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192:. In regenerative preheating, the exhaust gases from the furnace are pumped into a chamber containing bricks, where heat is transferred from the gases to the bricks. The flow of the furnace is then reversed so that fuel and air pass through the chamber and are heated by the bricks. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt
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cremator. To provide a substitute for the traditional ritual of seeing the coffin descend into a grave, they incorporate a mechanism for removing the coffin from sight. On the other hand, in Japan, mourners will watch the coffin enter the cremator, then will return after the cremation for the custom of picking the bones from the ashes.
871:
The time to carry out a cremation can vary from 70 minutes to 210 minutes. Cremators used to run on timers (some still do) and one would have to determine the weight of the body therefore calculating how long the body has to be cremated for and set the timers accordingly. Other types of crematories
821:
The secondary chamber may be at the rear or above the primary chamber. A secondary burner(s) fires into this chamber, oxidizing any organic material which passes from the primary chamber. This acts as a method of pollution control to eliminate the emission of odors and smoke. The secondary chamber
809:
The primary chamber contains the body – one at a time usually contained in some type of combustible casket or container. This chamber has at least one burner to provide the heat which vaporizes the water content of the body and aids in combustion of the organic portion. A large door exists to load
617:
While open outdoor pyres were used in the past and are often still used in many areas of the world today, notably India, most cremation in industrialized nations takes place within enclosed furnaces designed to maximize use of the thermal energy consumed while minimizing the emission of smoke and
862:
The application of computer control has allowed cremators to be more automated, in that temperature and oxygen sensors within the unit along with pre-programmed algorithms based upon the weight of the deceased allow the unit to operate with less user intervention. Such computer systems may also
608:
The design of a crematorium is often heavily influenced by the funeral customs of its country. For example, crematoria in the United
Kingdom are designed with a separation between the funeral and cremation facilities, as it is not customary for mourners to witness the coffin being placed in the
830:
The flue gases from the secondary chamber are usually vented to the atmosphere through a refractory-lined flue. They are at a very high temperature, and interest in recovering this thermal energy e.g. for space heating of the funeral chapel, or other facilities or for distribution into local
145:
The organized movement to instate cremation as a viable method for body disposal began in the 1870s. In 1869 the idea was presented to the
Medical International Congress of Florence by Professors Coletti and Castiglioni "in the name of public health and civilization". In 1873, Professor
854:). Much of this technology is borrowed from the waste incineration industry on a scaled-down basis. With the rise in the use of cremation in Western nations where amalgam has been used liberally in dental restorations, mercury has been a growing concern. 900 °C (1,650 °F)
604:
While a crematorium can be any place containing a cremator, modern crematoria are designed to serve a number of purposes. As well as being a place for the practical but dignified disposal of dead bodies, they must also serve the emotional and spiritual needs of the mourners.
793:
fired process. Due to the manner in which the wood gas is produced, such crematories use only a fraction of the required wood; and according to multiple sources, have far less impact on the environment than traditional natural gas or fuel oil processes.
746:
A 68 kg (150 lbs) body which contains 65% water will require 100 MJ of thermal energy before any combustion will take place. 100 MJ is approximately equivalent to 3 m (105 ft) of natural gas, or 3 liters of
212:
The efficient and cheap process brought about the quick and complete incineration of the body and was a fundamental technical breakthrough that finally made industrial cremation a practical possibility.
776:, and wood were used in the past, heating the chambers from below (like a cooking pot). This resulted in an indirect heat and prevented mixing of ash from the fuel with ash from the body. The term
766:(propane/butane) or fuel oil may be used where natural gas is not available. These burners can range in power from 150 to 400 kilowatts (0.51 to 1.4 million British thermal units per hour).
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the body container. Temperature in the primary chamber is typically between 760–980 °C (1,400–1,800 °F). Higher temperatures speed cremation but consume more energy, generate more
872:
merely have a start and a stop function for the cremation displayed on the user interface. The end of the cremation must be judged by the operator who in turn stops the cremation process.
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networks has arisen in recent years. Such heat recovery efforts have been viewed in both a positive and negative light by the public. 760–980 °C (1,400–1,800 °F) .
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Crematories heated by electricity also exist in India, where electric heating elements bring about cremation without the direct application of flame to the body.
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published reports or practical work they had conducted. A model of
Brunetti's cremating apparatus, together with the resulting ashes, was exhibited at the
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138:. In the 19th century, the development of new furnace technology and contact with cultures that practiced cremation led to its reintroduction in the
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and pioneered two features that would become common in future crematoria: the separation of entrance and exit, and a garden of remembrance.
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534:", crematoria were widely used for the disposal of corpses. The most technically advanced cremation ovens were those developed by the
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789:. Another new design starting to find use in India, where wood is traditionally used for cremation, is a cremator based around a
755:("preheating") of the furnace, fuel burned for emissions control, and heat losses through the insulation and in the flue gases.
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1263:"Gasifier Based Crematorium, Wood Gasifier Based Crematorium, Biomass Gasifier Crematorium Exporters"
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A typical unit contains a primary and secondary combustion chamber. These chambers are lined with a
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in 1876. By the end of the 19th century, several countries had seen their first crematorium open.
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streamline recordkeeping requirements for tracking, environmental, and maintenance purposes.
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perfected the use of this furnace for the incineration of organic material at his factory in
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Between Mass Death And
Individual Loss: The Place of the Dead in Twentieth-Century Germany
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196:, and this process made cremation an efficient and practical proposal. Charles's nephew,
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There has been interest, mainly in developing nations, to develop a cremator heated by
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A human body usually contains a negative caloric value, meaning that energy is
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As an energy-saving measure, some cremators provide heating for the building.
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typically operates at a temperature greater than 900 °C (1,650 °F).
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to combust it. This is a result of the high water content; all water must be
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when applied to cremation furnaces originally referred to this design.
659: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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under the canopy on the left and curtains which may be drawn around it.
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1152:"Evolución de los servicios funerarios en el último siglo en España"
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As a result, crematories are most often heated by burners fueled by
751:(0.8 US gallons). Additional energy is necessary to make up for the
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in the 1850s. His furnace operated at a high temperature by using
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1170:"Crematorium at the Natzweiler-Struthof camp (Alsace, France)"
628:
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took the corpse of his dead wife there to be cremated in 1874.
1020:"The Crematorium Temple in the Monumental Cemetery in Milan"
118:
regenerative furnace made cremation a technical possibility
30:"Crematory" redirects here. For the gothic metal band, see
162:
in 1873 and attracted great attention, including that of
965:. The Cremation Society of Great Britain. Archived from
558:
Funeral chapel at an
English crematorium, including the
90:. In many countries, crematoria contain facilities for
1061:
Encyclopedia of
Cremation by Lewis H. Mates (p. 21-23)
842:) are being applied to crematories in many countries.
1093:"An Unceremonious Rite; Cremation of Mrs. Ben Pitman"
806:brick designed to withstand the high temperatures.
27:Machine or building in which cremation takes place
1364:"Ashes to Ashes: The Cremation Process Explained"
988:Alon Confino; Paul Betts; Dirk Schumann (2013).
926:A Quartercentury of Cremation in North America
8:
1024:In_Bo. Ricerche e Progetti per Il Territorio
216:The first crematorium in the West opened in
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621:Video for example-how a crematorium works
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826:Air pollution control and energy recovery
719:Learn how and when to remove this message
102:, a place for interring cremation ashes.
70:. Modern crematoria contain at least one
904:. Architectural Review. 14 November 2016
230:
126:Multi-stage gas pollution control system
884:
1320:"New Life for Crematories' Waste Heat"
1176:from the original on 24 September 2015
1018:Boi, Annalisa; Celsi, Valeria (2015).
532:final solutions to the Jewish question
98:. Some crematoria also incorporate a
7:
1246:"Development of a Solar Crematorium"
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818:of the furnace's refractory lining.
657:adding citations to reliable sources
846:adsorption is being considered for
154:and Professor Lodovico Brunetti of
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929:. Knight and Millet. p. 150.
838:In addition, filtration systems (
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1125:"26 March – This day in history"
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1322:. Miller-McCune. Archived from
644:needs additional citations for
490:Cerkiew św.Mikołaja w Gdańsku,
224:was built from 1901 to 1928 in
994:. Berghahn Books. p. 94.
741:large amount of thermal energy
519:created by the authorities of
505:Crematoria in Nazi Death Camps
204:. The radical politician, Sir
1:
1318:Nobel, Justin (24 May 2011).
593:A defunct gas crematorium in
237:Location of first crematorium
1230:(in Russian). Archived from
1036:10.6092/issn.2036-1602/6076
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923:Cobb, John Storer (1901).
850:abatement (as a result of
570:Hietaniemi Crematorium in
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198:Carl Friedrich von Siemens
29:
1293:"How Is A Body Cremated?"
1222:"Как работает крематорий"
787:concentrated solar energy
383:Cementerio de la Almudena
222:Golders Green Crematorium
1424:Funeral-related industry
1072:"The LeMoyne Crematory"
902:"Typology: Crematorium"
206:Charles Wentworth Dilke
186:regenerative preheating
178:Charles William Siemens
116:Charles William Siemens
1345:Cremationprocess.co.uk
1196:"Ovens at Dachau camp"
942:by Giovanni Cagnetto,
739:which requires a very
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168:Physician to the Queen
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132:Industrial Revolution
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1405:at Wikimedia Commons
1350:25 July 2010 at the
1234:on 13 February 2024.
940:"Brunetti, Lodovico"
653:improve this article
261:Crematorium Temple,
188:of fuel and air for
182:regenerative furnace
1374:on 17 February 2020
1158:on 13 January 2024.
1150:Revista funeraria.
1131:on 30 December 2006
517:extermination camps
263:Monumental Cemetery
62:is a venue for the
1297:Cremation Resource
1104:. 16 February 1879
1101:The New York Times
867:Additional aspects
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350:Woking Crematorium
180:had developed his
164:Sir Henry Thompson
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88:open-air cremation
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1401:Media related to
1326:on 29 August 2011
1202:on 24 August 2010
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798:Combustion system
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292:LeMoyne Crematory
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668:"Crematorium"
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1376:. Retrieved
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967:the original
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514:
429:
300:Pennsylvania
215:
175:
148:Paolo Gorini
144:
129:
83:
79:
75:
71:
59:
55:
53:
48:South Africa
36:
1135:20 February
760:natural gas
526:during the
432:Switzerland
240:Year opened
100:columbarium
56:crematorium
1434:Crematoria
1413:Categories
1403:Crematoria
1277:17 January
1077:27 October
973:2 December
879:References
858:Automation
804:refractory
679:newspapers
560:catafalque
530:with the "
190:combustion
1429:Cremation
1330:4 October
840:baghouses
737:vaporized
613:Cremators
511:Holocaust
412:Stockholm
76:crematory
64:cremation
60:crematory
18:Crematory
1348:Archived
1174:Archived
963:Internet
816:spalling
791:wood gas
749:fuel oil
733:required
572:Helsinki
171:Victoria
72:cremator
44:Maitland
1378:5 April
1227:YouTube
1206:24 July
1180:24 July
1108:7 March
908:2 April
848:mercury
693:scholar
618:odors.
595:Kolkata
576:Finland
542:” from
536:company
524:Germany
515:In the
320:Germany
234:Country
202:Dresden
106:History
92:funeral
66:of the
1303:31 May
998:
948:(1930)
779:retort
772:Coal,
695:
688:
681:
674:
666:
544:Erfurt
492:Gdańsk
486:Poland
483:
457:France
454:
437:Zürich
407:Sweden
404:
387:Madrid
375:
358:Surrey
354:Woking
342:
317:
284:
254:
226:London
136:burial
96:chapel
80:retort
1249:(PDF)
1096:(PDF)
1030:(8).
700:JSTOR
686:books
599:India
466:Paris
378:Spain
325:Gotha
267:Milan
257:Italy
218:Milan
194:steel
156:Padua
1380:2010
1332:2011
1305:2020
1299:. US
1279:2014
1208:2010
1182:2010
1137:2007
1110:2009
1079:2014
996:ISBN
975:2010
910:2019
774:coke
672:news
521:Nazi
496:1914
470:1889
441:1889
416:1887
391:1973
362:1885
329:1878
304:1876
271:1876
243:Ref
152:Lodi
114:Sir
68:dead
1032:doi
764:LPG
655:by
150:of
82:or
58:or
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