40:
1509:, which only considers the last segment added as affecting the kinetics of the next addition; the Penultimate Model considers the second-to-last segment as well, but is more complicated than is required for most systems. When both reactivity ratios are less than one, there is an azeotropic point in the Mayo-Lewis plot. At this point, the mole fraction of monomer equals the composition of the component in the polymer.
1661:
1680:
1911:, can determine the molecular size and weight of the synthesized copolymer. Static light scattering and dynamic light scattering use light to determine the average molecular weight and behavior of the copolymer in solution whereas small-angle neutron scattering uses neutrons to determine the molecular weight and chain length. Additionally, x-ray scattering techniques, such as
1726:
1516:; this is especially useful when the desired properties rely on the composition of the copolymer rather than the molecular weight, since free radical polymerization produces relatively disperse polymer chains. Free radical polymerization is less expensive than other methods, and produces high-molecular weight polymer quickly. Several methods offer better control over
567:
1960:(TPUs), consisting of alternating soft segments and hard segments, and are used in automotive bumpers and snowmobile treads. Styrenic TPEs entered the market later, and are used in footwear, bitumen modification, thermoplastic blending, adhesives, and cable insulation and gaskets. Modifying the linkages between the blocks resulted in newer TPEs based on
1598:
1554:
1741:. Oil and water are immiscible (i.e., they can phase separate). Due to the incompatibility between the blocks, block copolymers undergo a similar phase separation. Since the blocks are covalently bonded to each other, they cannot demix macroscopically like water and oil. In "microphase separation," the blocks form
1500:
A number of parameters are relevant in the composition of the polymer product; namely, one must consider the reactivity ratio of each component. Reactivity ratios describe whether the monomer reacts preferentially with a segment of the same type or of the other type. For example, a reactivity ratio
1608:
are a special type of branched copolymer wherein the side chains are structurally distinct from the main chain. Typically, the main chain is formed from one type of monomer (A) and branches are formed from another monomer (B), or the side-chains have constitutional or configurational features that
1990:
The styrene-maleic acid (SMA) alternating copolymer displays amphiphilicity depending on pH, allowing it to change conformations in different environments. Some conformations that SMA can take are random coil formation, compact globular formation, micelles, and nanodiscs. SMA has been used as a
1476:
Statistical copolymers are dictated by the reaction kinetics of the two chemically distinct monomer reactants, and are commonly referred to interchangeably as "random" in the polymer literature. As with other types of copolymers, random copolymers can have interesting and commercially desirable
1468:
In statistical copolymers the sequence of monomer residues follows a statistical rule. If the probability of finding a given type monomer residue at a particular point in the chain is equal to the mole fraction of that monomer residue in the chain, then the polymer may be referred to as a truly
1528:
of the two components do not have the same stability, only one of the species will add to the other. Additionally, anionic polymerization is expensive and requires very clean reaction conditions, and is therefore difficult to implement on a large scale. Less disperse random copolymers are also
1938:
can separate copolymers with different molecular weights based on their hydrodynamic volume. From there, the molecular weight can be determined by deriving the relationship from its hydrodynamic volume. Larger copolymers tend to elute first as they do not interact with the column as much. The
1163:
1193:
have three. Technically, a block is a portion of a macromolecule, comprising many units, that has at least one feature which is not present in the adjacent portions. A possible sequence of repeat units A and B in a triblock copolymer might be ~A-A-A-A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-A-A-A-A-A~.
1982:. Due to this property, amphiphilic block copolymers have garnered much attention in research on vehicles for drug delivery. Similarly, amphiphilic block copolymers can be used for the removal of organic contaminants from water either through micelle formation or film preparation.
1612:
The individual chains of a graft copolymer may be homopolymers or copolymers. Note that different copolymer sequencing is sufficient to define a structural difference, thus an A-B diblock copolymer with A-B alternating copolymer side chains is properly called a graft copolymer.
1545:(RAFT). These methods are favored over anionic polymerization because they can be performed in conditions similar to free radical polymerization. The reactions require longer experimentation periods than free radical polymerization, but still achieve reasonable reaction rates.
2596:
Ruchatz, Dieter; Fink, Gerhard (1998). "Ethene−Norbornene
Copolymerization with Homogeneous Metallocene and Half-Sandwich Catalysts: Kinetics and Relationships between Catalyst Structure and Polymer Structure. 3. Copolymerization Parameters and Copolymerization Diagrams".
1931:
is another thermoanalytical technique used to access the thermal stability of the copolymer as a function of temperature. This provides information on any changes to the physicochemical properties, such as phase transitions, thermal decompositions, and redox reactions.
1857:
In thin films, block copolymers are of great interest as masks in the lithographic patterning of semiconductor materials for applications in high density data storage. A key challenge is to minimise the feature size and much research is in progress on this.
1501:
that is less than one for component 1 indicates that this component reacts with the other type of monomer more readily. Given this information, which is available for a multitude of monomer combinations in the "Wiley
Database of Polymer Properties", the
1305:" of a copolymer is a measure of the adjacency of comonomers vs their statistical distribution. Many or even most synthetic polymers are in fact copolymers, containing about 1-20% of a minority monomer. In such cases, blockiness is undesirable. A
1877:, and physiochemical properties of the material. However, given that copolymers are made of base polymer components with heterogeneous properties, this may require multiple characterization techniques to accurately characterize these copolymers.
1745:-sized structures. Depending on the relative lengths of each block, several morphologies can be obtained. In diblock copolymers, sufficiently different block lengths lead to nanometer-sized spheres of one block in a matrix of the second (e.g.,
1263:(MMA) from the reactive end of the polystyrene chains. This polymer is a "diblock copolymer" because it contains two different chemical blocks. Triblocks, tetrablocks, multiblocks, etc. can also be made. Diblock copolymers are made using
1850:
is less than 10.5, the blocks will mix and microphase separation is not observed. The incompatibility between the blocks also affects the solution behavior of these copolymers and their adsorption behavior on various surfaces.
916:
1542:
1647:
product has properties of both "components." In the example cited, the rubbery chains absorb energy when the substance is hit, so it is much less brittle than ordinary polystyrene. The product is called
1804:, gives an indication of how incompatible the two blocks are and whether they will microphase separate. For example, a diblock copolymer of symmetric composition will microphase separate if the product
1640:. The growing chains can add across the double bonds of rubber molecules forming polystyrene branches. The graft copolymer is formed in a mixture with ungrafted polystyrene chains and rubber molecules.
1373:= 0.001, so that most chains ending in styrene add a maleic anhydride unit, and almost all chains ending in maleic anhydride add a styrene unit. This leads to a predominantly alternating structure.
1489:
temperature, which is important in the operating conditions of polymers; it is assumed that each monomer occupies the same amount of free volume whether it is in a copolymer or homopolymer, so the
859:
805:
2910:
Chremos, Alexandros; Nikoubashman, Arash; Panagiotopoulos, Athanassios (2014). "Flory-Huggins parameter χ, from binary mixtures of
Lennard-Jones particles to block copolymer melts".
1581:
There are a variety of architectures possible for nonlinear copolymers. Beyond grafted and star polymers discussed below, other common types of branched copolymers include
1441:
1318:
1198:
671:
1921:
is a thermoanalytical technique used to determine the thermal events of the copolymer as a function of temperature. It can indicate when the copolymer is undergoing a
1428:
Periodic copolymers have units arranged in a repeating sequence. For two monomers A and B, for example, they might form the repeated pattern (A-B-A-B-B-A-A-A-A-B-B-B)
1939:
collected material is commonly detected by light scattering methods, a refractometer, or a viscometer to determine the concentration of the eluted copolymer.
1848:
1825:
886:
1802:
1749:
in polystyrene). Using less different block lengths, a "hexagonally packed cylinder" geometry can be obtained. Blocks of similar length form layers (often called
3451:
Muzammil, Iqbal; Li, Yupeng; Lei, Mingkai (2017). "Tunable wettability and pH-responsiveness of plasma copolymers of acrylic acid and octafluorocyclobutane".
2768:
Meier, Wolfgang; Nardin, Corinne; Winterhalter, Mathias (2000-12-15). "Reconstitution of
Channel Proteins in (Polymerized) ABA Triblock Copolymer Membranes".
2293:(1944). "Copolymerization. I. A Basis for Comparing the Behavior of Monomers in Copolymerization; The Copolymerization of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate".
1925:, such as crystallization or melting, by measuring the heat flow required to maintain the material and a reference at a constantly increasing temperature.
553:
1538:
148:
1915:(SAXS) can help determine the nanometer morphology and characteristic feature size of a microphase-separated block-copolymer or suspended micelles.
2011:. Elastomeric phases within a rigid matrix act as crack arrestors, and so increase the energy absorption when the material is impacted for example.
1881:
1722:
of the polystyrene blocks in the main picture is 102,000; the inset picture has a molecular weight of 91,000, producing slightly smaller domains.
613:
2003:
Copolymerization is used to modify the properties of manufactured plastics to meet specific needs, for example to reduce crystallinity, modify
1276:
1158:{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \left}{\mathrm {d} \left}}={\frac {\left\left(r_{1}\left+\left\right)}{\left\left(\left+r_{2}\left\right)}}}
1298:>> 1) under the reaction conditions, so that the terminal monomer unit of a growing chain tends to add a similar unit most of the time.
2703:
2384:
2270:
2133:
2085:
2149:
1889:
1505:
can be used to predict the composition of the polymer product for all initial mole fractions of monomer. This equation is derived using the
1866:
1534:
1349:
An alternating copolymer has regular alternating A and B units, and is often described by the formula: -A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-, or -(-A-B-)
91:
86:
1181:
subunits linked by covalent bonds. The union of the homopolymer subunits may require an intermediate non-repeating subunit, known as a
2362:
Hadjichristidis N., Pispas S., Floudas G. Block copolymers: synthetic strategies, physical properties, and applications – Wiley, 2003.
96:
3225:
3143:
1918:
1869:
techniques for copolymers are similar to those for other polymeric materials. These techniques can be used to determine the average
1530:
318:
133:
2781:
1892:, are often used to identify the molecular structure and chemical composition of copolymers. In particular, NMR can indicate the
1703:
1684:
180:
2007:, control wetting properties or to improve solubility. It is a way of improving mechanical properties, in a technique known as
3488:
2012:
624:
570:
Different types of polymers: 1) homopolymer 2) alternating copolymer 3) random copolymer 4) block copolymer 5) graft copolymer.
1908:
1761:, nanoscale-templating, and nanoscale separations. Block copolymers are sometimes used as a replacement for phospholipids in
1388:
monomers A–A and B–B is in principle a perfectly alternating copolymer of these two monomers, but is usually considered as a
1284:
546:
1255:. For example, polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) or PS-b-PMMA (where b = block) is usually made by first polymerizing
2400:
Chum, P. S.; Swogger, K. W. (2008). "Olefin
Polymer Technologies-History and Recent Progress at the Dow Chemical Company".
3103:"Directed self-assembly of block copolymers: a tutorial review of strategies for enabling nanotechnology with soft matter"
1935:
1874:
724:
617:
303:
3307:. MOST CITED PAPERS IN THE HISTORY OF ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS: A TRIBUTE TO THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE JOURNAL.
2004:
1912:
1477:
properties that blend those of the individual homopolymers. Examples of commercially relevant random copolymers include
628:
101:
1637:
1513:
1353:-. The molar ratio of each monomer in the polymer is normally close to one, which happens when the reactivity ratios r
644:
333:
128:
123:
1757:
phase. The nanoscale structures created from block copolymers can potentially be used to create devices for computer
1601:
The graft copolymer consists of a main polymer chain or backbone (A) covalently bonded to one or more side chains (B)
1361:
are close to zero, as can be seen from the Mayo–Lewis equation. For example, in the free-radical copolymerization of
888:
is the rate constant for propagation of a polymer chain ending in monomer 1 (or A) by addition of monomer 2 (or B).
810:
756:
3508:
2221:
2062:
1928:
648:
328:
157:
81:
539:
3412:"Recent advances in alternating copolymers: The synthesis, modification, and applications of precision polymers"
1497:) falls between the values for each homopolymer and is dictated by the mole or mass fraction of each component.
1904:
1362:
296:
900:
3340:"Nanocellulose-Block Copolymer Films for the Removal of Emerging Organic Contaminants from Aqueous Solutions"
2029:
1953:
1900:
1746:
398:
393:
167:
2864:
2436:
1854:
Block copolymers are able to self-assemble in selective solvents to form micelles among other structures.
1521:
750:
640:
279:
3027:
Hamley, IW (2009). "Ordering in Thin Films of Block
Copolymers: Fundamentals to Potential Applications".
2741:(2009). "Self-assembled diblock copolymer "nanoreactors" as catalysts for metal nanoparticle synthesis".
1896:
and configuration of polymeric chains while IR can identify functional groups attached to the copolymer.
2427:
Shan, Colin Li Pi; Hazlitt, Lonnie G. (2007). "Block Index for
Characterizing Olefin Block Copolymers".
2290:
1885:
1781:
1711:
1381:
1309:
has been proposed as a quantitative measure of blockiness or deviation from random monomer composition.
1280:
1264:
715:
711:
636:
493:
313:
308:
3300:
3168:
2811:
Zhang, Xiaoyan; Tanner, Pascal; Graff, Alexandra; Palivan, Cornelia G.; Meier, Wolfgang (2012-03-11).
3493:
3351:
3180:
2974:
2919:
2876:
2824:
2662:
2606:
162:
56:
3102:
2441:
1290:
The synthesis of block copolymers requires that both reactivity ratios are much larger than unity (r
3513:
2562:
Overberger, C. ″Copolymerization: 1. General
Remarks; 2: Selective Examples of Copolymerizations″.
1762:
1750:
1668:
1502:
1260:
753:
for addition of the same monomer and the rate constant for addition of the other monomer. That is,
503:
71:
3468:
3281:
1644:
466:
449:
408:
232:
2262:
2256:
2157:
3056:"Characterization of Copolymers and Blends by Quintuple-Detector Size-Exclusion Chromatography"
2695:
2689:
3433:
3387:
3369:
3338:
Herrera-Morales, Jairo; Turley, Taylor A.; Betancourt-Ponce, Miguel; Nicolau, Eduardo (2019).
3320:
3273:
3231:
3221:
3196:
3149:
3139:
3083:
3075:
3000:
2935:
2892:
2842:
2793:
2785:
2699:
2622:
2380:
2295:
2266:
2129:
2081:
2008:
1413:
575:
459:
423:
242:
237:
3460:
3423:
3377:
3359:
3312:
3265:
3188:
3114:
3067:
3036:
2990:
2982:
2954:
2927:
2884:
2832:
2777:
2750:
2670:
2614:
2580:
2505:
2472:
2446:
2409:
2338:
2303:
2230:
2187:
2121:
2071:
1992:
1922:
1830:
1807:
1776:
to describe how the different blocks interact. The product of the degree of polymerization,
1719:
1707:
1695:
1625:
1512:
There are several ways to synthesize random copolymers. The most common synthesis method is
1490:
1486:
1482:
1272:
1268:
864:
598:. Copolymers obtained from the copolymerization of two monomer species are sometimes called
413:
383:
323:
138:
2639:
Cao, Ti and
Stephen E. Webber. ″Free-Radical Copolymerization of Fullerenes with Styrene″.
1787:
2958:
2738:
719:
695:
486:
428:
378:
205:
3138:. F. James Holler, Timothy A. Nieman (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub.
3355:
3184:
2978:
2923:
2888:
2880:
2828:
2666:
2610:
891:
The composition and structural type of the copolymer depend on these reactivity ratios r
3382:
3339:
3040:
2995:
2962:
2860:
2413:
1870:
1773:
1691:
707:
632:
591:
520:
373:
116:
39:
2674:
667:
family. Copolymers can be used to develop commercial goods or drug delivery vehicles.
620:
to determine the molecular size, weight, properties, and composition of the material.
3502:
3472:
3254:"Polymeric nanoparticles, micelles and polymersomes from amphiphilic block copolymer"
3253:
2286:
1621:
1605:
734:
418:
227:
222:
200:
3285:
2727:
Hamley, I.W. "Developments in Block
Copolymer Science and Technology" – Wiley, 2004.
1660:
1979:
1957:
1715:
1679:
1506:
1385:
612:, respectively. Copolymers can be characterized by a variety of techniques such as
510:
454:
403:
388:
212:
195:
3428:
3411:
3301:"Advanced drug delivery devices via self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers"
1573:
In gradient copolymers the monomer composition changes gradually along the chain.
3055:
1753:
in the technical literature). Between the cylindrical and lamellar phase is the
1649:
1633:
1629:
1617:
1249:
1227:, adjacent blocks are constitutionally different, i.e. adjacent blocks comprise
749:
of a growing copolymer chain terminating in a given monomer is the ratio of the
698:), copolymers can be classified based on how these units are arranged along the
664:
525:
471:
259:
247:
3316:
2718:
Hamley, I.W. "The Physics of Block Copolymers" – Oxford University Press, 1998.
2497:
2464:
2330:
2179:
1995:
for dyes and inks, as drug delivery vehicles, and for membrane solubilization.
3269:
2584:
1971:
1597:
1517:
730:
699:
368:
348:
190:
3437:
3373:
3324:
3277:
3200:
3079:
2846:
2789:
1694:, such as styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer. The polymer is known as
911:, for the relative instantaneous rates of incorporation of the two monomers.
3153:
2963:"Adsorption of block co-polymers from selective solvents on curved surfaces"
2509:
2476:
2342:
2235:
2216:
2191:
2076:
2057:
1965:
1961:
1893:
1742:
1562:
1525:
694:
Since a copolymer consists of at least two types of constituent units (also
343:
274:
217:
61:
3464:
3391:
3299:
Rösler, Annette; Vandermeulen, Guido W. M.; Klok, Harm-Anton (2012-12-01).
3087:
3004:
2939:
2896:
2797:
2450:
1341:
1240:
3235:
2782:
10.1002/1521-3773(20001215)39:24<4599::aid-anie4599>3.0.co;2-y
2626:
2115:
1725:
1481:
made from styrene-butadiene copolymers and resins from styrene-acrylic or
1460:
1456:
1452:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
686:
682:
17:
3192:
3133:
2217:"Glossary of basic terms in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)"
2058:"Glossary of basic terms in polymer science (IUPAC Recommendations 1996)"
1766:
1706:
was used to examine the structure. The butadiene matrix was stained with
1699:
1393:
1252:
660:
652:
498:
476:
338:
3252:
Cho, Heui Kyoung; Cheong, In Woo; Lee, Jung Min; Kim, Jung Hyun (2010).
2307:
2114:
Hadjichristidis, Nikos; Pispas, Stergios; Floudas, George (2002-11-15).
1702:. Owing to the microfine structure, transmission electron microscope or
1636:. The polybutadiene is dissolved in styrene, which is then subjected to
3364:
3215:
3118:
2837:
2812:
2125:
2024:
1975:
1417:
1389:
1256:
1178:
656:
587:
583:
566:
76:
66:
3071:
2986:
2931:
2754:
2653:
Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof (1996). "Controlled radical polymerization".
2618:
1524:
can be used to create random copolymers, but with several caveats: if
2575:
Greenley, Robert. ″Free Radical Copolymerization Reactivity Ratios″.
2034:
1968:(TPAs), used in hose tubing, sport goods, and automotive components.
1758:
1754:
1478:
515:
1553:
1485:
derivatives. Copolymerization is particularly useful in tuning the
3101:
Hu, Hanqiong; Gopinadhan, Manesh; Osuji, Chinedum O. (2014-03-21).
2215:
Jenkins, A. D; Kratochvíl, P; Stepto, R. F. T; Suter, U. W (1996).
1738:
1724:
1678:
1552:
565:
2867:(2014). "Block Copolymer Thermodynamics: Theory and Experiment".
1561:
In stereoblock copolymers the blocks or units differ only in the
481:
269:
143:
1543:
reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization
1267:
techniques, such as atom transfer free radical polymerization (
1734:
1463:
obeys known statistical laws. (See Gold Book entry for note.)
2813:"Mimicking the cell membrane with block copolymer membranes"
1690:
Block copolymers can "microphase separate" to form periodic
38:
3494:
Block Copolymers in Solution: Fundamentals and Applications
1710:
to provide contrast in the image. The material was made by
3017:
Hamley, I.W. "Block Copolymers in Solution" – Wiley, 2005.
2261:(2nd ed.). Blackie (USA: Chapman and Hall). pp.
729:
consist of a single main chain with one or more polymeric
651:, which is used to produce the nylon-12/6/66 copolymer of
602:. Those obtained from three and four monomers are called
1671:
have several polymer chains connected to a central core.
1733:
Microphase separation is a situation similar to that of
1952:
A common application of block copolymers is to develop
3054:
Rowland, Steven M.; Striegel, André M. (2012-06-05).
1833:
1810:
1790:
1271:), reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (
919:
867:
813:
759:
27:
Polymer derived from more than one species of monomer
2817:
Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry
2655:
Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science
1248:
Block copolymers are made up of blocks of different
2258:
Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials
1956:(TPEs). Early commercial TPEs were developed from
1873:, molecular size, chemical composition, molecular
1842:
1819:
1796:
1392:of the dimeric repeat unit A-A-B-B. An example is
1157:
880:
853:
799:
2691:The Elements of Polymer Science and Engineering
2379:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 41–43.
1446:
1323:
1203:
676:
3410:Huang, Jing; Turner, S. Richard (2017-05-05).
2051:
2049:
1279:(ROMP), and living cationic or living anionic
854:{\displaystyle r_{2}={\frac {k_{22}}{k_{21}}}}
800:{\displaystyle r_{1}={\frac {k_{11}}{k_{12}}}}
2564:Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Symposium
2551:Introduction to Polymer Science and Chemistry
1769:for their superior stability and tunability.
547:
8:
2120:. Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1729:SBS block copolymer schematic microstructure
1459:in which the sequential distribution of the
737:, star shaped, or have other architectures.
3167:Coats, A. W.; Redfern, J. P. (1963-01-01).
2737:Gazit, Oz; Khalfin, Rafail; Cohen, Yachin;
1974:block copolymers have the ability to form
554:
540:
29:
3427:
3381:
3363:
2994:
2836:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2440:
2234:
2210:
2208:
2075:
1832:
1809:
1789:
1539:nitroxide mediated radical polymerization
1137:
1132:
1121:
1104:
1099:
1079:
1074:
1052:
1047:
1029:
1024:
1013:
994:
989:
981:
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812:
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773:
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149:Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization
2694:(1st ed.). Academic Press. p.
2577:The Wiley Database of Polymer Properties
2370:
2368:
1718:to create a regular microstructure. The
1659:
1596:
2770:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2250:
2248:
2246:
2056:McNaught, A. D.; Wilkinson, A. (1996).
2045:
1882:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
1243:distribution of constitutional units.
32:
3258:Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
3169:"Thermogravimetric analysis. A review"
1277:ring-opening metathesis polymerization
1177:Block copolymers comprise two or more
685:derived from more than one species of
594:of monomers into copolymers is called
586:derived from more than one species of
3405:
3403:
3401:
3247:
3245:
2025:Copolymers section of Polymer article
1609:differ from those in the main chain.
1259:, and then subsequently polymerizing
639:, styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) and
7:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
1643:As with block copolymers, the quasi-
1535:atom-transfer radical-polymerization
1376:A step-growth copolymer -(-A-A-B-B-)
1239:but with a different composition or
3135:Principles of instrumental analysis
2889:10.1146/annurev.pc.41.100190.002521
2869:Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
3217:Modern theory of polymer solutions
3041:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.06.003
2553:. Second Edition. CRC Press, 2013.
2414:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.05.003
1880:Spectroscopic techniques, such as
1664:Star shaped polymers or copolymers
1344:. (See Gold Book entry for note.)
1231:derived from different species of
1133:
1100:
1075:
1048:
1025:
990:
961:
951:
934:
924:
689:. (See Gold Book entry for note.)
647:. Another production mechanism is
25:
3489:Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
2529:Painter P. C. and Coleman M. M.,
1919:Differential scanning calorimetry
1531:controlled radical polymerization
134:Controlled radical polymerization
2743:Journal of Physical Chemistry C
2531:Fundamentals of Polymer Science
2013:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
1899:Scattering techniques, such as
1698:and is used for shoe soles and
1628:which retains one reactive C=C
625:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
3305:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
3220:. New York: Harper & Row.
2377:Polymer Science and Technology
1909:small-angle neutron scattering
1714:so that the blocks are almost
1285:chain shuttling polymerization
623:Commercial copolymers include
1:
3453:Plasma Processes and Polymers
3429:10.1016/j.polymer.2017.01.020
2675:10.1016/S1359-0286(96)80101-X
1936:Size-exclusion chromatography
1557:A stereoblock vinyl copolymer
643:, all of which are formed by
618:size-exclusion chromatography
97:Flory–Huggins solution theory
2005:glass transition temperature
1913:small-angle X-ray scattering
1235:or from the same species of
629:styrene/butadiene co-polymer
3029:Progress in Polymer Science
2402:Progress in Polymer Science
1638:free-radical polymerization
1620:chains may be grafted onto
1514:free radical polymerization
1283:. An emerging technique is
645:chain-growth polymerization
163:Condensation polymerization
129:Free-radical polymerization
124:Chain-growth polymerization
3530:
3317:10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.026
3132:Skoog, Douglas A. (1998).
2222:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2063:Pure and Applied Chemistry
1929:Thermogravimetric analysis
1336:comprising two species of
1189:have two distinct blocks;
649:step-growth polymerization
158:Step-growth polymerization
3270:10.1007/s11814-010-0216-5
3214:Yamakawa, Hiromi (1971).
2643:, 1996, 28, pp 3741-3743.
2585:10.1002/0471532053.bra007
2150:"Nylon-12/6/66 Copolymer"
1827:is greater than 10.5. If
1396:with repeat unit -OC-( CH
905:copolymerization equation
2823:(12). Wiley: 2293–2318.
2776:(24). Wiley: 4599–4602.
2533:, CRC Press, 1997, p 14.
1954:thermoplastic elastomers
1905:dynamic light scattering
1780:, and the Flory-Huggins
1529:synthesized by ″living″
1363:styrene maleic anhydride
2510:10.1351/goldbook.S05955
2498:"statistical copolymer"
2477:10.1351/goldbook.A00250
2465:"alternating copolymer"
2375:Fried, Joel R. (2003).
2343:10.1351/goldbook.B00683
2236:10.1351/pac199668122287
2192:10.1351/goldbook.C01335
2077:10.1351/goldbook.C01335
2030:Thermoplastic elastomer
1901:static light scattering
1772:Polymer scientists use
1683:SBS block copolymer in
1650:high-impact polystyrene
168:Addition polymerization
102:Coil–globule transition
3465:10.1002/ppap.201700053
2688:Rudin, Alfred (1982).
2451:10.1002/masy.200751107
2255:Cowie, J.M.G. (1991).
1986:Alternating copolymers
1844:
1843:{\displaystyle \chi N}
1821:
1820:{\displaystyle \chi N}
1798:
1730:
1687:
1665:
1602:
1558:
1549:Stereoblock copolymers
1522:Anionic polymerization
1465:
1436:Statistical copolymers
1346:
1313:Alternating copolymers
1245:
1159:
882:
881:{\displaystyle k_{12}}
855:
801:
751:reaction rate constant
716:statistical copolymers
712:alternating copolymers
691:
641:ethylene-vinyl acetate
571:
280:Self-healing hydrogels
43:
2865:Fredrickson, Glenn H.
2015:is a common example.
1999:Copolymer engineering
1886:infrared spectroscopy
1845:
1822:
1799:
1797:{\displaystyle \chi }
1782:interaction parameter
1728:
1712:living polymerization
1682:
1675:Microphase separation
1663:
1600:
1556:
1449:statistical copolymer
1326:alternating copolymer
1265:living polymerization
1160:
883:
856:
802:
637:styrene-acrylonitrile
569:
494:Cookware and bakeware
446:Industrial production
314:X-ray crystallography
42:
3193:10.1039/AN9638800906
3060:Analytical Chemistry
1831:
1808:
1788:
1763:model lipid bilayers
1412:-NH-, formed from a
1220:macromolecules of a
917:
865:
861:, where for example
811:
757:
706:consist of a single
3356:2019Mate...12..230H
3185:1963Ana....88..906C
2979:2008MaMol..41.3190H
2924:2014JChPh.140e4909C
2881:1990ARPC...41..525B
2829:2012JPoSA..50.2293Z
2667:1996COSSM...1..769M
2611:1998MaMol..31.4681R
2308:10.1021/ja01237a052
2291:Lewis, Frederick M.
1577:Branched copolymers
1569:Gradient copolymers
1503:Mayo-Lewis equation
1424:Periodic copolymers
1261:methyl methacrylate
1229:constitutional unit
1191:triblock copolymers
901:Mayo–Lewis equation
467:Protective Coatings
82:Mark–Houwink theory
3365:10.3390/ma12020230
3119:10.1039/C3SM52607K
2953:Hershkovitz, Eli;
2838:10.1002/pola.26000
2126:10.1002/0471269808
1840:
1817:
1794:
1731:
1688:
1666:
1603:
1559:
1187:Diblock copolymers
1155:
909:copolymer equation
903:, also called the
878:
851:
797:
572:
44:
3509:Polymer chemistry
3179:(1053): 906–924.
3113:(10): 3867–3889.
3072:10.1021/ac3003775
3066:(11): 4812–4820.
3035:(11): 1161–1210.
2987:10.1021/ma702706p
2955:Tannenbaum, Allen
2932:10.1063/1.4863331
2755:10.1021/jp807668h
2705:978-0-12-601680-2
2619:10.1021/ma971043b
2566:72, 67-69 (1985).
2386:978-0-13-018168-8
2331:"block copolymer"
2296:J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2272:978-0-216-92980-7
2229:(12): 2287–2311.
2135:978-0-471-39436-5
2087:978-0-9678550-9-7
2009:rubber toughening
1565:of the monomers.
1533:methods, such as
1414:dicarboxylic acid
1168:Linear copolymers
1153:
976:
899:according to the
849:
795:
741:Reactivity ratios
704:Linear copolymers
663:, as well as the
576:polymer chemistry
564:
563:
477:Consumer products
16:(Redirected from
3521:
3477:
3476:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3407:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3367:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3249:
3240:
3239:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2973:(9): 3190–3198.
2959:Tannenbaum, Rina
2950:
2944:
2943:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2739:Tannenbaum, Rina
2734:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2593:
2587:
2573:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2372:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2302:(9): 1594–1601.
2283:
2277:
2276:
2252:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2160:on 11 April 2021
2156:. Archived from
2146:
2140:
2139:
2117:Block Copolymers
2111:
2092:
2091:
2079:
2053:
1993:dispersing agent
1948:Block copolymers
1923:phase transition
1871:molecular weight
1867:Characterization
1862:Characterization
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1720:molecular weight
1708:osmium tetroxide
1626:synthetic rubber
1606:Graft copolymers
1593:Graft copolymers
1583:brush copolymers
1491:glass transition
1487:glass transition
1483:methacrylic acid
1471:random copolymer
1380:- formed by the
1173:Block copolymers
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1018:
1017:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
982:
977:
975:
974:
970:
969:
964:
954:
948:
947:
943:
942:
937:
927:
921:
887:
885:
884:
879:
877:
876:
860:
858:
857:
852:
850:
848:
847:
838:
837:
828:
823:
822:
806:
804:
803:
798:
796:
794:
793:
784:
783:
774:
769:
768:
747:reactivity ratio
720:block copolymers
696:structural units
614:NMR spectroscopy
596:copolymerization
556:
549:
542:
460:Applied coatings
297:Characterization
30:
21:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3499:
3498:
3485:
3480:
3459:(10): 1700053.
3450:
3449:
3445:
3409:
3408:
3399:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3228:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3146:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2861:Bates, Frank S.
2859:
2858:
2854:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2537:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2442:10.1.1.424.4699
2426:
2425:
2421:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2254:
2253:
2244:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2113:
2112:
2095:
2088:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2021:
2001:
1988:
1950:
1945:
1890:UV spectroscopy
1864:
1829:
1828:
1806:
1805:
1786:
1785:
1677:
1669:Star copolymers
1658:
1656:Star copolymers
1595:
1587:comb copolymers
1579:
1571:
1551:
1496:
1473:(structure 3).
1466:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1340:in alternating
1322:
1315:
1297:
1293:
1281:polymerizations
1246:
1206:block copolymer
1202:
1175:
1170:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1046:
1042:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1004:
988:
984:
983:
959:
955:
949:
932:
928:
922:
915:
914:
898:
894:
868:
863:
862:
839:
829:
814:
809:
808:
785:
775:
760:
755:
754:
743:
692:
675:
560:
531:
530:
442:
434:
433:
364:
356:
355:
299:
289:
288:
206:Polyisobutylene
187:Functional type
183:
173:
172:
119:
109:
108:
52:
33:Polymer science
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3527:
3525:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3484:
3483:External links
3481:
3479:
3478:
3443:
3397:
3330:
3291:
3264:(3): 731–740.
3241:
3226:
3206:
3159:
3144:
3124:
3093:
3046:
3019:
3010:
2967:Macromolecules
2945:
2902:
2852:
2803:
2760:
2749:(2): 576–583.
2729:
2720:
2711:
2704:
2680:
2661:(6): 769–776.
2645:
2641:Macromolecules
2632:
2605:(15): 4681–3.
2599:Macromolecules
2588:
2568:
2555:
2535:
2522:
2489:
2456:
2429:Macromol. Symp
2419:
2408:(8): 797–819.
2392:
2385:
2364:
2355:
2322:
2313:
2287:Mayo, Frank R.
2278:
2271:
2242:
2204:
2171:
2154:Cosmetics Info
2141:
2134:
2093:
2086:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2000:
1997:
1987:
1984:
1958:polyurethranes
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1863:
1860:
1839:
1836:
1816:
1813:
1793:
1774:thermodynamics
1692:nanostructures
1676:
1673:
1657:
1654:
1594:
1591:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1550:
1547:
1494:
1493:temperature (T
1461:monomeric unit
1455:consisting of
1440:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1416:monomer and a
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1338:monomeric unit
1332:consisting of
1317:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1295:
1291:
1197:
1196:
1183:junction block
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
980:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
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892:
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871:
846:
842:
836:
832:
826:
821:
817:
792:
788:
782:
778:
772:
767:
763:
742:
739:
670:
669:
633:nitrile rubber
610:quaterpolymers
592:polymerization
562:
561:
559:
558:
551:
544:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
523:
521:Plastic bottle
518:
513:
508:
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506:
504:Food Container
501:
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245:
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228:Vinyl polymers
225:
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209:
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188:
184:
181:Classification
179:
178:
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94:
89:
84:
77:Phase behavior
74:
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50:
49:
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35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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3:
2:
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3507:
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3504:
3495:
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3490:
3487:
3486:
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3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3227:0-06-047309-6
3223:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3145:0-03-002078-6
3141:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3047:
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3038:
3034:
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3023:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
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2988:
2984:
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2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:(5): 054909.
2917:
2913:
2912:J. Chem. Phys
2906:
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2684:
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2155:
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2145:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2127:
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2119:
2118:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2070:: 2287–2311.
2069:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1980:nanoparticles
1977:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1837:
1834:
1814:
1811:
1791:
1783:
1779:
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1662:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:polybutadiene
1619:
1616:For example,
1614:
1610:
1607:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1568:
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1564:
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1458:
1457:macromolecule
1454:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1369:= 0.097 and r
1364:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:macromolecule
1331:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:>> 1, r
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:block polymer
1211:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
985:
978:
971:
966:
956:
944:
939:
929:
912:
910:
906:
902:
889:
873:
869:
844:
840:
834:
830:
824:
819:
815:
790:
786:
780:
776:
770:
765:
761:
752:
748:
740:
738:
736:
733:, and can be
732:
728:
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
688:
684:
680:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
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581:
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568:
557:
552:
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258:
255:
254:
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234:
231:
230:
229:
226:
224:
223:Polycarbonate
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
207:
204:
202:
201:Polypropylene
199:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
177:
176:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
118:
113:
112:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
41:
37:
36:
31:
19:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3419:
3415:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3261:
3257:
3216:
3209:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3134:
3127:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3013:
2970:
2966:
2948:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2872:
2868:
2855:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2690:
2683:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2530:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2501:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2468:
2459:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2376:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2334:
2325:
2316:
2299:
2294:
2281:
2257:
2226:
2220:
2195:. Retrieved
2183:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2158:the original
2153:
2144:
2116:
2067:
2061:
2002:
1989:
1970:
1951:
1943:Applications
1934:
1927:
1917:
1898:
1879:
1865:
1856:
1853:
1777:
1771:
1732:
1716:monodisperse
1689:
1667:
1642:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1560:
1511:
1507:Markov model
1499:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1448:
1447:
1427:
1386:bifunctional
1382:condensation
1375:
1365:copolymer, r
1348:
1325:
1324:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1289:
1247:
1205:
1204:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
913:
908:
904:
890:
746:
744:
723:
710:and include
703:
693:
678:
677:
622:
609:
604:
603:
599:
595:
579:
573:
511:Vinyl record
455:Blow molding
441:Applications
264:
213:Polyurethane
196:Polyethylene
57:Architecture
3422:: 572–586.
3311:: 270–279.
3107:Soft Matter
2875:: 525–557.
2549:Chanda, M.
2180:"copolymer"
1972:Amphiphilic
1964:(TPES) and
1875:homogeneity
1652:, or HIPS.
1634:repeat unit
1630:double bond
1618:polystyrene
1390:homopolymer
1307:block index
1250:polymerized
1218:constituent
1179:homopolymer
731:side chains
665:copolyester
605:terpolymers
526:Plastic bag
472:3D printing
260:Homopolymer
248:Polystyrene
72:Degradation
3514:Copolymers
3503:Categories
3350:(2): 230.
2320:Cowie, p.4
2041:References
1966:polyamides
1962:polyesters
1541:(NMP), or
1526:carbanions
1518:dispersity
1444:definition
1404:-CO-NH-(CH
1321:definition
1303:blockiness
1212:that is a
1201:definition
727:copolymers
708:main chain
674:definition
600:bipolymers
487:Whitewalls
409:Staudinger
379:MacDiarmid
363:Scientists
349:Viscometry
191:Polyolefin
67:Morphology
51:Properties
18:Copolymers
3473:104161308
3438:0032-3861
3374:1996-1944
3344:Materials
3325:0169-409X
3278:0256-1115
3201:1364-5528
3080:0003-2700
2847:0887-624X
2790:1433-7851
2504:. IUPAC.
2502:Gold Book
2471:. IUPAC.
2469:Gold Book
2437:CiteSeerX
2435:: 80–93.
2337:. IUPAC.
2335:Gold Book
2186:. IUPAC.
2184:Gold Book
1894:tacticity
1835:χ
1812:χ
1792:χ
1767:liposomes
1743:nanometer
1700:adhesives
1645:composite
1563:tacticity
1453:copolymer
1420:monomer.
1330:copolymer
1225:copolymer
1216:. In the
1210:copolymer
679:copolymer
580:copolymer
450:Extrusion
429:Braconnot
419:Baekeland
399:de Gennes
384:Shirakawa
344:Rheometry
275:Hydrogels
265:Copolymer
256:Structure
218:Polyester
117:Synthesis
62:Tacticity
3392:30641894
3286:95286455
3154:37866092
3088:22591263
3005:20976029
2961:(2008).
2940:24511981
2897:20462355
2798:11169683
2579:. 2003.
2164:12 April
2019:See also
1976:micelles
1751:lamellae
1537:(ATRP),
1394:nylon 66
1342:sequence
1253:monomers
1241:sequence
725:Branched
661:nylon 66
653:nylon 12
499:Bakelite
414:Goodyear
339:Rheology
3416:Polymer
3383:6357086
3352:Bibcode
3181:Bibcode
3173:Analyst
2996:2957843
2975:Bibcode
2920:Bibcode
2877:Bibcode
2825:Bibcode
2663:Bibcode
2627:9680398
2607:Bibcode
2515:1 April
2482:1 April
2348:1 April
2263:104–106
2197:1 April
1479:rubbers
1418:diamine
1384:of two
1257:styrene
1237:monomer
1233:monomer
735:grafted
687:monomer
683:polymer
657:nylon 6
631:(SBR),
627:(ABS),
588:monomer
584:polymer
424:Hayward
404:Ziegler
394:Edwards
3471:
3436:
3390:
3380:
3372:
3323:
3284:
3276:
3236:159244
3234:
3224:
3199:
3152:
3142:
3086:
3078:
3003:
2993:
2938:
2895:
2845:
2796:
2788:
2702:
2625:
2439:
2383:
2269:
2132:
2084:
2035:Tholin
1907:, and
1888:, and
1759:memory
1755:gyroid
1696:Kraton
718:, and
590:. The
516:Kevlar
374:Heeger
3469:S2CID
3282:S2CID
1739:water
1442:IUPAC
1357:and r
1319:IUPAC
1301:The "
1222:block
1199:IUPAC
895:and r
700:chain
672:IUPAC
582:is a
482:Tires
389:Natta
369:Flory
3434:ISSN
3388:PMID
3370:ISSN
3321:ISSN
3274:ISSN
3232:OCLC
3222:ISBN
3197:ISSN
3150:OCLC
3140:ISBN
3084:PMID
3076:ISSN
3001:PMID
2936:PMID
2893:PMID
2843:ISSN
2794:PMID
2786:ISSN
2700:ISBN
2623:PMID
2517:2024
2484:2024
2381:ISBN
2350:2024
2267:ISBN
2199:2024
2166:2021
2130:ISBN
2082:ISBN
1978:and
1765:and
1747:PMMA
1737:and
1632:per
1624:, a
1585:and
1451:: A
1328:: A
1273:RAFT
1269:ATRP
1208:: A
807:and
745:The
681:: A
659:and
616:and
608:and
578:, a
309:FTIR
270:Gels
243:PVAc
144:RAFT
139:ATRP
92:LCST
87:UCST
3461:doi
3424:doi
3420:116
3378:PMC
3360:doi
3313:doi
3266:doi
3189:doi
3115:doi
3068:doi
3037:doi
2991:PMC
2983:doi
2928:doi
2916:140
2885:doi
2833:doi
2778:doi
2751:doi
2747:113
2671:doi
2615:doi
2581:doi
2506:doi
2473:doi
2447:doi
2433:257
2410:doi
2339:doi
2304:doi
2231:doi
2188:doi
2122:doi
2072:doi
1735:oil
1704:TEM
1685:TEM
1275:),
907:or
702:.
574:In
334:DMA
329:TGA
324:NMR
319:DSC
304:GPC
238:PVA
233:PVC
3505::
3467:.
3457:14
3455:.
3432:.
3418:.
3414:.
3400:^
3386:.
3376:.
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3358:.
3348:12
3346:.
3342:.
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3309:64
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3280:.
3272:.
3262:27
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3195:.
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3177:88
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3171:.
3148:.
3111:22
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3074:.
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3031:.
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2971:41
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2934:.
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2891:.
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2841:.
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2819:.
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2792:.
2784:.
2774:39
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2603:31
2601:.
2538:^
2500:.
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874:12
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835:22
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722:.
714:,
655:,
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3426::
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3288:.
3268::
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3117::
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3070::
3043:.
3039::
3007:.
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2942:.
2930::
2922::
2899:.
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2849:.
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2800:.
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2757:.
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2275:.
2239:.
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2190::
2168:.
2138:.
2124::
2090:.
2074::
1838:N
1815:N
1778:n
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1410:6
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1406:2
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1398:2
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1371:2
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1139:2
1134:M
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1119:r
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1106:1
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1091:(
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1054:2
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1044:[
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1031:1
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1021:[
1015:1
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1006:(
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996:1
991:M
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967:2
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957:[
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940:1
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930:[
925:d
897:2
893:1
870:k
841:k
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825:=
820:2
816:r
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777:k
771:=
766:1
762:r
555:e
548:t
541:v
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
