606:
124:
4396:
426:, with Conodontophorida as a subordinate order for "true conodonts". All three ranks were attributed to Eichenberg, and Paraconodontida was also included as an order under Conodonta. This approach was criticized by FĂĄhraeus (1983), who argued that it overlooked Pander's historical relevance as a founder and primary figure in conodontology. FĂĄhraeus proposed to retain Conodonta as a phylum (attributed to Pander), with the single class Conodontata (Pander) and the single order Conodontophorida (Eichenberg). Subsequent authors continued to regard Conodonta as a phylum with an ever-increasing number of subgroups.
621:
527:
4426:
633:
4437:
386:, Conodontes (a Greek translation), which Huddle (1934) altered to the Latin spelling Conodonta. A few years earlier, Eichenberg (1930) established another name for the animals responsible for conodont fossils: Conodontophorida ("conodont bearers"). A few other scientific names were rarely and inconsistently applied to conodonts and their proposed close relatives during 20th century, such as Conodontophoridia, Conodontophora, Conodontochordata, Conodontiformes, and Conodontomorpha.
2124:
510:
142:
4421:
4403:
4431:
572:
4415:
796:
9560:
589:
9550:
4409:
9570:
333:. They are primarily known from their hard, mineralised tooth-like structures called "conodont elements" that in life were present in the oral cavity and used to process food. Rare soft tissue remains suggest that they had elongate eel-like bodies with large eyes. Conodonts were a long-lasting group with over 300 million years of existence from the
1241:
809:
The "teeth" of some conodonts have been interpreted as filter-feeding apparatuses, filtering plankton from the water and passing it down the throat. Others have been interpreted as a "grasping and crushing array". Wear on some conodont elements suggests that they functioned like teeth, with both wear
559:
is composed of an axial Sa element at the front, flanked by two groups of four close-set elongate Sb and Sc elements which were inclined obliquely inwards and forwards. Above these elements lay a pair of arched and inward pointing (makellate) M elements. Behind the S-M array lay transversely oriented
459:
For many years, conodonts were known only from enigmatic tooth-like microfossils (200 micrometers to 5 millimeters in length), which occur commonly, but not always, in isolation and were not associated with any other fossil. Until the early 1980s, conodont teeth had not been found in association with
1387:
Diversity continued to decline during the Middle and Late
Triassic, culminating in their extinction soon after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Much of their diversity during the Paleozoic was likely controlled by sea levels and temperature, with the major declines during the Late Ordovician and Late
1371:
The earliest fossils of conodonts are known from the
Cambrian period. Conodonts extensively diversified during the early Ordovician, reaching their apex of diversity during the middle part of the period, and experienced a sharp decline during the late Ordovician and Silurian, before reaching another
455:
The element array constituted a feeding apparatus that is radically different from the jaws of modern animals. They are now termed "conodont elements" to avoid confusion. The three forms of teeth, i.e., coniform cones, ramiform bars, and pectiniform platforms, probably performed different functions.
958:
Individual conodont elements are difficult to classify in a consistent manner, but an increasing number of conodont species are now known from multi-element assemblages, which offer more data to infer how different conodont lineages are related to each other. The following is a simplified cladogram
1255:
Figures 1, 2. Conodonts from the Deer Valley Member of the Mauch Chunk
Formation, Keystone quarry, Pa. This collection (93RS–79c) is from the lower 10 cm of the Deer Valley Member. Note the nonabraded, although slightly broken, conodont elements of the high-energy oolitic marine facies of the Deer
364:
It was only in the early 1980s that the first fossil evidence of the rest of the animal was found (see below). In the 1990s exquisite fossils were found in South Africa in which the soft tissue had been converted to clay, preserving even muscle fibres. The presence of muscles for rotating the eyes
429:
With increasingly strong evidence that conodonts lie within the phylum
Chordata, more recent studies generally refer to "true conodonts" as the class Conodonta, containing multiple smaller orders. Paraconodonts are typically excluded from the group, though still regarded as close relatives. In
605:
1274:
3–9. Conodonts from the uppermost
Loyalhanna Limestone Member of the Mauch Chunk Formation, Keystone quarry, Pa. This collection (93RS–79b) is from the upper 10 cm of the Loyalhanna Member. Note the highly abraded and reworked aeolian forms.
373:
Through their history of study, "conodont" is a term which has been applied to both the individual fossils and to the animals to which they belonged. The original German term used by Pander was "conodonten", which was subsequently
649:
Although conodont elements are abundant in the fossil record, fossils preserving soft tissues of conodont animals are known from only a few deposits in the world. One of the first possible body fossils of a conodont were those of
526:
1322:
10–14. Conodonts from the basal 20 cm of the
Loyalhanna Limestone Member of the Mauch Chunk Formation, Keystone quarry, Pa. (93RS–79a), and Westernport, Md. (93RS–67), note the highly abraded and reworked aeolian forms
3699:
Miyashita, Tetsuto; Coates, Michael I.; Farrar, Robert; Larson, Peter; Manning, Phillip L.; Wogelius, Roy A.; Edwards, Nicholas P.; Anné, Jennifer; Bergmann, Uwe; Palmer, A. Richard; Currie, Philip J. (2019-02-05).
2426:
447:
has been puzzling for more than a century. It has been hypothesized that the first mechanism of chordate tissue mineralization began either in the oral skeleton of conodonts or the dermal skeleton of early
2805:
Bergström, S. M.; Carnes, J. B.; Ethington, R. L.; Votaw, R. B.; Wigley, P. B. (1974). "Appalachignathus, a New
Multielement Conodont Genus from the Middle Ordovician of North America".
826:
at least) were efficient cruisers, but incapable of bursts of speed. Based on isotopic evidence, some
Devonian conodonts have been proposed to have been low-level consumers that fed on
620:
123:
4141:
2549:
3629:
Turner, S., Burrow, C.J., Schultze, H.P., Blieck, A., Reif, W.E., Rexroad, C.B., Bultynck, P., Nowlan, G.S.; Burrow; Schultze; Blieck; Reif; Rexroad; Bultynck; Nowlan (2010).
632:
851:/Ca ratios of a population of conodonts from a carbonate platform from the Silurian of Sweden found that the different conodont species and genera likely occupied different
1232:. One of the broadest studies of this nature was the analysis of Donoghue et al. (2008), which focused on "complex" conodonts (Prioniodontida and other descendant groups):
544:
The conodont apparatus may comprise a number of discrete elements, including the spathognathiform, ozarkodiniform, trichonodelliform, neoprioniodiform, and other forms.
482:, a proxy for thermal alteration in the host rock, because under higher temperatures, the phosphate undergoes predictable and permanent color changes, measured with the
3685:
9660:
4978:
2137:
3285:"Natural assemblages of the conodont Clarkina in lowermost Triassic deep-sea black claystone from northeastern Japan, with probable soft-tissue impressions"
4250:
3630:
1384:. Only a handful of conodont genera were present during the Permian, though diversity increased after the P-T extinction during the Early Triassic.
4395:
3238:"Eramosa Lagerstätte—Exceptionally preserved soft-bodied biotas with shallow-marine shelly and bioturbating organisms (Silurian, Ontario, Canada)"
509:
3193:
Gabbott, S.E.; R. J. Aldridge; J. N. Theron (1995). "A giant conodont with preserved muscle tissue from the Upper
Ordovician of South Africa".
734:. There are other examples of conodont animals that only preserve the head region, including eyes, of the animals known from the Silurian aged
464:. This is because the conodont animal was soft-bodied, thus everything but the teeth was unsuited for preservation under normal circumstances.
2928:
389:
Conodonta and
Conodontophorida are by far the most common scientific names used to refer to conodonts, though inconsistencies regarding their
3587:
3349:
2754:
2438:
2357:
414:
9719:
4983:
5061:
805:– a conodont from the Upper Frasnian of Poland – photography taken in the Geological Museum of the Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw
9724:
839:
has been published. Among other things, it demonstrates that at least this taxon had short lifespans lasting around a month. A study
393:
still persist. Bengtson (1976)'s research on conodont evolution identified three morphological tiers of early conodont-like fossils:
4057:
2365:
3702:"Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea and a reconciliation of the morphological–molecular conflict in early vertebrate phylogeny"
4425:
571:
401:, and "true conodonts" (euconodonts). Further investigations revealed that protoconodonts were probably more closely related to
4243:
2961:
Barnes, Christopher R. (1967). "A Questionable Natural Conodont Assemblage from Middle Ordovician Limestone, Ottawa, Canada".
3931:
934:, because they lack the main characteristics of these groups. More recently it has been proposed that conodonts may be stem-
405:(arrow worms) rather than true conodonts. On the other hand, paraconodonts are still considered a likely ancestral stock or
4988:
3769:"The middle–late Tournaisian crisis in conodont diversity: a comparison between Northeast Laurussia and Northeast Siberia"
4995:
9729:
443:
Conodont elements consist of mineralised teeth-like structures of varying morphology and complexity. The evolution of
375:
341:(around 200 million years ago). Conodont elements are highly distinctive to particular species and are widely used in
3813:
Shi, Yukun; Wang, Xiangdong; Fan, Junxuan; Huang, Hao; Xu, Huiqing; Zhao, Yingying; Shen, Shuzhong (September 2021).
588:
4436:
4275:
4236:
2770:
Quinton, Page C. (2016). "Effects of extraction protocols on the oxygen isotope composition of conodont elements".
907:
than either of these groups. However, this analysis comes with one caveat: the earliest conodont-like fossils, the
547:
In the 1930s, the concept of conodont assemblages was described by Hermann Schmidt and by Harold W. Scott in 1934.
141:
4430:
4963:
2157:
483:
3467:Świś, Przemysław (2019). "Population dynamics of the Late Devonian conodont Alternognathus calibrated in days".
3390:
4973:
3420:"Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios support trophic partitioning within a Silurian conodont community from Gotland, Sweden"
2152:
959:
based on Sweet and Donoghue (2001), which summarized previous work by Sweet (1988) and Donoghue et al. (2000):
475:
358:
4121:
2818:
2537:
2360:. Boulder, Colorado; Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America; University of Kansas. pp. 111–180.
2244:
9691:
4420:
4402:
4102:
2518:
2309:"The structure of some Middle Cambrian conodonts, and the early evolution of conodont structure and function"
9553:
5054:
5021:
4414:
4091:
The Conodonta: morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long-extinct animal phylum.
2427:"The Conodonta: morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology and evolutionary history of a long-extinct animal phylum"
2147:
1381:
3418:
Terrill, David F.; Jarochowska, Emilia; Henderson, Charles M.; Shirley, Bryan; Bremer, Oskar (2022-04-08).
9590:
7930:
6144:
3768:
3141:"Panderodus from the Waukesha Lagerstätte of Wisconsin, USA: a primitive macrophagous vertebrate predator"
1576:
430:
practice, Conodonta, Conodontophorida, and Euconodonta are equivalent terms and are used interchangeably.
354:
201:
6903:
5962:
5826:
3880:"Global climate changes account for the main trends of conodont diversity but not for their final demise"
3815:"Carboniferous-earliest Permian marine biodiversification event (CPBE) during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age"
3661:
2659:
Trotter, Julie A. (2006). "Chemical systematics of conodont apatite determined by laser ablation ICPMS".
1559:
1535:
1044:
234:
9673:
9463:
9400:
8550:
8026:
7882:
7434:
7224:
6865:
6342:
5951:
3679:
1969:
1781:
1705:
1593:
1245:
1229:
811:
487:
379:
9573:
9047:
8911:
8672:
7939:
7891:
7343:
7233:
7123:
6881:
6324:
6000:
5564:
5368:
1978:
1496:
9068:
8838:
8700:
8622:
8388:
8374:
8185:
8003:
7255:
6896:
6823:
6720:
6556:
6382:
6314:
6190:
5908:
5382:
4012:
Donoghue, P. C. J.; Forey, P. L.; Aldridge, R. J. (2000). "Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny".
3814:
3284:
2694:
Jeppsson, Lennart; Anehus, Rikard (1995). "A Buffered Formic Acid Technique for Conodont Extraction".
2383:"A critical look at the Treatise family-group classification of Conodonta: an exercise in eclecticism"
1987:
1929:
1650:
1641:
1584:
1412:
Conodonta taxonomy based on Sweet (1988), Sweet & Donoghue (2001), and Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.
822:(swimming above the sediment surface) niches. The preserved musculature suggests that some conodonts (
747:
9647:
9449:
9089:
9056:
8957:
8887:
8866:
8615:
8262:
8158:
8047:
8033:
7967:
7842:
7732:
7711:
7526:
7507:
7336:
7278:
7158:
7114:
6874:
6833:
6584:
6239:
6232:
6045:
5835:
5650:
5597:
5557:
5016:
4968:
4655:
3891:
3826:
3713:
3540:
3378:
3296:
3249:
3202:
3054:
3001:
2779:
2668:
2013:
1996:
1902:
1745:
1737:
1623:
1568:
1543:
1460:
680:. As of 2023, there are only three described species of conodonts that have preserved trunk fossils:
657:
9496:
9428:
9386:
9273:
8859:
8580:
8566:
8429:
8332:
8325:
8241:
7871:
7821:
7801:
7787:
7766:
7750:
7681:
7514:
7486:
7441:
7144:
7032:
6812:
6744:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6515:
6331:
6247:
6125:
6118:
6104:
6040:
5993:
5885:
5727:
5671:
5283:
5177:
4065:
2052:
1833:
1824:
1686:
1551:
1347:, Pa element, upper view, reworked Late Devonian(?) through Mississippian morphotype, 93RS–67, X140
919:. Protoconodonts are probably not relatives of true conodonts, but likely represent a stem group to
239:
9512:
9470:
9456:
9393:
9372:
9365:
9316:
9282:
8902:
8762:
8721:
8707:
8601:
8531:
8475:
8353:
8100:
8088:
8081:
7960:
7946:
7919:
7905:
7828:
7647:
7638:
7612:
7584:
7477:
7378:
7357:
7322:
7240:
7190:
7169:
7064:
7023:
6972:
6935:
6889:
6854:
6789:
6709:
6449:
6268:
6076:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5400:
5275:
5261:
2940:
2347:
2129:
2020:
1956:
1938:
1920:
1893:
1805:
1797:
1753:
1721:
1713:
1677:
1668:
1401:
1332:, Pa element, upper view, reworked Late Devonian to Early Mississippian morphotype, 93RS–79a, X140
444:
323:
9526:
9435:
9414:
9351:
9261:
8946:
8932:
8797:
8776:
8741:
8651:
8538:
8395:
8297:
8137:
8130:
7835:
7739:
7718:
7690:
7670:
7598:
7577:
7554:
7389:
7315:
7308:
7073:
6979:
6958:
6944:
6798:
6771:
6755:
6633:
6626:
6522:
6375:
6275:
6261:
6225:
6211:
6197:
6132:
6111:
6097:
6083:
5894:
5865:
5858:
5749:
5586:
5533:
5389:
5375:
5304:
5290:
5268:
5254:
5141:
2308:
1911:
1761:
1513:
1452:
1338:, Pa element, upper view, reworked Late Devonian to Early Mississippian morphotype, 93RS–67, X140
1059:
801:
664:. This possible identification was based on the presence of conodont elements with the fossils of
471:(a phosphatic mineral). The conodont elements can be extracted from rock using adequate solvents.
9714:
9563:
9442:
9358:
8852:
8831:
8804:
8769:
8755:
8679:
8587:
8573:
8559:
8484:
8440:
8415:
8381:
8339:
8234:
8149:
8019:
8012:
7812:
7773:
7759:
7704:
7605:
7542:
7371:
7350:
7329:
7301:
7294:
7199:
7130:
7000:
6914:
6847:
6730:
6591:
6500:
6483:
6361:
6303:
6029:
6022:
5873:
5549:
5521:
5354:
5347:
5239:
5047:
4704:
4552:
4133:
4037:
3909:
3788:
3653:
3480:
3449:
3320:
3218:
3168:
2970:
2909:
2865:
2830:
2822:
2719:
2711:
2541:
2492:
2286:
2196:
2074:
1947:
1659:
1614:
885:
691:
579:
276:
260:
136:
9421:
9379:
9337:
9330:
9309:
9206:
9098:
8824:
8594:
8367:
8318:
8123:
8109:
8040:
7912:
7856:
7849:
7663:
7626:
7619:
7213:
7206:
7179:
7151:
7103:
7039:
6993:
6965:
6840:
6764:
6605:
6471:
6464:
6282:
6254:
6218:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6153:
6069:
5985:
5978:
5936:
5851:
5814:
5798:
5782:
5692:
5615:
5607:
5496:
5247:
5208:
5200:
5170:
5148:
3038:
1443:
9678:
9519:
9289:
8966:
8783:
8608:
8360:
8192:
8116:
7864:
7697:
7563:
7399:
7287:
7247:
7081:
6737:
6368:
6204:
6007:
5943:
5901:
5790:
5769:
5741:
5542:
5513:
5361:
5333:
5297:
5162:
1526:
1023:
9484:
9477:
9198:
8994:
8693:
8213:
8199:
7953:
7137:
6986:
6924:
6536:
6529:
6055:
6015:
5719:
5579:
5572:
4878:
4826:
4783:
4777:
4740:
4728:
4698:
4353:
4259:
4125:
4053:
4029:
4000:
3749:
3731:
3583:
3556:
3441:
3345:
3312:
3265:
3160:
3116:
2750:
2592:
2484:
2434:
2402:
2361:
2328:
2142:
1397:
1393:
766:
668:. This claim was disproved, however, as the conodont elements were actually in the creature's
9344:
8845:
8748:
7898:
7725:
7591:
7570:
7407:
6778:
6612:
5806:
5506:
5185:
2571:
Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Purnell, Mark A.; Aldridge, Richard J.; Zhang, Shunxin (2008-01-01).
418:
volume on the conodonts (Part W revised, supplement 2) lists Conodonta as the name of both a
9247:
8880:
7427:
7418:
5710:
5433:
5409:
5119:
5011:
4922:
4905:
4619:
4534:
4161:
4117:
4021:
3992:
3971:
3899:
3834:
3780:
3739:
3721:
3645:
3548:
3511:
3472:
3431:
3386:
3304:
3257:
3210:
3152:
3106:
3096:
3062:
3017:
3009:
2857:
2814:
2787:
2742:
2703:
2676:
2641:
2584:
2533:
2476:
2394:
2320:
2278:
2188:
1729:
1488:
878:
517:
479:
9665:
4408:
3236:
von Bitter, Peter H.; Purnell, Mark A.; Tetreault, Denis K.; Stott, Christopher A. (2007).
2990:"Architecture and functional morphology of the skeletal apparatus of ozarkodinid conodonts"
2464:
2351:
783:
is estimated to reach 40 cm (16 in) in length, if it had the same proportions as
9134:
9019:
8987:
8346:
8276:
8065:
7053:
6686:
5968:
5662:
5226:
4891:
4854:
4734:
4685:
4506:
4308:
4094:
3604:
3367:"Feeding mechanisms in conodonts and the function of the earliest vertebrate hard tissues"
2236:
2098:
2058:
1858:
1789:
1632:
1505:
1480:
976:
912:
468:
423:
398:
383:
342:
327:
41:
9628:
1311:, Pa element, upper view, reworked Late Devonian to Early Mississippian morphotype, X140
4184:
3895:
3830:
3717:
3544:
3382:
3300:
3253:
3206:
3140:
3085:"A possible home for a bizarre Carboniferous animal: Is Typhloesus a pelagic gastropod?"
3058:
3043:(Melton and Scott, 1973), a bizarre metazoan from the Carboniferous of Montana, U. S. A"
3005:
2783:
2672:
2382:
9300:
9254:
9168:
9077:
8939:
8732:
8642:
8522:
8504:
8463:
8406:
8269:
8248:
8074:
7493:
7089:
7046:
6654:
6563:
6439:
6426:
6397:
6296:
5630:
4866:
4844:
4789:
4771:
4722:
4714:
4691:
4649:
4625:
4370:
4165:
4025:
3744:
3701:
3111:
3084:
3022:
2989:
2645:
2480:
2398:
2324:
2090:
2082:
2066:
2044:
1850:
1842:
1605:
1472:
1372:
peak of diversity during the mid-late Devonian. Conodont diversity declined during the
1096:
1081:
1010:
899:
envision them as vertebrates similar in appearance to modern hagfish and lampreys, and
835:
727:
461:
390:
300:
222:
45:
4196:
2611:
795:
9708:
9157:
9143:
9122:
9035:
8815:
8714:
8633:
8495:
8456:
8304:
8255:
8220:
8169:
7982:
7535:
7266:
6695:
6570:
6547:
5699:
5643:
5324:
5315:
5215:
4815:
4662:
4637:
4586:
4499:
4381:
4361:
3996:
3959:
3913:
3792:
3453:
3366:
3324:
3172:
2869:
2723:
2632:
Briggs, D. E. G.; Clarkson, E. N. K.; Aldridge, R. J. (1983). "The conodont animal".
2240:
2215:
2200:
2036:
2028:
2005:
1874:
1816:
1773:
1389:
1373:
1141:
1119:
947:
908:
852:
687:
534:
394:
244:
81:
4185:"An oblique anterior view of a model of the apparatus of the Pennsylvanian conodont
4137:
4041:
3904:
3879:
3838:
3657:
3531:
Briggs, D. (May 1992). "Conodonts: a major extinct group added to the vertebrates".
3484:
2834:
2572:
2545:
2496:
9240:
9217:
9184:
9177:
9150:
9008:
8790:
8686:
8665:
8658:
8311:
8178:
8054:
7780:
7465:
7011:
6161:
5685:
4927:
4806:
4746:
4631:
4564:
4459:
4180:
3222:
2900:
Scott, Harold W. (1942). "Conodont Assemblages from the Heath Formation, Montana".
1885:
1866:
1360:
1351:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1267:
1260:
1156:
920:
904:
900:
819:
815:
713:
681:
556:
406:
402:
249:
3476:
2791:
2680:
1224:
Only a few studies approach the question of conodont ingroup relationships from a
3784:
3339:
3308:
3047:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences
2746:
9622:
9191:
9028:
8925:
8873:
7991:
6951:
6598:
6577:
6062:
5734:
5486:
5439:
5130:
4914:
4900:
4836:
4765:
4570:
4525:
4472:
4317:
1434:
1377:
1327:
1306:
827:
532:
Preserved articulated association of conodont elements belonging to the species
56:
9505:
9323:
8980:
8511:
8227:
7364:
6702:
6640:
6619:
6090:
5844:
5678:
5340:
5193:
5155:
5126:
5094:
4932:
4831:
4676:
4613:
4558:
4540:
4339:
4330:
2707:
2588:
2119:
1225:
935:
927:
864:
have been speculated to be venomous, based on grooves found on some elements.
860:
814:
with other elements. Studies have concluded that conodonts taxa occupied both
717:
709:
705:
677:
652:
640:
596:
382:
name was provided for several decades. MacFarlane (1923) described them as an
183:
101:
66:
49:
9613:
4129:
3735:
3445:
3316:
3269:
3164:
2596:
2406:
2332:
9226:
9001:
8918:
8449:
8283:
7794:
7500:
6647:
6507:
6354:
6289:
5477:
5465:
5428:
4886:
4643:
4607:
4598:
4512:
3726:
3575:
3552:
2848:
Schmidt, Hermann (1934). "Conodonten-Funde in ursprĂĽnglichem Zusammenhang".
1425:
1342:
1315:
1006:
896:
889:
840:
779:
762:
731:
699:
669:
626:
A size comparison of the three conodont species with preserved body fossils.
560:
and bilaterally opposed (pectiniform, i.e. comb-shaped) Pb and Pa elements.
449:
153:
106:
9639:
4033:
4004:
3975:
3753:
3120:
3101:
3066:
3013:
2488:
3962:; Clarkson, E. N. K.; Clark, N. D. L. (1993). "The anatomy of conodonts".
3560:
3516:
3499:
757:
According to these fossils, conodonts had large eyes, fins with fin rays,
9607:
9233:
8422:
8206:
7656:
7096:
6805:
6457:
5088:
4849:
4794:
4751:
4546:
4345:
4323:
4285:
1696:
931:
881:
743:
723:
695:
673:
495:
491:
338:
334:
173:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
24:
9686:
9407:
8290:
4937:
4477:
4467:
4449:
4152:
Lindström, Maurits (1970). "A suprageneric taxonomy of the conodonts".
3859:
Sepkoski, J. J. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera".
3631:"False teeth: conodont-vertebrate phylogenetic relationships revisited"
3436:
3419:
3283:
Takahashi, Satoshi; Yamakita, Satoshi; Suzuki, Noritoshi (2019-06-15).
3237:
2974:
2929:"Late Mississippian conodonts from the Bird Spring Formation in Nevada"
2913:
2887:
2861:
2826:
2737:
Green, Owen R. (2001). "Extraction Techniques for Phosphatic Fossils".
2715:
2290:
2266:
2192:
943:
939:
844:
758:
739:
735:
661:
319:
111:
86:
20:
3983:
Aldridge, R. J.; Purnell, M. A. (1996). "The conodont controversies".
3649:
3261:
3156:
2994:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2739:
A Manual of Practical Laboratory and Field Techniques in Palaeobiology
1240:
6493:
5082:
4300:
3214:
848:
419:
163:
9584:
4228:
3927:
3139:
Murdock, Duncan J. E.; Smith, M. Paul (2021). Sansom, Robert (ed.).
2282:
3964:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
1380:
and a prolonged period of significant loss of diversity during the
8973:
4756:
794:
751:
315:
9652:
2882:
Harold W. Scott, "The Zoological Relationships of the Conodonts.
365:
showed definitively that the animals were primitive vertebrates.
4270:
3500:"The Earliest Known Venomous Animals Recognized Among Conodonts"
353:
The teeth-like fossils of the conodont were first discovered by
307:
9588:
9120:
7463:
6424:
5463:
5107:
5043:
4232:
3767:
Zhuravlev, Andrey V.; Plotitsyn, Artem N. (18 January 2022).
2179:
Eichenberg, W. (1930). "Conodonten aus dem Culm des Harzes".
5039:
3469:
Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology
2573:"The interrelationships of 'complex' conodonts (Vertebrata)"
1400:
area. However, their final demise is more likely related to
4215:
4084:
The Great Fossil Enigma: The Search for the Conodont Animal
3605:"New evidence for the protoconodont origin of chaetognaths"
3391:
10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0375:FMICAT>2.3.CO;2
644:, at one time considered the first conodont body fossil.
2267:"Phylum Conodonta Pander, 1856 and Nomenclatural Priority"
926:
Moreover, some analyses do not regard conodonts as either
4197:"'The Jaws That Catch': an Introduction to the Conodonta"
4122:
10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1174:CPPF>2.0.CO;2
3582:. Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing. p. 88.
2819:
10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1174:CPPF>2.0.CO;2
2538:
10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1174:CPPF>2.0.CO;2
777:
had lengths only reaching 4–5 cm (1.6–2.0 in),
345:
as indicative of particular periods of geological time.
3341:
Cambrian Ocean World: Ancient Sea Life of North America
2463:
Donoghue, P.C.J.; Forey, P.L.; Aldridge, R.J. (2000).
3078:
3076:
1388:
Carboniferous due to cooler temperatures, especially
1244:
Conodont elements from the Deer Valley Member of the
877:
As of 2012, scientists classify the conodonts in the
337:(over 500 million years ago) to the beginning of the
4919:
4874:
4841:
4823:
4673:
4595:
4522:
4489:
4377:
4366:
4357:
4350:
4335:
4313:
4296:
2214:
Sweet, Walter C.; Cooper, Barry J. (December 2008).
1376:, with an extinction event at the end of the middle
989:
283:
269:
9597:
9494:
9299:
9271:
9216:
9167:
9133:
9087:
9066:
9045:
9018:
8956:
8901:
8814:
8731:
8641:
8632:
8548:
8521:
8494:
8473:
8439:
8405:
8168:
8147:
8098:
8064:
8001:
7981:
7929:
7881:
7811:
7749:
7680:
7646:
7636:
7552:
7524:
7476:
7417:
7388:
7277:
7265:
7223:
7189:
7168:
7113:
7063:
7022:
7010:
6934:
6913:
6864:
6822:
6788:
6754:
6719:
6685:
6546:
6482:
6437:
6396:
6341:
6313:
6143:
6039:
5961:
5884:
5834:
5825:
5768:
5709:
5661:
5629:
5596:
5532:
5495:
5485:
5476:
5427:
5399:
5323:
5314:
5225:
5118:
5004:
4956:
4865:
4814:
4805:
4713:
4672:
4594:
4585:
4521:
4488:
4458:
4448:
4284:
3878:Ginot, Samuel; Goudemand, Nicolas (December 2020).
1293:, alpha morphotype, Pa element, lateral view, X140
1272:, gamma morphotype, Pa element, lateral view, X140
4048:Gould, Stephen Jay (1985). "Reducing Riddles". In
3083:Conway Morris, Simon; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2022).
3289:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2174:
2172:
1248:in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia, US
923:, an unrelated phylum that includes arrow worms.
911:, appear to form a distinct clade from the later
2566:
2564:
2562:
672:area. That animal is now regarded as a possible
4052:, 245-260. New York, W.W. Norton and Company.
3706:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3134:
3132:
3130:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2302:
2300:
2260:
2258:
2216:"C.H. Pander's introduction to conodonts, 1856"
1637:Bassler, 1925 emend. Ulrich & Bassler, 1926
490:where they are known, in rocks dating from the
3344:. Indiana University Press. pp. 300–301.
2350:. In Moore, Raymond C.; Robison, R.A. (eds.).
1404:, perhaps competition with new Mesozoic taxa.
5055:
4244:
2886:, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Dec., 1934), pages 448-455 (
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
8:
3684:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2420:
2418:
2416:
2353:Part W, Miscellanea, Supplement 2: Conodonta
2138:Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
2431:Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics
810:marks likely created by food as well as by
9585:
9549:
9130:
9117:
8638:
7643:
7473:
7460:
6434:
6421:
5831:
5774:
5635:
5492:
5482:
5473:
5460:
5320:
5231:
5115:
5104:
5062:
5048:
5040:
4811:
4591:
4455:
4251:
4237:
4229:
4086:(Indiana University Press; 2012) 440 pages
2465:"Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny"
1356:, M element, lateral views, 93RS–67, X140
884:on the basis of their fins with fin rays,
761:and axial line, which were interpreted as
122:
31:
16:Extinct agnathan chordates resembling eels
4101:Sweet, W. C.; Donoghue, P. C. J. (2001).
3903:
3743:
3725:
3515:
3435:
3110:
3100:
3021:
2517:Sweet, W. C.; Donoghue, P. C. J. (2001).
1365:, Pa element, lateral view, 93RS–67, X140
2988:Purnell, M. A.; Donoghue, P. C. (1997).
1239:
349:Discovery and understanding of conodonts
2168:
567:
505:
3677:
1934:Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler, 2002
1265:, Sa element, posterior view, X140 2.
833:A study on the population dynamics of
4103:"Conodonts: past, present and future"
2358:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
656:, an enigmatic animal known from the
515:Complete element set of the conodont
478:. Conodont elements are also used as
415:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
7:
9692:32A17EFD-164F-401D-8813-80A784E6A79E
9569:
3498:Szaniawski, Hubert (December 2009).
2348:"Chapter 3: Systematic Descriptions"
3958:Aldridge, R. J.; Briggs, D. E. G.;
3037:Conway Morris, Simon (1990-04-12).
2577:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1134:
1112:
1088:
1037:
1030:
999:
969:
962:
460:fossils of the host organism, in a
4166:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1970.tb00834.x
4026:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00045.x
3861:Bulletins of American Paleontology
2646:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1983.tb01993.x
2519:"Conodonts: Past, Present, Future"
2481:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00045.x
2399:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1984.tb00675.x
2325:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1976.tb00966.x
1456:Khodalevich & Tschernich, 1973
1284:, Sa element, lateral views, X140
14:
3365:Purnell, Mark A. (1 April 1993).
1733:Lindström, 1970 sensu Sweet, 1988
1302:, Pa element, lateral view, X140
378:as "conodonts", though no formal
9568:
9559:
9558:
9548:
4435:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4394:
4147:from the original on 2022-10-30.
2555:from the original on 2022-10-30.
2122:
2078:Harris & Hollingsworth, 1933
1992:Shen, Yuan & Henderson, 2015
903:analysis suggests they are more
631:
619:
604:
587:
570:
525:
508:
486:. This has made them useful for
140:
3985:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
3905:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103325
3839:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103699
1320:, Pa element, upper view, X140
467:These microfossils are made of
369:Nomenclature and taxonomic rank
1701:Repetski & Ethington, 1983
1530:Pander, 1856 non Branson, 1938
1:
3612:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3504:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3477:10.1080/08912963.2018.1427088
2792:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.03.023
2681:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.03.004
357:and the results published in
4996:List of transitional fossils
4070:The tree of life web project
3997:10.1016/0169-5347(96)10048-3
3785:10.1016/j.palwor.2022.01.001
3309:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.034
2850:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
2747:10.1007/978-94-017-0581-3_27
2181:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
1228:perspective, as informed by
868:Classification and phylogeny
9720:Furongian first appearances
3884:Global and Planetary Change
3338:Foster, John (2014-06-06).
1448:FĂĄhraeus & Hunter, 1985
539:(Ordovician, North America)
9746:
4276:Timeline of fish evolution
4214:Jim Davison (2002-10-15).
3926:Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
2381:FĂĄhraeus, Lars E. (1984).
2265:FĂĄhraeus, Lars E. (1983).
2009:Klapper & Philip, 1971
938:, more closely related to
858:Some species of the genus
18:
9725:Late Triassic extinctions
9544:
9129:
9116:
7472:
7459:
6433:
6420:
5777:
5638:
5472:
5459:
5234:
5114:
5103:
5077:
5030:
4964:Lists of prehistoric fish
4392:
4266:
2708:10.1017/s0022336000035319
2589:10.1017/S1477201907002234
2307:Bengtson, Stefan (1976).
2158:Conodont alteration index
2094:Austin & Rhodes, 1981
2086:Austin & Rhodes, 1981
2062:Austin & Rhodes, 1981
1809:MĂĽller & MĂĽller, 1957
1646:Wang & Aldridge, 2010
1628:Stouge & Bagnoli 1999
1501:Wang & Aldridge, 2010
1154:
1139:
1132:
1117:
1110:
1093:
1086:
1057:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1004:
997:
974:
967:
683:Clydagnathus windsorensis
555:The feeding apparatus of
484:conodont alteration index
266:
259:
214:
209:
137:Scientific classification
135:
130:
121:
34:
2346:Clark, David L. (1981).
2245:"The quick and the dead"
2153:Conodont biostratigraphy
1983:Branson & Mehl, 1944
1925:Branson & Mehl, 1944
1846:Branson & Mehl, 1944
551:Elements of ozarkodinids
359:Saint Petersburg, Russia
19:Not to be confused with
5022:Vertebrate paleontology
4110:Journal of Paleontology
3930:Haaramo, Mikko (2007).
3727:10.1073/pnas.1814794116
3603:Szaniawski, H. (2002).
3578:(2004). "Vertebrates".
3553:10.1126/science.1598571
3145:Papers in Palaeontology
2963:Journal of Paleontology
2933:Journal of Paleontology
2927:Dunn, David L. (1965).
2902:Journal of Paleontology
2884:Journal of Paleontology
2807:Journal of Paleontology
2696:Journal of Paleontology
2526:Journal of Paleontology
2148:List of conodont genera
476:used in biostratigraphy
4216:"Ordovician conodonts"
4089:Sweet, Walter (1988).
3976:10.1098/rstb.1993.0082
3102:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0179
3067:10.1098/rstb.1990.0102
3014:10.1098/rstb.1997.0141
1664:Pomešano-Cherchi, 1967
1368:
806:
759:chevron-shaped muscles
719:Panderodus unicostatus
613:Panderodus unicostatus
597:Panderodus unicostatus
355:Heinz Christian Pander
9674:Paleobiology Database
5109:Conodont-like fossils
3934:Conodonta - conodonts
3819:Earth-Science Reviews
3517:10.4202/app.2009.0045
2425:Sweet, W. C. (1988).
1246:Mauch Chunk Formation
1243:
1230:phylogenetic analyses
802:Manticolepis subrecta
799:Model of elements of
798:
488:petroleum exploration
462:konservat lagerstätte
8958:Spathognathodontidae
7931:Plectospathodontinae
6145:Protopanderodontidae
5017:Transitional fossils
4656:Pseudopetalichthyida
4050:The Flamingo's Smile
2741:. pp. 318–330.
2014:Spathognathodontidae
1577:Protopanderodontidae
1236:Evolutionary history
888:-shaped muscles and
658:Bear Gulch limestone
577:Life restoration of
326:, classified in the
8903:Pterospathodontidae
7478:Anchignathodontidae
7024:Paracordylodontidae
5963:Drepanoistodontidae
5827:Protopanderodontida
5401:Westergaardodinidae
4064:Janvier, P (1997).
3896:2020GPC...19503325G
3831:2021ESRv..22003699S
3718:2019PNAS..116.2146M
3580:Fossils at a Glance
3545:1992Sci...256.1285B
3539:(5061): 1285–1286.
3383:1993Geo....21..375P
3301:2019PPP...524..212T
3254:2007Geo....35..879V
3207:1995Natur.374..800G
3059:1990RSPTB.327..595M
3006:1997RSPTB.352.1545P
3000:(1361): 1545–1564.
2939:: 6. Archived from
2784:2016ChGeo.431...36Q
2673:2006ChGeo.233..196T
2130:Paleontology portal
2021:Pterospathodontidae
1894:Anchignathodontidae
1669:Paracordylodontidae
1560:Drepanoistodontidae
1536:Protopanderodontida
1402:biotic interactions
1045:Protopanderodontida
564:The conodont animal
445:mineralized tissues
324:jawless vertebrates
235:Protopanderodontida
9730:Cambrian chordates
9401:Neoplectospathodus
8551:Novispathodontidae
8441:Idiognathodontidae
8150:Gladigondolellidae
7883:Neoprioniodontinae
7435:Bergstroemognathus
7225:Polyplacognathidae
6866:Multioistodontidae
6343:Strachanognathidae
5952:Paraserratognathus
5438:"true conodonts" (
4705:Ischnacanthiformes
4553:Cephalaspidomorphi
4014:Biological Reviews
3437:10.1017/pab.2022.9
2862:10.1007/BF03041668
2469:Biological Reviews
2271:Systematic Zoology
2193:10.1007/BF03044446
2075:Idiognathodontidae
1970:Novispathodontidae
1948:Gladigondolellidae
1782:Polyplacognathidae
1706:Multioistodontidae
1594:Strachanognathidae
1394:marine regressions
1369:
807:
701:Promissum pulchrum
692:Granton Shrimp Bed
580:Promissum pulchrum
131:Conodont elements
9702:
9701:
9591:Taxon identifiers
9582:
9581:
9540:
9539:
9536:
9535:
9112:
9111:
9108:
9107:
9048:Trucherognathidae
8912:Astropentagnathus
8897:
8896:
8694:Pseudopolygnathus
8673:Ferganaegnathodus
8200:Carnepigondolella
7977:
7976:
7940:Anastrophognathus
7892:Leptochirognathus
7455:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7344:Guizhouprioniodus
7234:Baltoplacognathus
7124:Acanthocordylodus
6882:Leptochirognathus
6416:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6392:
6391:
6347:(Cornuodontidae)?
6325:Serratognathoides
6001:Laurentoscandodus
5764:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5625:
5624:
5565:Drepanodistacodus
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5369:Problematoconites
5134:
5037:
5036:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4879:Palaeonisciformes
4827:Onychodontiformes
4784:Petalodontiformes
4778:Iniopterygiformes
4741:Phoebodontiformes
4729:Ctenacanthiformes
4699:Diplacanthiformes
4581:
4580:
4354:Myllokunmingiidae
4260:Evolution of fish
3970:(1294): 405–421.
3650:10.5252/g2010n4a1
3589:978-0-632-06047-4
3351:978-0-253-01188-6
3262:10.1130/g23894a.1
3201:(6525): 800–803.
3157:10.1002/spp2.1389
3053:(1242): 595–624.
3041:Typhloesus wellsi
2756:978-90-481-4013-8
2440:978-0-19-504352-5
2143:Micropaleontology
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1979:Trucherognathidae
1975:
1966:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1767:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1610:
1599:
1590:
1589:Zhen et al., 2009
1581:
1573:
1565:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1531:
1519:
1510:
1502:
1497:Pseudooneotodidae
1493:
1485:
1477:
1466:
1457:
1449:
1440:
1430:
1422:
1398:continental shelf
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1070:
1069:
954:Ingroup relations
948:jawed vertebrates
818:(open ocean) and
767:dorsal nerve cord
611:A body fossil of
480:paleothermometers
434:Conodont elements
294:
293:
280:
205:
46:Earliest Jurassic
9737:
9695:
9694:
9682:
9681:
9669:
9668:
9656:
9655:
9643:
9642:
9633:
9632:
9631:
9618:
9617:
9616:
9586:
9572:
9571:
9562:
9561:
9552:
9551:
9248:Parapachycladina
9131:
9118:
9069:Vjalovognathidae
8881:Streptognathodus
8839:Ctenopolygnathus
8701:Rhachistognathus
8639:
8623:Triassospathodus
8389:Scythogondolella
8375:Pseudofurnishius
8186:Ancyrogondolella
8004:Eognathodontidae
7644:
7474:
7461:
7428:Appalachignathus
7419:Rhipidognathidae
7256:Polyplacognathus
6897:Neomultioistodus
6824:Jablonnodontidae
6721:Gamachignathidae
6557:Aldridgeognathus
6435:
6422:
6383:Strachanognathus
6315:Serratognathidae
6191:Molloydenticulus
5909:Eoserratognathus
5832:
5775:
5711:Fryxellodontidae
5636:
5493:
5483:
5474:
5461:
5434:Conodontophorida
5410:Westergaardodina
5383:Prosagittodontus
5321:
5232:
5124:
5120:Protoconodontida
5116:
5105:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5041:
5012:Prehistoric life
4923:Pycnodontiformes
4921:
4906:Acipenseriformes
4876:
4843:
4825:
4812:
4675:
4620:Brindabellaspida
4597:
4592:
4535:Pteraspidomorphi
4524:
4491:
4456:
4440:
4439:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4398:
4379:
4368:
4359:
4352:
4337:
4315:
4298:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4192:
4169:
4148:
4146:
4116:(6): 1174–1184.
4107:
4082:Knell, Simon J.
4079:
4077:
4076:
4045:
4008:
3979:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3729:
3712:(6): 2146–2151.
3696:
3690:
3689:
3683:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3660:. Archived from
3635:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3439:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3215:10.1038/374800a0
3190:
3177:
3176:
3151:(4): 1977–1993.
3136:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3104:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2969:(6): 1557–1560.
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2897:
2891:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2772:Chemical Geology
2767:
2761:
2760:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2667:(3–4): 196–216.
2661:Chemical Geology
2656:
2650:
2649:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2568:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2532:(6): 1174–1184.
2523:
2514:
2501:
2500:
2460:
2445:
2444:
2422:
2411:
2410:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2187:(3–4): 177–182.
2176:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1991:
1988:Vjalovognathidae
1982:
1973:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1930:Eognathodontidae
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1765:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1730:Rhipidognathidae
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1651:Jablonnodontidae
1645:
1642:Gamachignathidae
1636:
1627:
1618:
1608:
1597:
1588:
1585:Serratognathidae
1579:
1571:
1563:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1529:
1517:
1508:
1500:
1491:
1489:Fryxellodontidae
1483:
1475:
1464:
1455:
1447:
1438:
1428:
1420:
1135:
1113:
1089:
1038:
1031:
1000:
991:
970:
963:
748:Akkamori section
635:
623:
608:
591:
574:
529:
518:Hindeodus parvus
512:
474:They are widely
409:to euconodonts.
285:
275:
273:Conodontophorida
271:
200:
195:
145:
144:
126:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
9745:
9744:
9740:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9735:
9734:
9705:
9704:
9703:
9698:
9690:
9685:
9677:
9672:
9664:
9659:
9651:
9646:
9638:
9636:
9627:
9626:
9621:
9612:
9611:
9606:
9593:
9583:
9578:
9532:
9490:
9450:Prionognathodus
9295:
9267:
9212:
9163:
9135:Bactrognathidae
9125:
9104:
9090:Wapitiodontidae
9083:
9062:
9057:Trucherognathus
9041:
9020:Sweetognathidae
9014:
8988:Spathognathodus
8952:
8893:
8888:Synclydagnathus
8867:Parapolygnathus
8810:
8727:
8628:
8616:Sweetospathodus
8544:
8517:
8490:
8469:
8435:
8401:
8347:Parvigondolella
8277:Metapolygnathus
8164:
8159:Gladigondolella
8143:
8094:
8066:Elictognathidae
8060:
8048:Schmidtognathus
8034:Pseudogondwania
7997:
7973:
7968:Plectospathodus
7925:
7877:
7843:Hindeodelloides
7807:
7745:
7733:Tetraprioniodus
7712:Hibbardelloides
7676:
7632:
7548:
7527:Archeognathidae
7520:
7508:Pseudohindeodus
7468:
7447:
7413:
7384:
7337:Eoneoprioniodus
7279:Prioniodontidae
7273:
7261:
7219:
7185:
7164:
7159:Protophragmodus
7115:Phragmodontidae
7109:
7059:
7054:Protoprioniodus
7018:
7006:
6930:
6909:
6875:Dischidognathus
6860:
6834:Cononcfiodontus
6818:
6784:
6750:
6715:
6687:Distomodontidae
6681:
6585:Barrandegnathus
6542:
6478:
6429:
6404:
6388:
6346:
6337:
6309:
6240:Pseudooneotodus
6233:Protopanderodus
6139:
6046:Panderodontidae
6043:
6035:
5969:Distacodontidae
5966:
5957:
5880:
5836:Acanthodontidae
5821:
5756:
5705:
5663:Cordylodontidae
5657:
5651:Pseudooneotodus
5621:
5598:Dapsilodontidae
5592:
5558:Coelocerodontus
5528:
5468:
5447:
5437:
5432:
5415:
5395:
5310:
5227:Paraconodontida
5221:
5123:
5110:
5099:
5073:
5068:
5038:
5033:
5026:
5000:
4944:
4892:Polypteriformes
4861:
4855:Tetrapodomorpha
4801:
4735:Hybodontiformes
4709:
4686:Acanthodiformes
4668:
4577:
4517:
4507:Paraconodontida
4484:
4452:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4434:
4412:
4400:
4390:
4309:Cephalochordate
4280:
4262:
4257:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4205:
4203:
4195:
4179:
4176:
4151:
4144:
4105:
4100:
4095:Clarendon Press
4074:
4072:
4063:
4011:
3991:(11): 463–468.
3982:
3957:
3954:
3952:Further reading
3949:
3940:
3938:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3574:Milsom, Clare;
3573:
3572:
3568:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3417:
3416:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3089:Biology Letters
3082:
3081:
3074:
3036:
3035:
3031:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2881:
2877:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2552:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2462:
2461:
2448:
2441:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2283:10.2307/2413175
2264:
2263:
2256:
2243:(Jun 5, 1999).
2237:Jan Zalasiewicz
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2099:Sweetognathidae
2059:Elictognathidae
1997:Wapitiodontidae
1974:(Orchard, 2005)
1903:Archeognathidae
1878:Lindström, 1970
1862:Lindström, 1970
1859:Bactrognathidae
1829:Bergström, 1981
1790:Distomodontidae
1785:Bergström, 1981
1766:Bergstrom, 1981
1749:Bergström, 1981
1746:Phragmodontidae
1738:Prioniodontidae
1725:Lindström, 1970
1717:Lindström, 1970
1691:Bergström, 1981
1673:Bergström, 1981
1633:Distacodontidae
1624:Cahabagnathidae
1611:(paraphyletic)
1598:Bergström, 1981
1580:Lindström, 1970
1572:Lindström, 1970
1569:Panderodontidae
1555:Lindström, 1970
1547:Lindström, 1970
1544:Acanthodontidae
1518:Bergstrom, 1981
1509:Lindström, 1970
1506:Proconodontidae
1484:Lindström, 1970
1481:Cordylodontidae
1461:Dapsilodontidae
1410:
1392:and associated
1367:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1336:Polygnathus sp.
1333:
1324:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1238:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1071:
995:
977:Paraconodontida
956:
875:
870:
793:
645:
636:
627:
624:
615:
609:
600:
594:Restoration of
592:
583:
575:
566:
553:
540:
530:
521:
513:
504:
469:hydroxylapatite
441:
436:
371:
351:
343:biostratigraphy
199:
193:
139:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
42:Middle Cambrian
40:
39:
36:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9743:
9741:
9733:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9707:
9706:
9700:
9699:
9697:
9696:
9683:
9670:
9657:
9644:
9634:
9619:
9603:
9601:
9595:
9594:
9589:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9576:
9566:
9556:
9545:
9542:
9541:
9538:
9537:
9534:
9533:
9531:
9530:
9523:
9516:
9509:
9501:
9499:
9497:Xaniognathidae
9492:
9491:
9489:
9488:
9481:
9474:
9467:
9460:
9453:
9446:
9439:
9432:
9429:Polygnathellus
9425:
9418:
9411:
9404:
9397:
9390:
9387:Metalonchodina
9383:
9376:
9369:
9362:
9355:
9348:
9341:
9334:
9327:
9320:
9313:
9305:
9303:
9301:Prioniodinidae
9297:
9296:
9294:
9293:
9286:
9278:
9276:
9274:Oepikodontidae
9269:
9268:
9266:
9265:
9258:
9255:Parafurnishius
9251:
9244:
9237:
9230:
9222:
9220:
9214:
9213:
9211:
9210:
9203:
9195:
9188:
9181:
9173:
9171:
9169:Chirognathidae
9165:
9164:
9162:
9161:
9154:
9147:
9139:
9137:
9127:
9126:
9121:
9114:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9102:
9094:
9092:
9085:
9084:
9082:
9081:
9078:Vjalovognathus
9073:
9071:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9060:
9052:
9050:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9039:
9032:
9024:
9022:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9012:
9005:
8998:
8991:
8984:
8977:
8970:
8962:
8960:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8950:
8943:
8940:Pterospathodus
8936:
8929:
8922:
8915:
8907:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8895:
8894:
8892:
8891:
8884:
8877:
8870:
8863:
8860:Pandorinellina
8856:
8849:
8842:
8835:
8828:
8820:
8818:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8808:
8801:
8794:
8787:
8780:
8773:
8766:
8759:
8752:
8745:
8737:
8735:
8733:Palmatolepidae
8729:
8728:
8726:
8725:
8718:
8711:
8704:
8697:
8690:
8683:
8676:
8669:
8662:
8655:
8647:
8645:
8643:Cavusgnathidae
8636:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8626:
8619:
8612:
8605:
8598:
8591:
8584:
8581:Icriospathodus
8577:
8570:
8567:Gongolelloides
8563:
8555:
8553:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8542:
8535:
8527:
8525:
8523:Mestognathidae
8519:
8518:
8516:
8515:
8508:
8505:Ctenognathodus
8500:
8498:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8488:
8480:
8478:
8471:
8470:
8468:
8467:
8464:Protognathodus
8460:
8453:
8445:
8443:
8437:
8436:
8434:
8433:
8430:Peudognathodus
8426:
8419:
8411:
8409:
8407:Gnathodontidae
8403:
8402:
8400:
8399:
8392:
8385:
8378:
8371:
8364:
8357:
8350:
8343:
8336:
8333:Paragondolella
8329:
8326:Norigondolella
8322:
8315:
8308:
8301:
8294:
8287:
8280:
8273:
8270:Mesogondolella
8266:
8259:
8252:
8249:Jinogondolella
8245:
8242:Icriospathodus
8238:
8231:
8224:
8217:
8210:
8203:
8196:
8189:
8182:
8174:
8172:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8154:
8152:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8134:
8127:
8120:
8113:
8105:
8103:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8092:
8085:
8078:
8075:Alternognathus
8070:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8051:
8044:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8016:
8008:
8006:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7987:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7964:
7957:
7950:
7943:
7935:
7933:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7923:
7916:
7909:
7902:
7895:
7887:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7872:Synprioniodina
7868:
7861:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7832:
7825:
7822:Euprioniodella
7817:
7815:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7805:
7802:Tasmanognathus
7798:
7791:
7788:Metaprioniodus
7784:
7777:
7770:
7767:Cervicornoides
7763:
7755:
7753:
7751:Hindeodellinae
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7736:
7729:
7722:
7715:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7686:
7684:
7682:Hibbardellinae
7678:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7667:
7660:
7652:
7650:
7641:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7588:
7581:
7574:
7567:
7559:
7557:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7539:
7531:
7529:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7518:
7515:Synprioniodina
7511:
7504:
7497:
7494:Diplognathodus
7490:
7487:Anchignathodus
7482:
7480:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7457:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7442:Rhipidognathus
7438:
7431:
7423:
7421:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7404:
7395:
7393:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7375:
7368:
7361:
7354:
7347:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7283:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7252:
7244:
7237:
7229:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7210:
7203:
7195:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7175:
7173:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7145:Paraprioniodus
7141:
7134:
7127:
7119:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7090:Microzarkodina
7086:
7078:
7069:
7067:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7050:
7047:Paracordylodus
7043:
7036:
7033:Cooperignathus
7028:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6940:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6920:
6918:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6886:
6878:
6870:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6851:
6844:
6837:
6829:
6827:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6813:Pelekysgnathus
6809:
6802:
6794:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6760:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6745:Gamachignathus
6741:
6734:
6726:
6724:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6691:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6676:Trapezognathus
6672:
6669:Sagittodontina
6665:
6662:Rhodesognathus
6658:
6655:Pterospathodus
6651:
6644:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6567:
6564:Amorphognathus
6560:
6552:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6516:Pteracontiodus
6512:
6504:
6497:
6489:
6487:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6445:
6443:
6440:incertae sedis
6431:
6430:
6427:Prioniodontida
6425:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6398:Prioniodontida
6394:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6350:
6348:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6332:Serratognathus
6328:
6320:
6318:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6300:
6297:Variabiloconus
6293:
6286:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6248:Semiacontiodus
6244:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6149:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6129:
6126:Taoqupognathus
6122:
6119:Pseudobelodina
6115:
6108:
6105:Parapanderodus
6101:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6051:
6049:
6041:Panderodontida
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6004:
5997:
5994:Drepanoistodus
5990:
5982:
5974:
5972:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5948:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5890:
5888:
5886:Clavohamulidae
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5870:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5840:
5838:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5811:
5803:
5795:
5787:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5746:
5738:
5731:
5728:Fryxellodontus
5724:
5715:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5672:Cambrooistodus
5667:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5647:
5639:
5633:
5631:Proconodontida
5627:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5603:
5601:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5561:
5554:
5546:
5538:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5518:
5510:
5502:
5500:
5490:
5480:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5405:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5329:
5327:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5284:Serratocambria
5280:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5235:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5197:
5190:
5182:
5178:Huayuanodontus
5174:
5167:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5137:
5135:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5044:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4883:
4882:
4871:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4845:Porolepiformes
4834:
4829:
4820:
4818:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4790:Symmoriiformes
4786:
4780:
4774:
4772:Eugeneodontida
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4723:Elasmobranchii
4719:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4692:Climatiiformes
4688:
4681:
4679:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4650:Acanthothoraci
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4626:Petalichthyida
4622:
4616:
4610:
4603:
4601:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4530:
4528:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4500:Protoconodonta
4495:
4493:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4453:
4446:
4445:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4375:
4371:Myllokunmingia
4348:
4343:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4211:
4193:
4175:
4174:External links
4172:
4171:
4170:
4160:(4): 427–445.
4149:
4098:
4087:
4080:
4061:
4046:
4020:(2): 191–251.
4009:
3980:
3960:Smith, M. Paul
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3919:
3870:
3851:
3805:
3779:(4): 633–645.
3759:
3691:
3644:(4): 545–594.
3621:
3595:
3588:
3566:
3523:
3510:(4): 669–676.
3490:
3459:
3430:(4): 601–621.
3403:
3377:(4): 375–377.
3357:
3350:
3330:
3275:
3228:
3178:
3126:
3072:
3029:
2980:
2953:
2919:
2908:(3): 293–300.
2892:
2875:
2856:(1–2): 76–85.
2840:
2813:(2): 227–235.
2797:
2762:
2755:
2729:
2702:(4): 790–794.
2686:
2651:
2624:
2602:
2583:(2): 119–153.
2558:
2502:
2475:(2): 191–251.
2446:
2439:
2412:
2393:(4): 293–305.
2373:
2366:
2338:
2319:(2): 185–206.
2296:
2277:(4): 455–459.
2254:
2228:
2206:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2091:Cavusgnathidae
2088:
2083:Mestognathidae
2080:
2072:
2067:Gnathodontidae
2064:
2056:
2053:Hindeodontidae
2050:
2045:Palmatolepidae
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1954:
1952:(Hirsch, 1994)
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1851:Prioniodinidae
1848:
1843:Chirognathidae
1840:
1834:Xaniognathidae
1831:
1825:Oepikodontidae
1813:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1770:Icriodontacea
1768:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1693:
1687:Ulrichodinidae
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1606:Prioniodontida
1602:
1601:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1564:FĂĄhraeus, 1978
1557:
1552:Clavohamulidae
1549:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1503:
1494:
1486:
1473:Proconodontida
1469:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1450:
1409:
1406:
1396:which reduced
1390:glacial events
1256:Valley Member.
1254:
1251:
1250:
1237:
1234:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:Paracordylodus
1092:
1087:
1085:
1082:Prioniodontida
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:Proconodontida
1003:
998:
996:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
973:
968:
966:
961:
955:
952:
909:protoconodonts
874:
871:
869:
866:
853:trophic niches
836:Alternognathus
792:
789:
728:Waukesha Biota
647:
646:
637:
630:
628:
625:
618:
616:
610:
603:
601:
593:
586:
584:
576:
569:
565:
562:
552:
549:
542:
541:
531:
524:
522:
514:
507:
503:
502:Full apparatus
500:
440:
437:
435:
432:
395:protoconodonts
391:taxonomic rank
370:
367:
350:
347:
292:
291:
290:
289:
281:
264:
263:
257:
256:
255:
254:
253:
252:
247:
242:
240:Panderodontida
237:
227:
226:
225:
223:Proconodontida
212:
211:
207:
206:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
133:
132:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9742:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9693:
9688:
9684:
9680:
9675:
9671:
9667:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9635:
9630:
9624:
9620:
9615:
9609:
9605:
9604:
9602:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9587:
9575:
9567:
9565:
9557:
9555:
9547:
9546:
9543:
9529:
9528:
9524:
9522:
9521:
9517:
9515:
9514:
9513:Crypridodella
9510:
9508:
9507:
9503:
9502:
9500:
9498:
9493:
9487:
9486:
9482:
9480:
9479:
9475:
9473:
9472:
9471:Subbryantodus
9468:
9466:
9465:
9461:
9459:
9458:
9457:Pristognathus
9454:
9452:
9451:
9447:
9445:
9444:
9440:
9438:
9437:
9433:
9431:
9430:
9426:
9424:
9423:
9419:
9417:
9416:
9412:
9410:
9409:
9405:
9403:
9402:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9394:Multidentodus
9391:
9389:
9388:
9384:
9382:
9381:
9377:
9375:
9374:
9373:Kamuellerella
9370:
9368:
9367:
9366:Idioprionodus
9363:
9361:
9360:
9356:
9354:
9353:
9349:
9347:
9346:
9342:
9340:
9339:
9335:
9333:
9332:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9321:
9319:
9318:
9317:Camptognathus
9314:
9312:
9311:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9298:
9292:
9291:
9287:
9285:
9284:
9283:Lissoepikodus
9280:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9270:
9264:
9263:
9259:
9257:
9256:
9252:
9250:
9249:
9245:
9243:
9242:
9238:
9236:
9235:
9231:
9229:
9228:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9219:
9215:
9209:
9208:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9196:
9194:
9193:
9189:
9187:
9186:
9182:
9180:
9179:
9175:
9174:
9172:
9170:
9166:
9160:
9159:
9158:Staurognathus
9155:
9153:
9152:
9148:
9146:
9145:
9144:Bactrognathus
9141:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9123:Prioniodinida
9119:
9115:
9101:
9100:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9086:
9080:
9079:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9070:
9065:
9059:
9058:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9044:
9038:
9037:
9036:Sweetognathus
9033:
9031:
9030:
9026:
9025:
9023:
9021:
9017:
9011:
9010:
9006:
9004:
9003:
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8955:
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8937:
8935:
8934:
8930:
8928:
8927:
8923:
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8920:
8916:
8914:
8913:
8909:
8908:
8906:
8904:
8900:
8890:
8889:
8885:
8883:
8882:
8878:
8876:
8875:
8871:
8869:
8868:
8864:
8862:
8861:
8857:
8855:
8854:
8850:
8848:
8847:
8843:
8841:
8840:
8836:
8834:
8833:
8829:
8827:
8826:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8816:Polygnathidae
8813:
8807:
8806:
8802:
8800:
8799:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8788:
8786:
8785:
8781:
8779:
8778:
8774:
8772:
8771:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8763:Klapperilepis
8760:
8758:
8757:
8753:
8751:
8750:
8746:
8744:
8743:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8722:Weyerognathus
8719:
8717:
8716:
8715:Taphrognathus
8712:
8710:
8709:
8708:Scaphignathus
8705:
8703:
8702:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8691:
8689:
8688:
8684:
8682:
8681:
8677:
8675:
8674:
8670:
8668:
8667:
8663:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8644:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8634:Polygnathacea
8631:
8625:
8624:
8620:
8618:
8617:
8613:
8611:
8610:
8606:
8604:
8603:
8602:Novispathodus
8599:
8597:
8596:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8578:
8576:
8575:
8571:
8569:
8568:
8564:
8562:
8561:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8536:
8534:
8533:
8532:Laterignathus
8529:
8528:
8526:
8524:
8520:
8514:
8513:
8509:
8507:
8506:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8496:Kockelellidae
8493:
8487:
8486:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8477:
8476:Iowagnathidae
8472:
8466:
8465:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8457:Idiognathodus
8454:
8452:
8451:
8447:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8438:
8432:
8431:
8427:
8425:
8424:
8420:
8418:
8417:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8408:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8386:
8384:
8383:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8354:Platyvillosus
8351:
8349:
8348:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8323:
8321:
8320:
8316:
8314:
8313:
8309:
8307:
8306:
8305:Neogondolella
8302:
8300:
8299:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8281:
8279:
8278:
8274:
8272:
8271:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8258:
8257:
8256:Kraussodontus
8253:
8251:
8250:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8221:Epigondolella
8218:
8216:
8215:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8204:
8202:
8201:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8190:
8188:
8187:
8183:
8181:
8180:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8171:
8170:Gondolellidae
8167:
8161:
8160:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8146:
8140:
8139:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8128:
8126:
8125:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8101:Francodinidae
8097:
8091:
8090:
8089:Pinacognathus
8086:
8084:
8083:
8082:Elictognathus
8079:
8077:
8076:
8072:
8071:
8069:
8067:
8063:
8057:
8056:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8005:
8000:
7994:
7993:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7983:Cryptotaxidae
7980:
7970:
7969:
7965:
7963:
7962:
7961:Keislognathus
7958:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7947:Aphelognathus
7944:
7942:
7941:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7920:Subprioniodus
7917:
7915:
7914:
7910:
7908:
7907:
7906:Neoprioniodus
7903:
7901:
7900:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7884:
7880:
7874:
7873:
7869:
7867:
7866:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7840:
7838:
7837:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7829:Euprioniodina
7826:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7814:
7810:
7804:
7803:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7792:
7790:
7789:
7785:
7783:
7782:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7737:
7735:
7734:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7723:
7721:
7720:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7709:
7707:
7706:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7679:
7673:
7672:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7648:Coleodontinae
7645:
7642:
7640:
7639:Coleodontidae
7635:
7629:
7628:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7613:Microcoelodus
7610:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7594:
7593:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7585:Cambropustula
7582:
7580:
7579:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7536:Archeognathus
7533:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7462:
7458:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7379:Stiptognathus
7376:
7374:
7373:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7362:
7360:
7359:
7358:Lambdagnathus
7355:
7353:
7352:
7348:
7346:
7345:
7341:
7339:
7338:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7323:Embsaygnathus
7320:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7276:
7270:
7268:
7267:Prioniodinida
7264:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7241:Cahabagnathus
7238:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7191:Plectodinidae
7188:
7182:
7181:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7170:Playfordiidae
7167:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7065:Periodontidae
7062:
7056:
7055:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7021:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6973:Loxognathodus
6970:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6936:Oistodontidae
6933:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6890:Multioistodus
6887:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6855:Mitrellataxis
6852:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6814:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6790:Icriodontidae
6787:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6710:Moskalenkodus
6707:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6696:Anticostiodus
6693:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6571:Arianagnathus
6568:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6548:Balognathidae
6545:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6481:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6450:Multidentodus
6447:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6423:
6419:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6385:
6384:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6269:Striatodontus
6266:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6077:Neopanderodus
6074:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5930:Hispidodontus
5927:
5925:
5924:
5923:Hirsutodontus
5920:
5918:
5917:
5916:Granatodontus
5913:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5700:Iapetognathus
5697:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5644:Proconodontus
5641:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5444:
5441:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5325:Furnishinidae
5322:
5319:
5317:
5316:Furnishinacea
5313:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:Prodistacodus
5273:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5262:Hunanognathus
5259:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5216:Protohertzina
5213:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5060:
5058:
5053:
5051:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:cartilaginous
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4715:Cartilaginous
4712:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4663:Stensioellida
4660:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4638:Ptyctodontida
4635:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4520:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4397:
4384:
4383:
4382:Zhongxiniscus
4376:
4373:
4372:
4364:
4363:
4362:Haikouichthys
4355:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4294:
4293:Basal member
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4217:
4212:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:Idiognathodus
4182:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4067:
4066:"Euconodonta"
4062:
4059:
4058:0-393-30375-6
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3937:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3667:on 2012-03-19
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3638:Geodiversitas
3632:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2943:on 2016-08-18
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2433:(10): 1–211.
2432:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2367:0-8137-3028-7
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2249:New Scientist
2246:
2242:
2241:Sarah Gabbott
2238:
2232:
2229:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2120:
2115:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2040:Bassler, 1925
2038:
2037:Polygnathidae
2035:
2032:Klapper, 1981
2030:
2029:Kockelellidae
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2006:Cryptotaxidae
2004:
2001:Orchard, 2005
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1957:Iowagnathidae
1955:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1939:Francodinidae
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1921:Coleodontidae
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1875:Gondolellidae
1873:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1854:Bassler, 1925
1852:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:Prioniodinida
1814:
1807:
1806:Icriodontidae
1804:
1799:
1798:Icriodellidae
1796:
1793:Klapper, 1981
1791:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1774:Balognathidae
1772:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1754:Plectodinidae
1752:
1747:
1744:
1741:Bassler, 1925
1739:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1722:Periodontidae
1720:
1715:
1714:Oistodontidae
1712:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1678:Playfordiidae
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1382:Pennsylvanian
1379:
1375:
1374:Carboniferous
1364:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:Prioniodinida
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:Balognathidae
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1001:
994:
987:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
972:
971:
965:
964:
960:
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
913:paraconodonts
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
880:
872:
867:
865:
863:
862:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
804:
803:
797:
790:
788:
786:
782:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:
697:
693:
689:
688:Carboniferous
685:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:
643:
642:
634:
629:
622:
617:
614:
607:
602:
599:
598:
590:
585:
582:
581:
573:
568:
563:
561:
558:
550:
548:
545:
538:
536:
535:Archeognathus
528:
523:
520:
519:
511:
506:
501:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
457:
453:
451:
446:
439:Lone elements
438:
433:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:
410:
408:
404:
400:
399:paraconodonts
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
368:
366:
362:
360:
356:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
302:
298:
288:
282:
278:
274:
268:
267:
265:
262:
258:
251:
248:
246:
245:Prioniodinida
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
231:
228:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
215:
213:
208:
203:
198:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
134:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
51:
47:
43:
33:
30:
26:
22:
9598:
9527:Xaniognathus
9525:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9483:
9476:
9469:
9462:
9455:
9448:
9441:
9436:Prioniodella
9434:
9427:
9420:
9415:Palmatodella
9413:
9406:
9399:
9392:
9385:
9378:
9371:
9364:
9357:
9352:Guizhoudella
9350:
9343:
9336:
9329:
9322:
9315:
9308:
9288:
9281:
9262:Stepanovites
9260:
9253:
9246:
9241:Hadrodontina
9239:
9232:
9225:
9218:Ellisoniidae
9205:
9197:
9190:
9185:Curtognathus
9183:
9178:Chirognathus
9176:
9156:
9151:Doliognathus
9149:
9142:
9097:
9076:
9055:
9034:
9027:
9009:Zieglerodina
9007:
9000:
8993:
8986:
8979:
8972:
8965:
8947:Xainzadontus
8945:
8938:
8933:Pranognathus
8931:
8924:
8917:
8910:
8886:
8879:
8872:
8865:
8858:
8851:
8844:
8837:
8830:
8823:
8803:
8798:Panderolepis
8796:
8791:Palmatolepis
8789:
8782:
8777:Manticolepis
8775:
8768:
8761:
8754:
8747:
8742:Conditolepis
8740:
8720:
8713:
8706:
8699:
8692:
8687:Patrognathus
8685:
8678:
8671:
8666:Clydagnathus
8664:
8659:Cavusgnathus
8657:
8652:Adetognathus
8650:
8621:
8614:
8607:
8600:
8593:
8586:
8579:
8572:
8565:
8558:
8539:Mestognathus
8537:
8530:
8510:
8503:
8483:
8462:
8455:
8448:
8428:
8421:
8414:
8396:Sephardiella
8394:
8387:
8380:
8373:
8366:
8359:
8352:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8317:
8312:Neospathodus
8310:
8303:
8298:Neocavitella
8296:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8268:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8226:
8219:
8212:
8205:
8198:
8191:
8184:
8179:Acuminatella
8177:
8157:
8138:Vogelgnathus
8136:
8131:Urbanekodina
8129:
8122:
8115:
8108:
8087:
8080:
8073:
8055:Siphonodella
8053:
8046:
8039:
8032:
8025:
8018:
8011:
7990:
7966:
7959:
7952:
7945:
7938:
7918:
7911:
7904:
7897:
7890:
7870:
7863:
7855:
7848:
7841:
7836:Hamulosodina
7834:
7827:
7820:
7800:
7793:
7786:
7781:Kladognathus
7779:
7772:
7765:
7758:
7740:Zentagnathus
7738:
7731:
7724:
7719:Ptilognathus
7717:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7691:Diplododella
7689:
7671:Pravognathus
7669:
7662:
7655:
7625:
7618:
7611:
7604:
7599:Hunanganthus
7597:
7590:
7583:
7578:Bengtsonella
7576:
7569:
7562:
7555:Belodontidae
7541:
7534:
7513:
7506:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7466:Ozarkodinida
7440:
7433:
7426:
7406:
7398:
7390:Pygodontidae
7377:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7316:Drucognathus
7314:
7309:Dichognathus
7307:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7254:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7212:
7205:
7198:
7178:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7122:
7102:
7095:
7088:
7080:
7074:Fahraeusodus
7072:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7012:Ozarkodinida
6999:
6992:
6985:
6980:Loxodentatus
6978:
6971:
6964:
6959:Juanognathus
6957:
6950:
6945:Graciliconus
6943:
6923:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6880:
6873:
6853:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6811:
6804:
6799:Caudicriodus
6797:
6777:
6772:Icriognathus
6770:
6763:
6756:Icrodellidae
6743:
6736:
6729:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6674:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6646:
6639:
6634:Pranognathus
6632:
6627:Omanognathus
6625:
6618:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6535:
6528:
6523:Triangulodus
6521:
6514:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6448:
6438:
6381:
6376:Scabbardella
6374:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6330:
6323:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6276:Stultodontus
6274:
6267:
6262:Staufferella
6260:
6253:
6246:
6238:
6231:
6226:Polycostatus
6224:
6217:
6212:Parutahconus
6210:
6203:
6198:Monocostodus
6196:
6189:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6162:Colaptoconus
6160:
6152:
6133:Belodellidae
6131:
6124:
6117:
6112:Plegagnathus
6110:
6103:
6098:Parabelodina
6096:
6089:
6084:Nudibelodina
6082:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5984:
5977:
5950:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5895:Clavohamulus
5893:
5872:
5866:Scalpellodus
5864:
5859:Parapaltodus
5857:
5850:
5843:
5813:
5805:
5797:
5789:
5781:
5750:Pygodontidae
5748:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5718:
5698:
5691:
5686:Eoconodontus
5684:
5677:
5670:
5649:
5642:
5614:
5606:
5587:Walliserodus
5585:
5578:
5571:
5563:
5556:
5548:
5541:
5534:Belodellidae
5520:
5512:
5505:
5408:
5390:Proscandodus
5388:
5381:
5376:Prooneotodus
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5305:Yongshunella
5303:
5296:
5291:Shandongodus
5289:
5282:
5274:
5269:Laiwugnathus
5267:
5260:
5255:Bengtsonella
5253:
5246:
5238:
5214:
5207:
5199:
5192:
5184:
5176:
5169:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5142:Amphigeisina
5140:
5131:chaetognaths
5070:
4969:spiny sharks
4928:Halecomorphi
4747:Xenacanthida
4632:Phyllolepida
4565:Pituriaspida
4526:Ostracoderms
4460:Cyclostomata
4450:Jawless fish
4399:
4380:
4369:
4360:
4338:
4316:
4299:
4219:. Retrieved
4204:. Retrieved
4200:
4186:
4181:Mark Purnell
4157:
4153:
4113:
4109:
4090:
4083:
4073:. Retrieved
4069:
4049:
4017:
4013:
3988:
3984:
3967:
3963:
3939:. Retrieved
3933:
3922:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3822:
3818:
3808:
3796:. Retrieved
3776:
3772:
3762:
3709:
3705:
3694:
3680:cite journal
3669:. Retrieved
3662:the original
3641:
3637:
3624:
3615:
3611:
3598:
3579:
3569:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3468:
3462:
3427:
3424:Paleobiology
3423:
3394:. Retrieved
3374:
3370:
3360:
3340:
3333:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3198:
3194:
3148:
3144:
3092:
3088:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3032:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2945:. Retrieved
2941:the original
2936:
2932:
2922:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2883:
2878:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2738:
2732:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2605:
2580:
2576:
2529:
2525:
2472:
2468:
2430:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2352:
2341:
2316:
2312:
2274:
2270:
2248:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2209:
2184:
2180:
2102:Ritter, 1986
2055:(Hass, 1959)
2024:Cooper, 1977
1962:
1916:Huddle, 1934
1912:Belodontidae
1907:Miller, 1969
1886:Ozarkodinida
1867:Ellisoniidae
1777:(Hass, 1959)
1762:Pygodontidae
1709:Harris, 1964
1695:
1514:Pygodontidae
1492:Miller, 1981
1453:Belodellidae
1421:Pander, 1856
1417:
1411:
1386:
1370:
1361:Cavusgnathus
1359:
1352:Kladognathus
1350:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1314:
1305:
1298:Cavusgnathus
1296:
1289:Cavusgnathus
1287:
1280:Kladognathus
1278:
1268:Cavusgnathus
1266:
1261:Kladognathus
1259:
1223:
1157:Ozarkodinida
1155:
1140:
1118:
1095:
1094:
1060:Panderontida
1058:
1043:
1005:
992:
975:
957:
925:
921:Chaetognatha
916:
901:phylogenetic
894:
876:
859:
857:
834:
832:
823:
820:nektobenthic
808:
800:
785:Clydagnathus
784:
778:
774:
771:Clydagnathus
770:
756:
718:
714:South Africa
700:
682:
665:
651:
648:
639:
612:
595:
578:
557:ozarkodinids
554:
546:
543:
533:
516:
494:to the Late
473:
466:
458:
454:
442:
428:
413:
411:
407:sister group
403:chaetognaths
388:
372:
363:
352:
330:
311:
303:
296:
295:
286:
272:
250:Ozarkodinida
229:
217:
196:
29:
9623:Wikispecies
9443:Prioniodina
9359:Gyrognathus
9192:Erraticodon
9029:Meiognathus
8926:Complexodus
8874:Polygnathus
8853:Nicollidina
8832:Bispathodus
8805:Tripodellus
8770:Lagovilepis
8756:Kielcelepis
8680:Neolochriea
8588:Kashmirella
8574:Guanxidella
8560:Discretella
8485:Iowagnathus
8416:FIiognathus
8382:Quadralella
8340:Parapetella
8235:Hayashiella
8020:Gigantholus
8013:Eognathodus
7992:Cryptotaxis
7813:Ligonodinae
7774:Hindeodella
7760:Arcugnathus
7705:Hibbardella
7606:Lepognathus
7543:Neocoleodus
7372:Reutterodus
7351:Kailidontus
7330:Eocarniodus
7302:Cardiodella
7295:Astognathus
7200:Bryantodina
7131:Acanthodina
7001:Tricostatus
6952:Histiodella
6915:Nurrellidae
6848:Jablonnodus
6731:Birksfeldia
6599:Complexodus
6592:Birksfeldia
6578:Baltoniodus
6501:Diaphorodus
6484:Acodontidae
6362:Decoriconus
6304:Ventricodus
6063:Culumbodina
6030:Venoistodus
6023:Paroistodus
5874:Ulrichodina
5735:Kallidontus
5550:Caenodontus
5522:Tokognathus
5487:Belodellida
5440:Euconodonta
5355:Nogamiconus
5348:Muellerodus
5240:Diaphanodus
5093:Subphylum:
4989:lobe-finned
4915:Neopterygii
4901:Chondrostei
4837:Rhipidistia
4816:Lobe-finned
4766:Holocephali
4571:Osteostraci
4473:Hyperoartia
4318:Cathaymyrus
4286:Forerunners
3844:4 September
3773:Palaeoworld
3295:: 212–229.
3248:(10): 879.
2640:(1): 1–14.
2612:"Conodonts"
2070:Sweet, 1988
2048:Sweet, 1988
2017:Hass, 1959
1898:Clark, 1972
1870:Clark, 1972
1838:Sweet, 1981
1820:Sweet, 1988
1801:Sweet, 1988
1757:Sweet, 1988
1660:Nurrellidae
1615:Acodontidae
1539:Sweet, 1988
1476:Sweet, 1988
1465:Sweet, 1988
1439:Sweet, 1988
1435:Belodellida
1429:Sweet, 1988
1378:Tournaisian
1328:Polygnathus
1307:Polygnathus
936:cyclostomes
928:vertebrates
917:euconodonts
895:Milsom and
828:zooplankton
676:related to
638:Fossils of
361:, in 1856.
287:Euconodonta
180:Subphylum:
9709:Categories
9506:Chirodella
9464:Scotlandia
9422:Pluckidina
9380:Lagovidina
9338:Dyminodina
9331:Cornuramia
9324:Chirodella
9310:Bryantodus
9207:Oistodella
9099:Wapitiodus
8981:Ozarkodina
8825:Avignathus
8595:Mosherella
8512:Kockelella
8368:Primatella
8319:Nicoraella
8228:Gondolella
8124:Sweetodina
8110:Francodina
8041:Rhodalepis
7913:Pachysomia
7857:Lonchodina
7850:Ligonodina
7664:Hindeodina
7627:Ptiloconus
7620:Paibiconus
7365:Prioniodus
7214:Scyphiodus
7207:Plectodina
7180:Playfordia
7152:Phragmodus
7104:Pohlerodus
7040:Oelandodus
6994:Oleandodus
6966:Jumudontus
6841:Fungulodus
6765:Icriodella
6703:Distomodus
6641:Prioniodus
6620:Notiodella
6606:Icriodella
6472:Ansellidae
6465:Schopfodus
6283:Teridontus
6255:Scolopodus
6219:Planusodus
6183:Filodontus
6176:Eucharodus
6169:Drepanodus
6154:Aloxoconus
6091:Panderodus
6070:Naimanodus
5986:Drepanodus
5979:Distacodus
5937:Laiwunodus
5852:Kirkupodus
5845:Acanthodus
5815:Thrincodus
5799:Dapsilodus
5783:Besselodus
5693:Eodentatus
5679:Cordylodus
5616:Dapsilodus
5608:Besselodus
5497:Ansellidae
5341:Furnishina
5248:Dolabrodus
5209:Phakelodus
5201:Paibiconus
5194:Mongolodus
5171:Hagionella
5156:Gapparodus
5149:Ganloudina
5125:(Probably
5095:Vertebrata
4974:placoderms
4933:Ginglymodi
4867:Ray-finned
4832:Coelacanth
4677:Acanthodii
4614:Arthrodira
4599:Placoderms
4587:Jawed fish
4559:Galeaspida
4541:Thelodonti
4340:Haikouella
4331:Olfactores
4221:2009-07-07
4206:2013-07-01
4075:2007-09-05
3941:2015-12-30
3890:: 103325.
3825:: 103699.
3798:16 October
3671:2011-02-11
3576:Rigby, Sue
2947:2016-07-15
2888:Stable URL
2164:References
1943:Dzik, 2006
1889:Dzik, 1976
1682:Dzik, 2002
1655:Dzik, 2006
1619:Dzik, 1993
1609:Dzik, 1976
1444:Ansellidae
873:Affinities
861:Panderodus
775:Panderodus
710:Soom Shale
706:Ordovician
678:gastropods
666:Typhloesus
653:Typhloesus
641:Typhloesus
376:anglicized
322:group of
318:") are an
277:Eichenberg
210:Subgroups
184:Vertebrata
50:Hettangian
9715:Conodonts
9629:Conodonta
9599:Conodonta
9520:Ketinella
9290:Oepikodus
9227:Ellisonia
9002:Wurmiella
8967:Flajsella
8919:Carniodus
8784:Mesotaxis
8609:Smithodus
8450:Gnathodus
8361:Pridaella
8284:Misikella
8263:Mazzaella
8193:Borinella
8117:Planadina
8027:Gondwania
7865:Lonchodus
7795:Oncodella
7698:Elsonella
7564:Albiconus
7501:Hindeodus
7400:Nericodus
7288:Angulodus
7272:see below
7248:Polonodus
7082:Hamarodus
7017:see below
6738:Galerodus
6648:Promissum
6508:Nealeodus
6403:see below
6369:Macerodus
6355:Cornuodus
6290:Utahconus
6205:Oneotodus
6008:Nordiodus
5944:Nericodus
5902:Dasytodus
5791:Cristodus
5770:Conodonti
5742:Polonodus
5543:Belodella
5514:Hamarodus
5478:Cavidonti
5466:Conodonta
5446:see below
5429:Conodonta
5362:Proacodus
5334:Albiconus
5298:Trolmenia
5163:Glauderia
5081:Kingdom:
5071:Conodonts
5032:†extinct
4887:Cladistia
4644:Rhenanida
4608:Antiarchi
4513:Conodonta
4492:Conodonts
4130:0022-3360
3914:225005180
3793:246060690
3736:0027-8424
3618:(3): 405.
3454:248062641
3446:0094-8373
3325:134664744
3317:0031-0182
3270:0091-7613
3173:237769553
3165:2056-2799
2870:128496416
2778:: 36–43.
2724:131850219
2617:26 August
2610:MIRACLE.
2597:1477-2019
2407:0024-1164
2333:0024-1164
2221:3 January
2201:129519805
1527:Conodonti
1426:Cavidonti
1418:Conodonta
1343:Gnathodus
1316:Gnathodus
1291:unicornis
1270:unicornis
1226:cladistic
1024:Conodonti
1007:Cavidonti
993:Conodonta
932:craniates
890:notochord
824:Promissum
812:occlusion
780:Promissum
763:notochord
732:Wisconsin
722:from the
704:from the
686:from the
670:digestive
450:agnathans
412:The 1981
380:latinized
331:Conodonta
297:Conodonts
230:Conodonti
218:Cavidonti
197:Conodonta
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
35:Conodonts
9653:42349189
9637:BioLib:
9608:Wikidata
9564:Category
9485:Veghella
9478:Uncadina
9234:Foliella
9199:Lumidens
8995:Tortodus
8423:Icriodus
8214:Conudina
8207:Clarkina
7954:Gothodus
7657:Coleodus
7138:Nordiora
7097:Periodon
6987:Oistodus
6925:Nurrella
6904:Wandelia
6806:Icriodus
6537:Tropodus
6530:Tripodus
6458:Rossodus
6056:Belodina
6016:Paltodus
5720:Dzikodus
5580:Stolodus
5573:Dvorakia
5089:Chordata
5087:Phylum:
5083:Animalia
4850:Lungfish
4795:Chimaera
4547:Anaspida
4346:Tunicate
4324:Lancelet
4142:Archived
4138:53395896
4093:Oxford,
4042:22803015
4034:10881388
4005:21237922
3867:: 1–560.
3754:30670644
3658:86599352
3485:89835464
3121:36126687
2835:53395896
2550:Archived
2546:53395896
2497:22803015
2489:10881388
2116:See also
1697:Rossodus
1408:Taxonomy
1318:texanus?
946:than to
944:lampreys
882:Chordata
769:. While
744:Triassic
738:site in
724:Silurian
696:Scotland
496:Triassic
492:Cambrian
339:Jurassic
335:Cambrian
261:Synonyms
174:Chordata
170:Phylum:
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
25:Cynodont
9687:ZooBank
9640:1159347
9614:Q586245
9574:Commons
9408:Oulodus
9345:Falodus
8846:Mehlina
8749:Dinodus
8291:Mockina
7899:Loxodus
7726:Roundya
7592:Gumella
7571:Belodus
7408:Pygodus
6779:Pedavis
6613:Lenodus
5807:Loxodus
5507:Ansella
5186:Kijacus
5005:Related
4938:Teleost
4478:Lamprey
4468:Hagfish
4154:Lethaia
3892:Bibcode
3827:Bibcode
3745:6369785
3714:Bibcode
3561:1598571
3541:Bibcode
3533:Science
3471:: 1–9.
3396:15 July
3379:Bibcode
3371:Geology
3297:Bibcode
3250:Bibcode
3242:Geology
3223:4342260
3203:Bibcode
3112:9489302
3055:Bibcode
3023:1692076
3002:Bibcode
2975:1302203
2914:1298905
2827:1303249
2780:Bibcode
2716:1306313
2669:Bibcode
2634:Lethaia
2387:Lethaia
2313:Lethaia
2291:2413175
1084:
1026:
940:hagfish
905:derived
886:chevron
816:pelagic
791:Ecology
765:or the
740:Ontario
736:Eramosa
674:mollusk
662:Montana
320:extinct
190:Class:
21:Conodon
6494:Acodus
4301:Pikaia
4201:Palæos
4136:
4128:
4056:
4040:
4032:
4003:
3912:
3791:
3752:
3742:
3734:
3656:
3586:
3559:
3483:
3452:
3444:
3348:
3323:
3315:
3268:
3221:
3195:Nature
3171:
3163:
3119:
3109:
3020:
2973:
2912:
2868:
2833:
2825:
2753:
2722:
2714:
2595:
2544:
2495:
2487:
2437:
2405:
2364:
2331:
2289:
2199:
1965:, 2017
1963:et al.
1884:Order
1815:Order
1604:Order
1534:Order
1471:Order
1433:Order
1416:Class
1295:6, 7.
1277:3, 4.
1252:detail
1080:
1022:
879:phylum
716:, and
537:primus
422:and a
420:phylum
279:, 1930
204:, 1856
202:Pander
9679:33816
9661:IRMNG
8974:Lanea
4957:Lists
4757:Shark
4145:(PDF)
4134:S2CID
4106:(PDF)
4038:S2CID
3910:S2CID
3789:S2CID
3665:(PDF)
3654:S2CID
3634:(PDF)
3608:(PDF)
3481:S2CID
3450:S2CID
3321:S2CID
3219:S2CID
3169:S2CID
3095:(9).
2971:JSTOR
2910:JSTOR
2866:S2CID
2831:S2CID
2823:JSTOR
2720:S2CID
2712:JSTOR
2553:(PDF)
2542:S2CID
2522:(PDF)
2493:S2CID
2287:JSTOR
2197:S2CID
897:Rigby
752:Japan
746:aged
726:aged
708:aged
690:aged
424:class
384:order
328:class
316:tooth
312:odont
310:", +
304:kĹŤnos
301:Greek
9666:1062
9554:List
5127:stem
4984:bony
4807:Bony
4271:Fish
4126:ISSN
4054:ISBN
4030:PMID
4001:PMID
3846:2022
3800:2022
3750:PMID
3732:ISSN
3686:link
3584:ISBN
3557:PMID
3442:ISSN
3398:2021
3346:ISBN
3313:ISSN
3266:ISSN
3161:ISSN
3117:PMID
2751:ISBN
2619:2014
2593:ISSN
2485:PMID
2435:ISBN
2403:ISSN
2362:ISBN
2329:ISSN
2239:and
2223:2019
1961:Liu
1358:14.
1349:13.
1340:12.
1334:11.
1325:10.
942:and
915:and
847:and
773:and
742:and
308:cone
57:Preęž’
9648:EoL
4752:Ray
4356:? (
4162:doi
4118:doi
4022:doi
3993:doi
3972:doi
3968:340
3900:doi
3888:195
3865:363
3835:doi
3823:220
3781:doi
3740:PMC
3722:doi
3710:116
3646:doi
3549:doi
3537:256
3512:doi
3473:doi
3432:doi
3387:doi
3305:doi
3293:524
3258:doi
3211:doi
3199:374
3153:doi
3107:PMC
3097:doi
3063:doi
3051:327
3018:PMC
3010:doi
2998:352
2858:doi
2815:doi
2788:doi
2776:431
2743:doi
2704:doi
2677:doi
2665:233
2642:doi
2585:doi
2534:doi
2477:doi
2395:doi
2321:doi
2279:doi
2189:doi
1363:sp.
1354:sp.
1345:sp.
1330:sp.
1313:9.
1309:sp.
1304:8.
1300:sp.
1286:5.
1282:sp.
1263:sp.
1258:1.
930:or
750:in
730:in
712:in
694:in
660:in
314:, "
306:, "
44:to
23:or
9711::
9689::
9676::
9663::
9650::
9625::
9610::
6345:?
5971:)?
5965:?
5122:?
4690:†"
4365:,
4199:.
4183:.
4156:.
4140:.
4132:.
4124:.
4114:75
4112:.
4108:.
4068:.
4036:.
4028:.
4018:75
4016:.
3999:.
3989:11
3987:.
3966:.
3908:.
3898:.
3886:.
3882:.
3863:.
3833:.
3821:.
3817:.
3787:.
3777:31
3775:.
3771:.
3748:.
3738:.
3730:.
3720:.
3708:.
3704:.
3682:}}
3678:{{
3652:.
3642:32
3640:.
3636:.
3616:47
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