1709:. After the plague in 1505 and the eventual fall of Ferrara in 1551, many of these Jews relocated North towards the economically stable ports in Venice. Venice slowly became a center for conversos who either stopped temporarily on their way to Turkey or stayed permanently as residents in the ghetto Jewish community port. Venetian leaders were convinced to openly accept conversos to practice Judaism because they recognised that if conversos were not welcome in Venice, they would take their successful trades to the country's economic rival of Turkey. A Portuguese converso in Venice, named Abraham de Almeda, connected strongly with Christianity, however, turned to the Jewish members of his family when in need of financing for moral support. As a result, many of the conversos during this period struggled with their Christian and Jewish identities.
240:
79:
1597:
141:
1565:, modern Spaniards (and Portuguese) have an average admixture of 19.8 percent from ancestors originating in the Near East during historic times (i.e. Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Jews and Levantine Arabs) – compared to 10.6 percent of North African – Berber admixture. This proportion could be as high as 23% in the case of Latin Americans, however, according to a study published in
38:
1457:
1073:
1087:
1721:. The conversos in Ancona faced traumatic emotional damage after the pope imprisoned 102 conversos who refused to reside in the ghetto and wear badges to distinguish themselves. In 1588, when the duke granted a charter of residence in return for the conversos building up the city's economy, they refused, due to accumulated scepticism.
1333:
campaign that began in 1378. Martínez used a series of provocative sermons, through which he openly condemned the Jews with little to no opposition. He rallied non-Jews against the Jews, creating a constant state of fear through riots. Martínez's efforts led to a series of outbreaks of violence on 4
2309:
Adams, Susan M.; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; Grifo, Marina S. Gisbert; Brion, Maria; Carracedo, Angel; Lavinha, João; Martínez-Jarreta, Begoña; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Picornell, Antònia; Ramon,
1505:
passed laws forbidding the use of this epithet. This was part of a larger pattern of royal oversight, as laws were promulgated to protect their property, forbid attempts to convert them back to
Judaism or the Muslim faith, and regulate their behaviour, preventing their cohabitation or even dining
1341:
Both the Church and the Crown had not anticipated such a large-scale conversion stemming from the unplanned anti-Semitic campaign led by Martínez. The new converts represented a new problem. Their conversion temporarily resolved the friction between the
Christian and Jewish populations in Spain;
1682:
in 1492, in search for a better life. They left for other parts of Europe, especially Italy, where they were inevitably looked at with suspicion and harassment, both in their old and new communities. Subsequently, many conversos who arrived in
Italian cities did not openly embrace their Judaism,
2381:
Zalloua, Pierre A.; Platt, Daniel E.; El Sibai, Mirvat; Khalife, Jade; Makhoul, Nadine; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Izaabel, Hassan; Bosch, Elena; Adams, Susan M.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana María; Aler, Mercedes; Picornell, Antònia; Ramon, Misericordia; Jobling, Mark A.; Comas, David;
1334:
June 1391, where several synagogues in
Seville were burned to the ground and churches were erected in their place. Amidst this outbreak, many Jews fled the country, some converted to Christianity in fear, and some were sold to Muslims. Martínez set in motion the largest
1716:
faced difficult lives living under the pope and eventually fled to
Ferrara in 1555. Portuguese conversos in Ancona were falsely misled that they were welcome to Ancona and that they could openly convert back to Judaism. Their fate was overturned by the succeeding pope,
1517:. They had supporters and bitter opponents in the Christian secular of general acceptance, yet they became targets of occasional pogroms during times of social tension (as during an epidemic and after an earthquake). They were subject to the
3330:
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Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Hellenthal, Garrett; Balding, David; Rothhammer, Francisco; Bedoya, Gabriel; Gallo, Carla; Poletti, Giovanni; Canizales-Quinteros, Samuel; Bortolini, Maria-Cátira (19 December 2018).
1686:
The first three cities to accept the conversos who openly converted back to
Judaism, were Florence, Ferrara, and Ancona. Most of these conversos appeared after 1536 from Portugal, and most lived in
2695:
Selections in
English and Spanish of Ferrán Martínez's speech at the Tribunal del Alcázar in Seville, 19 February, 1388 (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in
2809:
276:
1433:
how to read to ensure constant growth of their Jewish heritage. To take a stance against the church and its principles, some conversos performed professional work even on
Sundays.
1694:
allowed the
Portuguese conversos to trade and reside within Florence. Most of the re-converted Jews lived in the ghetto of Florence, and by 1705 there were 453 Jews in the city.
824:
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were subject to suspicion and harassment from both what was left of the community they were leaving and that which they were joining. Both
Christians and Jews called them
2678:
Ana Gómez-Bravo, "Conversos and identity in the poetry of the fifteenth century" (poems of Comendador Román and Antón de Montoro, excerpts from Andrés Bernáldez's
2619:
1647:
reduced both the social pressure and community ties. An estimated 18,000 people in the island carry Chueta surnames in the 21st century. Traditionally, The church of
2754:
1387:
played a pivotal role in keeping Jewish traditions alive by observing many Jewish holidays such as Shabbat. They prepared traditional Jewish dishes in honor of the
2726:
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1691:
2070:
Soyer, François. “'It is not possible to be both a Jew and a Christian': Converso Religious Identity and the Inquisitorial Trial of Custodio Nunes (1604–5).”
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1348:, who were now fully privileged citizens, competed in all aspects of the economic sphere. This resulted in a new wave of racial anti-Semitism that targeted
634:
618:
1569:. The possibly higher proportion of significant Jewish ancestry in the Latin American population could stem from increased emigration of Conversos to the
1425:
birds and other animals. These women also financially contributed to the growth of the Jewish/Converso community and synagogue. The Jewish community and
1119:
2021:
Pulido Serrano, Juan Ignacio. "Converso Complicities in an Atlantic Monarchy: Political and Social Conflicts behind the Inquisitorial Persecutions". In
1360:) by the Old Christians. Thus, the Crown established an office of the Inquisition in 1478, monitored the religious loyalty a newly-baptized Christian (
3464:
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1534:), free of the "taint" of non-Christian lineage, would come to be placed at a premium, particularly among the nobility, in a 15th-century defence of
1368:
fled Spain, going to Portugal, then when the Portuguese crown instituted similar anti-Jewish policies as Spain's, they migrated particularly for the
880:
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304:
987:
695:
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All this, however, does not imply the complete elimination of rejection behaviors, as indicated by a survey carried out among Majorcans by the
974:
911:
3149:
2792:
2284:
2086:
1946:
1799:
750:
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1873:
Dirks, Doris A. "I will make the Inquisition burn you and your sisters: The role of gender and kindship in accusations against Conversas."
449:
1561:
With advances in science able to trace individuals' ancestry via their DNA, according to a widely publicised study (December 2008) in the
951:
2979:
2747:
2312:"The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula"
1706:
997:
840:
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3073:
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1896:
1667:
798:
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in 2001, in which 30% stated that they would never marry a Chueta and 5% declared that they do not even want to have Chueta friends.
3424:
3046:
2920:
2147:
201:
183:
122:
100:
65:
3056:
2136:"Líderes de origen judeoconverso en las ciudades castellanas durante la revuelta comunera: su papel al frente de Común de pecheros"
576:
481:
3000:
239:
3439:
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3126:
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958:
790:
164:
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1911:
1868:
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in 1535, and were able to assimilate with their neighbours, perform circumcisions, and return openly to Judaism, due to the
1236:(reconquest) of Spain. However, a significant proportion of these remaining practising Jews chose to join the already large
3454:
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2974:
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2103:, edited by Jaime Contreras, Bernardo J. García García, e Ignacio Pulido, 391–406. Madrid: Fundación Carlos Amberes, 2002.
1364:). Such religious surveillance continued to the descendants of converts. Often due to continued oppression, some Jews and
1342:
however, it led to the creation of a new group that was neither completely Catholic nor Jewish and new tensions resulted.
1311:
856:
611:
489:
3348:
2101:
Familia, Religión y Negocio: El sefardismo en las relaciones entre el mundo ibérico y los Países Bajos en la Edad Moderna
3459:
3315:
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1352:. This anti-Semitism evolved into small and large riots in Toledo, 1449, that now oppressed not Jews by Christians, but
544:
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384:
2025:, Volume Three: Displaced Persons, edited by KevinIngram and Juan Ignacio Pulido Serrano, 117–128. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
3078:
3030:
1058:
670:
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2259:
2028:
Pulido Serrano, Juan Ignacio. "Political Aspects of the Converso Problem: On the Portuguese Restauraçao of 1640". In
2009:
La diáspora judeoconversa en Colombia, siglos XVI y XVII: Incertidumbres de su arribo, establecimiento y persecución
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communities to ensure the survival of Judaism in the Iberian Peninsula, although outwardly practicing Christianity.
1288:
were subject to an edict of expulsion even after their conversion to Catholicism, which was implemented severely in
3449:
3320:
3281:
1445:
1216:
1005:
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up until today in Balearic Islands. In the latter part of the 20th century, the spread of freedom of religion and
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ensured that their household maintained similar dietary regulations as their Jewish counterparts, by eating only
1105:
1041:
1026:
919:
864:
219:
51:
2434:"Latin Americans show wide-spread Converso ancestry and imprint of local Native ancestry on physical appearance"
2099:
Ventura, Maria da Graça A. "Los judeoconversos portugueses en el Perú del siglo XVII: Redes de complicidad". In
766:
3325:
2708:
1031:
774:
410:
377:
338:
320:
93:
87:
1628:, who are descendants of Majorcan Jews that either were conversos (forcible converts to Christianity) or were
1554:
times, (quoting Roth) "ho among the Christians of Spain could be certain that he is not a descendant of those
2713:
3289:
3088:
2989:
2717:
2546:
1303:
817:
3192:
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Santamaría Arández, Álvaro (1 January 1997). "Sobre la condición de los conversos y chuetas de Mallorca".
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Carlos V: Conversos y Comuneros: Liber Amicorum Joseph Pérez, 2015, ISBN 978-84-608-4640-6, Págs. 71–102
2004:, edited by Adelaida Sourdis Nájera and Alfonso Velasco Rojas, 26–52. Madrid: Casa Sefarad Israel, 2011.
1566:
1223:
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966:
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2164:"Ferrán Martínez's speech at the Tribunal del Alcázar in Seville, 19 February, 1388 (English version)"
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735:
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3414:
2384:"Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean"
2218:
1591:
1551:
1539:
1530:
1460:
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661:
652:
465:
353:
256:
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Bertranpetit, Jaume; Wells, R. Spencer; Tyler-Smith, Chris; The Genographic, Consortium (2008).
1852:
Bodian, Miriam. “'Men of the Nation': The Shaping of Converso Identity in Early Modern Europe".
643:
536:
2651:
2257:
Bodian, Miriam. "Men of the Nation": The Shaping of Converso Identity in Early Modern Europe."
3271:
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2686:), in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in
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Misericordia; Skorecki, Karl; Behar, Doron M.; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A. (2008).
2210:
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still adhering to Jewish observances in the disguise of a Christian holiday, they named it "
1307:
1153:
426:
269:
249:
228:
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1831:
Beinart, Haim. "The Records of the Inquisition: A Source of Jewish and Converso History",
1792:
The Marrano Legacy: A Contemporary Crypto-Jewish Priest Reveals Secrets of His Double Life
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descent. He pointed out that given the near-universal conversion of Iberian Jews during
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2383:
2336:
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To Love, Honor, and Obey in Colonial Mexico: Conflicts over Marriage Choices, 1574–1821
1824:
Beinart, Haim. "The Conversos in Spain and Portugal in the 16th to 18th Centuries", in
1818:
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1702:
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457:
2032:, Volume Two: The Morisco Issue, edited by Kevin Ingram, 219–246. Leiden: Brill, 2012.
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57:
2000:
Navarrete Peláez, María Cristina. "Judeoconversos en el Nuevo Reino de Granada." In
1407:
participated by giving clothing articles and ornaments to Jewish women, attending a
3219:
3100:
2201:
Lea, Henry Charles (1 January 1896). "Ferrand Martinez and the Massacres of 1391".
1847:
Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam
1750:
1718:
1542:
would list what Roth calls "a veritable 'Who's Who' of Spanish nobility" as having
1330:
1077:
2727:
Song From a Withered Limb: Las Posadas and the Converso Crisis of the 16th Century
2276:
Being the Nação in the Eternal City: New Christian Lives in Sixteenth-Century Rome
2016:
Being the Nação in the Eternal City: New Christian Lives in Sixteenth-Century Rome
1683:
since they were tempted by the advantages they could seek in the Christian world.
2274:
2051:
Judíos Conversos: Los antepasados judíos de las familias tradicionales argentinas
1482:. José de Anchieta was a descendant of Jewish converts through the maternal line.
2964:
2829:
2596:
1369:
1232:
1196:, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries, or one of their descendants.
441:
400:
2460:
2399:
2327:
2163:
3015:
2949:
2843:
1652:
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1392:
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who did not fully or genuinely embrace Catholicism, but continued to practise
392:
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1570:
1475:
1464:
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1255:
2486:
2417:
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1740:
2694:
2677:
2547:"| L'Hora D | Els xuetes, crònica dels jueus conversos de Mallorca - 13-2"
2781:
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2094:
1954:
1807:
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1687:
1633:
1621:
1400:
1326:
1193:
312:
297:
17:
3229:
3207:
2836:
2505:"A Surprising Number of Latin Americans Have Jewish Roots, Study Finds"
2222:
1755:
1735:
1730:
1698:
1605:
1388:
1276:
1260:
1137:
782:
1760:
1713:
1471:
1467:
1422:
1414:
1396:
1271:
1133:
361:
2214:
2646:
A Question of Identity: Iberian Conversos in Historical Perspective
2247:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–10, 86–95, 166–174.
1968:
Cruzadas y Utopias: El judeocristianismo en las sociedades Ibéricas
1815:
Historias paralelas: Judeoconversos y moriscos en la España moderna
3131:
1861:
The Woman who Defied Kings: the life and times of Dona Gracia Nasi
1660:
1617:
1613:
1595:
1455:
1437:
1409:
1189:
2142:(in Spanish). Centro de Estudios del Camino de Santiago: 71–102.
3294:
2037:
Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
3361:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
2736:
1678:
Specific groups of conversos left Spain and Portugal after the
1632:, forced to keep their religion hidden. They practiced strict
1181:
134:
72:
31:
2703:
2533:""A Dead Branch on the Tree of Israel" The Xuetas of Majorca"
2030:
The Conversos and Moriscos in Late Medieval Spain and Beyond
2023:
The Conversos and Moriscos in Late Medieval Spain and Beyond
1833:
Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
1920:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, vol. 1, pp. 340–344.
1513:
prohibited the "recently converted" from holding office in
2360:"Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia – life"
2573:"The New Yorker reviving Jewish life on a holiday island"
1906:, Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2002.
1395:, and other religious holidays. During festivals such as
1889:
The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience
1828:, ed. Haim Beinart. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 1992.
159:
1997:, vol. 1, pp. 749–752. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
1226:
expelled the remaining openly practising Jews by the
27:
Jew who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal
2588:
Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval
2039:, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.
1980:
in the Practice of Medicine in the Spanish Empire."
3374:
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3308:
3280:
3240:
3173:
3142:
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1934:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1969.
1904:
Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews
1659:
have been used by the families of Jewish converts (
2643:
2067:. Translated by Mauro Armiño. Madrid: Tauros 1985.
2002:Los judíos en Colombia: Una aproximación histórica
2124:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, vol. 1, p. 340.
2273:Novoa, James William Nelson (28 December 2014).
1932:The Mexican Inquisition in the Sixteenth Century
1993:Martínez, Maria Elena. "Limpieza de Sangre" in
1970:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1984.
1787:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1993.
2650:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
1939:Hidden Heritage: The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews
1849:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.
2748:
2618:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
2527:
2525:
1113:
168:that contextualizes different points of view.
154:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
8:
3165:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
2060:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1988.
1785:Inquisición y sociedad en México, 1571–1700
1429:exchanged books and knowledge, Jews taught
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3420:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
2755:
2741:
2733:
1120:
1106:
213:
2595:
2476:
2407:
2335:
2081:. University of New Mexico Press 1992. .
1988:Los Judíos en México y en América Central
1916:Gojman de Backal, Alicia. "Conversos" in
1636:by marrying only within their own group.
202:Learn how and when to remove this message
184:Learn how and when to remove this message
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
2120:Alicia Gojman de Backal, "Conversos" in
1509:Conversos did not enjoy legal equality.
1180: 'converted, turned around') was a
86:This article includes a list of general
2113:
2053:. Buenos Aires: Editorial Distal, 1990.
1963:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1965.
1941:. University of California Press 2002.
1927:. Mexico City: Enep-Acatlan, UNAM 1984.
1882:Los judeoconversos en la España moderna
1794:. University of New Mexico Press 2002.
227:
216:
2611:
2388:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2316:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2180:
2169:
1215:was established in Spain in 1478. The
849:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike
3150:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2498:
2496:
1826:Moreshet Sepharad: TheSephardi Legacy
1302:played a vital role in the 1520–1521
1296:and less so in other parts of Spain.
1161:
1152:
7:
3430:History of the Jews in South America
2279:. Baywolf Press / Éditions Baywolf.
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2196:
2194:
2011:. Cali: Universidad del Valle, 2010.
1842:. Jerusalem: Hebrew University 1965.
1600:Church of Montesión (Mount Zion) in
1211:" were true to their new faith, the
3349:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
2079:A History of the Jews in New Mexico
2065:Los estatutos de limpieza de sangre
2007:Navarrete Peláez, María Cristina..
1506:with Jews, lest they convert back.
998:Catalan declaration of independence
3300:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
2704:Out of Spain educational materials
2018:. Peterborough: Baywolf Press 2014
1668:University of the Balearic Islands
1616:are a current social group on the
1563:American Journal of Human Genetics
1240:community rather than face exile.
1203:population and make sure that the
92:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2714:Alhambra Decree: 521 Years Later
2690:(open access teaching anthology))
1891:. New York: The Free Press 1994.
1884:. Madrid: Editorial MAPFRE, 1992.
1230:of 1492, following the Christian
47:This article has multiple issues.
3465:Spanish people of Jewish descent
2709:Converso lectures and activities
2699:(open access teaching anthology)
2503:Ronel, Asaf (27 December 2018).
2362:. New Scientist. 4 December 2008
2263:, No. 143 (May, 1994), pp. 48-76
1925:Los conversos en la Nueva España
1085:
1071:
238:
139:
77:
36:
3366:Institute for Sephardic Studies
2642:Melammed, Renee Levine (2004).
2535:. Commentary. 17 February 1957.
2245:Heretics or Daughters of Israel
2134:Hernando, Máximo Diago (2015).
2072:Mediterranean Historical Review
1982:Jahrbuch für Geschicte 4 (1967)
1604:, the main Church of Xuetas of
1380:Perpetuation of Jewish heritage
791:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
55:or discuss these issues on the
3155:Antisemitism in the Arab world
2203:The American Historical Review
1990:. Mexico city: Siglo XXI 1971.
1528:While "pure blood" (so-called
1391:(starting on Friday sundown),
1213:Holy Office of the Inquisition
1:
1840:Conversos ante la inquisición
1651:and the church of Montesión (
1312:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
490:War of the Spanish Succession
3316:American Sephardi Federation
3309:Major communal organizations
1573:to avoid persecution by the
1306:, a popular uprising in the
450:Colonisation of the Americas
3031:Western Europe and overseas
2597:10.5944/etfiii.10.1997.3609
1474:and one of the founders of
3486:
3321:Sephardi Community Council
2600:(inactive 27 April 2024).
2461:10.1038/s41467-018-07748-z
2400:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012
2328:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007
1880:Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio.
1589:
1446:Festival of Santa Esterica
1217:Catholic Monarchs of Spain
1131:
988:2008–2014 financial crisis
3326:World Sephardi Federation
1923:Gojman Goldberg, Alicia.
1712:Conversos in the city of
920:Spain during World War II
751:Regency of María Cristina
619:Regency of María Cristina
3425:History of the conversos
2243:Melammed, Renee (1999).
1461:Saint Joseph of Anchieta
1413:, or obtaining a baking
1172:), "convert", (from
975:1981 coup d'état attempt
775:Spain during World War I
354:Kingdom of the Visigoths
2810:Expulsion from Portugal
2718:Law Library of Congress
1961:The Spanish Inquisition
1863:, Paragon House, 2002.
1859:Brooks, Andrée Aelion.
1523:Portuguese inquisitions
1436:The traditional Jewish
1304:Revolt of the Comuneros
959:Transition to democracy
107:more precise citations.
3440:Jewish Spanish history
3435:Jewish Mexican history
2575:. BBC. 18 August 2019.
2179:Cite journal requires
2122:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1995:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1930:Greenleaf, Richard E.
1918:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1692:Duke Cosimo de' Medici
1609:
1483:
1336:forced mass conversion
1258:" and pejoratively as
1250:, were referred to as
993:2017 Barcelona attacks
825:Provisional Government
696:Provisional Government
569:Absolutist restoration
521:Abdications of Bayonne
3160:Antisemitism in Islam
2878:Eastern Mediterranean
2716:, a blog post on the
2441:Nature Communications
2049:Saban, Mario Javier.
1697:Conversos arrived to
1639:The Chuetas has been
1599:
1567:Nature Communications
1459:
1329:, directed a 13-year
1274:origin were known as
1132:Further information:
980:Madrid train bombings
857:1936 general election
759:Reign of Alfonso XIII
545:Constitution of Cádiz
162:by rewriting it in a
3455:Sephardi Jews topics
3265:Sephardi chief rabbi
3242:Religion and culture
2798:Expulsion from Spain
2166:. 10 September 2020.
1546:members or being of
1310:against the rule of
1006:Coronavirus pandemic
967:Current constitution
952:Contemporary history
767:Spanish–American War
743:Reign of Alfonso XII
635:Regency of Espartero
612:Reign of Isabella II
498:Nueva Planta Decrees
346:Kingdom of the Suebi
3460:Spanish Inquisition
2697:Open Iberia/América
2688:Open Iberia/América
2684:Libro de Alborayque
2453:2018NatCo...9.5388C
2063:Sicroff, Albert A.
1680:Spanish Inquisition
1575:Spanish Inquisition
1154:[komˈbeɾso]
881:Nationalist victory
802:of Dámaso Berenguer
688:Sexenio Democrático
671:Glorious Revolution
577:Sexenio Absolutista
427:Early modern period
326:Diocese of Hispania
2260:Past & Present
1986:Liebman, Seymour.
1978:Limpieza de Sangre
1976:. "Legitimacy and
1974:Lanning, John Tate
1856:143 (1994): 48–76.
1854:Past & Present
1783:Alberro, Solange.
1610:
1592:Xueta Christianity
1540:Lope de Barrientos
1531:limpieza de sangre
1484:
1338:of Jews in Spain.
1248:Judaism in secrecy
1163:[kõˈvɛɾsu]
1092:History portal
662:Bienio progresista
653:Second Carlist War
553:Treaty of Valençay
411:Christian kingdoms
282:Carthaginian Spain
257:Prehistoric Iberia
3450:Puerto Rican Jews
3402:
3401:
3198:Judaeo-Portuguese
2722:In Custodia Legis
2286:978-0-921437-52-9
2087:978-0-8263-1390-4
2074:26 (2011): 81–97.
1966:Lafaye, Jacques.
1947:978-0-520-23517-5
1800:978-0-8263-3055-0
1771:Judaism in Mexico
1657:Palma de Mallorca
1626:Mediterranean Sea
1602:Palma de Mallorca
1372:. Others created
1199:To safeguard the
1184:who converted to
1130:
1129:
1047:Religious history
736:Restoration Spain
712:Third Carlist War
704:Reign of Amadeo I
627:First Carlist War
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1887:Gerber, Jane S.
1845:Bodian, Miriam.
1813:Amelang, James.
1703:Lettres Patentes
1325:, Archdeacon of
1323:Ferrand Martínez
1308:Crown of Castile
1280:. Unlike Jewish
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2397:
2394:(5): 633–42.
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2322:(6): 725–36.
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2149:9788460846406
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2077:Tobias, H.J.
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1649:Saint Eulalia
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1463:(1534–1597),
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1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
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1374:crypto-Jewish
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
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1328:
1324:
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1301:
1297:
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1291:
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1273:
1269:
1268:New Christian
1265:
1263:
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1257:
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1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
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1201:Old Christian
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
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1164:
1155:
1147:
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929:
928:Blue Division
926:
921:
918:
913:
910:
905:
902:
901:
898:
893:
892:
882:
879:
874:
871:
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863:
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855:
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781:
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731:
721:
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713:
710:
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689:
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672:
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285:(575–206 BCE)
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270:Early history
266:
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174:December 2020
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48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3220:Judeo-Gascon
3193:Judeo-Arabic
3183:Judeo-Berber
3114:
3029:
3001:Gibraltarian
2990:North Africa
2988:
2980:Thessalonian
2876:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2788:Roman Empire
2780:
2721:
2696:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2645:
2614:cite journal
2587:
2581:
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2553:(in Spanish)
2550:
2541:
2512:. Retrieved
2508:
2444:
2440:
2426:
2391:
2387:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2354:
2319:
2315:
2304:
2295:
2275:
2268:
2258:
2253:
2244:
2206:
2202:
2172:cite journal
2158:
2139:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2100:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1960:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1903:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1814:
1791:
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1719:Pope Paul IV
1711:
1696:
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1638:
1611:
1562:
1560:
1555:
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1529:
1527:
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1493:(renegade).
1490:
1486:
1485:
1441:
1440:was kept by
1435:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1408:
1404:
1384:
1383:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1321:
1299:
1298:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1270:converts of
1266:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1204:
1198:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1083:
1069:
1057:
1037:LGBT history
799:
686:
660:
642:
585:
575:
401:
321:Romanization
308:(206–27 BCE)
198:
180:
171:
163:
152:undue weight
149:
119:
110:
91:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
3470:Crypto-Jews
3385: [
3352: [
3329: [
3228: [
2950:Palestinian
2514:28 December
2447:(1): 5388.
2366:10 February
2299:Roth, p. 93
1937:Jacobs, J.
1690:. In 1549,
1641:stigmatized
1630:Crypto-Jews
1511:Alfonso VII
1452:Description
1370:Netherlands
1331:anti-Jewish
1252:judaizantes
1233:Reconquista
1186:Catholicism
1159:Portuguese:
962:(1975–1978)
939:(1959–2011)
931:(1941–1944)
923:(1939–1945)
915:(1939–1977)
907:(1939–1965)
876:(1936–1939)
844:(1933–1936)
836:(1931–1933)
805:(1930–1931)
800:Dictablanda
794:(1923–1930)
778:(1914–1918)
762:(1886–1931)
754:(1885–1902)
746:(1874–1885)
723:(1873–1874)
715:(1872–1876)
707:(1870–1873)
699:(1868–1871)
666:(1854–1856)
656:(1846–1849)
648:(1844–1854)
638:(1840–1843)
630:(1833–1840)
622:(1833–1840)
599:(1823–1833)
591:(1820–1823)
581:(1814–1820)
540:(1810–1814)
532:(1808–1813)
501:(1707–1716)
493:(1701–1714)
485:(1700–1808)
477:(1580–1640)
469:(1556–1659)
461:(1516–1700)
453:(1492–1898)
445:(1482–1492)
442:Granada War
437:(1479–1516)
402:Reconquista
378:Middle Ages
229:History of
113:August 2011
105:introducing
3409:Categories
2933:Macedonian
2921:Alexandria
2869:Dispersion
2844:Megorashim
2823:Degredados
2793:Golden Age
2661:0195170717
2109:References
2045:0299142302
1912:082632813X
1869:1557788294
1817:. Madrid:
1790:Alexy, T.
1705:issued by
1653:Mount Zion
1620:island of
1590:See also:
1581:By country
1552:Visigothic
1393:Yom Kippur
466:Golden Age
414:(718–1479)
406:(711–1492)
396:(711–1492)
393:Al-Andalus
250:Prehistory
88:references
52:improve it
3415:Conversos
3175:Languages
3122:Amazonian
3106:Livornese
3084:Hamburger
2928:Hungarian
2894:Bulgarian
2816:Conversos
2606:2340-1362
2469:2041-1723
1835:2 (1968).
1624:, in the
1571:New World
1556:conversos
1538:, Bishop
1536:conversos
1499:Alfonso X
1491:tornadizo
1487:Conversos
1476:Sao Paulo
1442:conversos
1431:conversos
1427:conversos
1419:Conversas
1405:Conversas
1385:Conversas
1366:conversos
1358:conversos
1350:conversos
1346:Conversos
1300:Conversos
1282:conversos
1264:"swine".
1256:Judaizers
1244:Conversos
1220:Ferdinand
1178:conversvs
873:Civil War
458:Habsburgs
388:(711–716)
365:(552–624)
357:(418–721)
349:(409–585)
58:talk page
3282:Politics
3062:Suriname
3037:American
3023:Tunisian
3011:Moroccan
2996:Algerian
2955:Romanian
2938:Monastir
2916:Egyptian
2909:Splicani
2899:Croatian
2884:Albanian
2837:Marranos
2830:Lançados
2782:Sepharad
2682:and the
2680:Memorias
2487:30568240
2418:18976729
2346:19061982
2095:36645510
1955:48920842
1875:Magistra
1808:51059087
1746:Allahdad
1725:See also
1688:Florence
1674:In Italy
1634:endogamy
1586:In Spain
1548:converso
1544:converso
1401:Passover
1362:converso
1290:Valencia
1286:moriscos
1277:moriscos
1261:marranos
1238:converso
1224:Isabella
1205:converso
1194:Portugal
1169:conversa
1150:Spanish:
1145:converso
1059:Timeline
482:Bourbons
313:Hispania
220:a series
218:Part of
18:Conversa
3342:Studies
3272:Haredim
3250:Cuisine
3225:Bagitto
3208:Haketia
3101:Italian
3074:English
3057:Curaçao
3042:Antwerp
3016:Tetuani
2975:Rhodian
2960:Serbian
2945:Ottoman
2904:Ragusan
2889:Bosnian
2773:Origins
2557:5 April
2551:ib3.org
2509:Haaretz
2478:6300600
2449:Bibcode
2409:2668035
2337:2668061
2223:1833647
1821:, 2011.
1756:Neofiti
1736:Chuetas
1731:Marrano
1699:Ferrara
1645:laïcité
1622:Majorca
1618:Spanish
1614:Chuetas
1606:Majorca
1519:Spanish
1495:James I
1465:Spanish
1389:Sabbath
1318:History
1292:and in
1138:Marrano
786:(–1927)
783:Rif War
158:Please
101:improve
3132:Xuetas
3089:Indian
3079:French
3006:Libyan
2965:Syrian
2766:topics
2658:
2654:–133.
2604:
2590:(10).
2485:
2475:
2467:
2416:
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2085:
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1945:
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1895:
1867:
1806:
1798:
1761:Anusim
1741:Dönmeh
1714:Ancona
1661:Xuetas
1515:Toledo
1503:John I
1472:Brazil
1468:Jesuit
1423:kosher
1415:matzah
1397:Sukkot
1294:Aragón
1272:Muslim
1134:Anusim
1001:(2017)
983:(2004)
970:(1978)
884:(1939)
868:(1936)
860:(1936)
852:(1934)
828:(1931)
770:(1898)
674:(1868)
556:(1813)
548:(1812)
524:(1808)
222:on the
90:, but
3389:]
3375:Other
3356:]
3333:]
3255:Music
3232:]
3052:Aruba
3047:Dutch
2970:Greek
2437:(PDF)
2219:JSTOR
1751:Chala
1655:) in
1438:Purim
1410:seder
1327:Écija
1190:Spain
1176:
1174:Latin
1021:Topic
231:Spain
150:lend
3295:Shas
2656:ISBN
2620:link
2602:ISSN
2559:2021
2516:2018
2483:PMID
2465:ISSN
2414:PMID
2368:2012
2342:PMID
2281:ISBN
2185:help
2144:ISBN
2091:OCLC
2083:ISBN
2041:ISBN
1951:OCLC
1943:ISBN
1908:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1804:OCLC
1796:ISBN
1612:The
1521:and
1501:and
1478:and
1399:and
1222:and
1136:and
2720:'s
2652:109
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2457:doi
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2332:PMC
2324:doi
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1663:).
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1448:".
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