:
1593:
1579:
1571:
107:
20:
1515:
1505:
1456:
1446:
1347:
1329:
1218:
1158:
973:Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
785:Much of their anatomy resembles that of
876:
811:The long feathers of the tail (central
1299:
1297:
7:
1180:
1178:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
619:Confuciusornithidae to include only
600:in 1995 to contain the type genus,
524:
495:
471:
447:
436:
4835:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
834:, a member of Confuciusornithidae.
14:
1371:Deeming, D. C.; Mayr, G. (2018).
801:, an extant South American bird.
4681:
4680:
4626:
4620:
4186:
4181:
3207:
3200:
3193:
2444:
2438:
2432:
1160:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02253.x
130:
1380:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1147:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
946:Chiappe, Luis M. et al. (1999)
1:
4850:Prehistoric dinosaur families
4840:Hauterivian first appearances
4845:Early Cretaceous extinctions
1507:10.1371/journal.pone.0121476
1448:10.1371/journal.pone.0061030
1331:10.1371/journal.pone.0044012
16:Extinct family of dinosaurs
4866:
707:, whose members possess a
4640:
4618:
4337:
4248:
4212:
4199:
4179:
3948:
3807:
3252:
3248:
3233:
3220:
3191:
2986:
2794:
2790:
2489:
2485:
2470:
2457:
2430:
2241:
2187:
2171:
2012:
1943:
1861:
1785:
1770:
1757:
1703:
1676:
1663:
1608:
1553:10.1080/08912960701189800
1264:10.1007/s00114-006-0125-y
1051:10.1134/S0031030109040145
993:10.1007/s11430-008-0050-3
544:
529:
522:
500:
493:
476:
469:
452:
445:
311:
306:
286:
279:
127:Scientific classification
125:
115:
106:
23:
921:Chinese Science Bulletin
611:. The group was given a
395:is an extinct family of
1039:Paleontological Journal
642:There is a fork in the
1203:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0574
898:10.1098/rsbl.2024.0106
848:Sinocalliopteryx gigas
835:
832:Confuciusornis sanctus
828:Sinocalliopteryx gigas
782:
763:
292:Confuciusornis sanctus
245:Confuciusornithiformes
119:Confuciusornis sanctus
4802:Paleobiology Database
2330:Paralitherizinosaurus
1107:10.1007/s001140050501
826:
780:
761:
648:mandibular symphysis
646:(front) part of the
4741:Confuciusornithidae
4711:Confuciusornithidae
3517:Patagopterygiformes
3042:Confuciusornithidae
2908:Scansoriopterygidae
2543:Scansoriopterygidae
1498:2015PLoSO..1021476P
1439:2013PLoSO...861030F
1322:2012PLoSO...744012X
1256:2006NW.....93..444D
1244:Naturwissenschaften
1099:1998NW.....85..286M
1087:Naturwissenschaften
985:2008ScChD..51..625Z
744:Jiufotang Formation
657:'s ascending ramus.
532:Confuciusornithidae
393:Confuciusornithidae
266:Confuciusornithidae
116:Fossil specimen of
4830:Confuciusornithids
3645:Songlingornithidae
3594:Hongshanornithidae
3011:Omnivoropterygidae
2923:Jeholornithiformes
2234:Therizinosauroidea
1541:Historical Biology
836:
783:
764:
24:Confuciusornithids
4817:
4816:
4789:Open Tree of Life
4703:Taxon identifiers
4694:
4693:
4636:
4635:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4516:Lutetodontopteris
4425:Gastornithiformes
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4206:Aves / Neornithes
4195:
4194:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4151:Aves / Neornithes
4053:
4052:
3792:
3791:
3624:Parahongshanornis
3216:
3215:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
2971:
2970:
2897:Archaeopterygidae
2775:
2774:
2682:Archaeopterygidae
2453:
2452:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2286:Therizinosauridae
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1653:Maniraptoriformes
1392:10.1111/jeb.13256
681:A V-shape in the
593:
592:
584:
583:
575:
574:
566:
565:
557:
556:
390:
389:
275:
254:
4857:
4810:
4809:
4797:
4796:
4784:
4783:
4771:
4770:
4758:
4757:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4698:
4684:
4683:
4656:Deinonychosauria
4631:
4630:
4624:
4581:Protodontopteryx
4523:Macrodontopteryx
4462:
4423:
4379:
4363:
4353:
4343:
4335:
4270:
4246:
4214:
4201:
4190:
4185:
4116:Cimolopterygidae
4114:
4060:
4007:Hesperornithidae
3946:
3939:
3909:
3894:
3884:
3874:
3864:
3854:
3844:
3834:
3824:
3813:
3805:
3735:
3698:
3643:
3592:
3553:
3515:
3485:
3470:
3460:
3450:
3439:
3429:
3419:
3409:
3399:
3389:
3379:
3369:
3359:
3349:
3338:
3328:
3318:
3308:
3298:
3288:
3278:
3268:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3235:
3222:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3130:
3125:
3086:Jinguofortisidae
3084:
3065:Eoconfuciusornis
3040:
3009:
2992:
2984:
2921:
2905:
2894:
2883:
2873:
2863:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2821:
2810:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2752:
2726:
2680:
2586:
2541:
2526:
2516:
2505:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2472:
2459:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2386:Oviraptorosauria
2375:Oviraptorosauria
2373:
2368:
2309:Nanshiungosaurus
2239:
2216:Jianchangosaurus
2185:
2178:
2173:
2010:
1941:
1859:
1853:Alvarezsauroidea
1851:
1834:
1824:
1813:
1802:
1791:
1783:
1772:
1759:
1701:
1674:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1610:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1572:
1565:
1564:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1450:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1333:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1153:(6): 1226–1231.
1138:
1127:
1126:
1082:
1071:
1070:
1034:
1013:
1012:
968:
962:
961:
953:
947:
944:
929:
928:
916:
910:
909:
881:
748:Eoconfuciusornis
740:Yixian Formation
724:Eoconfuciusornis
525:
496:
472:
448:
437:
421:Sinocalliopteryx
404:Early Cretaceous
378:
367:
357:
346:
339:Eoconfuciusornis
336:
326:
316:
289:
269:
264:
248:
243:
135:
134:
111:
101:
38:
29:Early Cretaceous
27:Temporal range:
21:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4805:
4800:
4792:
4787:
4779:
4774:
4766:
4761:
4753:
4748:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4705:
4695:
4690:
4632:
4625:
4608:
4603:Tympanonesiotes
4596:Pseudodontornis
4559:Palaeochenoides
4480:Caspiodontornis
4464:Pelagornithidae
4455:
4416:
4372:
4314:
4291:
4259:
4235:
4208:
4191:
4165:
4145:
4107:
4049:
4044:Parahesperornis
4016:Asiahesperornis
4001:
3932:
3902:
3801:
3788:
3728:
3691:
3636:
3603:Archaeornithura
3585:
3546:
3508:
3478:
3261:Archaeorhynchus
3242:
3229:
3212:
3199:
3169:
3149:
3120:Ornithothoraces
3114:
3077:
3051:Changchengornis
3033:
3002:
2980:
2967:
2914:
2886:Anchiornithidae
2784:
2771:
2745:
2739:Dromaeosauridae
2728:Dromaeosauridae
2719:
2713:Anchiornithidae
2673:
2632:Liaoningvenator
2588:Anchiornithidae
2579:
2567:Scansoriopteryx
2534:
2479:
2466:
2449:
2412:
2392:
2349:
2344:Therizinosaurus
2280:
2228:
2223:Lingyuanosaurus
2180:Therizinosauria
2155:
2114:
2080:
2005:Parvicursorinae
1999:
1936:Alvarezsauridae
1930:
1855:
1843:
1779:
1766:
1737:
1717:
1690:
1684:Avemetatarsalia
1669:Avemetatarsalia
1659:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1569:
1568:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1492:(4): e0121476.
1479:
1478:
1474:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1191:Biology Letters
1184:
1183:
1176:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1036:
1035:
1016:
970:
969:
965:
955:
954:
950:
945:
932:
918:
917:
913:
892:(7). 20240106.
886:Biology Letters
883:
882:
878:
873:
859:
821:
756:
732:
726:to the family.
621:Changchengornis
594:
585:
576:
567:
558:
547:Ornithothoraces
434:
408:Ornithothoraces
402:known from the
319:Changchengornis
302:
295:
268:
262:
247:
241:
129:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
32:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4863:
4861:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4798:
4785:
4772:
4759:
4746:
4731:
4715:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4646:Archaeornithes
4641:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4588:Protopelicanus
4584:
4577:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4552:Osteodontornis
4548:
4541:
4534:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4468:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:Dromornithidae
4445:
4438:
4429:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4383:
4381:Dromornithidae
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4359:
4356:Perplexicervix
4349:
4338:
4332:
4329:Incertae sedis
4324:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4308:Pangalliformes
4301:
4299:
4297:Pangalliformes
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4278:
4276:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4222:
4220:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3949:
3943:
3941:Hesperornithes
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3913:
3911:Ichthyornithes
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3880:
3870:
3860:
3850:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3808:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3716:Similiyanornis
3712:
3704:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3649:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3598:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3557:
3555:Ambiortiformes
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3473:Zhongjianornis
3466:
3456:
3446:
3435:
3425:
3415:
3405:
3395:
3385:
3375:
3372:Jianchangornis
3365:
3355:
3345:
3334:
3324:
3314:
3304:
3294:
3284:
3274:
3264:
3253:
3243:
3238:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3143:Enantiornithes
3136:
3134:
3132:Enantiornithes
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3058:Confuciusornis
3054:
3046:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3021:Omnivoropteryx
3016:
3014:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2987:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2901:
2890:
2879:
2869:
2859:
2848:
2838:
2828:
2817:
2806:
2795:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2519:Pneumatoraptor
2512:
2501:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2316:Neimongosaurus
2312:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2188:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2075:Trierarchuncus
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1971:Bonapartenykus
1967:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1910:Shishugounykus
1906:
1899:
1892:
1889:Bonapartenykus
1885:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1830:
1820:
1809:
1798:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1671:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1622:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1531:
1472:
1413:
1386:(5): 701–709.
1363:
1293:
1234:
1197:(6): 817–820.
1174:
1128:
1093:(6): 286–289.
1072:
1045:(4): 444–452.
1014:
979:(5): 625–639.
963:
948:
930:
911:
875:
874:
872:
869:
858:
855:
820:
817:
755:
752:
731:
728:
701:
700:
690:
679:
676:
669:
658:
651:
625:Confuciusornis
602:Confuciusornis
591:
590:
587:
586:
582:
581:
578:
577:
573:
572:
569:
568:
564:
563:
560:
559:
555:
554:
551:
550:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
528:
523:
521:
513:
512:
509:
508:
499:
494:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
475:
470:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
451:
446:
444:
435:
433:
432:Classification
430:
388:
387:
386:
385:
374:
363:
353:
342:
332:
329:Confuciusornis
322:
309:
308:
304:
303:
296:
284:
283:
277:
276:
260:
256:
255:
239:
232:
231:
226:
219:
218:
213:
206:
205:
200:
193:
192:
187:
180:
179:
174:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
39:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4862:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4687:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:Odontornithes
4664:
4662:
4661:Odontognathae
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4629:
4623:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4390:Barawertornis
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4367:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4285:Anserimorphae
4282:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4274:Anserimorphae
4271:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4230:
4229:Palaeognathae
4226:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4218:Palaeognathae
4215:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4189:
4184:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4056:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3897:Tingmiatornis
3891:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:Antarcticavis
3810:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3784:
3783:Shuilingornis
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3747:Changzuiornis
3744:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3700:Yanornithidae
3694:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3670:Songlingornis
3667:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3617:Longicrusavis
3614:
3612:
3611:
3610:Hongshanornis
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:Mengciusornis
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3487:Schizoouridae
3481:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3301:Changzuiornis
3295:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3281:Brevidentavis
3275:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3196:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:Cretaaviculus
2818:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:Archaeopteryx
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2668:Yixianosaurus
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2625:Fujianvenator
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:Epidexipteryx
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2254:Beipiaosaurus
2251:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2174:
2170:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1986:Heptasteornis
1983:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:Alvarezsaurus
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:Achillesaurus
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1867:Achillesaurus
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1846:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:(4): e61030.
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:(8): e44012.
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
964:
959:
952:
949:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
931:
926:
922:
915:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
877:
870:
868:
866:
865:
856:
854:
851:
849:
844:
842:
833:
829:
825:
818:
816:
814:
809:
806:
802:
800:
796:
795:Archaeopteryx
792:
791:Archaeopteryx
788:
787:Archaeopteryx
779:
775:
773:
772:Archaeopteryx
768:
760:
753:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
727:
725:
721:
716:
714:
713:Archaeopteryx
710:
706:
698:
695:
691:
688:
684:
680:
677:
674:
670:
667:
664:crest of the
663:
662:deltopectoral
659:
656:
652:
649:
645:
641:
640:
639:
637:
633:
632:Archaeopteryx
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:
603:
599:
589:
588:
580:
579:
571:
570:
562:
561:
553:
552:
549:
548:
542:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
527:
526:
519:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
505:
498:
497:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
481:
474:
473:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
457:
456:Archaeopteryx
450:
449:
442:
439:
438:
431:
429:
427:
426:compsognathid
423:
422:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
383:
382:
375:
372:
371:
364:
362:
361:
354:
351:
350:
343:
341:
340:
333:
331:
330:
323:
321:
320:
313:
312:
310:
305:
300:
294:
293:
285:
282:
278:
273:
267:
261:
258:
257:
252:
246:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
121:
120:
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
34:131–120
30:
22:
19:
4710:
4676:Unenlagiidae
4601:
4594:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4538:Odontopteryx
4536:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4364:
4354:
4344:
4327:
4265:Galloanserae
4252:
4139:Lamarqueavis
4137:
4132:Cimolopteryx
4130:
4123:
4100:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4071:Australornis
4069:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
3994:
3989:Pasquiaornis
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3925:
3918:
3895:
3885:
3875:
3865:
3855:
3845:
3835:
3825:
3814:
3781:
3776:Khinganornis
3774:
3767:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3683:
3675:
3668:
3662:Piscivoravis
3660:
3652:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3577:
3569:
3562:
3541:Patagopteryx
3539:
3531:
3524:
3501:
3494:
3471:
3461:
3453:Xinghaiornis
3451:
3440:
3430:
3420:
3410:
3400:
3390:
3382:Jiuquanornis
3380:
3370:
3360:
3350:
3341:Gargantuavis
3339:
3329:
3319:
3309:
3299:
3291:Changmaornis
3289:
3279:
3269:
3259:
3198:
3109:Jinguofortis
3107:
3100:
3093:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3026:
3019:
2993:
2962:Neimengornis
2960:
2953:
2947:Jixiangornis
2945:
2938:
2932:Dalianraptor
2930:
2906:
2895:
2884:
2874:
2866:Yandangornis
2864:
2853:
2843:
2833:
2822:
2811:
2801:
2765:Troodontidae
2754:Troodontidae
2711:
2706:Wellnhoferia
2704:
2697:
2689:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2623:
2618:Eosinopteryx
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2527:
2517:
2508:Palaeopteryx
2506:
2496:
2437:
2363:Pennaraptora
2342:
2335:
2328:
2323:Nothronychus
2321:
2314:
2307:
2302:Erlikosaurus
2300:
2295:Erliansaurus
2293:
2275:Suzhousaurus
2273:
2268:Martharaptor
2266:
2261:Enigmosaurus
2259:
2252:
2245:
2221:
2214:
2208:Fukuivenator
2206:
2199:
2193:Eshanosaurus
2191:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2129:Albertonykus
2127:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:Ceratonykini
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2047:Nemegtonykus
2045:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1923:
1917:Tugulusaurus
1915:
1908:
1901:
1896:Haplocheirus
1894:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1835:
1827:Migmanychion
1825:
1814:
1805:Fukuivenator
1803:
1792:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1547:(4): 273–7.
1544:
1540:
1534:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1383:
1379:
1366:
1313:
1309:
1250:(9): 444–6.
1247:
1243:
1237:
1194:
1190:
1150:
1146:
1090:
1086:
1042:
1038:
976:
972:
966:
957:
951:
924:
920:
914:
889:
885:
879:
862:
860:
857:Reproduction
852:
847:
845:
840:
837:
831:
827:
819:Paleoecology
810:
807:
803:
794:
790:
786:
784:
771:
769:
765:
747:
733:
730:Biogeography
723:
720:Jinzhouornis
719:
717:
712:
702:
635:
631:
629:
624:
620:
613:phylogenetic
601:
597:
595:
545:
531:
530:
502:
501:
478:
477:
454:
453:
419:
416:
392:
391:
379:
368:
358:
347:
337:
327:
317:
298:
290:
281:Type species
271:
265:
250:
244:
235:
222:
209:
196:
183:
170:
117:
18:
4735:Wikispecies
4573:Proceriavis
4545:Odontoptila
4501:Gigantornis
4411:Ilbandornis
4346:Asteriornis
4087:Neogaeornis
4037:Hesperornis
3968:Chupkaornis
3920:Ichthyornis
3685:Yixianornis
3631:Tianyuornis
3579:Palintropus
3526:Alamitornis
3412:Meemannavis
3392:Juehuaornis
3331:Eogranivora
3271:Bellulornis
3095:Chongmingia
2845:Overoraptor
2835:Fukuipteryx
2498:Imperobator
2337:Segnosaurus
2102:Ceratonykus
2061:Parvicursor
2032:Khulsanurus
2025:Jaculinykus
1993:Patagonykus
1903:Patagonykus
1837:Yaverlandia
1777:Maniraptora
1764:Maniraptora
1723:Maniraptora
1602:Maniraptora
864:Deinonychus
830:feeding on
736:Jehol group
397:pygostylian
4824:Categories
4644:See also:
4566:Pelagornis
4434:Brontornis
4241:Neognathae
4160:see below↓
4125:Ceramornis
4095:Polarornis
4062:Vegaviidae
4030:Fumicollis
3996:Potamornis
3982:Judinornis
3975:Enaliornis
3799:Ornithurae
3709:Abitusavis
3503:Schizooura
3463:Yumenornis
3422:Platanavis
3402:Kaririavis
3362:Horezmavis
3311:Chaoyangia
3240:Euornithes
3227:Euornithes
3164:see below↓
3155:Euornithes
3102:Cratonavis
2978:Pygostylia
2955:Kompsornis
2940:Jeholornis
2876:Zhongornis
2803:Alcmonavis
2691:Alcmonavis
2661:Xiaotingia
2654:Serikornis
2597:Anchiornis
2553:Ambopteryx
2407:see below↓
2247:Alxasaurus
2136:Linhenykus
2120:Mononykini
2109:Xixianykus
2068:Qiupanykus
2054:Ondogurvel
2018:Dzharaonyx
1979:Bradycneme
1957:Alnashetri
1732:see below↓
1635:Dinosauria
871:References
841:C. sanctus
705:Pygostylia
673:metacarpal
671:The first
518:Pygostylia
480:Jeholornis
428:predator.
381:Zhongornis
370:"Proornis"
229:Pygostylia
190:Saurischia
177:Dinosauria
4671:Sauriurae
4651:Carinatae
4487:Cyphornis
4473:Aequornis
4442:Gastornis
4404:Genyornis
4397:Dromornis
3954:Baptornis
3887:Limenavis
3867:Iaceornis
3857:Guildavis
3847:Gallornis
3837:Cerebavis
3827:Apatornis
3737:Gansuidae
3571:Apsaravis
3564:Ambiortus
3533:Kuszholia
3028:Sapeornis
2855:Rahonavis
2647:Pedopenna
2529:Rahonavis
2201:Falcarius
2143:Mononykus
2095:Albinykus
1925:Xiyunykus
1794:Elopteryx
1711:Theropoda
1696:Theropoda
1644:Theropoda
1618:Kingdom:
1340:1932-6203
1272:0028-1042
1211:1744-9561
1115:0028-1042
1059:0031-0301
1001:1006-9313
813:rectrices
709:pygostyle
638:(1999):
504:Sapeornis
349:Evgenavis
203:Theropoda
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
4720:Wikidata
4686:Category
4494:Dasornis
4366:Qinornis
4023:Canadaga
3961:Brodavis
3769:Iteravis
3761:Hollanda
3723:Yanornis
3677:Yanornis
3654:Hollanda
3352:Hollanda
3321:Dingavis
3072:Yangavis
2996:Proornis
2640:Ostromia
2604:Aurornis
2150:Shuvuuia
1882:Bannykus
1626:Chordata
1624:Phylum:
1620:Animalia
1561:85055204
1526:25875499
1486:PLOS ONE
1467:23613776
1427:PLOS ONE
1400:29485191
1358:22952855
1310:PLOS ONE
1288:14377499
1280:16741705
1229:19776067
1169:21418115
1123:10934480
1067:85359766
1009:84157320
927:: 61–63.
906:38955226
694:proximal
412:moulting
400:avialans
360:Yangavis
259:Family:
164:Chordata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
4794:3602814
4768:4844503
4755:4433893
4726:Q135442
4508:Laornis
4254:Neoaves
4102:Vegavis
3927:Janavis
3442:Wyleyia
2782:Avialae
2611:Caihong
2477:Paraves
2464:Paraves
2398:Paraves
1517:4398413
1494:Bibcode
1458:3629076
1435:Bibcode
1408:3588317
1349:3430630
1318:Bibcode
1252:Bibcode
1220:2828012
1095:Bibcode
981:Bibcode
799:hoatzin
754:Anatomy
697:phalanx
685:in the
683:sternum
666:humerus
655:maxilla
644:rostral
520:
443:
441:Avialae
307:Genera
216:Avialae
4781:117999
4079:Maaqwi
3877:Kookne
3754:Gansus
3432:Vorona
2813:Balaur
1816:Kakuru
1559:
1524:
1514:
1465:
1455:
1406:
1398:
1356:
1346:
1338:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1227:
1217:
1209:
1167:
1121:
1113:
1065:
1057:
1007:
999:
904:
738:, the
687:caudal
636:et al.
598:et al.
516:
301:, 1995
299:et al.
274:, 1995
272:et al.
253:, 1995
251:et al.
4807:67262
4776:IRMNG
1874:Aorun
1649:Clade
1640:Clade
1631:Clade
1557:S2CID
1404:S2CID
1376:(PDF)
1284:S2CID
1119:S2CID
1063:S2CID
1005:S2CID
617:clade
606:class
236:Clade
223:Clade
210:Clade
197:Clade
184:Clade
171:Clade
4763:GBIF
4530:Manu
4306:see
4283:see
4227:see
3141:see
2763:see
2737:see
2384:see
1709:see
1682:see
1522:PMID
1463:PMID
1396:PMID
1354:PMID
1336:ISSN
1276:PMID
1268:ISSN
1225:PMID
1207:ISSN
1165:PMID
1111:ISSN
1055:ISSN
997:ISSN
902:PMID
742:and
692:The
689:end.
660:The
623:and
609:Aves
424:, a
297:Hou
270:Hou
249:Hou
42:PreꞒ
4750:EoL
2039:Kol
1549:doi
1512:PMC
1502:doi
1453:PMC
1443:doi
1388:doi
1344:PMC
1326:doi
1260:doi
1215:PMC
1199:doi
1155:doi
1103:doi
1047:doi
989:doi
894:doi
4826::
4804::
4791::
4778::
4765::
4752::
4737::
4722::
2574:Yi
1651::
1642::
1633::
1555:.
1545:19
1543:.
1520:.
1510:.
1500:.
1490:10
1488:.
1484:.
1461:.
1451:.
1441:.
1429:.
1425:.
1402:.
1394:.
1384:31
1382:.
1378:.
1352:.
1342:.
1334:.
1324:.
1312:.
1308:.
1296:^
1282:.
1274:.
1266:.
1258:.
1248:93
1246:.
1223:.
1213:.
1205:.
1193:.
1189:.
1177:^
1163:.
1151:24
1149:.
1145:.
1131:^
1117:.
1109:.
1101:.
1091:85
1089:.
1075:^
1061:.
1053:.
1043:43
1041:.
1017:^
1003:.
995:.
987:.
977:51
975:.
933:^
925:10
923:.
900:.
890:20
888:.
627:.
238::
225::
212::
199::
186::
173::
92:Pg
36:Ma
31:,
4591:?
4576:?
4533:?
4511:?
4461:†
4452:?
4437:?
4422:†
4378:†
4369:?
4362:†
4352:†
4342:†
4142:?
4113:†
4090:?
4082:?
4074:?
4059:†
3938:†
3908:†
3893:†
3883:†
3873:†
3863:†
3853:†
3843:†
3833:†
3823:†
3819:?
3812:†
3764:?
3739:?
3734:†
3697:†
3688:?
3680:?
3665:?
3657:?
3642:†
3591:†
3582:?
3574:?
3552:†
3536:?
3514:†
3484:†
3469:†
3459:†
3449:†
3445:?
3438:†
3428:†
3418:†
3408:†
3398:†
3388:†
3378:†
3368:†
3358:†
3348:†
3344:?
3337:†
3327:†
3317:†
3307:†
3297:†
3287:†
3277:†
3267:†
3257:†
3129:†
3083:†
3039:†
3013:?
3008:†
2998:"
2994:"
2991:†
2950:?
2935:?
2920:†
2911:?
2904:†
2900:?
2893:†
2889:?
2882:†
2872:†
2862:†
2858:?
2851:†
2841:†
2831:†
2827:?
2820:†
2816:?
2809:†
2799:†
2751:†
2725:†
2716:?
2694:?
2679:†
2635:?
2585:†
2545:?
2540:†
2525:†
2515:†
2511:?
2504:†
2494:†
2372:†
2211:?
2196:?
2177:†
2042:?
1996:?
1974:?
1952:?
1920:?
1877:?
1850:†
1840:?
1833:†
1823:†
1819:?
1812:†
1808:?
1801:†
1797:?
1790:†
1594:e
1587:t
1580:v
1563:.
1551::
1528:.
1504::
1496::
1469:.
1445::
1437::
1431:8
1410:.
1390::
1360:.
1328::
1320::
1314:7
1290:.
1262::
1254::
1231:.
1201::
1195:5
1171:.
1157::
1125:.
1105::
1097::
1069:.
1049::
1011:.
991::
983::
960:.
908:.
896::
384:?
377:†
373:?
366:†
356:†
352:?
345:†
335:†
325:†
315:†
288:†
263:†
242:†
97:N
87:K
82:J
77:T
72:P
67:C
62:D
57:S
52:O
47:Ꞓ
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