2637:, fungi and bacteria. Some insect herbivores have developed counter adaptations such as rapid absorption of the glucosinates, quick alternative breakdown into non-toxic compounds and avoiding cell damage. In the whites family (Pieridae), one counter mechanism involves glucosinolate sulphatase, which changes the glucosinolate, so that it cannot be converted to isothiocyanate. A second is that the glucosinates are quickly broken down, forming nitriles. Differences between the mixtures of glucosinolates between species and even within species is large, and individual plants may produce in excess of fifty individual substances. The energy penalty for synthesising all these glucosinolates may be as high as 15% of the total needed to produce a leaf.
3223:
3189:
3206:
766:
65:
2822:
42:
7496:
541:
2754:, spring growth that occurs before nearly all native plants, roots that break easily when pulling attempts are made, a complete lack of palatability for herbivores at all life stages, etc.) it is unlikely that such a high level of control can be established and maintained on the whole. It is estimated that adequate control can be achieved with the introduction of two European
2809:
2651:. A particular cocktail of volatile glucosinates triggers egg-laying in many species. Thus a particular crop can sometimes be protected by planting bittercress as a deadly bait, for the saponins kill the caterpillars, but the butterfly is still lured by the bittercress to lay its egg on the leaves. A moth that feeds on a range of Brassicaceae is the
2789:
Invasive aggressive mustard species are known for being self-fertile, seeding very heavily with small seeds that have a lengthy lifespan coupled with a very high rate of viability and germination, and for being completely unpalatable to both herbivores and insects in areas to which they are not
2582:, seed pods open with force and so catapult the seeds quite far. Many of these have sticky seed coats, assisting long-distance dispersal by animals, and this may also explain several intercontinental dispersal events in the genus, and its near global distribution. Brassicaceae are common on
793:, with pedicels sometimes in the axil of a bract, and few species have flowers that sit individually on flower stems that spring from the axils of rosette leaves. The orientation of the pedicels when fruits are ripe varies dependent on the species. The flowers are
891:. It initially consists of only one cavity but during its further development a thin wall grows that divides the cavity, both placentas and separates the two valves (a so-called false septum). Rarely, there is only one cavity without a septum. The 2–600
837:
are set in two whorls: usually the two lateral, outer ones are shorter than the four inner stamens, but very rarely the stamens can all have the same length, and very rarely species have different numbers of stamens such as sixteen to twenty four in
2518:)—99 genera, 780 species of which 600 are endemic. South America has 40 genera containing 340 native species, Southern Africa 15 genera with over 100 species, and Australia and New-Zealand have 19 genera with 114 species between them.
821:, the lateral two sometimes with a shallow spur, which are mostly shed after flowering, rarely persistent, may be reflexed, spreading, ascending, or erect, together forming a tube-, bell- or urn-shaped calyx. Each flower has four
1075:
has recently adopted this last solution, but this may change as a consensus arises on this point. Current insights in the relationships of the
Brassicaceae, based on a 2012 DNA-analysis, are summarized in the following tree.
4228:
Arias, Tatiana; Pires, J. Chris (October 2012). "A fully resolved chloroplast phylogeny of the brassica crops and wild relatives (Brassicaceae: Brassiceae): Novel clades and potential taxonomic implications".
3222:
3909:
Driesche, F.V.; Blossey, B.; Hoodle, M.; Lyon, S.; Reardon, R., 2010. Biological
Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States. USDA Forest Service. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team.
3188:
2482:
Brassicaceae can be found almost on the entire land surface of the planet, but the family is absent from
Antarctica, and also absent from some areas in the tropics i.e. northeastern Brazil, the
2708:
formation of an herb layer carpet by this plant has been shown to dramatically alter forests, making them wetter, having fewer and fewer trees, and having more vines such as poison ivy (
3882:
Becker, R., Gerber E., Hinz H., Katovich E., Panke B., Reardon R., Renz R., Van Riper L., 2013. Biology and
Biological Control of Garlic Mustard. The Forest Technology Enterprise Team.
911:, which is undivided or has two spreading or connivent lobes. The variously shaped seeds are usually yellow or brown in color, and arranged in one or two rows in each cavity. The
3550:"Phylogenetic placement of two enigmatic genera, Borthwickia and Stixis, based on molecular and pollen data, and the description of a new family of Brassicales, Borthwickiaceae"
942:
corollas (left is mirrored by right, but stem-side is different from out-side), stipules and mostly palmately divided leaves, and mostly no septum. Capparaceae generally have a
603:
consist of one cell and occur in many forms: from simple to forked, star-, tree- or T-shaped, rarely taking the form of a shield or scale. They are never topped by a gland. The
7532:
1063:
system merged
Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae. Other classifications have continued to recognize the Capparaceae, but with a more restricted circumscription, either including
4042:
2647:. These adaptations and counter adaptations probably have led to extensive diversification in both the Brassicaceae and one of its major pests, the butterfly family
927:
Brassicaceae have a bisymmetrical corolla (left is mirrored by right, stem-side by out-side, but each quarter is not symmetrical), a septum dividing the fruit, lack
8248:
7992:
3701:
833:
or not, and consistently lack basal appendages. The blade is entire or has an indent at the tip, and may sometimes be much smaller than the claws. The mostly six
895:
are usually along the side margin of the carpels, or rarely at the top. Fruits are capsules that open with two valves, usually towards the top. These are called
8031:
4271:
3335:
Turini TA, Daugovish O, Koike ST, Natwick ET, Ploeg A, Dara SK, Fennimore SA, Joseph S, LeStrange M, Smith R, Subbarao KV, Westerdahl BB. Revised continuously.
3777:"Growth and Metal Accumulation of an Alyssum murale Nickel Hyperaccumulator Ecotype Co-cropped with Alyssum montanum and Perennial Ryegrass in Serpentine Soil"
856:. The filaments are slender and not fused, while the anthers consist of two pollen producing cavities, and open with longitudinal slits. The pollen grains are
1051:. The Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae diverged approximately 41 million years ago. All three families have consistently been placed in one order (variably called
3620:"Secondary Structure Analyses of the Nuclear rRNA Internal Transcribed Spacers and Assessment of Its Phylogenetic Utility across the Brassicaceae (Mustards)"
3591:
3429:
653:
of
Brassicaceae compared to that of other Angiosperm families is very small to small (less than 3.425 million base pairs per cell), varying from 150 Mbp in
3307:
3133:) is cultivated for the decorative value of the translucent remains of the fruits after drying. It can be a pest species in areas where it is not native.
3985:
2677:
wasps that feed on such insect herbivores are attracted to the chemical compounds released by the plants, and thus are able to locate their prey. The
3205:
607:
may be upright, rise up towards the tip, or lie flat, are mostly herbaceous but sometimes woody. Stems carry leaves or the stems may be leafless (in
8222:
7940:
4319:
972:, C4 fixation being more efficient in drought, high temperature and low nitrate availability. Brassicaceae contain different cocktails of dozens of
3870:
Eubanks, HM.D., Hoffmann, J.H., Lewis, E.E., Liu, J., Melnick, R., Michaud, J.P., Ode, P., Pell, J.K., 2017. Biological
Control Journal. Elsevier.
3618:
Edger, Patrick P.; Tang, Michelle; Bird, Kevin A.; Mayfield, Dustin R.; Conant, Gavin; Mummenhoff, Klaus; Koch, Marcus A.; Pires, J. Chris (2014).
8261:
8235:
8005:
7953:
2766:'s TAG group has blocked these introductions since 2004. In addition to being invasive, garlic mustard also is a threat to native North American
3022:. Its leaves contain a vitamin C-rich oil, a fact which, in the days of sailing ships, made it very attractive to sailors suffering from
7836:
525:
3174:
3387:. Vol. 1: Leaves, Stem, and Wood in relation to Taxonomy, with notes on economic Uses. Oxford At The Clarendon Press. pp. 79–87.
4154:
2413:
4058:
Guarino, Carmine; Casoria, Paolo; Menale, Bruno (2000). "Cultivation and use of isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicaceae) in
Southern Italy".
4018:
4104:
3921:
Davis, Adam. 2009. Munching on Garlic
Mustard—A New Weevil in the Works. United States Department of Agriculture—AgResearch Magazine.
3572:
7753:
7518:
4264:
3466:
8155:
7979:
2634:
2515:
825:, set alternating with the sepals, although in some species these are rudimentary or absent. They may be differentiated into a
3503:
Hall, J.C.; Sytsma, K.J.; Iltis, H.H. (2002). "Phylogeny of
Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data".
2576:, the coral-like roots easily break into segments, that will grow into separate plants. In some species, such as in the genus
903:
if the length is less than three times the width. The fruit is very variable in its other traits. There may be one persistent
8129:
2750:
and the variety of mechanisms the plant has to ensure its dominance without them (e.g. high seed production, self-fertility,
2511:
7525:
4039:
705:
species, to seventeen (n=17). About 35% of the species in which chromosomes have been counted have eight sets (n=8). Due to
8266:
8010:
1369:
of the remainder of the family. One analysis from 2014 represented the relation between 39 tribes with the following tree.
8363:
8018:
4298:
794:
7499:
4324:
4314:
4257:
64:
8196:
7823:
2391:
709:, some species may have up to 256 individual chromosomes, with some very high counts in the North American species of
168:
3255:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
3828:
Winde, I; Wittstock, U. (2011). "Insect herbivore counteradaptations to the plant glucosinolate-myrosinase system".
1359:, the relationships within the Brassicaceae have not always been well resolved yet. It has long been clear that the
8134:
8093:
7679:
3781:
3751:
3683:
3505:
2397:
1028:
8036:
3933:
Blossy, B., Ode, P., Pell, J.K., 1999. Development of Biological Control for Garlic Mustard. Cornell University.
8098:
3456:
7691:
4309:
3357:
3974:
3455:
Naser A. Anjum; Iqbal Ahmad; M. Eduarda Pereira; Armando C. Duarte; Shahid Umar; Nafees A. Khan, eds. (2012).
2540:
3934:
2663:. Managing this pest in crops became more complicated after resistance developed against a toxin produced by
7927:
3947:
3014:
2704:
needed by many plants, such as many tree species, to successfully see their seedlings grow to maturity. The
2546:
2487:
1356:
765:
518:, depend upon native mustards for their survival in their native habitats. Some non-native mustards such as
8209:
7901:
7841:
7776:
7742:
3883:
3382:
2803:
2710:
2665:
2572:
2455:
672:
396:
153:
4012:"Implementing Biological Control of Garlic Mustard—Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund 2017 RFP"
3895:
8358:
8284:
8067:
7685:
7673:
7667:
3678:
2932:
2507:
2506:, with around 630 species (290 of which are endemic) in 113 genera. The family is less prominent in the
2495:
8214:
7932:
7906:
4179:
2696:
in temperate North America due, in part, to its secretion of allelopathic chemicals. These inhibit the
8085:
2685:) stores glucosinolates and synthesises its own myrosinases, which may deter its potential predators.
2470:. Cruciferae is one of eight plant family names, not derived from a genus name and without the suffix
504:) moth is also becoming increasingly problematic for crucifers due to its resistance to commonly used
8276:
8240:
8160:
8046:
7958:
7862:
7661:
3837:
3633:
3138:
3006:
2826:
2644:
2503:
1348:
1016:
1004:
655:
545:
480:
3409:. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. Vol. 9. Springer Science & Business Media.
2498:, where approximately 900 species occur in 150 different genera. About 530 of those 900 species are
947:
7597:
7553:
3196:
2952:
2562:
1043:
in the Brassicaceae. Early DNA-analysis showed that the Capparaceae—as defined at that moment—were
1036:
861:
641:. A leaf rosette at the base may be present or absent. The leaves along the stem are almost always
514:
461:
4035:
8330:
8142:
7914:
7339:
6557:
6449:
6073:
4560:
4304:
4077:
3530:
3230:
3169:
2768:
2743:
2587:
2552:
2491:
1173:
969:
959:
715:
520:
59:
8289:
8072:
7814:
3589:
Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (2012). "A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)".
8054:
7849:
7748:
7723:
7296:
7095:
6647:
6507:
6436:
6359:
6240:
6126:
6043:
5408:
4399:
4335:
4146:
4121:
4100:
3853:
3810:
3661:
3522:
3462:
3147:
3101:
3035:
2962:
2876:
2639:
846:
667:
401:
51:
8253:
7997:
8059:
7919:
7180:
7170:
7130:
7110:
6886:
6816:
6791:
6738:
6512:
6502:
6265:
6202:
6146:
6121:
5867:
5772:
5739:
5529:
5443:
5438:
5413:
5314:
5276:
5184:
4848:
4711:
4686:
4681:
4474:
4391:
4238:
4136:
4069:
4011:
3845:
3800:
3790:
3651:
3641:
3600:
3564:
3514:
3362:
Neotropikey—Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics
3276:
3266:
3004:), but has largely been replaced by the same substance from unrelated tropical species like
2996:
2922:
2855:
2693:
2670:
2652:
2611:
2531:
720:
622:
618:
564:
451:
324:
308:
288:
252:
183:
2821:
7637:
7612:
7607:
7461:
7248:
7115:
7100:
6680:
6567:
6547:
6542:
6532:
6497:
6313:
6308:
6108:
6078:
6048:
5932:
5897:
5857:
5832:
5822:
5782:
5534:
5423:
5306:
5281:
5176:
5148:
5138:
4931:
4901:
4843:
4828:
4691:
4517:
4424:
4281:
4060:
4046:
3697:
3549:
3301:
3163:
3124:
2974:
2774:
2583:
2441:
1347:
Early classifications depended on morphological comparison only, but because of extensive
1148:
939:
908:
904:
798:
661:
561:
436:
292:
102:
4040:
https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=wright1431882480&disposition=inline
3322:
7893:
4249:
3841:
3637:
2659:). Like the Pieridae, it is capable of converting isothiocyanates into less problematic
1003:
in 1753 regarded the Brassicaceae as a natural group, naming them "Klass" Tetradynamia.
7592:
7584:
7453:
7443:
7425:
7397:
7359:
7349:
7301:
7268:
7258:
7253:
7175:
7125:
7072:
7057:
6942:
6856:
6796:
6786:
6690:
6592:
6527:
6517:
6477:
6459:
6260:
6187:
5975:
5937:
5892:
5827:
5802:
5777:
5721:
5635:
5403:
5350:
5286:
5143:
5035:
5012:
4974:
4951:
4941:
4744:
4606:
4545:
4409:
3871:
3805:
3776:
3656:
3619:
3143:
2990:(rapeseed oil), perhaps providing the largest volume of vegetable oils of any species.
2986:
2980:
2859:
2838:
This family includes important agricultural crops, among which many vegetables such as
2630:
2567:
1072:
1012:
981:
814:
770:
557:
501:
476:
441:
89:
3922:
3728:
496:
are some of the best-known pests of Brassicaceae species planted as commercial crops.
41:
8352:
7602:
7435:
7364:
7334:
7311:
7306:
7291:
7243:
7210:
7205:
7140:
6934:
6919:
6866:
6846:
6806:
6801:
6781:
6743:
6695:
6642:
6632:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6552:
6467:
6444:
6426:
6394:
6379:
6341:
6245:
6225:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6063:
6058:
6038:
6023:
5985:
5980:
5927:
5917:
5912:
5862:
5842:
5817:
5807:
5708:
5630:
5610:
5549:
5544:
5524:
5458:
5428:
5388:
5296:
5291:
5238:
5108:
5070:
5045:
5017:
5002:
4946:
4926:
4921:
4838:
4805:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4736:
4726:
4716:
4696:
4666:
4598:
4565:
4555:
4522:
4512:
4502:
4371:
4353:
4285:
4141:
3296:
3271:
3254:
3213:
3129:
2902:
2863:
2813:
2747:
2678:
2618:
2463:
1319:
1008:
1000:
973:
747:. Hybridisation between species originating in Africa and California, and subsequent
580:
427:
328:
4081:
3849:
3707:
3534:
8335:
8147:
7650:
7559:
7374:
7369:
7354:
7344:
7283:
7165:
7150:
7120:
7077:
7067:
7021:
6998:
6988:
6960:
6861:
6841:
6811:
6753:
6700:
6622:
6577:
6537:
6492:
6482:
6472:
6364:
6333:
6298:
6283:
6197:
6192:
5852:
5847:
5812:
5792:
5767:
5754:
5744:
5716:
5673:
5668:
5625:
5592:
5577:
5539:
5516:
5453:
5448:
5433:
5398:
5380:
5332:
5271:
5266:
5258:
5133:
5093:
5027:
5007:
4997:
4989:
4956:
4916:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4795:
4790:
4754:
4671:
4550:
4507:
4404:
4381:
4345:
3151:
2984:
respectively). Vegetable oil is produced from the seeds of several species such as
2968:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2885:
2731:
2715:
2610:
species can accumulate nickel up to 0.3% of their dry weight, and may be useful in
2595:
2557:
2446:
1366:
1044:
1032:
932:
683:
553:
505:
488:
8201:
2734:. Instead, it required around 100% removal. Given that not one of an estimated 76
2510:—65 genera, 180 species of which 62 are endemic—and North America (comprising the
1067:
and its relatives in the Brassicaceae or recognizing them in the segregate family
8322:
8312:
8187:
7854:
7828:
3646:
3489:. Ecological and Environmental Physiology Series. Vol. 3. Oxford biological.
8023:
7966:
7808:
7641:
7574:
7329:
7225:
7185:
7160:
7155:
7145:
7013:
7003:
6993:
6975:
6924:
6876:
6871:
6851:
6831:
6758:
6685:
6627:
6582:
6522:
6487:
6384:
6374:
6318:
6230:
6169:
6164:
6116:
6088:
6068:
6028:
6010:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5877:
5872:
5837:
5731:
5688:
5663:
5587:
5559:
5554:
5393:
5370:
5355:
5324:
5243:
5118:
5098:
5060:
4911:
4906:
4883:
4868:
4810:
4800:
4706:
4701:
4653:
4570:
4494:
4479:
4456:
4451:
4376:
4363:
3158:
3077:
2947:
2847:
2759:
2751:
2727:
2705:
2697:
2535:
2527:
2483:
2459:
1228:
1205:
1056:
1040:
985:
840:
650:
568:
466:
414:
138:
2432:
1047:, and it was suggested to assign the genera closest to the Brassicaceae to the
8121:
7617:
7412:
7402:
7379:
7263:
7200:
7135:
7062:
7039:
6965:
6911:
6821:
6675:
6662:
6637:
6617:
6369:
6351:
6323:
6293:
6288:
6220:
6179:
6156:
6093:
6083:
6033:
6018:
5947:
5902:
5887:
5797:
5698:
5678:
5640:
5620:
5342:
5248:
5128:
5113:
5103:
4833:
4782:
4721:
4676:
4527:
4484:
4443:
4434:
3047:
2927:
2674:
2626:
2622:
2427:
1361:
1251:
1123:
1068:
1052:
1048:
1020:
977:
964:
935:
857:
748:
706:
609:
604:
540:
7799:
7888:
7875:
7420:
7389:
7321:
7190:
7049:
7031:
6983:
6952:
6881:
6826:
6763:
6748:
6733:
6670:
6652:
6587:
6562:
6399:
6303:
6255:
6235:
5882:
5787:
5762:
5233:
5225:
5123:
5088:
5065:
5055:
5040:
4979:
4936:
4896:
4873:
4643:
4575:
4466:
4208:
3795:
3119:
3113:
3039:
3031:
3019:
3018:, commonly known as Kerguelen cabbage, is edible, containing high levels of
2591:
2578:
2417:
1352:
943:
916:
912:
888:
880:
877:
852:
809:
737:
471:
382:
8302:
8111:
7510:
4150:
3857:
3814:
3665:
3526:
3518:
2808:
3935:
https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/grants/documents/wpfgrantreports/1998l06w.pdf
3910:
992:, which are toxic to many organisms, and so help guard against herbivory.
17:
8297:
8181:
8106:
7793:
7656:
7627:
7622:
7564:
7273:
7195:
7105:
7087:
6836:
6773:
6725:
6715:
6572:
6389:
6275:
6250:
6212:
6053:
5922:
5907:
5693:
5683:
5658:
5615:
5582:
5491:
5418:
5215:
5198:
5050:
4966:
4820:
4635:
4625:
4537:
3624:
3089:
3083:
3065:
2942:
2893:
2867:
2843:
2831:
2779:
2648:
2499:
2440:
for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from the
2422:
1031:
in 1948 and again in 1964 thought the Brassicaceae to stem from near the
1024:
1019:
in their system published from 1862 to 1883, assigned it to their cohort
868:, but these are always present opposite the base of the lateral stamens.
753:
743:
701:
677:
600:
493:
446:
422:
418:
376:
370:
115:
2530:. A chemical mechanism in the pollen is active in many species to avoid
8227:
7718:
7569:
7235:
6901:
6000:
5955:
5650:
5602:
5569:
5483:
5207:
5153:
4661:
4242:
4073:
3884:
https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/pdfs/FS_garlicmustard.pdf
3604:
3568:
3311:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 521.
3281:
3107:
3071:
3053:
2871:
2839:
2735:
2660:
2451:
989:
928:
900:
896:
786:
731:
614:
592:
584:
406:
388:
359:
320:
3896:
https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/manage/control-methods/biological-control/
7971:
7702:
7697:
5506:
5473:
5080:
4891:
3095:
3059:
3023:
3001:
2957:
2937:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2755:
2603:
2437:
1060:
884:
865:
834:
803:
790:
782:
725:
596:
588:
456:
432:
355:
344:
316:
128:
7984:
7945:
7770:
3548:
Su, Jun-Xia; Wang, Wei; Zhang, Li-Bing; Chen, Zhi-Duan (June 2012).
3458:
The Plant Family Brassicaceae: Contribution Towards Phytoremediation
4034:
Davis, S., 2015. Evaluating threats to the rare butterfly, Pieris "
2730:
plants did not lead to a particularly significant recovery of that
887:
that may either sit directly above the base of the stamens or on a
8080:
7880:
3461:. Environmental Pollution. Springer Science & Business Media.
2820:
2807:
2783:
2719:
2701:
2467:
892:
830:
826:
822:
818:
764:
646:
613:), and some species lack stems altogether. The leaves do not have
572:
539:
529:
364:
348:
340:
336:
332:
312:
76:
3430:"Brassicaceae: Characters, Distribution and Types (With Diagram)"
3300:
915:
are entire or have a notch at the tip. The seed does not contain
4214:
3733:
2991:
2851:
2790:
native. Garlic mustard is toxic to several rarer North American
2763:
2739:
2723:
2599:
931:
and have simple (although sometimes deeply incised) leaves. The
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
576:
410:
7774:
7514:
4253:
3045:
The Brassicaceae also includes ornamentals, such as species of
591:
that may have few or many branches, some have thin or tuberous
2625:
inside their cells. When the cell is damaged, the myrosinases
276:
222:
216:
7867:
2726:. Research has found that removing 80% of the garlic mustard
261:
279:
237:
231:
210:
3894:
UF IFAS, 2017. Biological Control. University of Florida.
3161:, such as certain wild mustard and cress species, such as
4217:, an online Brassicaceae Tree of Life viewer and explorer
319:
are simple (although are sometimes deeply incised), lack
270:
201:
195:
2462:, meaning "cross-bearing", describes the four petals of
579:. Although generally terrestrial, a few species such as
351:
has seeds in rows, divided by a thin wall (or septum).
3000:) was used in the past to produce a blue textile dye (
2834:
to the midlatitude mountains of western North America.
2718:
is also drastically reduced, particularly in terms of
3975:"FHTET Biological Control Program—Sponsored Projects"
645:, rarely apparently opposite. The stomata are of the
273:
267:
255:
234:
228:
219:
213:
207:
198:
186:
3872:
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/Biological-Control
2560:. Most species reproduce sexually through seed, but
258:
192:
189:
8171:
7783:
7711:
7636:
7583:
7546:
7452:
7434:
7411:
7388:
7320:
7282:
7234:
7223:
7086:
7048:
7030:
7012:
6974:
6951:
6933:
6910:
6899:
6772:
6724:
6713:
6661:
6458:
6435:
6424:
6350:
6332:
6274:
6211:
6178:
6155:
6107:
6009:
5998:
5946:
5753:
5730:
5707:
5649:
5601:
5568:
5515:
5504:
5482:
5471:
5379:
5368:
5341:
5323:
5305:
5257:
5224:
5206:
5197:
5175:
5166:
5079:
5026:
4988:
4965:
4882:
4819:
4781:
4753:
4735:
4652:
4634:
4619:
4597:
4588:
4536:
4493:
4465:
4442:
4433:
4422:
4390:
4362:
4344:
4333:
4211:, a collection of resources on Brassicaceae biology
3923:
https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2009/jul/weevil/
3905:
3903:
3775:Broadhurst, Catherine L.; Chaney, Rufus L. (2016).
2494:. The area of origin of the family is possibly the
968:species, which have a hybrid system between C3 and
907:that connects the ovary to the globular or conical
264:
204:
3487:Ecological and Environmental Physiology of Insects
3034:. It was essential to the diets of the whalers on
2700:of most competing plants and kill beneficial soil
2594:. Over a hundred species in the family accumulate
625:. The leaf may be seated or have a leafstalk. The
4122:"The development of Arabidopsis as a model plant"
1355:. Although a substantial effort was made through
552:Species belonging to the Brassicaceae are mostly
2692:has been shown to be extremely successful as an
2629:the glucosinolates, leading to the synthesis of
617:, but there may be a pair of glands at base of
583:live submerged in fresh water. They may have a
287:) is a medium-sized and economically important
2669:, which is used as a wide spectrum biological
723:is not unusual in Brassicaceae, especially in
7526:
4265:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3337:UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines Cole Crops.
899:if at least three times longer than wide, or
817:. Each flower has four free or seldom merged
815:ovary positioned above the other floral parts
757:species native to Australia and New Zealand.
8:
2688:Since its introduction in the 19th century,
3405:Renate Schmidt; Ian Bancroft, eds. (2010).
3157:Some species are useful as food plants for
1035:. In 1994, a group of scientists including
7771:
7533:
7519:
7511:
7231:
6907:
6896:
6721:
6710:
6432:
6006:
5512:
5501:
5479:
5468:
5376:
5365:
5203:
5172:
4631:
4594:
4439:
4430:
4341:
4272:
4258:
4250:
4120:Koornneef, Maarten; Meinke, David (2010).
4097:The Gardener's Wise Words and Country Ways
599:. Few species have multi-cellular glands.
40:
31:
4140:
3804:
3794:
3655:
3645:
3407:Genetics and Genomics of the Brassicaceae
3280:
3270:
3746:
3744:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3259:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2606:, which is a record percentage. Several
323:, and appear alternately on stems or in
3911:http://wiki.bugwood.org/Archive:BCIPEUS
3703:Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
3498:
3496:
3245:
3184:
2550:. Although it can be cross-pollinated,
2534:. Two notable exceptions are exclusive
2474:that are authorized alternative names.
980:, that convert the glucosinolates into
3480:
3478:
3339:UC ANR Publication 3442. Oakland, CA.
2782:on it, although it is toxic to their
526:invasive species in the United States
7:
8277:1533d833-4fdf-409d-acd8-986de88e1e17
8135:43df5424-e705-43ad-885f-eb62692bcc6e
8086:EAAF1841-E151-CB97-C682-4EEA7DFBAF44
8047:2783651e-7790-4175-bd54-f034b2218b1e
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
2966:), white, Indian and black mustard (
2526:Brassicaceae are almost exclusively
950:, and a variable number of stamens.
492:and other butterflies of the family
3253:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
3026:, hence the species name's epithet
2742:on the plant has been approved for
2414:international scientific vocabulary
2246:
2195:
2175:
2168:
2148:
2097:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2014:
1883:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1807:
1787:
1745:
1738:
1718:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1576:
1512:
1505:
1463:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1380:
1372:
1243:
1220:
1197:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1079:
976:. They also contain enzymes called
8099:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000087-2
3381:Metcalfe, C.R.; Chalk, L. (1950).
3030:, which means "against scurvy" in
2536:self-pollination in closed flowers
1351:, these do not provide a reliable
347:and four longer free stamens. The
25:
3706:, Merriam-Webster, archived from
1027:). Following Bentham and Hooker,
923:Differences with similar families
7495:
7494:
4142:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04086.x
4024:from the original on 2017-09-04.
3982:FHTET Biological Control Program
3578:from the original on 2017-08-03.
3272:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
3221:
3204:
3187:
962:. The only exceptions are a few
251:
182:
63:
4160:from the original on 2022-10-09
3991:from the original on 2022-10-09
3850:10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.016
2635:compounds toxic to most animals
2516:Rocky Mountain Floristic Region
1343:Relationships within the family
1007:placed the family in the order
675:varies from four (n=4) in some
524:(garlic mustard), an extremely
2512:North American Atlantic Region
2502:. Next in abundance comes the
2458:. The alternative older name,
1357:molecular phylogenetic studies
1:
3194:Coast/sand-loving wallflower
3173:that are utilized by several
958:Almost all Brassicaceae have
864:carries a variable number of
687:species, five (n=5) in other
629:is usually simple, entire or
335:. The flowers have four free
4038:". Wright State University.
3687:. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
3647:10.1371/journal.pone.0101341
2643:(bittercress) also produces
399:, including species such as
7758:
3954:. Michigan State University
2817:with dry walls of the fruit
2392:List of Brassicaceae genera
781:Flowers may be arranged in
169:list of Brassicaceae genera
8380:
7680:Fluorescein isothiocyanate
3952:Integrated Pest Management
3782:Frontiers in Plant Science
3684:Plants of the World Online
3506:American Journal of Botany
3358:"Neotropical Brassicaceae"
3175:North American butterflies
2801:
2714:). The overall herb layer
2544:, and wind pollination in
2466:flowers, which resemble a
2398:Plants of the World Online
2389:
673:homologous chromosome sets
27:Family of flowering plants
7732:
7490:
5500:
4293:
3356:Al-Shehbaz, I.A. (2012).
2778:, as they preferentially
2353:
2313:
2264:
2251:
2244:
2213:
2200:
2193:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2153:
2146:
2115:
2102:
2095:
2073:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2019:
2012:
1990:
1932:
1901:
1888:
1881:
1859:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1812:
1805:
1792:
1785:
1763:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1723:
1716:
1685:
1663:
1650:
1628:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1581:
1574:
1552:
1530:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1481:
1468:
1461:
1439:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1385:
1378:
1316:
1264:
1248:
1241:
1225:
1218:
1202:
1195:
1170:
1145:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1039:suggested to include the
469:), but also a cut-flower
362:. The largest genera are
165:
160:
60:Scientific classification
58:
48:
39:
34:
7754:Cruciferous Biochemistry
7692:Phenethyl isothiocyanate
7541:Cruciferous biochemistry
3136:The small Eurasian weed
2946:) and a few spices like
2758:, including one that is
2541:Cardamine chenopodifolia
761:Inflorescence and flower
528:, can be toxic to their
395:The family contains the
354:The family contains 372
339:, four free alternating
8320:Watson & Dallwitz:
4099:. David & Charles.
3984:. USDA Forest Service.
3796:10.3389/fpls.2016.00451
3384:Anatomy of Dicotyledons
3308:Encyclopædia Britannica
3015:Pringlea antiscorbutica
2570:and in others, such as
2547:Pringlea antiscorbutica
2488:Maritime Southeast Asia
7743:Cruciferous vegetables
3519:10.3732/ajb.89.11.1826
2835:
2818:
2804:Cruciferous vegetables
2711:Toxicodendron radicans
2673:against caterpillars.
2666:Bacillus thuringiensis
2573:Cardamine pentaphyllos
2456:cruciferous vegetables
1083:core Brassicales
778:
549:
397:cruciferous vegetables
331:are terminal and lack
295:commonly known as the
8285:Paleobiology Database
8068:Paleobiology Database
7712:Bioactive metabolites
7686:Phenyl isothiocyanate
7674:Benzyl isothiocyanate
7668:Methyl isothiocyanate
4095:Binney, Ruth (2012).
3485:Woods, Harry Arthur.
3150:of flowering plants (
2933:Nasturtium officinale
2824:
2811:
2683:Brevicoryne brassicae
2645:triterpenoid saponins
2617:Brassicaceae contain
2528:pollinated by insects
2508:Saharo-Arabian Region
2496:Irano-Turanian Region
940:bilateral symmetrical
883:that consists of two
872:Ovary, fruit and seed
768:
587:or a sometimes woody
543:
512:butterflies, such as
8364:Brassicales families
7662:Allyl isothiocyanate
4184:Illinois Wildflowers
4178:Hilty, John (2017).
3948:"Management Options"
3679:Brassicaceae Burnett
3146:in the study of the
3139:Arabidopsis thaliana
3038:when pork, beef, or
3007:Indigofera tinctoria
2908:rocket salad/arugula
2827:Smelowskia americana
2772:butterflies such as
2614:or even bio-mining.
2556:(garlic mustard) is
2504:Mediterranean Region
2400:accepts 346 genera.
1349:convergent evolution
1017:Joseph Dalton Hooker
1005:Alfred Barton Rendle
697:Arabidopsis thaliana
656:Arabidopsis thaliana
643:alternately arranged
595:, or rarely develop
515:P. virginiensis
508:methods. Some rarer
481:Arabidopsis thaliana
7554:Phenylthiocarbamide
4180:"Smooth Rock Cress"
4010:Becker, R. (2017).
3842:2011PChem..72.1566W
3638:2014PLoSO...9j1341E
3228:Western wallflower
3197:Erysimum ammophilum
2953:Armoracia rusticana
2657:Plutella xylostella
2563:Cardamine bulbifera
2396:As of October 2023
1037:Walter Stephen Judd
773:of a Brassicaceae (
462:Armoracia rusticana
386:(233 species), and
358:and 4,060 accepted
343:, two shorter free
7547:Types of compounds
7340:Pentaphragmataceae
6558:Stegnospermataceae
6450:Berberidopsidaceae
6074:Pentadiplandraceae
4561:Atherospermataceae
4243:10.1002/tax.615005
4074:10.1007/bf02864789
4045:2017-08-20 at the
3973:Reardon, Richard.
3605:10.1002/tax.615002
3569:10.1002/tax.613009
3302:"Cruciferae"
3231:Erysimum capitatum
3170:Boechera laevigata
3142:is widely used as
2836:
2819:
2744:biological control
2690:Alliaria petiolata
2553:Alliaria petiolata
1174:Pentadiplandraceae
970:C4 carbon fixation
960:C3 carbon fixation
779:
665:spp., to 2375 Mbp
639:pinnately compound
550:
521:Alliaria petiolata
8346:
8345:
8055:Open Tree of Life
7777:Taxon identifiers
7768:
7767:
7724:Indole-3-carbinol
7508:
7507:
7486:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7297:Cardiopteridaceae
7219:
7218:
7096:Plocospermataceae
6895:
6894:
6709:
6708:
6648:Anacampserotaceae
6508:Ancistrocladaceae
6437:Berberidopsidales
6420:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6360:Biebersteiniaceae
6241:Sphaerosepalaceae
6127:Strasburgeriaceae
6044:Setchellanthaceae
5994:
5993:
5467:
5466:
5409:Cercidiphyllaceae
5364:
5363:
5193:
5192:
5162:
5161:
4615:
4614:
4584:
4583:
4418:
4417:
4400:Austrobaileyaceae
4129:The Plant Journal
3513:(11): 1826–1842.
3434:biologydiscussion
3325:. The Plant List.
3148:molecular biology
2963:Eutrema japonicum
2877:Brassica oleracea
2640:Barbarea vulgaris
2436:, a standardized
2382:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2084:
2083:
2001:
2000:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1870:
1869:
1774:
1773:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1674:
1673:
1639:
1638:
1563:
1562:
1541:
1540:
1492:
1491:
1450:
1449:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1184:
1183:
1159:
1158:
1134:
1133:
847:Cardamine hirsuta
668:Bunias orientalis
565:herbaceous plants
402:Brassica oleracea
311:, while some are
309:herbaceous plants
245:) or (the older)
175:
174:
156:
52:Barbarea vulgaris
16:(Redirected from
8371:
8339:
8338:
8326:
8325:
8316:
8315:
8306:
8305:
8293:
8292:
8280:
8279:
8270:
8269:
8257:
8256:
8244:
8243:
8231:
8230:
8218:
8217:
8205:
8204:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8164:
8163:
8151:
8150:
8138:
8137:
8125:
8124:
8115:
8114:
8102:
8101:
8089:
8088:
8076:
8075:
8063:
8062:
8050:
8049:
8040:
8039:
8027:
8026:
8024:NBNSYS0000002798
8014:
8013:
8001:
8000:
7988:
7987:
7975:
7974:
7962:
7961:
7949:
7948:
7936:
7935:
7923:
7922:
7910:
7909:
7897:
7896:
7884:
7883:
7871:
7870:
7858:
7857:
7845:
7844:
7832:
7831:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7772:
7535:
7528:
7521:
7512:
7498:
7497:
7232:
7181:Thomandersiaceae
7171:Lentibulariaceae
7131:Scrophulariaceae
7111:Tetrachondraceae
6908:
6897:
6887:Mitrastemonaceae
6817:Pentaphylacaceae
6792:Tetrameristaceae
6739:Hydrostachyaceae
6722:
6711:
6513:Rhabdodendraceae
6503:Dioncophyllaceae
6433:
6266:Dipterocarpaceae
6203:Dipentodontaceae
6147:Crossosomataceae
6122:Geissolomataceae
6007:
5868:Chrysobalanaceae
5773:Ctenolophonaceae
5740:Lepidobotryaceae
5530:Anisophylleaceae
5513:
5502:
5480:
5469:
5444:Tetracarpaeaceae
5439:Aphanopetalaceae
5414:Daphniphyllaceae
5377:
5366:
5315:Trochodendraceae
5277:Circaeasteraceae
5204:
5185:Ceratophyllaceae
5173:
4849:Alstroemeriaceae
4712:Potamogetonaceae
4687:Scheuchzeriaceae
4682:Hydrocharitaceae
4632:
4595:
4475:Aristolochiaceae
4440:
4431:
4392:Austrobaileyales
4342:
4338:
4336:Basalangiosperms
4320:Acrogymnospermae
4282:flowering plants
4274:
4267:
4260:
4251:
4246:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4186:. Dr. John Hilty
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4159:
4144:
4126:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4055:
4049:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4016:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3979:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3798:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3694:
3688:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3649:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3554:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3353:
3340:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3304:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3274:
3250:
3225:
3208:
3191:
2997:Isatis tinctoria
2923:Lepidium sativum
2856:Brussels sprouts
2775:P. oleracea
2694:invasive species
2671:plant protection
2653:diamondback moth
2612:soil remediation
2266:Crucihimalayeae
2247:
2196:
2176:
2169:
2149:
2098:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2015:
1884:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1808:
1788:
1746:
1739:
1719:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1577:
1513:
1506:
1464:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1381:
1373:
1244:
1221:
1198:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1080:
801:(zygomorphic in
799:star symmetrical
777:"Bowles' Mauve")
751:is surmised for
749:polyploidisation
671:. The number of
475:(stock) and the
452:Raphanus sativus
293:flowering plants
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
152:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
8379:
8378:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8368:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8334:
8329:
8321:
8319:
8311:
8309:
8301:
8296:
8288:
8283:
8275:
8273:
8265:
8260:
8252:
8247:
8239:
8234:
8226:
8221:
8213:
8208:
8200:
8195:
8186:
8185:
8180:
8167:
8159:
8154:
8146:
8141:
8133:
8128:
8120:
8118:
8110:
8105:
8097:
8092:
8084:
8079:
8071:
8066:
8058:
8053:
8045:
8043:
8035:
8030:
8022:
8017:
8009:
8004:
7996:
7991:
7983:
7978:
7970:
7965:
7957:
7952:
7944:
7939:
7931:
7926:
7918:
7913:
7905:
7900:
7892:
7887:
7879:
7874:
7866:
7861:
7853:
7848:
7840:
7835:
7827:
7822:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7798:
7797:
7792:
7779:
7769:
7764:
7763:
7728:
7707:
7638:Isothiocyanates
7632:
7613:Glucotropaeolin
7608:Gluconasturtiin
7579:
7542:
7539:
7509:
7504:
7466:
7462:Paracryphiaceae
7448:
7430:
7407:
7384:
7316:
7278:
7249:Torricelliaceae
7228:
7215:
7116:Calceolariaceae
7101:Carlemanniaceae
7082:
7044:
7026:
7008:
6970:
6947:
6929:
6904:
6891:
6768:
6718:
6705:
6681:Balanophoraceae
6657:
6568:Lophiocarpaceae
6548:Achatocarpaceae
6543:Caryophyllaceae
6533:Macarthuriaceae
6498:Drosophyllaceae
6454:
6429:
6404:
6346:
6328:
6314:Crypteroniaceae
6309:Melastomataceae
6270:
6207:
6174:
6151:
6109:Crossosomatales
6103:
6079:Gyrostemonaceae
6049:Koeberliniaceae
6003:
5990:
5942:
5933:Picrodendraceae
5898:Lacistemataceae
5858:Dichapetalaceae
5833:Centroplacaceae
5823:Lophopyxidaceae
5783:Erythroxylaceae
5749:
5726:
5703:
5645:
5597:
5564:
5535:Corynocarpaceae
5509:
5496:
5476:
5463:
5424:Grossulariaceae
5373:
5360:
5337:
5319:
5307:Trochodendrales
5301:
5282:Lardizabalaceae
5253:
5220:
5189:
5177:Ceratophyllales
5168:Ceratophyllidae
5158:
5149:Ecdeiocoleaceae
5139:Flagellariaceae
5075:
5022:
4984:
4961:
4932:Tecophilaeaceae
4902:Blandfordiaceae
4878:
4844:Petermanniaceae
4829:Campynemataceae
4815:
4777:
4749:
4731:
4692:Aponogetonaceae
4648:
4623:
4611:
4580:
4532:
4518:Himantandraceae
4489:
4461:
4427:
4425:Mesangiospermae
4414:
4386:
4358:
4334:
4329:
4310:Marchantiophyta
4289:
4278:
4227:
4224:
4222:Further reading
4205:
4200:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4061:Economic Botany
4057:
4056:
4052:
4047:Wayback Machine
4033:
4029:
4021:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3836:(13): 1566–75.
3827:
3826:
3822:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3760:
3758:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3713:
3711:
3698:Merriam-Webster
3696:
3695:
3691:
3677:
3673:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3392:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3343:
3334:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3209:
3200:
3192:
3183:
3164:Turritis glabra
2975:Brassica juncea
2806:
2800:
2631:isothiocyanates
2598:, particularly
2524:
2480:
2450:, referring to
2442:Classical Latin
2406:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2234:
2225:
2136:
2127:
2085:
2002:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1922:
1913:
1890:Dontostemoneae
1871:
1775:
1706:
1697:
1675:
1640:
1564:
1554:Schizopetaleae
1542:
1493:
1470:Coluteocarpeae
1451:
1345:
1340:
1331:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1185:
1160:
1149:Gyrostemonaceae
1135:
1029:John Hutchinson
1023:(now the class
998:
982:isothiocyanates
956:
946:, sometimes an
925:
874:
763:
662:Sphaerocardamum
575:, and very few
546:Ricotia lunaria
538:
498:Trichoplusia ni
484:(thale cress).
437:Chinese cabbage
405:(cultivated as
392:(207 species).
380:(234 species),
374:(261 species),
368:(440 species),
254:
250:
227:
185:
181:
151:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8377:
8375:
8367:
8366:
8361:
8351:
8350:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8336:wfo-7000000713
8327:
8317:
8307:
8294:
8281:
8271:
8258:
8245:
8232:
8219:
8206:
8193:
8177:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8152:
8148:wfo-7000000082
8139:
8126:
8116:
8103:
8090:
8077:
8064:
8051:
8041:
8028:
8015:
8002:
7989:
7976:
7963:
7950:
7937:
7924:
7911:
7898:
7885:
7872:
7859:
7846:
7833:
7820:
7805:
7789:
7787:
7781:
7780:
7775:
7766:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7721:
7715:
7713:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7654:
7647:
7645:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7593:Glucobrassicin
7589:
7587:
7585:Glucosinolates
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7530:
7523:
7515:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7458:
7456:
7454:Paracryphiales
7450:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7444:Escalloniaceae
7440:
7438:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7428:
7426:Caprifoliaceae
7423:
7417:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7398:Columelliaceae
7394:
7392:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7360:Argophyllaceae
7357:
7352:
7350:Alseuosmiaceae
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7326:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7302:Phyllonomaceae
7299:
7294:
7288:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7269:Myodocarpaceae
7266:
7261:
7259:Pittosporaceae
7256:
7254:Griseliniaceae
7251:
7246:
7240:
7238:
7229:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7176:Schlegeliaceae
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7126:Plantaginaceae
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7092:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7073:Sphenocleaceae
7070:
7065:
7060:
7058:Convolvulaceae
7054:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7036:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7018:
7016:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6980:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6957:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6943:Metteniusaceae
6939:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6916:
6914:
6905:
6900:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6857:Sarraceniaceae
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6797:Fouquieriaceae
6794:
6789:
6787:Marcgraviaceae
6784:
6778:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6730:
6728:
6719:
6714:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6691:Misodendraceae
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6593:Phytolaccaceae
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6528:Asteropeiaceae
6525:
6520:
6518:Simmondsiaceae
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6478:Plumbaginaceae
6475:
6470:
6464:
6462:
6460:Caryophyllales
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6441:
6439:
6430:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6356:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6280:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6261:Sarcolaenaceae
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6217:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6188:Gerrardinaceae
6184:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6004:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5976:Elaeocarpaceae
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5952:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5938:Phyllanthaceae
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5893:Passifloraceae
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5828:Putranjivaceae
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5803:Calophyllaceae
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5778:Rhizophoraceae
5775:
5770:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5722:Zygophyllaceae
5719:
5713:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5636:Ticodendraceae
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5521:
5519:
5510:
5505:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5477:
5472:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5404:Hamamelidaceae
5401:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5374:
5369:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5351:Myrothamnaceae
5347:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5287:Menispermaceae
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5144:Joinvilleaceae
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5036:Strelitziaceae
5032:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5013:Pontederiaceae
5010:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4975:Dasypogonaceae
4971:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4952:Amaryllidaceae
4949:
4944:
4942:Xeronemataceae
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4745:Petrosaviaceae
4741:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4629:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4607:Chloranthaceae
4603:
4601:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4546:Calycanthaceae
4542:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4437:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4410:Schisandraceae
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4339:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4315:Polypodiophyta
4312:
4307:
4302:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4237:(5): 980–988.
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4212:
4204:
4203:External links
4201:
4198:
4197:
4170:
4135:(6): 909–921.
4112:
4106:978-0715334232
4105:
4087:
4068:(3): 395–400.
4050:
4027:
4002:
3965:
3946:Landis, Doug.
3938:
3926:
3914:
3899:
3887:
3875:
3863:
3830:Phytochemistry
3820:
3767:
3740:
3720:
3689:
3671:
3632:(7): e101341.
3610:
3599:(5): 931–954.
3581:
3563:(3): 601–611.
3540:
3492:
3474:
3467:
3447:
3412:
3390:
3373:
3341:
3328:
3323:"Brassicaceae"
3314:
3299:, ed. (1911).
3297:Chisholm, Hugh
3288:
3265:(2): 105–121.
3244:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:var. capitatum
3227:
3220:
3218:
3210:
3203:
3201:
3193:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3144:model organism
3028:antiscorbutica
2987:Brassica napus
2860:collard greens
2802:Main article:
2799:
2796:
2619:glucosinolates
2523:
2520:
2479:
2476:
2405:
2402:
2390:Main article:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2367:
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2362:
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2327:
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2318:
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2305:
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2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:Oreophytoneae
2199:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:Descurainieae
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1989:
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1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
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1972:
1968:
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1963:
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1958:
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1954:
1950:
1949:
1946:
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1940:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1928:
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1924:
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1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1897:
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1893:
1892:
1887:
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1873:
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1868:
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1864:
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1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1073:APG III system
1013:George Bentham
997:
994:
974:glucosinolates
955:
954:Phytochemistry
952:
948:androgynophore
924:
921:
873:
870:
771:floral diagram
762:
759:
537:
534:
502:cabbage looper
477:model organism
442:Brassica napus
329:inflorescences
305:cabbage family
173:
172:
163:
162:
158:
157:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
119:
118:
113:
106:
105:
100:
93:
92:
87:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
49:Winter cress,
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8376:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8337:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8318:
8314:
8308:
8304:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8272:
8268:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8198:
8194:
8189:
8183:
8179:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8170:
8162:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8117:
8113:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8042:
8038:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7825:
7821:
7816:
7810:
7806:
7801:
7795:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7773:
7760:
7759:genera (list)
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7746:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7735:
7731:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7710:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7603:Glucoraphanin
7601:
7599:
7598:Glucocapparin
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7545:
7536:
7531:
7529:
7524:
7522:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7501:
7493:
7492:
7489:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7451:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7436:Escalloniales
7433:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7410:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7387:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7365:Menyanthaceae
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7335:Campanulaceae
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7319:
7313:
7312:Aquifoliaceae
7310:
7308:
7307:Helwingiaceae
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7292:Stemonuraceae
7290:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7244:Pennantiaceae
7242:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7222:
7212:
7211:Orobanchaceae
7209:
7207:
7206:Paulowniaceae
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7141:Linderniaceae
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7085:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6935:Metteniusales
6932:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6920:Oncothecaceae
6918:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6906:
6903:
6898:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6867:Actinidiaceae
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6847:Diapensiaceae
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6807:Lecythidaceae
6805:
6803:
6802:Polemoniaceae
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6782:Balsaminaceae
6780:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6771:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6744:Hydrangeaceae
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6712:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6696:Schoepfiaceae
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6643:Portulacaceae
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6633:Halophytaceae
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6613:Molluginaceae
6611:
6609:
6608:Nyctaginaceae
6606:
6604:
6603:Sarcobataceae
6601:
6599:
6598:Petiveriaceae
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6553:Amaranthaceae
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6468:Frankeniaceae
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6445:Aextoxicaceae
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6427:Superasterids
6423:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6395:Simaroubaceae
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6380:Anacardiaceae
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6342:Picramniaceae
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6246:Thymelaeaceae
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6226:Muntingiaceae
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6142:Stachyuraceae
6140:
6138:
6137:Guamatelaceae
6135:
6133:
6132:Staphyleaceae
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6064:Emblingiaceae
6062:
6060:
6059:Salvadoraceae
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6039:Limnanthaceae
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6024:Tropaeolaceae
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5997:
5987:
5986:Brunelliaceae
5984:
5982:
5981:Cephalotaceae
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5928:Ixonanthaceae
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5918:Euphorbiaceae
5916:
5914:
5913:Rafflesiaceae
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5863:Euphroniaceae
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5843:Malpighiaceae
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5818:Caryocaraceae
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5808:Podostemaceae
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5709:Zygophyllales
5706:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5631:Casuarinaceae
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5611:Nothofagaceae
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5550:Tetramelaceae
5548:
5546:
5545:Cucurbitaceae
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5525:Apodanthaceae
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5470:
5460:
5459:Cynomoriaceae
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5429:Saxifragaceae
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:Peridiscaceae
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5367:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5297:Ranunculaceae
5295:
5293:
5292:Berberidaceae
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5239:Nelumbonaceae
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:Eriocaulaceae
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5071:Zingiberaceae
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:Heliconiaceae
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5018:Haemodoraceae
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:Commelinaceae
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4947:Asphodelaceae
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4927:Ixioliriaceae
4925:
4923:
4922:Doryanthaceae
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:Melanthiaceae
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Cyclanthaceae
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4773:Dioscoreaceae
4771:
4769:
4768:Burmanniaceae
4766:
4764:
4763:Nartheciaceae
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4737:Petrosaviales
4734:
4728:
4727:Cymodoceaceae
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:Posidoniaceae
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:Juncaginaceae
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:Tofieldiaceae
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4599:Chloranthales
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:Chloranthidae
4587:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4566:Hernandiaceae
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Gomortegaceae
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:Eupomatiaceae
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4513:Degeneriaceae
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:Myristicaceae
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4421:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Hydatellaceae
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4354:Amborellaceae
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4215:BrassiToL app
4213:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4171:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4020:
4013:
4006:
4003:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3966:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3757:
3753:
3752:"Brassicales"
3747:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3710:on 2020-05-25
3709:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3468:9789400739123
3464:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3448:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3377:
3374:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:Lunaria annua
3207:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:Lunaria annua
3126:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3042:was used up.
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:B. nigra
2977:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2903:Brassica rapa
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2815:
2814:Lunaria annua
2810:
2805:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:North America
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:cabbage aphid
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:and tropical
2489:
2485:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:Halimolobeae
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:Smelowskieae
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:Chorisporeae
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:Anastaticeae
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:Cochlearieae
1790:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:Biscutelleae
1748:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:Thelypodieae
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:Heliophileae
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:Megacarpaeae
1424:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1376:Brassicaceae
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:Emblingiaceae
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Carl Linnaeus
995:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:
961:
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:
933:sister family
930:
922:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
879:
876:There is one
871:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:
850:, and two in
849:
848:
843:
842:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:
806:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
776:
772:
767:
760:
758:
756:
755:
750:
746:
745:
740:
739:
734:
733:
728:
727:
722:
721:Hybridisation
718:
717:
712:
708:
704:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:
680:
679:
674:
670:
669:
664:
663:
658:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:flower stalks
620:
616:
612:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:water awlwort
578:
574:
570:
566:
563:
559:
555:
548:
547:
542:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
485:
483:
482:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
463:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
443:
438:
434:
430:
429:
428:Brassica rapa
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
393:
391:
390:
385:
384:
379:
378:
373:
372:
367:
366:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
284:
248:
242:
179:
171:
170:
164:
159:
155:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:Tracheophytes
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
61:
57:
54:
53:
47:
43:
38:
35:Brassicaceae
33:
30:
19:
8359:Brassicaceae
8172:
7920:Brassicaceae
7842:Brassicaceae
7815:Brassicaceae
7785:Brassicaceae
7784:
7739:Brassicaceae
7738:
7737:
7651:Sulforaphane
7642:mustard oils
7560:Thiocyanates
7375:Calyceraceae
7370:Goodeniaceae
7355:Phellinaceae
7345:Stylidiaceae
7284:Aquifoliales
7166:Bignoniaceae
7151:Martyniaceae
7121:Gesneriaceae
7078:Hydroleaceae
7068:Montiniaceae
7022:Boraginaceae
6999:Gelsemiaceae
6989:Gentianaceae
6961:Eucommiaceae
6862:Roridulaceae
6842:Symplocaceae
6812:Sladeniaceae
6754:Curtisiaceae
6701:Loranthaceae
6623:Didiereaceae
6578:Barbeuiaceae
6538:Microteaceae
6493:Nepenthaceae
6483:Polygonaceae
6473:Tamaricaceae
6365:Nitrariaceae
6334:Picramniales
6299:Vochysiaceae
6284:Combretaceae
6198:Tapisciaceae
6193:Petenaeaceae
6099:Brassicaceae
6098:
5853:Trigoniaceae
5848:Balanopaceae
5813:Hypericaceae
5793:Bonnetiaceae
5768:Irvingiaceae
5755:Malpighiales
5745:Celastraceae
5717:Krameriaceae
5674:Elaeagnaceae
5669:Dirachmaceae
5626:Juglandaceae
5593:Polygalaceae
5578:Quillajaceae
5540:Coriariaceae
5517:Cucurbitales
5454:Haloragaceae
5449:Penthoraceae
5434:Crassulaceae
5399:Altingiaceae
5381:Saxifragales
5333:Dilleniaceae
5272:Papaveraceae
5267:Eupteleaceae
5259:Ranunculales
5167:
5134:Restionaceae
5094:Bromeliaceae
5028:Zingiberales
5008:Philydraceae
4998:Hanguanaceae
4990:Commelinales
4957:Asparagaceae
4917:Hypoxidaceae
4864:Ripogonaceae
4859:Philesiaceae
4854:Colchicaceae
4796:Velloziaceae
4791:Triuridaceae
4755:Dioscoreales
4672:Alismataceae
4620:
4589:
4551:Siparunaceae
4508:Magnoliaceae
4405:Trimeniaceae
4382:Nymphaeaceae
4346:Amborellales
4325:Angiospermae
4280:Families of
4234:
4230:
4188:. Retrieved
4183:
4173:
4162:. Retrieved
4132:
4128:
4115:
4096:
4090:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4036:virginiensis
4030:
4005:
3995:10 September
3993:. Retrieved
3981:
3968:
3958:10 September
3956:. Retrieved
3951:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3789:(451): 451.
3786:
3780:
3770:
3759:. Retrieved
3755:
3732:
3729:"Article 18"
3723:
3712:, retrieved
3708:the original
3702:
3692:
3682:
3674:
3629:
3623:
3613:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3560:
3556:
3543:
3510:
3504:
3486:
3457:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3436:. 2016-08-30
3433:
3406:
3383:
3376:
3365:. Retrieved
3361:
3336:
3331:
3317:
3306:
3291:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3229:
3212:
3195:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3152:Angiospermae
3137:
3135:
3128:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3027:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2995:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2969:Sinapis alba
2967:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2931:
2921:
2918:garden cress
2913:Eruca sativa
2911:
2901:
2886:napa cabbage
2875:
2837:
2825:
2812:
2791:
2788:
2773:
2767:
2716:biodiversity
2709:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2664:
2656:
2638:
2633:, which are
2616:
2607:
2596:heavy metals
2577:
2571:
2561:
2558:self-fertile
2551:
2545:
2539:
2525:
2481:
2478:Distribution
2471:
2445:
2431:
2421:
2410:Brassicaceae
2409:
2407:
2395:
2354:
2315:Cardamineae
2314:
2265:
2252:
2214:
2201:
2181:
2155:Camelinieae
2154:
2116:
2104:Yinshanieae
2103:
2074:
2061:
2020:
1991:
1933:
1902:
1889:
1860:
1848:Hesperideae
1847:
1813:
1793:
1764:
1751:
1724:
1686:
1664:
1651:
1630:Sisymbrieae
1629:
1616:
1583:Thlaspideae
1582:
1553:
1531:
1518:
1483:Conringieae
1482:
1469:
1440:
1427:
1387:Aethionemae
1386:
1360:
1346:
1317:
1268:Brassicaceae
1267:
1265:
1249:
1226:
1203:
1171:
1146:
1121:
1064:
1045:paraphyletic
1033:Papaveraceae
999:
986:thiocyanates
963:
957:
926:
875:
851:
845:
839:
808:
802:
780:
774:
752:
742:
736:
730:
724:
714:
710:
700:
696:
693:Stenopetalum
692:
688:
684:Stenopetalum
682:
676:
666:
660:
654:
635:trifoliolate
608:
569:dwarf shrubs
551:
544:
519:
513:
509:
506:pest control
497:
489:Pieris rapae
487:
486:
479:
470:
460:
450:
440:
426:
400:
394:
387:
381:
375:
369:
363:
353:
304:
300:
296:
246:
178:Brassicaceae
177:
176:
166:
149:Brassicaceae
148:
122:
109:
96:
83:
50:
29:
7967:iNaturalist
7809:Wikispecies
7575:Gibberellin
7330:Rousseaceae
7226:Campanulids
7186:Verbenaceae
7161:Acanthaceae
7156:Pedaliaceae
7146:Byblidaceae
7014:Boraginales
7004:Apocynaceae
6994:Loganiaceae
6976:Gentianales
6925:Icacinaceae
6877:Cyrillaceae
6872:Clethraceae
6852:Styracaceae
6832:Primulaceae
6759:Grubbiaceae
6686:Santalaceae
6628:Basellaceae
6583:Gisekiaceae
6523:Physenaceae
6488:Droseraceae
6385:Sapindaceae
6375:Burseraceae
6319:Alzateaceae
6231:Neuradaceae
6170:Francoaceae
6165:Geraniaceae
6117:Aphloiaceae
6089:Capparaceae
6069:Tovariaceae
6029:Moringaceae
6011:Brassicales
5971:Cunoniaceae
5966:Oxalidaceae
5961:Connaraceae
5878:Achariaceae
5873:Humiriaceae
5838:Elatinaceae
5732:Celastrales
5689:Cannabaceae
5664:Barbeyaceae
5588:Surianaceae
5560:Begoniaceae
5555:Datiscaceae
5394:Paeoniaceae
5371:Superrosids
5356:Gunneraceae
5325:Dilleniales
5244:Platanaceae
5119:Thurniaceae
5099:Rapateaceae
5061:Marantaceae
4912:Lanariaceae
4907:Asteliaceae
4892:Orchidaceae
4884:Asparagales
4869:Smilacaceae
4811:Pandanaceae
4801:Stemonaceae
4707:Zosteraceae
4702:Maundiaceae
4654:Alismatales
4571:Monimiaceae
4495:Magnoliales
4480:Saururaceae
4457:Winteraceae
4452:Canellaceae
4435:Magnoliidae
4377:Cabombaceae
4364:Nymphaeales
4297:Supergroup
3282:10654/18083
3159:Lepidoptera
3078:Cheiranthus
2948:horseradish
2848:cauliflower
2760:monophagous
2752:allelopathy
2728:infestation
2706:monoculture
2698:germination
2623:myrosinases
2621:as well as
2492:Australasia
2484:Congo basin
2253:Physarieae
2182:Boechereae
1934:Euclidieae
1814:Anchonieae
1725:Calepineae
1652:Brassiceae
1229:Capparaceae
1206:Tovariaceae
1057:Brassicales
1041:Capparaceae
978:myrosinases
913:seed leaves
841:Megacarpaea
716:C. diphylla
651:genome size
619:leaf stalks
567:, some are
536:Description
467:horseradish
415:cauliflower
307:. Most are
139:Brassicales
103:Angiosperms
8353:Categories
8173:Cruciferae
7985:30000087-2
7618:Progoitrin
7413:Dipsacales
7403:Bruniaceae
7380:Asteraceae
7264:Araliaceae
7201:Phrymaceae
7136:Stilbaceae
7063:Solanaceae
7040:Vahliaceae
6966:Garryaceae
6912:Icacinales
6822:Sapotaceae
6676:Opiliaceae
6663:Santalales
6638:Talinaceae
6618:Montiaceae
6370:Kirkiaceae
6352:Sapindales
6324:Penaeaceae
6294:Onagraceae
6289:Lythraceae
6221:Cytinaceae
6180:Huerteales
6157:Geraniales
6094:Cleomaceae
6084:Resedaceae
6034:Caricaceae
6019:Akaniaceae
5948:Oxalidales
5903:Salicaceae
5888:Goupiaceae
5798:Clusiaceae
5699:Urticaceae
5679:Rhamnaceae
5641:Betulaceae
5621:Myricaceae
5343:Gunnerales
5249:Proteaceae
5129:Cyperaceae
5114:Mayacaceae
5104:Xyridaceae
4834:Corsiaceae
4783:Pandanales
4722:Ruppiaceae
4677:Butomaceae
4528:Annonaceae
4485:Piperaceae
4444:Canellales
4209:BrassiBase
4164:2017-08-12
3761:2017-07-18
3714:2016-07-28
3367:2017-07-12
3240:References
3048:Aethionema
2928:watercress
2675:Parasitoid
2584:serpentine
2460:Cruciferae
2454:and other
2428:type genus
2062:Lepidieae
2021:Erysimeae
1992:Iberideae
1765:Arabideae
1687:Eutremeae
1617:Isatideae
1532:Kernereae
1519:Buniadeae
1362:Aethionema
1252:Cleomaceae
1124:Resedaceae
1069:Cleomaceae
1053:Capparales
1049:Cleomaceae
1021:Parietales
1009:Rhoeadales
965:Moricandia
936:Cleomaceae
862:receptacle
858:tricolpate
844:, four in
813:) and the
713:, such as
707:polyploidy
649:type. The
647:anisocytic
627:leaf blade
610:Caulanthus
247:Cruciferae
18:Cruciferae
8188:Q10261839
7889:FloraBase
7556:(PTC/PTU)
7421:Adoxaceae
7390:Bruniales
7322:Asterales
7191:Lamiaceae
7050:Solanales
7032:Vahliales
6984:Rubiaceae
6953:Garryales
6882:Ericaceae
6827:Ebenaceae
6764:Cornaceae
6749:Loasaceae
6734:Nyssaceae
6671:Olacaceae
6653:Cactaceae
6588:Aizoaceae
6563:Limeaceae
6400:Meliaceae
6304:Myrtaceae
6256:Cistaceae
6236:Malvaceae
5883:Violaceae
5788:Ochnaceae
5763:Pandaceae
5234:Sabiaceae
5226:Proteales
5124:Juncaceae
5089:Typhaceae
5066:Costaceae
5056:Cannaceae
5041:Lowiaceae
4980:Arecaceae
4937:Iridaceae
4897:Boryaceae
4874:Liliaceae
4644:Acoraceae
4576:Lauraceae
4467:Piperales
4305:Bryophyta
3120:Matthiola
3114:Malcolmia
3102:Lobularia
3040:seal meat
3036:Kerguelen
3032:Low Latin
3020:potassium
2794:species.
2732:diversity
2627:hydrolise
2592:magnesium
2579:Cardamine
2566:produces
2418:Neo-Latin
2412:comes to
2408:The name
2404:Etymology
2355:Alysseae
1353:phylogeny
944:gynophore
917:endosperm
866:nectaries
853:Coronopus
810:Teesdalia
738:Cardamine
711:Cardamine
695:species,
633:, rarely
631:dissected
562:perennial
472:Matthiola
449:, etc.),
439:, etc.),
383:Cardamine
303:, or the
301:crucifers
73:Kingdom:
8323:crucifer
8310:VASCAN:
8303:50304902
8298:Tropicos
8182:Wikidata
8130:VicFlora
8119:VASCAN:
8112:42000136
8107:Tropicos
7794:Wikidata
7749:Brassica
7657:Raphanin
7628:Sinalbin
7623:Sinigrin
7565:Nitriles
7500:Category
7274:Apiaceae
7196:Mazaceae
7106:Oleaceae
7088:Lamiales
6837:Theaceae
6774:Ericales
6726:Cornales
6716:Asterids
6573:Kewaceae
6390:Rutaceae
6276:Myrtales
6251:Bixaceae
6213:Malvales
6054:Bataceae
5923:Linaceae
5908:Peraceae
5694:Moraceae
5684:Ulmaceae
5659:Rosaceae
5616:Fagaceae
5583:Fabaceae
5492:Vitaceae
5419:Iteaceae
5216:Buxaceae
5199:Eudicots
5051:Musaceae
4967:Arecales
4821:Liliales
4636:Acorales
4626:Monocots
4538:Laurales
4190:17 April
4155:Archived
4151:20409266
4082:42741171
4043:Archived
4019:Archived
3986:Archived
3858:21316065
3815:27092164
3666:24984034
3625:PLOS One
3573:Archived
3535:39584525
3527:21665611
3211:Honesty
3090:Hesperis
3084:Erysimum
3066:Aubrieta
2943:Raphanus
2894:bok choy
2868:kohlrabi
2844:broccoli
2780:oviposit
2661:nitriles
2649:Pieridae
2590:rich in
2588:dolomite
2514:and the
2500:endemics
2447:brassica
2423:Brassica
1025:Violales
1011:, while
996:Taxonomy
990:nitriles
929:stipules
878:superior
795:bisexual
787:panicles
775:Erysimum
769:Typical
754:Lepidium
744:Boechera
702:Mathiola
689:Physaria
678:Physaria
615:stipules
593:rhizomes
558:biennial
494:Pieridae
455:(common
447:rapeseed
423:collards
419:broccoli
377:Lepidium
371:Erysimum
325:rosettes
321:stipules
297:mustards
145:Family:
116:Eudicots
8228:4272650
7800:Q156888
7719:Goitrin
7694:(PEITC)
7570:Indoles
7236:Apiales
6902:Lamiids
6001:Malvids
5956:Huaceae
5651:Rosales
5603:Fagales
5570:Fabales
5484:Vitales
5208:Buxales
5154:Poaceae
4662:Araceae
4621:Lilidae
3838:Bibcode
3806:4824781
3657:4077792
3634:Bibcode
3440:12 July
3181:Gallery
3125:Honesty
3108:Lunaria
3072:Aurinia
3054:Alyssum
2872:gai lan
2840:cabbage
2832:endemic
2756:weevils
2736:species
2608:Alyssum
2532:selfing
2522:Ecology
2464:mustard
2452:cabbage
2420:, from
1318:family
1266:family
1250:family
1227:family
1204:family
1172:family
1147:family
1122:family
1059:). The
901:silicle
897:silique
885:carpels
835:stamens
791:corymbs
783:racemes
732:Rorippa
597:runners
585:taproot
407:cabbage
389:Alyssum
360:species
345:stamens
161:Genera
154:Burnett
135:Order:
77:Plantae
8274:NZOR:
8254:117873
8202:214611
8161:382437
8060:309271
8044:NZOR:
7998:115130
7703:Erucin
7698:6-MITC
7688:(PITC)
7682:(FITC)
7676:(BITC)
7670:(MITC)
7664:(AITC)
7640:(ITC,
5507:Fabids
5474:Rosids
5081:Poales
4286:APG IV
4149:
4103:
4080:
3856:
3813:
3803:
3664:
3654:
3533:
3525:
3465:
3117:, and
3096:Iberis
3060:Arabis
3024:scurvy
3002:indigo
2958:wasabi
2938:radish
2936:) and
2898:rapini
2890:mizuna
2882:turnip
2870:, and
2792:Pieris
2784:larvae
2769:Pieris
2762:. The
2720:sedges
2604:nickel
2568:gemmae
2472:-aceae
2438:suffix
2433:-aceae
2426:, the
2386:Genera
1367:sister
1071:. The
1065:Cleome
1061:APG II
909:stigma
893:ovules
881:pistil
860:. The
829:and a
823:petals
819:sepals
804:Iberis
726:Arabis
699:and a
589:caudex
573:shrubs
554:annual
530:larvae
510:Pieris
457:radish
433:turnip
356:genera
341:petals
337:sepals
333:bracts
327:. The
317:leaves
315:. The
313:shrubs
299:, the
289:family
129:Rosids
8313:21909
8290:55652
8267:22670
8249:IRMNG
8215:20422
8156:WoRMS
8081:Plazi
8073:55908
8011:22669
7993:IRMNG
7972:47204
7933:10120
7915:FoAO2
7907:10120
7894:22823
7881:1CRUF
7829:54448
7653:(SFN)
4299:Plant
4231:Taxon
4158:(PDF)
4125:(PDF)
4078:S2CID
4022:(PDF)
4015:(PDF)
3989:(PDF)
3978:(PDF)
3756:MOBOT
3592:Taxon
3576:(PDF)
3557:Taxon
3553:(PDF)
3531:S2CID
2864:Savoy
2738:that
2724:forbs
2702:fungi
2468:cross
2444:word
2416:from
905:style
889:stalk
827:blade
789:, or
605:stems
601:Hairs
577:vines
560:, or
365:Draba
349:fruit
123:Clade
110:Clade
97:Clade
84:Clade
8262:ITIS
8236:GRIN
8223:GBIF
8197:APNI
8094:POWO
8037:3700
8032:NCBI
8006:ITIS
7980:IPNI
7954:GRIN
7946:3112
7941:GBIF
7876:EPPO
7868:4219
7837:ATRF
7824:APNI
4192:2018
4147:PMID
4101:ISBN
3997:2017
3960:2017
3854:PMID
3811:PMID
3734:ICBN
3662:PMID
3523:PMID
3463:ISBN
3442:2017
3167:and
2992:Woad
2978:and
2896:and
2852:kale
2798:Uses
2764:USDA
2740:prey
2722:and
2602:and
2600:zinc
2586:and
2430:, +
1365:are
1015:and
988:and
938:has
831:claw
807:and
741:and
691:and
681:and
659:and
621:and
421:and
411:kale
167:See
8331:WFO
8241:307
8210:FNA
8143:WFO
8019:NBN
7959:166
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