579:; other courtship rituals remain unknown). Males compete with each other for females, aggressively fluttering the wings and trying to place their long mandibles underneath the body of the opponent in order to flip him into the air. Afterwards, the male approaches a female from the side and touches her with his antennae. At first the female reacts somewhat aggressively, moving the head from side to side with mandibles wide apart. However, she then allows the male to come closer and place his mandibles over her wings in a perpendicular position, a position he holds until the female signals reception to mating.
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659:. When they have finally reached maturity, the larvae leave the water and find a rock, log, or anthropogenic debris, typically close to the stream but sometimes up to 40 m away. There they construct a chamber for pupation and spend several days to several weeks as prepupae before shedding the exoskeleton and spending about a week to two weeks as
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wrote in his 1897 book Insect Life, "In spite of its disagreeable appearance it is in some respects very interesting to students of Nature study." The larvae, commonly called hellgrammites, are perhaps better known than the adults due to their more readily findable nature. They are unusual in that
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due to their large size, endurance, and ferocious temperament. John Henry
Comstock suggested securing a net or wire screen to the rocky bottom of a creek and disturbing the rocks just upstream of the screen as a method to catch the larvae. They often run for relatively high prices at bait shops,
278:
vary from a grayish to translucent shade, depending on the species, and the anal region of the hindwing is wide and folded at rest. Despite the large wings, adults are weak, fluttery fliers. The body is soft and coloration varies from yellow to dark shades of brown. The body typically does not
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that are eaten by the female partner after mating. This has been shown to be correlated to mandible size; in species where the males have large mandibles the "nuptial gift" is small or absent, while it is large in species where males lack the exaggerated mandibles. Two genera,
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during the daytime. However, they do sometimes form aggregations under bridges or other structures along streams. Since the adults live only about a week, they are not known to eat anything, although they have been reported to drink sweet solution in captivity.
663:. The pupae are yellow-orange with dark spots on the dorsum of the abdomen, covered in minute setae, and exarate (i.e. the developing appendages and mouthparts are attached only at their proximal ends). Although the males have a small tubercle on the
606: in) long and wide. The spermatophore consists of two parts: a large gelatinous mass, and a smaller seminal duct containing the sperm. After copulation, the female proceeds to spread her legs wide apart, curl the abdomen under the chest, and
377:(with exceptions in a few species): quadrate head with a postocular spine, ridge, and plane, non-pectinate antennae, four crossveins between the radius and the radial sector, and distinctive male terminalia with a well developed ninth
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midges. Although the larvae spend most of their lives under rocks below water, locals along
Virginia and Pennsylvania rivers have reported emergences, known as "hellgrammite crawlings," during thunderstorms.
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sternum and a slightly wider head than the females, the mandibles are not as noticeably divergent as in the adults. Finally, the pupae emerge from the chamber, leaving behind the larval and pupal
322:, a particularly long-mandibled species, these can reach up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in length and are used in competition for females. It is possible that the mandibles may have been
847:
1064:
Borror, Donald; Triplehorn, Charles; and Norman
Johnson. An Introduction to the Study of Insects. 6th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1989. 358-363.
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larvae either fall directly into the stream or if not, immediately search for water. There the larvae live for up to five years, going through 10-12 instar
1287:
934:
Xing Yue Liu; Ding Yang; Si Qin Ge; Xing Ke Yang (2005). "Phylogenetic review of the
Chinese species of Acanthacorydalis (Megaloptera, Corydalidae)".
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which supply plenty of oxygen and stir up prey. They are generalist predators; dissections have revealed that they primarily eat aquatic immatures of
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1027:(Megaloptera: Corydalidae) with Photographic Evidence of the Use of the Elongate Mandibles in the Male. American Entomologist 64 167-169.
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266:
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Stange, Lionel. "Alderflies and
Dobsonflies." Encyclopedia of Entomology. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Publishing, 2008.
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974:"Is diversification in male reproductive traits driven by evolutionary trade-offs between weapons and nuptial gifts?"
334:. Males cannot use these mandibles to bite because they are too long; on the other hand, females have short, heavily
70:
644: in) wide. This mass is covered by a layer of a chalky, white substance, which probably protects the eggs from
242:
used the word "hellgrammite" for the aquatic larvae they used as bait, but the origin of this term is also unknown.
753:
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Gullan, P. J., and P. S. Cranston. The
Insects: An Outline of Entomology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell, 2004. 260.
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1236:
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Latreille (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Thomas Say
Monographs, Entomological Society of America. Lanham, MD. 360pp.
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within
Corydalinae, divided into four lineages. Working from "most basal" to "most derived" lineages, there are:
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mandibles which enable them to deliver powerful bites when threatened. Males of many species will also produce
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leading to over-exploitation in some areas and regulation of sale in certain states. Some anglers instead use
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and overheating. Females tend to deposit egg masses at relatively few sites, resulting in grouped egg masses.
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Although not to the same extent as the larvae of mayflies and caddisflies, hellgrammites are intolerant of
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such as the United States and Canada, with a wingspan of up to 18 cm (7.1 in) in some species of
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Simonsen, T. J., Dombroskie, J. J., and D. D. Lawrie (2008). Behavioral
Observations on the Dobsonfly,
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419:. At the end of the abdomen is a pair of claw-like structures. Body color is black or dark brown.
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with a pair of terminal hooks used to hold themselves to substrate, and also in that they lack a
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can have a wingspan of up to 21.6 cm (8.5 in), making it the largest dobsonfly and the
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masses containing on average one thousand grey, cylindrical eggs, each egg about 1.5 mm (
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Hall, Donald. Eastern
Dobsonfly. Featured Creatures. University of Florida. April 2013.
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1204:(Corydalidae: Megaloptera) along a Large River. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 9 57-62.
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Hayashi, Fumio (1989). Radio Tracking and Activity Monitoring of the Dobsonfly Larva,
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Hayashi, Fumio (1992). Large spermatophore production and consumption in dobsonflies
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Adult males of many—but not all—species are easily recognized by their long, curving
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The adults are also nocturnal, and are seldom seen as they hide under leaves in the
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1237:"Systematics of the dobsonfly subfamily Corydalinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)"
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Contreras-Ramos, A. Corydalinae. Tree of Life Web Project. November 15, 1997.
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Comstock, John Henry (1897). Insect Life. Cornell University Library. Online.
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There are about sixty species of dobsonflies. Contreras-Ramos suggests nine
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The larvae of dobsonflies live along the rocky bottoms of streams. Chiefly
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1146:, Megaloptera) on a Large River. American Midland Naturalist 127 348-354.
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of males are also noticeably elongated, even longer than the mandibles.
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surpass 7.5 cm (3.0 in) in length, although the largest Asian
30:"Corydalinae" redirects here. For the subtribe in the poppy family, see
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Hellgrammite (larval form of the dobsonfly) found in a Tennessee stream
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occurs along rocky walls of streams at night, from May to September in
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Contreras-Ramos, Atilano (1998). Systematics of the dobsonfly genus
290:. Examples of species with large-mandibled males include the genera
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Larvae of dobsonflies differ from those of their sister clade, the
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Purdue Agriculture News Columns. Purdue Extension. August 8, 2013.
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One to two weeks after oviposition, the eggs hatch and the first
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from larva to adult in dobsonflies is one of the simplest of the
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orders, yet the life cycle begins with an intriguing ritualized
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Xingyue Liu; Fumio Hayashi; Laura C. Lavine; Ding Yang (2015).
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Hayashi, Fumio (1988). Prey selection by the dobsonfly larva,
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used the term in reference to these insects in his 1897 book
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that allow them to take in air directly when above water.
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The Chloroniella lineage, containing the monotypic genus
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although they are generally aquatic, taking in dissolved
1200:
Mangan, Brian (1994). Pupation Ecology of the Dobsonfly
1103:(Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Freshwater Biology 20 19-29.
913:"World's largest aquatic insect specimen found in China"
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
588:, during copulation the male attaches to the female's
481:, distributed from Northwest India to Southeast Asia.
1142:
Mangan, Brian (1992). Oviposition of the Dobsonfly (
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707:and may have potential to be used as indicators of
1090:(Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Oecologia 78 468-472.
238:, but did not explain it. He also mentioned that
435:The Protohermes lineage, containing the genera
230:The origin of the word "dobsonfly" is unclear.
1264:. Aquatic Critters. Missouri Botanical Garden.
1055:. Tree of Life Web Project. November 15, 1997.
250:Adult dobsonflies are some of the largest non-
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484:The Corydalus lineage, containing the genera
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608:eat the gelatinous part of the spermatophore
463:The Nevromus lineage, containing the genera
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1128:. Japanese Journal of Entomology 60 59-66.
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887:"Largest aquatic insect (by wingspan)"
369:is distinguished from closely related
283:may reach 10.5 cm (4.1 in).
274:in the world by this measurement. The
210:of dobsonflies are distributed in the
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547:The dobsonfly may be attracted by
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1273:. Tree of Life Web Project. 1997.
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687:Hellgrammites are popular among
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32:Papaveraceae § Fumarioideae
700:in the shape of hellgrammites.
451:to Indonesia, China, and Japan.
1:
460:, found only in South Africa.
328:secondary sex characteristics
267:Acanthacorydalis fruhstorferi
716:strongly attracted to lights
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1051:Contreras-Ramos, Atilano.
384:In regards to the larvae,
318:the sexes are similar. In
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911:Li, Zoe (July 22, 2014).
845:Dobsonflies Look Vicious.
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66:Scientific classification
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1383:(dobsonflies, fishflies)
1158:"The Hellgrammite Fly (
726:traps to capture them.
513:active during the night
1282:. Featured Creatures.
990:10.1098/rspb.2015.0247
891:Guinness World Records
777:Nevromus austroindicus
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272:largest aquatic insect
1531:Paleobiology Database
1241:Systematic Entomology
1235:Glorioso, M. (1981).
1166:American Entomologist
810:at Wikimedia Commons
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27:Subfamily of insects
1277:Eastern dobsonfly,
1101:Protohermes grandis
1088:Protohermes grandis
745:Protohermes grandis
724:mercury-vapor light
447:, distributed from
389:John Henry Comstock
232:John Henry Comstock
1279:Corydalus cornutus
1202:Corydalus cornutus
1179:10.1093/ae/50.1.50
1160:Corydalis cornutus
1144:Corydalus cornutus
1025:Corydalus cornutus
850:2014-10-06 at the
793:Corydalus cornutus
761:Corydalus cornutus
714:As the adults are
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592:a large, globular
320:Corydalus cornutus
58:Corydalus cornutus
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984:(1807): 373–387.
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507:Diet and behavior
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1360:Infraclass:
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1479:iNaturalist
1447:Corydalinae
1441:Wikispecies
1417:Corydalinae
1325:Megaloptera
1126:Protohermes
843:Turpin, T.
808:Corydalinae
720:black light
665:prothoracic
646:desiccation
614:Oviposition
585:Protohermes
525:caddisflies
478:Neoneuromus
444:Protohermes
423:Systematics
367:Corydalinae
336:sclerotized
316:Protohermes
304:Neoneuromus
302:, while in
254:insects of
246:Description
236:Insect Life
188:Corydalidae
178:Corydalinae
166:Dobsonflies
157:Systematics
143:Corydalinae
139:Subfamily:
133:Corydalidae
123:Megaloptera
18:Corydalinae
1553:Categories
1354:Subclass:
1344:Arthropoda
814:References
559:Life cycle
533:chironomid
529:stoneflies
438:Neurhermes
409:alderflies
379:gonostylus
312:Neurhermes
103:Arthropoda
42:Dobsonfly
1389:Sialidae
1356:Pterygota
1336:Kingdom:
1270:Corydalus
1262:Dobsonfly
1188:2155-9902
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1075:Corydalus
1053:Corydalus
618:Corydalus
590:genitalia
577:Corydalus
549:mercaptan
499:Corydalus
493:Chloronia
402:spiracles
356:Chloronia
332:courtship
296:Corydalus
288:mandibles
261:Corydalus
226:Etymology
170:subfamily
89:Kingdom:
83:Eukaryota
1466:BugGuide
1455:BioLib:
1432:Q2790845
1426:Wikidata
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1342:Phylum:
1338:Animalia
1327:families
1008:25925103
956:84988447
848:Archived
521:mayflies
472:Nevromus
361:antennae
324:selected
308:Nevromus
212:Americas
129:Family:
99:Phylum:
93:Animalia
79:Domain:
1350:Insecta
1348:Class:
1323:Extant
999:4424648
919:June 3,
896:4 April
730:Gallery
689:anglers
639:⁄
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413:prolegs
240:anglers
204:streams
200:aquatic
174:insects
149:Genera
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113:Insecta
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669:skins
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276:wings
1505:NCBI
1492:ITIS
1288:IFAS
1184:ISSN
1004:PMID
921:2016
898:2018
722:and
693:bait
675:Uses
563:The
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